Reproductive performance

Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol.23, 2014
Reproductive Performance of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cunniculus)
fed Diets Containing Varying Levels of Dried Bovine Rumen
Digesta
Iyabode Comfort Alemede*., Ayo Aremu, Isaac Oriade and Abdulmojeed Tunji1 Ijaiya
Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture and Agrcultural Technology, Federal University of
Technology, Minna.
*e-mail: tee_baby2k6@yahoo.
The facilities and equipments used for this study were provided by Federal University of Technology, Minna.
Abstract
Sixteen female and four male growing rabbits of mixed breed, aged 18 weeks, with average initial body weight
of 1750.00 g were used in a completely randomized design experiment to evaluate the nutritive values of Dried
Bovine Rumen Digesta (DBRD) in rabbit diets for reproductive performance. The levels of inclusion of DBRD
were 0 , 25 , 50 and 75 % for diets T1 (control), T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The reproductive performance
showed significant (P<0.05) differences for most of the parameters measured except for gestation length, litter
weight at weaning and litter weight gain. The values obtained for litter size at birth (LSB) were 5.25, 3.75, 6.75
and 4.24, respectively, while values obtained for litter size at weaning (LSW) were 3.75, 3.00, 5.50 and 4.00,
respectively. The highest value 5.50 was obtained from animals on diet T3 (50 % DBRD), while the lowest value
3.00 was obtained from animals on diet T2 (25 % DBRD . The values obtained for survival rate to weaning
(SRW) were 64.58 %, 70.00 %, 64.30 %, and 54.00 % for rabbits on diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Rabbits
on diet T2 had the best survival rate and showed significant (P<0.05) difference among others. The does on diet
T3 (50 % DBRD) recorded the highest (P<0.05) 6.75 litter size at birth (LSB), while the lowest 3.75 LSB was
obtained from does on diet T2 (25 % DBRD). The values obtained for neo-natal mortality (NNM) were 16.67 %,
18.75 %, 20.73 % and 21.25 % for animals on diets T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The results of the co-efficient
of milking capacity (CMC) were 0.17, 0.15, 0.17 and 0.14 for diets T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The overall
performance of Rabbits on diet T3 (50 % DBRD) was better than those in the other treatment groups. Therefore,
it was concluded that up to 50 % level of DBRD can be included in the diets of breeding rabbits for better
reproductive performance without any deleterious effect.
Key words : Reproduction, Response, Rabbits, Diet, Dried Bovine Rumen Digesta.
Introduction
In Nigeria and in most developing countries average consumption of animal protein is very low, estimated at 4.5
g/head/day as against a minimum requirement of 35 g/head/day (FAO, 2001). Yusuf et al.(2009) reported that
high cost of conventional feeds might be responsible for the low protein consumption. This reduced animal
protein intake has far-reaching implication on the health status and well-being of the populace (Alu et al., 2009).
Rabbit meat production has been on the increase in Nigeria in recent years, this is because rabbit (Oryctolagus
cunniculus) is the most productive meat-producer among all domesticated animals (Odeyinka et al., 2008).
Nutritionally, the meat is high in protein (about 22 %), low in fat (4 %) and cholesterol (5 %), and thus possesses
health promoting qualities (Obinne and Mmereole, 2010). In addition to these unique characteristics, they have
small body size and short generation interval with a relatively short gestation period (Average of 30 – 31 days).
These factors result in rabbit reaching the weight of a sexually mature animal 30 % faster than other animals
(Ajayi et al., 2005) and also makes rabbits suitable as meat-producing small livestock in developing countries
(Arijeniwa et al., 2000).
The rabbit (Oryctolagus cunniculus) is a non-ruminant herbivore which utilizes much undigested, unabsorbed
feed materials, primarily cellulose, as a source of nutrients for maintenance and production. They are known to
have the ability to thrive on non-conventional feedstuffs and forages which cannot be consumed directly by man.
Such forages are cheap, abundant and available all the year round in many parts of Nigeria (Odeyinka and
Ijiyemi, 1997; Shiawoya and Musa, 2006). Although rabbits can survive on all forage diets, optimum
performance can only be ensured in a mixed feeding regime involving forage and formulated feeds (Arijeniwa et
al., 2000). The profitability of rabbit production as an enterprise depends on the number of rabbits kindled per
doe per year and the postnatal survival of the kittens.
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Vol.23, 2014
Feed constitute the dominant input in animal production ranging from 65 - 75 % of the total cost of production.
Similarly, feed ingredient account for over 90 % of compound feed industry (Esonu et al., 2006). Therefore, the
relationship between feed ingredient and animal production output is both direct and obvious. It has been
reported that conventional protein and energy feed ingredients for non-ruminants including rabbits, are very
scarce and expensive because of the competition between humans and this group of livestock (Esonu et al.,
2004).
Recycling of slaughter house waste, as feed for various categories of livestock has been a continuous subject of
investigation ( Igwebuike et al., 2006). Rumen digesta is one of the by-product of abattoir, it is the partially
digested forage mainly found in the rumen of ruminant animals. It is fairly rich in crude protein (18.52 %) and
other micro-flora such as fungi, protozoa and bacteria (Ayoade et al., 2000; Dairo et al., 2005; Esonu et al.,
2006). Dried rumen digesta not only serve as a feed nutrient, recycling it will also reduce disposal and
environmental pollution problem (Esonu et al., 2006). The disposal of this material may be achieved by its
incorporation into livestock feeds (Esonu et al. 2006). Bovine blood-rumen content mixture (BBRCM) has been
used to feed poultry (Adeniji and Balogun, 2001, 2002; Odunsi, 2003; Adeniji and Jimoh, 2007), rabbit (Dairo et
al., 2005; Togun et al., 2009) and ruminant (Salinas-Chavina et al., 2007; Rios-Rincon et al., 2010) as a cheap
untraditional feed stuff to reduce feeding cost and alleviate pollution problems without any reported deleterious
clinical effect on animal health and performance. However, higher levels of dried bovine rumen digesta (DBRD)
up to 75 % level have not been reached according to the literature available on the use of DBRD in the diets of
livestock generally, and rabbits in particular. This study was conceived to determine the effect of feeding varying
inclusion levels of dried bovine rumen digesta on the reproductive performance of rabbits.
