Renewable Energy Sources

R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y S o u r c e s
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G. K. Gujar Memorial Charitable Trust’s
Dr. Ashok Gujar Technical Institute’s
Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering, Karad
A
PROJECT REPORT ON
“Renewable Energy Sources”
Submitted by:
Mr. Bade Abhishek Vijaykumar
Mr. Ghadage Sangram Dhanaji
Mr. Jagtap Rohit Anandrao
Mr. Kumbhar Shubhm Bharat
Mr. Patil Ajinkya Sambhaji
Under The Guidance of
Prof. P.B.Pisal
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
2018-2019

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G. K. Gujar Memorial Charitable Trust’s
Dr. Ashok Gujar Technical Institute’s
Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering
Certificate for Approval of Project
This is to certify that,
has satisfactorily completed the project work titled “Renewable
Energy Sources” for partial fulfillment of IVth semester in Bachelor
of Engineering in Mechanical of the Shivaji University, Kolhapur for
the year 2018-2019.
GUIDE HOD
Prof. P.B.Pisal Prof.H.K. Shete
EXAMINER
____________________

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Acknowledgement
It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project guide,
Prof. P.B.Pisal, for their valuable inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole-
hearted cooperation and constructive criticism throughout the duration of our
project.
We deeply express our sincere thanks to our Head of Department,
Prof.H.K. Shete for encouraging and allowing us to present the project on the
topic “Renewable Energy Sources” at our department premises.
We take this opportunity to thank all our teaching and non-teaching staff
who have directly or indirectly helped our project.

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CONTENTS
Ch.
No.
Topic Page No.
1
INTRODUCTION(Renewable Energy Sources)
 Overview
 History
 Ministry of New & Renewable Energy(MNRE)
6
2
MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES
 Solar Energy
 Wind Energy
 Hydro Energy
 Tidal Energy
 Wave Energy
 Geothermal Energy
 Biomass Energy
12
3
COMMERCIALIZATION OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY
 Growth of Renewable Energy
 Economic Trends
 Industry and Policy Trends
31
4
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 Cellulosic Ethanol
 Marine Energy
 Enhanced Geothermal System
 Experimental Solar Power
 Artificial Photosynthesis
38
5 CONCLUSION 43
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 46

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ABSTRACT
The electricity requirements of the world including India are
increasing at alarming rate and the power demand has been running
ahead of supply. It is also now widely recognized that the fossil fuels
(i.e., coal, petroleum and natural gas) and other conventional
resources, presently being used for generation of electrical energy,
may not be either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever
increasing demand of the electrical energy of the world. Also
generation of electrical power by cold based steam power plant or
nuclear power plants causes pollution, which is likely to be more
acute in future due to large generating capacity on one side and
greater awareness of the people in this respect.
The recent severe energy crisis has forced the world to
develop new and alternative methods of power generation, which
could not be adopted so far due to various reasons. The magneto-
hydro-dynamic (MHD) power generation is one of the examples of a
new unique method of power generation. The other non-conventional
methods of power generation may be such as solar cells, fuel cells,
thermo-electric generator, thermionic converter, solar power
generation, wind power generation, geo-thermal energy generation,
tidal power generation etc.
This paper elucidates about Different Energy sources, why
we are going for non-conventional energy sources, Different non-
conventional energy sources & comparison between them, about fuel
cells and their applications.

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Renewable Energy
What is “Renewable Energy” and where does it come from? We all think
we know and some of us may even be able to name some of the most prominent
sources of renewable energy, but do we really understand the purpose of each
type (such as how and where it is used), how much energy it can generate or its
wider economic or benefits? Here, we attempt to cut through the fog and give a
clear and decisive summary of the information presently available on renewable
energy and associated technologies. Put simply, renewable energies are those
generated from sources that do not have a finite end, or those that can be
recycled, typically from natural sources - like solar power, wind power and
water power. These are the examples that we think about most when we hear the
term “renewable energy” but they are not the only sources.
We use energy every day of our lives - our electronic devices require
electricity for power, our streetlights need the same for lighting, our vehicles
require gasoline and diesel. We fuel our homes with domestic oil, propane or
electricity from a national or local grid for lighting, heating and for powering
our devices. You're reading this article on a website that is hosted on a server
that needs power, as does the computer with which you are viewing the site.
The places we work use computers, phone networks, security systems and
servers, as do our shopping malls, parking lots, sports stadiums, cars, airplanes
and so on. All of these things require power from fuel.
The world is doing what it can to reduce carbon emissions and limit the
global average temperature change with a new agreement decided in 2015 at the
Paris Climate Summit (or COP21). To move forward, we also need to realize
that there is only so much that can possibly be done in limiting GHG output as
the human population only increases and puts more demands on our energy
infrastructure. To further help the environment and secure the future of the
planet for our children and their children, we need to move to renewable sources
for our energy generation.

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Overview
Renewable Energy uses energy resources and technologies that are
“clean” or “green” because they produce few if any pollutants. Many people use the
terms “Alternative Energy”, “Renewable Energy” and even “Green Energy” together
in the same sentence when taking about energy sources as though they all mean the
same thing, but they are not the same. Each term means something different when
talking about energy systems. So what does renewable energy mean?
Some say that alternative energy comprises everything that is not based
on fossil fuel consumption. While these may be alternative energy sources compared
to conventional fossil fuels, alternative energy in its broadest sense, is any type of
energy that replaces another, so we can correctly say that coal energy is an
alternative energy source compared to crude oil or natural gas but as we now know,
coal is a fossil fuel and burning it is bad for the environment. Even nuclear energy
was once considered to be an “alternative” to conventional fossil fuels, and was thus
called an alternative energy source.
Renewable Energy on the other hand uses renewable energy sources that
are continually replenished by Mother Nature producing a usable energy that cannot
be used up faster that it is consumed. These energy sources created mainly by the
Sun shining on the Earth are converted into different forms, such as: solar radiation
to wind or water based energy which is distributed over the Earth and atmosphere,
the Earth’s geothermal heat, and plants in the form of biomass. Renewable energy
technologies turn these fuels into usable forms of energy, most often electricity, but
also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power. So what are renewable resources?
The Earth itself offers many promising sources of power but as we have
seen there is a difference between alternative energy, and renewable energy.

