Report Group 4 Constants and Variables

3. Avoid using confusing letters or numbers such as zero and the letter O Examples: One_0, Ph0ne_Num 4. Use underscore (_) in replacement of a space Examples: Class_Num, Birth_date 5. Lessen the number of character of your variable. The shorter the better. Examples: Int_Flight, Loc_Flight.Lbl1 6. In most cases, upper and lowercases are read differently. A and a may hold different data Example: B,b

LEARNING OBJECTIVES After the report the students should be able to: Define what constants are Explain the meaning and use of operators Learn and evaluate arithmetic operators properly Learn and use relational opeartors Define and use logical operators

CONSTANTS Constants are values that do not change during the execution of the program. Example: Pi=3.1416 X=100

OPERATORS An operator is a symbol or a character indicating an operation that acts on one or more elements. These elements are refered to as operands

OPERANDS An operand is the object of a mathematical operation or a computer instruction. The number of operands depends on the programming language you use. For Example: Pascal Programming Language contains constants, data, variables, and other arithmetic expressions .

CLASSIFICATION of OPERATORS Arithmetic Operators Logical Operators Relational Operators Assignment Operators

Arithmetic Operators They are operators that perform mathematical operations or calculations It can involve two or more numeric arguments (operands) These operators are similar to what the 4 fundamental operations

FUNCTION OPERATOR Addition + (plus sign) Subtraction - (minus sign) Multiplication * (asterisk) Division / (slash) Modular Division/ Modulus mod Integer Division div Exponentiation ^ (caret sign) Negation - (minus sign)

+ and - + operators are just the same as addition in real life as well as subtraction Example: 25 + 25 = 50 69 + 1 = 70 50 +70 = 120 - operators are just the same with the real life subtraction Example: 75-5 = 70 100-50=50 70-50= 20

* and / Just like the addition and subtraction operational principle; multiplication is just the same Example: 3*9 = 27 9*9 = 81 Just like the addition and subtraction operational principle division is just the same Example: 25/5 = 5 81/9 = 9

Div It computes ONLY the integral part of the result of dividing its first operand to its second operand An integral part is defined as an integer or whole number such as 1, 10, or 5 2 7 2 3.5 1 7 div 2

Mod Modulus returns the integer remainder of a division. Examples: 7 mod 2 Result:1 6 mod 2 Result:0 2 7 2 3 1 7 div 2 7 mod 2

^ and - Exponentiation is self explanatory. It only means that a number can be expressed with an exponents Example: 4^5 6^23 Negation makes a number in its negative form Example: - (5) = -5 - (43) = -43

HEIRARCHY of ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS It is also called OPERATOR PRECEDENCE. It refers to the priority of the various operators when more than one is used in an expression. Parenthesis are used as the need arises.

EXPRESSION Expression in programming, is a combination of symbols, identifiers, values and operators that yield a result upon evaluation

NEMDASMo Method 1 st : Negation 2 nd : Exponentiation 3 rd :Multiplication and Division 4 th : Addition and Subtraction 5 th : Modulus

Example: 5+(4*2/2)-3=6 5+(8/2)-3 (5+4)-3 9-3 6

LESSON TERMS Operator Arithmetic Operator Operand Div Mod Integer Expression

Write your answers in a one whole sheet of paper. Copy the given values and variables.

VALUES and VARIABLES A = 2 B = 22 C = 3 D = 23 E = 5 F = 10 G = 20 H = 30

H/C/(E-A) F*H-G*E D+A+C*E-G/F A+B*3 (H+G)/E H+G/E

PLEASE EXCHANGE NOTEBOOKS to YOUR CHEATMATES 30 200 38 68 34 10

Assignment Operators Is used to assign values to variables. You can assign any type of data to a variable, real, integer, char and boolean. The sign for assignment operator is :=

Assignment Statements It always consist of a variable on the left hand side of an assignment operator, and an expression on a right side The expression can be a variable, a number, or any complicated expression made up of variables, numbers and arithmetic operators It instructs the computer to evaluate the expression and assign value of its result to the variable Form: Variable := Expression

Illustrative Example PROD := N1 * N2 VARIABLE EXPRESSION ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR

This statement would assign the product of the expression N1*N2 to the variable PROD. Since the value of a variable can be changed during the program execution, the value of the variable PROD could also change depending on the value stored in any of the two variables N1 and N2

Example NUM1 := 15; FirstLetter := ‘A’; X := 6; Y := X; Z = Y + NUM1

The number 6 there is assigned to the variable X, then in the fourth statement, the variable X is assigned to the variable Y

A variable on the right-hand side of an assignment statement must first be given a value before it can be used in an assignment statement. A variable without an assigned value is called an uninitialized variable