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Alternative energy refers to any form of energy which is an alternative to the
traditional fossil fuels of oil, natural gas and coal. Renewable energy are the forms of
alternative energy that are renewed by the natural processes of the Earth, such as
sunlight from the sun or wind from the air, and so are environmentally friendly.
Renewable Energy Sources are about sustainability, they are a clean,
inexhaustible and locally available energy source that maintains a balance between
the energy being consumed and the new potential energy sources being created
allowing for local energy independence.

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History
Prior to the development of coal in the mid-19th century, nearly
all energy used was renewable. Almost without a doubt the oldest known
use of renewable energy, in the form of traditional biomass to fuel fires,
dates from 790,000 years ago. Use of biomass for fire did not become
commonplace until many hundreds of thousands of years later, sometime
between 200,000 and 400,000 years ago. Probably the second oldest
usage of renewable energy is harnessing the wind in order to drive ships
over water. This practice can be traced back some 7000 years, to ships in
the Persian Gulf and on the Nile. Moving into the time of recorded
history, the primary sources of traditional renewable energy were human
labor, animal power, water power, and wind, in grain crushing windmills,
and firewood, a traditional biomass. A graph of energy use in the United
States up until 1900 shows oil and natural gas with about the same
importance in 1900 as wind and solar played in 2010.
Max Weber mentioned the end of fossil fuel in the concluding
paragraphs of his Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des
Kapitalismus, published in 1905.
Development of solar engines continued until the outbreak of
World War I. The importance of solar energy was recognized in a 1911
Scientific American article: "in the far distant future, natural fuels having
been exhausted [solar power] will remain as the only means of existence
of the human race".
The theory of peak oil was published in 1956. In the 1970s
environmentalists promoted the development of renewable energy both as
a replacement for the eventual depletion of oil, as well as for an escape
from dependence on oil, and the first electricity generating wind turbines
appeared. Solar had long been used for heating and cooling, but solar
panels were too costly to build solar farms until 1980.
The IEA 2014 World Energy Outlook projects a growth of
renewable energy supply from 1,700 gigawatts in 2014 to 4,550
gigawatts in 2040. Fossil fuels received about $550 billion in subsidies in
2013, compared to $120 billion for all renewable energies.

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The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of the
Government of India for all matters relating to new and renewable energy. The broad aim of the
Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for supplementing the energy
requirements of the country. Creation CASE and Ministry:
1. Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in 1981.
2. Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982.
3. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992.
4.
5. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) renamed as Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2006.
The role of new and renewable energy has been assuming increasing significance in
recent times with the growing concern for the country's energy security. Energy self-sufficiency
was identified as the major driver for new and renewable energy in the country in the wake of the
two oil shocks of the 1970s. The sudden increase in the price of oil, uncertainties associated with
its supply and the adverse impact on the balance of payments position led to the establishment of
the Commission for Additional Sources of Energy in the Department of Science & Technology in
March 1981. The Commission was charged with the responsibility of formulating policies and their
implementation, programs for development of new and renewable energy apart from coordinating
and intensifying R&D in the sector. In 1982, a new department, i.e., Department of Non-
conventional Energy Sources (DNES), that incorporated CASE, was created in the then Ministry of
Energy. In 1992, DNES became the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources. In October
2006, the Ministry was re-christened as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

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#Mainstream Technologies
 Solar Energy-
We have all learned at school that as well as water, we need the sun to
shine down onto Mother Earth to help sustain the life of all the different types
of animal and plant life that inhabits it, as well as to grow our crops for food.
But we can also use the radiant light energy from the sun to produce heat,
light and power in the form of electricity by using the suns Solar Energy.
Electromagnetic rays in the form of radiant energy, are being constantly
emitted into space by the burning action of the sun. These rays travel through
space in all directions while some reach the Earth’s surface. The radiant
energy emitted by the sun reaches the earth within a very short period of time.
In fact, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth’s surface every
hour of the day is greater than our total demand for energy in one whole year.
As the sun burns brightly in the solar system 24 hours a day, 365 days a year,
solar energy in the form of “Solar Power” is classed as a renewable energy
resource, and for all practical purposes, we can consider Solar Power as
power from the sun.
The Earth receives the radiant energy from the sun in the form of
electromagnetic waves. The amount of solar radiation that actually falls onto
the Earth’s surface at any given location and time depends on many factors,
such as the time of day (morning, afternoon or night), the time of the year
(seasons), and the geographic latitude on the Earth’s surface, to name a few.
The amount of radiant energy that is available for use in a solar
power system is only a very small amount of the total solar radiation received
by the earth above its atmosphere. This is mainly because the clouds, the
atmosphere itself and the ground conditions which can either absorb or reflect
most of this solar energy back into the sky and space.
So what types of solar power systems are available for harnessing the
suns power in the home? Well, we now know from above that solar
technologies convert the infinite power of the sun’s energy into heat, light
and power. One of the best uses of solar energy is in using photovoltaic to
generate electricity. Active solar power refers to the generation of electrical
energy using solar power and there are two different ways of doing this.
There are huge commercial power stations in use today that use solar
power to heat water to produce steam which is then used to generate
electricity just as in fossil fuel coal or nuclear electric plants. Another method
is by using large areas of photovoltaic cells connected together to form solar
arrays that can generate electricity at high voltages and currents.

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For a home based solar power system, it is not necessary to spend large
sums of money designing very elaborate mechanical solar photovoltaic
systems, many beginners start with just simple “home-made” photovoltaic
designs to save money enclosing the photovoltaic in a wooden box for
concentrated solar power.
Solar power is used to convert the energy in sunlight to a storable,
transportable energy medium such as electricity using photovoltaic solar
panels. Photovoltaic (or “PV”) is the technology that converts light directly
into electricity and it is the iconic roof-mounted solar panel that most people
associate with solar power. There are many advantages and disadvantages of
solar power and in the next tutorial we will look at photovoltaic in more detail
and see how the convert the energy of the sun into usable solar power.
In the next tutorial about “solar power”, we will look at solar cells and
see how they convert sunlight into electrical power.

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 Some Solar Plants In India
 Current solar power capacity in some state as on May2015
Name of Plant Peak Power in
MW
Commission
Year
Charanka Solar Park, Charanka village, Patan,
Gujarat
224 April 2012
Welspun Solar MP project ,Neemuch, Madhya
Pradesh
151 March 2013
Mahagenco Solar Project, Maharashtra 130 March 2013
Rajgarh Solar PV (NTPC),Rajghar Madhya
Pradesh
50 March 2014
Welspun Energy Rajasthan Solar Project
,Phalodhi, Rajasthan
50 March 2013
Talcher Kaniha Solar PV (NTPC), Odisha 10 March 2014
Unchahar Solar PV(NTPC), Unchahar, Utter
Pradesh
10 March 2014

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 Wind Energy-
As well as using the power of the sun to heat water, living spaces or produce
electricity using photovoltaic cells, we can also use the suns resource in the
form of Wind Energy to generate electrical power as it is the suns solar energy
that controls our weather.
The sun heat’s our planet unevenly, making the air hotter around the equator
as it absorbs more energy and colder near the poles. Air expands when it is
warmed and contracts when it is cooled. These differences in temperature cause
convection currents to flow around the globe as the denser air from the colder
regions moves to the warmer regions were the air is lighter. This movement of
air within the atmosphere of the earth from a hotter place to a colder place is
what we call the “wind”, and which can be weak or strong depending upon the
solar energy striking the earth at that time.
Also, since both the Earth’s land mass and its oceans absorb and release solar
energy back into the atmosphere at different rates, there is a constant shift of air
from between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere causing the air to move
around in currents, again generating “wind energy”. The Earth’s rotation also
plays a major role in wind energy production.
Then we can define wind as “air in motion” which can vary from zero to high
gusts. In theory, the world has an inexhaustible supply of free wind energy as
every corner of the earth receives the effects of the wind at some time during the
day. Also, due to annual variations, such as winter or summer time, or
geographic locations, such as flat desert or mountain ranges, some parts of the
world receives more of the winds energy than others. With fossil fuel supplies
running out, Wind Energy and Wind Power are now becoming an important
renewable energy source.
 Wind Energy Advantages-
 Wind energy is a clean and renewable technology that does not release pollutants,
emissions or by-products into the atmosphere during operation since there are no
chemical processes involved in its electrical generation.
 Modern turbines produce very little mechanical noise when operating except for a
low “whooshing” sound.
 Wind energy, which is actually a secondary component of solar energy, is a
“renewable energy” in the sense that there will always be wind as long as the sun
continues to heat the earth unevenly, and the earth continues to rotate.
 Although the strength of the wind varies from one day to another, the total output
of energy over a set period of time, varies by only a small percentage as wind

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turbines are designed to operate within a wind speed window which is usually
between 10mph and 60mph or 4m/s to 25m/s.
 Although wind turbines and especially wind farms take up a lot of land space, the
land on a wind farm can be used simultaneously for wind generation, crops
growing, animal grazing or anything else below the vanes of the turbines.
 Wind Energy Disadvantages-
 The environmental impact of wind energy as many people consider wind farms
unsightly and as man-made structures, the turbines may have a negative visual
impact or be viewed as a form of visual pollution.
 Wind farms require large areas of land or have to be placed in environmentally
sensitive areas such as deserts, on top of hills and mountain ridges or offshore in
the sea were the winds force is stronger and constant.
 The wind turbine is like a giant propeller and as such needs the kinetic power of
the wind to rotate it meaning that at low wind speeds or prolonged levels of no
wind (calm weather), the turbine does not generate any useful electricity.
 Wind farms injure, kill and disturb the flight patterns of migratory birds and
predatory birds. Some birds and even bats have been killed by flying into the wind
turbine blades when rotating, but these numbers are very small.
 Wind turbines cause noise pollution because they produce a low frequency
“whooshing sound” as the blades rotate which itself is largely masked by the noise
of the driving wind.

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Power plant Producer Location State MWe
Muppandal windfarm Muppandal Wind Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 1500
Jaisalmer Wind Park Suzlon Energy Jaisalmer Rajasthan 1064
Brahmanvel windfarm Parakh Agro Industries Dhule Maharashtra 528
Dhalgaon windfarm Gadre Marine Exports Sangli Maharashtra 278
Vankusawade Wind
Park
Suzlon Energy Ltd. Satara District. Maharashtra
259
Vaspet ReNew Power Vaspet Maharashtra 144
Beluguppa Wind Park Orange Renewable Beluguppa Andhra Pradesh 100.8
Mamatkheda Wind
Park
Orange Renewable Mamatkheda Madhya Pradesh
100.5
Anantapur Wind Park Orange Renewable Nimbagallu Andhra Pradesh 100
Damanjodi Wind
Power Plant
Suzlon Energy Ltd. Damanjodi Odisha
99
Jath ReNew Power Jath Maharashtra 84
Welturi ReNew Power Welturi Maharashtra 75
Acciona Tuppadahalli
Tuppadahalli Energy India
Pvt Ltd
Chitradurga Karnataka
56.1
Dangiri Wind Farm Oil India Ltd. Jaiselmer Rajasthan 54
Bercha Wind Park Orange Renewable Ratlam Madhya Pradesh 50
Cape Comorin
Aban Loyd Chiles Offshore
Ltd.
Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu
33
Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30
Jasdan ReNew Power Jasdan Gujarat 25.2
Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25
Gudimangalam Gudimangalam Wind Farm Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu 21
Shalivahana Wind
Shalivahana Green Energy.
Ltd.
Tirupur Tamil Nadu
20.4
Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur Andhra Pradesh 20
Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. Lamba Gujarat 15
Chennai Mohan
Mohan Breweries &
Distilleries
Chennai Tamil Nadu
15
Shah Gajendragarh MMTCL Gadag Karnataka 15
Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas Madhya Pradesh 14
Jogmatti BSES
BSES Ltd. Chitradurga
District
Karnataka
14
Perungudi Newam
Newam Power Company
Ltd.
Perungudi Tamil Nadu
12
Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11
Shah Gajendragarh Sanjay D. Ghodawat Gadag Karnataka 10.8
Hyderabad TSRTC Telangana SRTC Hyderabad Telangana 10
Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10
Poolavadi Chettinad Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10