Relational Operators Operators that are used to compare two values basing on certain conditions. yield a true or false result Form: value | relational operator | value The operands of a relational operator must be of the same data type, or one maybe type real and the other type integer

FUNCTION OPERATOR Greater than > Less than < Equal to = Not equal to <> Greater than or Equal to >= Less than or Equal to <=

EXAMPLE RESULT 8>5 True 8<5 False What happened in here was a type mismatch 8=8 True 8<>5 True 8>=10 False What happened here was a type mismatch 8<=9 True

Relational operators ALWAYS result to Boolean Values (true or false). There are only two possible values for relational operators and this can only be either the value TRUE, and value FALSE

LESSON TERMS Assignment Operator Assignment Statement Relational Operators Boolean Values

Write the correct statement for the following values to the given variables Assign the value 250 to DailyRate Assign the product of 100 and 200 to the variable Product Assign the value of X to MyValue Assign the total of the product of X and Y and W and Z to Total Assign the value of Total (No.4) to the values of ExtremeTotality

Determine the Boolean Value If A = 100 If B = 200 If C = 300 If D = 400 If E = 500 (B*C) > (C*B) ((A*C)+D) = ((A*D)+C) E < 500 A + D <= E (A + B + C + D + E) >= 15000

PLEASE EXCHANGE NOTEBOOKS to YOUR CHEATMATES DailyRate := 250 100*200 := Product MyValue := X X*Y*W*Z := Total X*Y*W*Z := Total := ExtremeTotality or Total := ExtremeTotality

PLEASE EXCHANGE NOTEBOOKS to YOUR CHEATMATES (60,000) > (60, 000) FALSE 30,400 = 40,300 FALSE 500 < 500 FALSE 500 <= 500 TRUE 1500 >= 15000 FALSE

Logical Operators They are also called as Boolean Operators Boolean operators are operators that evaluate expressions and determine whether the conditions specified by the expressions are either true or false Requires boolean operators

KINDS OF BOOLEAN OPERATOR The AND Operator The OR Operator The NOT Operator

The AND Operator The and operator evaluates to true , only if both its operands (or expressions) are true.

If both expressions (X > 75) and (Y >75) include in the statement evaluate to true (if both X and Y values are greater than 75), then the above statement will evaluate to true , otherwise, the statement will evaluate to false .

AND Operator Operand / Expression 1 Operand/ Expression 2 Decision True True True True False False False True False False False False

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE TRUE - TRUE TRUE - FALSE (34 <> 23) (12 <> 23) True (97 > 32) (24 <> 24) False

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE FALSE - TRUE FALSE - FALSE (12 <> 23) (14 <= 23) False (12 <> 23) (23 < 23) False

The OR Operator The OR Operator determines whether one or both of its operands (or expressions) are true or false .

If one of the expressions in the statement is true, the statement evaluates to true . This means that if X is equal to either 1 or 3, then the statement is true. For example if, X=4 then the statement above returns the value false

OR Operator Operand / Expression 1 Operand/ Expression 2 Decision True True True True False True False True True False False False

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE TRUE - TRUE TRUE - FALSE (4=4) (5=5) True (E=5) (5 <>5) True

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE FALSE- TRUE FALSE-FALSE (45>56) (12 <> 23) True (9 >= 32) (24 <> 24) False

The NOT Operator The NOT Operator has a single operand which it evaluates to either true or false. It returns the opposite of the value returned by the variable

If passed is true, then not passed is false If passed is false, then not passed is true

NOT Operator Operand / Expression 1 Operand / Expression 2 Operand / Expression 1 Decision Operand / Expression 2 Decision True True False False True False False True False True True False False False True True

OPERATOR PRECEDENCE OPERATOR PRECEDENCE Not *, /, div, mod, and + , -, or <, <=, =, <>, >=, > Highest (evaluated first) Lowest (evaluated last)

LESSON TERMS Boolean Operator And Or Not Operator Precedence

Determine the Boolean values returned by the following operators with the given values X: 100 Y: 50 A: 200 B: 75 Condition: true Flag: false (X>105) or (B>50) (X=75) and (X>75) (A<>B) or (X = Y) (not condition) and (not flag) Not flag ((X*2)=200) and (X=100) (X<75) or (Y<75) ((A+B)>250) or ((X+Y)>150) (not condition) (B<50) and (A=200)

Answers: True False True False True True True True False False

GET THE TOTAL NUMBER of SCORE Number Topic Items 1 Arithmetic Operators 5 2 A Assignment Operators 5 2 B Relational Operators 5 3 Boolean/ Logical Operators 10 25

Report Group 4 Constants and Variables

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Report Group 4 Constants and Variables