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 Hydro Power-
In many ways, Hydro Energy is very similar to “Wind Energy” in that a
renewable energy source, in this case “water”, is used to rotate a turbine generator
to produce electricity. Hydro Energy is the energy derived from the power of moving water.
Today large hydro electric power plants generate about 15 percent of the world’s electricity
by extracting the potential energy which comes from the vertical distance that water
drops, called the “head”.
This stored potential energy is released as work because the water is in
motion, and the best way to put large amounts of water in motion is to let
gravity do the work. Then the most important element for the production of
“Hydro Energy” is not the water itself, as within reason any liquid could be
used, but “gravity” as it is gravity that makes the water move. Then we can
correctly say that hydro energy is gravity powered energy as we are generating
electricity from gravity.
Rivers and streams generate currents of water because the water in them is
moving downhill, even if only slightly, flowing downwards by the pull of gravity. The water
which is flowing downhill, being pulled by gravity, contains large amounts of kinetic energy
that can be extracted and used by a water turbine or water wheel and even a small
stream can produce enough kinetic energy to turn a wheel.
The kinetic energy produced by the moving water is converted into either
mechanical energy to perform some work or directly into electrical energy by
means of an electrical generator, and this then is the We now know that hydro
energy is the process of generating electricity from water which harness the
power of the rivers and currents. But we can also use the power of stationary or
slow-moving bodies of water to generate electricity by storing it in large dams.
The gravitational potential energy that is stored in the water above the dams
wall is released as it flows downwards through large pipes to the bottom of the
dam. basic science behind Hydro Energy production. As the water flows down these large
pipes it passes through turbine blades at the base of the dam causing the blades of the turbine
to rotate which produces electricity. Because of the great height of the water above the
turbine, called the “head”, it will arrive at the turbines at a high speed and pressure
which means that we can extract a great deal of energy from it generating more
electricity.
Advantages of Hydro Energy
 Hydro energy is a clean and reliable renewable energy resource.
 Hydro energy is more reliable than wind, solar or wave energy.

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 Micro-hydro systems produce virtually no waste, greenhouse gases or CO2 emissions.
 As long as the water is there in sufficient quantity, electricity can be generated
constantly.
 Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.
 Water can be stored in a dam ready to cope with peaks in electrical demand simply by
controlling the amount of water released.
 Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other
power stations.
 Large and mega-dams have multiple uses and can create recreational lakes and areas
where before there were none.
Disadvantages of Hydro Energy
 Damming rivers and streams may change the natural waterways, diverting water from
areas that depend on it.
 Damming rivers alters the spawning migration of fish and other wildlife.
 Damming rivers changes the quality, quantity and even the temperature of the water
that flows downstream, which can have an impact on plant life.
 Finding a suitable site to build can be difficult as the impact on residents or the
environment may be unacceptable.
 Dams are very expensive to build.
 Large dams can only be used in a limited number of places such as those with large
water supplies.
 The reservoirs created by large dams and mega-dams destroy local habitats. When the
area is flooded, trees and other plant life is submerged, and any animal and human life
living in the area must relocate or perish.
 Over time, dams may become unstable allowing them to self-destruct which can lead
to serious flooding, including loss of life and property.

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 Tidal Energy-
Tidal Energy or Tidal Power as it is also called, is another form of hydro
power that utilises large amounts of energy within the oceans tides to generate
electricity. Tidal Energy is an “alternative energy” that can also be classed as a
“renewable energy source”, as the Earth uses the gravitational forces of both the
moon and the sun everyday to move vast quantities of water around the oceans
and seas producing tides.
As the Earth, its Moon and the Sun rotate around each other in space, the
gravitational movement of the moon and the sun with respect to the earth,
causes millions of gallons of water to flow around the Earth’s oceans creating
periodic shifts in these moving bodies of water. These vertical shifts of water
are called “tides”.
When the earth and the moons gravity lines up with each other, the influences
of these two gravitational forces becomes very strong and causes millions of
gallons of water to move or flow towards the shore creating a “high tide”
condition. Likewise when the earth and the moons gravity are at 90o to each
other, the influences of these two gravitational forces is weaker and the water
flows away from the shore as the mass of water moves to another location on
the earth, creating a “low tide” condition. This ebbing and flowing of the tides
happens twice during each period of rotation of the earth with stronger weekly
and annual lunar cycles superimposed onto these tides.
When the moon is in perfect alignment with the earth and the sun, the
gravitational pull of the moon and sun together becomes much stronger than
normal with the high tides becoming very high and the low tides becoming very
low during each tidal cycle. Such tides are known as spring tides (maximum).
These spring tides occur during the full or new moon phase.
Advantages of Tidal Energy
 Tidal energy is a renewable energy resource because the energy it
produces is free and clean as no fuel is needed and no waste bi-products
are produced.
 Tidal energy has the potential to produce a great deal of free and green
energy.
 Tidal energy is not expensive to operate and maintain compared to other
forms of renewable energies.

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 Low visual impact as the tidal turbines are mainly if not totally
submerged beneath the water.
 Low noise pollution as any sound generated is transmitted through the
water.
 High predictability as high and low tides can be predicted years in
advance, unlike wind.
 Tidal barrages provide protection against flooding and land damage.
 Large tidal reservoirs have multiple uses and can create recreational lakes
and areas where before there were none.
Disadvantages of Tidal Energy
 Tidal energy is not always a constant energy source as it depends on the
strength and flow of the tides which themselves are effected by the
gravitational effects of the moon and the sun.
 Tidal Energy requires a suitable site, where the tides and tidal streams are
consistently strong.
 Must be able to withstand forces of nature resulting in high capital,
construction and maintenance costs.
 High power distribution costs to send the generated power from the
submerged devices to the land using long underwater cables.
 Intermittent power generation, only generates power ten hours a day
during the ebb and flow of the tides
 Changes to estuary ecosystem and an increase in coastal erosion where
the tides are concentrated.
 Build up of silt, sediments and pollutants within the tidal barrage from
rivers and streams flowing into basin as it is unable to flow out into the
sea.
 Danger to fish and other sea-life as they get stuck in the barrage or sucked
through the tidal turbine blades.

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 Wave Energy-
Wave Energy also known as Ocean Wave Energy, is another type of
ocean based renewable energy source that uses the power of the waves to
generate electricity. Unlike tidal energy which uses the ebb and flow of the
tides, wave energy uses the vertical movement of the surface water that produce
tidal waves. Wave power converts the periodic up-and-down movement of the
oceans waves into electricity by placing equipment on the surface of the oceans
that captures the energy produced by the wave movement and converts this
mechanical energy into electrical power.
Wave energy is actually a concentrated form of solar power generated by
the action of the wind blowing across the surface of the oceans water which can
then be used as a renewable source of energy. As the suns rays strike the Earth’s
atmosphere, they warm it up. Differences in the temperature of the air masses
around the globe causes the air to move from the hotter regions to the cooler
regions, resulting in winds.
As the wind passes over the surface of the oceans, a portion of the winds
kinetic energy is transferred to the water below, generating waves. In fact, the
ocean could be viewed as a vast storage collector of energy transferred by the
sun to the oceans, with the waves carrying the transferred kinetic energy across
the surface of the oceans. Then we can say that waves are actually a form of
energy and it is this energy and not water that moves along the ocean’s surface.
These waves can travel (or “propagate”) long distances across the open
oceans with very little loss in energy, but as they approach the shoreline and the
depth of the water becomes shallower, their speed slows down but they increase
in size. Finally, the wave crashes onto the shoreline, releasing an enormous
amount of kinetic energy which can be used for electricity production. A
breaking waves energy potential varies from place to place depending upon its
geographic location and time of year, but the two main factors which affect the
size of the wave energy are the winds strength and the uninterrupted distance
over the sea that the wind can blow.
Wave Energy Advantages
 Wave energy is an abundant and renewable energy resource as the waves
are generated by the wind.

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 Pollution free as wave energy generates little or no pollution to the
environment compared to other green energies.
 Reduces dependency on fossil fuels as wave energy consumes no fossil
fuels during operation.
 Wave energy is relatively consistent and predictable as waves can be
accurately forecast several days in advance.
 Wave energy devices are modular and easily sited with additional wave
energy devices added as needed.
 Dissipates the waves energy protecting the shoreline from coastal erosion.
 Presents no barriers or difficulty to migrating fish and aquatic animals.
Wave Energy Disadvantages
 Visual impact of wave energy conversion devices on the shoreline and
offshore floating buoys or platforms.
 Wave energy conversion devices are location dependent requiring
suitable sites were the waves are consistently strong.
 Intermittent power generation as the waves come in intervals and does
not generate power during calm periods.
 Offshore wave energy devices can be a threat to navigation that cannot
see or detect them by radar.
 High power distribution costs to send the generated power from offshore
devices to the land using long underwater cables.
 They must be able to withstand forces of nature resulting in high capital,
construction and maintenance costs.

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 Geothermal Energy-
Geothermal Energy, makes use of the energy stored as heat in the water deep
below the Earth’s surface. The most prominent and visual example of this
coming from “Geysers” and “Hot Springs” ejecting large columns of very hot
water, steam and gases high up into the air in spectacular fashion. Geothermal
Energy is another renewable energy resource as it uses the immense and
limitless natural heat stored deep within the Earth’s core.
In fact the word “Geothermal” comes from combining together the two Greek
words of Geo, meaning “Earth”, and Therme, meaning “heat”, with the resulting
word “Geothermal” actually meaning “heat generated from the Earth”, then the
expression “Geothermal Energy” literally means “heat energy generated from
the Earth”. Once available, geothermal energy can be used either directly or
indirectly as an alternative energy resource to both heat and cool our homes.
So how does Geothermal Energy work
Geothermal Energy is an alternative natural energy resource based on
underground hot water sources as it draws its heat from the Earth’s core. The
heat from the core is extremely hot and powerful enough to melt rock into a hot
liquid within the Earth called magma, and it is this liquid magma which we now
call lava once at the surface we see flowing out of the tops of volcano’s. The
magma cools down the nearer it is to the Earth’s surface forming a solid mantle
that surrounds the core.
We continue up from the center until finally we reach the surface of the
planet itself and the outer core called the Earth’s crust. This abundance of heat
is what we use as geothermal energy because the use of this heat is considered
environmentally friendly, free, non-polluting and renewable as there is a
constant terrestrial heat flow from the inner core to the Earth’s surface.
Although the upper layer of the Earth’s crust, close to the surface is not very
hot, it gets much hotter deeper below ground due to conduction of the heat from
the Earth’s core. Water either from the rain or oceans seeps down through
geologic holes, cracks and faults in the Earth’s crust absorbing heat as it travels
through the hot rocks below.
Geothermal Energy Advantages
 Geothermal energy is a well-proven energy resource that can be used to provide both
heat and electricity.

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 Geothermal energy is a clean energy source as no fossil fuels are burned, so there are
no air pollutants.
 In most cases the geothermal fuel, the hot water is “free” for extraction.
 Geothermal energy produces little or no emissions.
 Geothermal energy resources exist in many areas of the world for both high and low
temperature applications.
 Once built, geothermal power station operating costs are small making geothermal
generated electricity much cheaper.
 The steam used for electricity production is turned into water and recycled back into
the Earth.
 Ground based geothermal heat pumps for heating and cooling can be used almost
anywhere.
 Using geothermal energy directly for heating applications can be up to 70% more
efficient.
 Geothermal energy is renewable only if the rate of fluid extraction is less than the
recharge rate.
Geothermal Energy Disadvantages
 Geothermal energy may not be considered as a renewable resource only a sustainable
one.
 The heat is generated within the Earth by radioactive decay.
 Poorly distributed around the world as not every area has access to a geothermal
source.
 Initial capital & installation costs are higher but has potential long term savings
compared to conventional HVAC systems.
 Requires large areas of excavation for horizontal trenches.
 Requires drilling bore holes deep into the ground for vertical wells.
 Land subsidence from deep drilling and water removal may be an issue in some areas.
 Problems with corrosive water and mineral deposits taken from the ground and
exposed at the surface.
 Geothermal sites can run out of steam, as their temperatures drops too low.
 May require the drilling of new wells after a few years of use.

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 Geothermal energy is thermal energy, which is generated through the
natural hot springs.
 In India, by the time, geothermal energy installed capacity is
experimental; however, the potential capacity is more than 10,000 MW.
 Following are the six most promising geothermal energy sites in India −
o Tattapani in Chhattisgarh
o Puga in Jammu & Kashmir
o Cambay Graben in Gujarat
o Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
o Surajkund in Jharkhand
o Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir

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 Biomass Energy-
Another interesting alternative energy source that can also be classed as a
“renewable energy resource” is the development of Biomass Energy and
Bioenergy. Biomass energy is a term used for any kind of non-fossil fuel that is
classified as being organic, biological or made of plant matter, and which can be
converted into a usable energy source. Biomass is considered to be a vital
resource on the earth to the point of being called a “Biorenewable Resource”.
Biomass technologies are being created that will enable living plant
matter such as agricultural crops, seeds, grasses, wild plants, trees and shrubs,
etc, as well as organic waste in the form of biodegradable materials, garbage,
compost, animal manure and other waste products to be converted into usable
energy. But what is biomass.
Biomass takes on many forms, but a good example of “biomass energy”
is the open burning of dead wood, sticks or straw on a camp fire for heating and
cooking. However, this type of biomass incineration is not very efficient as
most of the heat energy it produces goes up with the smoke.
• Solid Biomass – also known as “feedstock”, which are solid or compressed
pieces of organic matter in the form of pellets that release their stored energy
through combustion and burning. Solid biomass or feedstock materials include:
 Wood & wood residues such as trees, shrubs, sawdust, pellets, chips and
waste wood.
 Agricultural residues like straw, grasses, seeds, roots, dried plants, nut
shells and husks.
 Energy crops from charcoal, peat leaf litter and moss.
 Processed waste such as Bagasse plant waste.
 Animal waste such as dried slurry and manure.
 Municipal solid waste from household rubbish and garbage.
• Liquid Biomass – also known as “biofuel”, is any kind of fluid or liquid
produced from solid matter that is still growing or has been alive at some point
which can be processed to produce a type of fuel. Liquid biomass or biofuel
fluids include:
 Vegetable oils either new from sunflower, rapeseed or recycled waste
vegetable oils.

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 Methanol, Ethanol and alcohol based fuels fermented from corn, grain
and other plant matter.
 Biodiesel distilled from vegetable oils and animal fats.
 P-Series fuels, which blend various solid and liquid matters together to
produce a fuel.
• Gas Biomass – also known as “biogas”, is any kind of natural forming gas
given off by decaying plants, rotting rubbish, decomposing animals, slurry and
manure that can be used as a type of fuel. Liquid biomass or biogas include:
 Methane from decomposing plants, animals and manure.
 Biogases generated from rotting rubbish in landfills.
 Hydrogen for batteries and fuel cells.
 Synthesis Gas blended from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen.
 Natural Gas from fossil fuels.
ADVANTAGES
1) Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat, steam, and
electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use.
2)Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource.
3)Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes maybe a secondary product that adds value to
agricultural crop.
4)Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use up carbon dioxide.
5)The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal and makes more space for everything
else.
6)Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass fuel is burned, is taken in by plants.
7)Less money spent on foreign oil.
DISADVANTAGES
1)Agricultural wastes will not be available if the basic crop is no longer grown.
2)Additional work is needed in areas such as harvesting methods.
3)Land used for energy crops maybe in demand for other purposes, such as faming,
conservation, housing, resort or agricultural use.
4)Some Biomass conversion projects are from animal wastes and are relatively small and
therefore are limited.
5)Research is needed to reduce the costs of production of Biomass based fuels.

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#COMMERCIALIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 Growth of Renewable Energy –
In the past ten years, installation of renewable energy for electricity has
grown at an annual rate of 25 per cent. It has reached 30,000 MW as of January
2014. During this period, wind power installation has grown ten times and solar
energy has grown from nothing to 2,500 MW. Currently, renewable energy
accounts for about 12 per cent of the total electricity generation capacity and
contributes about 6 per cent of the electricity produced in the country.
Renewables, therefore, produce more than twice the amount of electricity
produced by all nuclear power plants in the country. In 2012-13, the electricity
produced by renewables was equivalent to meeting the per capita annual
electricity requirement of about 60 million people. More than a million
households in the country, today, depend solely on solar energy for their basic
electricity needs.
The growth of renewable energy has changed the energy business in
India. It has, in many ways, democratised energy production and consumption
in the country. Before the renewable sector became a significant player, the
energy business was all about fossil fuel-based big companies and grid-
connected power—they dominate even today. But today there is an alternate
energy market in which thousands of small companies, NGOs and social
businesses are involved in selling renewable energy products and generating
and distributing renewables-based energy. This trend is likely to accelerate
because of two key policies of the government.

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The first is the Electricity Act, 2003. The Act has opened up the rural
electrification market to decentralised distributed generation systems. It
promotes decentralised generation and distribution of electricity involving
institutions like the panchayats, users' associations, cooperative societies and
NGOs in rural India not under the purview of distribution companies. In
addition, private developers are free to set up renewable energy based
generators and sell electricity to rural consumers.

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 Economic Trends-
HAVING only recently been recognized as a “mainstream” energy source,
renewable energy is now rapidly becoming a preferred one. A powerful
combination of enabling trends and demand trends—evident in multiple
developed and developing nations globally—is helping solar and wind compete
on par with conventional sources and win.
The first enabler is that renewables are reaching price and performance
parity on the grid and at the socket. Second, solar and wind can cost-effectively
help balance the grid. Third, new technologies are honing the competitive edge
of wind and solar.
Demand from energy consumers has mostly coalesced around three goals
that the first three trends have enabled renewables to best fulfill. With varying
degrees of emphasis on each goal, consumers are seeking the most reliable,
affordable, and environmentally responsible energy sources.
Chief among these consumers are cities integrating renewables into their
smart city plans, community energy projects democratizing access to the
benefits of renewables on and off the grid, emerging markets leading the
deployment of renewables on their path to development, and corporations
expanding the scope of their solar and wind procurement.

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These trends will likely continue to strengthen through two mutually
reinforcing virtuous circles. The deployment of new technologies will help
further decrease costs and improve integration. This will enable a growing
number of energy consumers to procure their preferred energy source and
accelerate national energy transitions across the world.
 Impact on the Economy
 Increase in Jobs
 Lower Consumer Expense
 Good Business Sense
 Universal Access to Energy
 Ethical Investment Avenue

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 Industry and Policy Trends-
Investors are looking more into service agreements to ensure a project’s
bankability. If a problem arises on a wind turbine deep at sea or in the middle of
a solar farm in the desert, the speed at which the issue is resolved is crucial, and
that’s why operators from all sectors are looking for a team of qualified,
experienced engineers and technical personnel to provide them with worldwide
field support at all times. It comes with no surprise that service is now an
important piece in the whole package provided to customers during the bidding
process.
Owners are looking more and more towards one-stop service providers
that have the ability to service components from any manufacturer. This trend is
rising as operators see the cost- and time-saving benefits it can bring. Take solar
farms for example, owners and operators don’t want to have to pay for one team
to take care of the inverters and another to service the substation. Simplified
service interface and management, lower cost and streamlined responsibility
make them look only for one quote for their overall portfolio.
The service industry is facing a global skills gap. With the demand for
service engineers continuing to increase as installed renewable capacity rises,
maintaining operational know-how is critical. While many firms are able to
recruit graduates, provide them with field experience and develop them into
valuable resources, staff retention is more difficult; particularly as engineers are
in such high demand and are regularly headhunted. This retention of knowledge

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is becoming even more crucial as multi-brand service becomes the norm, as it is
leading the level of knowledge needed by service engineers to be greater than
ever before.
Renewable energy, and its role in energy future, is an intense topic that
spans across all corners of the energy spectrum. For example, our recent
Mexican Energy Series featured a lively discussion of whether Mexico is on
course for the 2024 target of 35% renewable energy, and what this pledge
means for the country. Each year, as new corporations, municipalities, and
countries make bold and vocal commitments to offsetting energy consumption,
and to pursuing clean energy resources at a higher level, the conversation
intensifies.
For an insider perspective about the current state of renewable energy, we
called upon Lenae Shirley, Senior Director, Technology Innovation and Market
Adoption for Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). Lenae is working at the
nexus of technology, markets and policy, leading efforts with EDF’s
demonstration partners to prove the impact of clean technology innovations. As
a result of these initiatives, Lenae identifies trends and market opportunities to
accelerate the transformation of the electricity sector, with data-driven decisions
that push forward market adoption for renewable methods. Here is our
conversation.
#100% Renewable Energy-
The endeavor to use 100% renewable energy for electricity,
heating/cooling and transport is motivated by global warming, pollution and

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other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns.
Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a
transition of the energy system. In 2013 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a
portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy
demand. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates
anticipated.
In 2014, renewable sources such as wind, geothermal, solar, biomass, and
burnt waste provided 19% of the total energy consumed worldwide, with
roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass. The most important
sector is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8%, most of it coming from
hydropower with a share of 16.6%, followed by wind with 3.1%. According to
the REN21 2017 global status report, these figures had increased to 19.3% for
energy in 2015 and 24.5% for electricity in 2016. There are many places around
the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy. At the
national level, at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing
more than 20% of the energy supply.
Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at
Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program, says
that producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower
by 2030 is feasible, and that existing energy supply arrangements could be
replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen
to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson
says that energy costs today with a wind, solar, and water system should be
similar to today's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies.
The main obstacle against this scenario is the lack of political will. Jacobson's
conclusions have been disputed by other researchers.
Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research
Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow
renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation
and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the
escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because

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renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can
supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or
projected domestic demand."
 Emerging Technology-
Emerging technologies are technologies that are perceived as capable of
changing the status quo. These technologies are generally new but include older
technologies that are still controversial and relatively undeveloped in potential,
such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis and gene therapy which date to 1989
and 1990 respectively.
Emerging technologies are characterized by radical novelty, relatively
fast growth, coherence, prominent impact, and uncertainty and ambiguity. In
other words, an emerging technology can be defined as "a radically novel and
relatively fast growing technology characterised by a certain degree of
coherence persisting over time and with the potential to exert a considerable
impact on the socio-economic domain(s) which is observed in terms of the
composition of actors, institutions and patterns of interactions among those,
along with the associated knowledge production processes. Its most prominent
impact, however, lies in the future and so in the emergence phase is still
somewhat uncertain and ambiguous."
Emerging technologies include a variety of technologies such as
educational technology, information technology, nanotechnology,
biotechnology, cognitive science, psychotechnology, robotics, and artificial
intelligence.

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 Cellulosic Ethanol-
Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the
stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit. It is a biofuel
produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants. The fibrous parts of the
plants are mostly inedible to animals, including humans, except for ruminants
(grazing, cud-chewing animals such as cows or sheep).
The French chemist, Henri Braconnot, was the first to discover that
cellulose could be hydrolyzed into sugars by treatment with sulfuric acid in
1819.[6] The hydrolyzed sugar could then be processed to form ethanol through
fermentation. The first commercialized ethanol production began in Germany in
1898, where acid was used to hydrolyze cellulose. In the United States, the
Standard Alcohol Company opened the first cellulosic ethanol production plant
in South Carolina in 1910. Later, a second plant was opened in Louisiana.
However, both plants were closed after World War I due to economic reasons.
 Marine Energy-
Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean
energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the energy
carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The
movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy,
or energy in motion. Some of this energy can be harnessed to generate
electricity to power homes, transport and industries.
The term marine energy encompasses both wave power i.e. power from
surface waves, and tidal power i.e. obtained from the kinetic energy of large
bodies of moving water. Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy,
as wind power is derived from the wind, even if the wind turbines are placed
over water.

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 Enhanced Geothermal System-
An enhanced geothermal system (EGS) generates geothermal electricity
without the need for natural convective hydrothermal resources. Until recently,
geothermal power systems have exploited only resources where naturally
occurring heat, water, and rock permeability are sufficient to allow energy
extraction.[1] However, by far most of geothermal energy within reach of
conventional techniques is in dry and impermeable rock.[2] EGS technologies
enhance and/or create geothermal resources in this hot dry rock (HDR) through
'hydraulic stimulation'.
When natural cracks and pores do not allow economic flow rates, the
permeability can be enhanced by pumping high-pressure cold water down an
injection well into the rock. The injection increases the fluid pressure in the
naturally fractured rock, triggering shear events that enhance the system's
permeability. As long as the injection pressure is maintained, a high matrix
permeability is not required, nor are hydraulic fracturing proppants required to
maintain the fractures in an open state. This process is termed hydro-shearing,
perhaps to differentiate it from hydraulic tensile fracturing, used in the oil and
gas industry, which can create new fractures through the rock in addition to
expanding the existing fractures.

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 Experimental Solar Power-
 Photovoltaic Systems. Producing electricity directly from sunlight.
 Solar Hot Water. Heating water with solar energy.
 Solar Electricity. Using the sun's heat to produce electricity.
 Passive Solar Heating and Daylighting. Using solar energy to heat and
light buildings.
 Solar Process Space Heating and Cooling.

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 Artificial Photosynthesis-
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural
process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon
dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen; as an imitation of a natural process it is
biomimetic. The term artificial photosynthesis is commonly used to refer to any
scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical
bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel). Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into
hydrogen and oxygen and is a major research topic of artificial photosynthesis.
Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction is another process studied that replicates
natural carbon fixation.
Research of this topic includes the design and assembly of devices for the
direct production of solar fuels, photoelectrochemistry and its application in fuel
cells, and the engineering of enzymes and photoautotrophic microorganisms for
microbial biofuel and biohydrogen production from sunlight.

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 Conclusion-
Solar Power-
Solar power is an immense source of directly useable energy and
ultimately creates other energy resources: biomass, wind, hydropower and wave
energy.
Most of the Earth's surface receives sufficient solar energy to permit low-
grade heating of water and buildings, although there are large variations with
latitude and season. At low latitudes, simple mirror devices can concentrate
solar energy sufficiently for cooking and even for driving steam turbines.
The energy of light shifts electrons in some semiconducting materials.
This photovoltaic effect is capable of large-scale electricity generation.
However, the present low efficiency of solar PV cells demands very large areas
to supply electricity demands.
Direct use of solar energy is the only renewable means capable of
ultimately supplanting current global energy supply from non-renewable
sources, but at the expense of a land area of at least half a million km2
.
Hydroelectricity-
Hydro Power is an integral part of the generation of electricity in Scotland. It
is not a new technology and therefore has been optimised in this country. The
way forward is no longer increasing the number of schemes, but instead to
ensure efficient management and modernisation of the schemes. Optimising
Pumped Storage wherever possible is also an important step towards
hydropower realising its full potential.
Biomass Enegry-
The innovation (biomass industry) has advantages and disadvantages.
Biomass industry is renewable and harmless to living things. A biomass
industry is able to produce a lot of energy with a small amount of biomass
material.
Although biomass industry will be expensive it can be a very big step in
protecting the resources in the world and reducing greenhouse gases that affect
the environment greatly. Even though biomass industry will be releasing
emissions into the atmosphere, but will be much less than any other industry as
the innovation will be using the emissions also to produce energy.
 Wind Energy-
Looking at the data we have come to the conclusion that wind energy is far
more superior than solar energy for numerous reasons. Wind turbines emit a

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significantly lower amount of carbon dioxide for each kilowatt hour produced
than solar panels. Solar energy has a energybalance of 3.2 years, wind turbines
only have an energy balance of 6.6 months. Wind Energy also has a higher
energy return on investment. For the above reasons we that wind energy is far
more efficient than solar energy. Necessary to look at the energy return on
investment to ensure that you are using the most efficient source of alternative
energy.Wind turbine had the highest return on investment because it had the
capacity to produce more electricity more effectively than a single solar panel.
 Geothermal Enegry-
Geothermal energy, with its proven technology and abundant resources,
can make a significant contribution towards reducing the emission of
greenhouse gases. But it requires that governments implement policies and
measures to improve the competitiveness of geothermal energy systems with
conventional energy systems.
Recent developments in the application of the ground source heat pump
opens a new dimension in the scope for using the Earth’s heat. Heat pumps can
be used basically everywhere and are not site-specific, as conventional
geothermal resources are.
 Nuclear Energy-
Nuclear power's advantage is that it doesn't use large amounts of fossil
fuels. Coal and natural gas power plants emit much more carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. With nuclear power plants,
CO2- emissions are minimal.
A problem that may arise with these plants is that, on average, a nuclear
power plant annually generates 20 metric tons of used nuclear fuel, classified as
high-level radioactive waste. All of this waste emits radiation and heat, meaning
that it will eventually corrode any container and can prove lethal to nearby life
forms. They also produce low-level radioactive waste in the form of radiated
parts and equipment.

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 Ocean Energy-
Ocean energy is renewable energy sector that surely needs more research
to satisfy condition of cost-effectiveness which is at this point it biggest flaw.
Since oceans cover almost two thirds of earth’s surface, they truly present
renewable energy source with extreme potential and one worth of further
exploration. However current technologies aren’t at required level to capture
this potential but as world looks for alternatives to dominant fossil fuels sector
many researches have been done in different renewable energy sectors including
the ocean energy sector. Problems resulting in size of these power plants and
cost effectiveness that go with the size do stand out, but there are also some
ecological demands that also need to be fulfilled in order to keep environment
intact as possible. And though this renewable energy sector hasn’t had rapid
growth like some other renewable energy sectors(wind energy), its couple of
projects such as cycle OTEC plant at Keahole Point, Hawaii showed good signs
of its great potential so ocean energy sector could be having more significance
in years to come. Potential is there, all what ocean energy needs now is
technology capable of exploiting this high potential.
 Hydrogen Fuel Cells-
Hydrogen fuel cells are a promising alternative to current automobile
fuels. They essentially combine the energy density and the convenience of
liquid fuels with the clean and efficient operation of electric vehicles. Although
certain aspects of the technology such as efficient on-board storage still require
some improvement, there are no reasons why hydrogen couldn’t become an
equally convenient and attractive transportation fuel as diesel or gasoline are
today.
 The Distant Future-
It is hard to dispute that the future of energy is renewable. The latest data
shows that almost 20% of the world’s energy consumption already comes from
renewable energies. But this share is expected to increase significantly in the
decades to come, powered by new technologies, demand, and concerns over the
current sources.
A new study finds that countries around the world could shift their
economies entirely to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and
hydroelectric, by the year 2050. The researchers map out the blend of energy
sources that each of 139 countries would need to completely switch their energy
to electric power.

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 Bibliography-
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Pernick and Clint Wilder
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 Deploying Renewables 2011 (2011) by the International Energy Agency
 Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths
 Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social & Technological Case for Renewable Energy
 Energy for a Sustainable World – From the Oil Age to a Sun-Powered Future
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 Energy Victory: Winning the War on Terror by Breaking Free of Oil
 The Fourth Revolution: Energy
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 Kick The Fossil Fuel Habit
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 Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era (2011) by Amory Lovins
 Renewable Electricity and the Grid
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 Renewable Energy Systems: A Smart Energy Systems Approach to the Choice and Modeling of
100 % Renewable Solutions
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Size
 Solar Electricity Handbook IPCC
 Solar Energy Perspectives (2011) by the International Energy Agency
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 Straight Up
 Surviving the Century: Facing Climate Chaos and Other Global Challenges
 Sustainable Energy - Without the Hot Air
 Ten Technologies to Fix Energy and Climate
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 What Will Work: Fighting Climate Change with Renewable Energy, Not Nuclear Power
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
 https://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=renewable+energy

Renewable Energy Sources

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