Materials And method
The experiment was conducted at the rabbitry unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of
Animal Production, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology of the Federal University of Technology,
Gidan Kwano (Permanent site) campus, Minna, Niger State. Minna is located within latitudes 09o30’ and 09o45
N and longitudes 06 o 30 and 06 o45 E with an altitude of 1475 m above sea level (Lanko, 2005).
Maize was purchased from one of the local markets in Minna, while all other ingredients such as groundnut
cake (GNC), rice offal, fish meal, bone meal, oyster shell, salt, lysine, methionine and vitamin mineral premix
were purchased from one of the milling centres in Minna. Fresh bovine rumen content emptied by the butchers
at Minna abattoir was collected in the months of February – March ( as early as 7:00 am ). The rumen digesta
collected was thoroughly air-dried with periodic turning to facilitate drying. It was pounded into coarse particles
of dried bovine rumen digesta (DBRD) before inclusion in the diets. Four treatmental diets were formulated.
Diet T1 was the control diet (0 % rumen digesta), while diets T2, T3, and T4 contained 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %
rumen digesta, respectively (Table 1).
Sixteen female (does) and four male (bucks) rabbits aged 18 weeks with average initial body weight of 1750.00
g were used in this experiment. They were mixed breeds purchased from rabbit keepers in Minna. They were
balanced for sex and weight and allocated into four treatment groups with each treatment having four (4)
animals. Each animal was housed in a wooden hutch with wire mesh and net at the bottom, top and sides of the
hutches. The hutches measured 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm. 100 mg of Mectizan (R) tablet was dissolved in one litre
of water and administered orally at a dosage of 10 ml per rabbit to take care of endo and ecto-parasites. The
animals were allowed a pre-treatment period of two weeks to enable them acclimatize following which they
were fed the compounded diets.Water was provided ad-libitum throughout the experiment.
The does were weighed prior to mating and weekly thereafter until the end of experiment. Mating was achieved
by taking the doe to the buck. The reproductive parameters measured were birth traits like Gestation length (GL),
Litter size at birth (LSB), Litter weight at birth (LWB),Gestation gain (GG), Kindling loss (KL), Neo-natal
mortality (NNM) and Coefficient of milking capacity (CMC). Weaning traits like Litter size at weaning
(LSW),Litter weight at weaning (LWW), Litter weight gain (LWG), Survival rate to weaning (SRW) and
Weaning sex ratio (WSR).
Proximate analysis were carried out to determine the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF),
ether extract (EE), ash and nitrogen free extract (NFE) components of the test material DBRD (Table 2) and the
experimental diets (Table 3) using A.O.A.C (2005) method. The data collected from this study were subjected to
44

Vol.23, 2014
analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistical package (SPSS 16.0, 2006 and MINITAB, 2003). The means
were separated using the Duncan multiple range test.
Results And Discussion
The proximate composition of the dried bovine rumen digesta (DBRD) is presented in Table 2. The values
showed that DBRD contained high level of crude fibre and adequate protein that in line with those recommended
for both growing and breeding rabbits (Obinne, 2008). The value obtained for CP was higher than 13.56 %
reported by Okpanachi et al. (2010) who fed sun-dried bovine rumen digesta to growing rabbits but fell within
the range of 9 – 20 % and 18.56 % reported by Dairo et al. 2005 and Esonu et al. 2006 who also fed dried bovine
rumen digesta to growing rabbits and broiler finisher, respectively.
Table 3 shows the proximate composition of the experimental diets. The CP content ranged from 19.50 % for
diet (T4) to 20.25 % for diet (T1). The values were in agreement with the report of other workers (Dairo et al.,
2005 and Mohammed et al., 2005; 2010) who fed similar diets to growing rabbits. The CF level ranged from
12.55 % to 15.23 %. The crude fibre increased as the level of dried bovine rumen digesta increased in the diets
and the values were adequate for growing and breeding rabbits as recommended by Johnson-Delaney (2006) and
Mohammed et al. (2010; 2011) who fed similar diets to rabbits. The values of EE, ranged from 5.26 % (T4) to
6.52 % (T1). The value of fat was higher than the 2.00 % to 4.50 % reported by Mohammed et al. (2010). The
difference observed could be attributed to level of dietary fibre inclusion which increased with the different diets
(T1 – T4). Ash increased ( 10.00 % in T1) to 12.00 % in T4) as the level of DBRD increase in the diets while
NFE values reduced progressively with increasing levels of DBRD (47.66 %, 47.21 %, 45.58 % and 44.38 % ).
Reproductive performance.
The result of reproductive performance of rabbits fed varying inclusion level of dried bovine rumen digesta is
presented in Table 4. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the values obtained for gestation length
(GL) in all the dietary treatments, the values fell within the average gestation length of 28-31days recommended
for rabbits. This is in agreement with the findings of Nguyen et al. (2006) and Odeyinka et al. (2008). The
findings showed that DBRB has no negative effects on gestation length of rabbits.
The values obtained for litter size at birth (LSB) were 5.25, 3.75, 6.75 and 4.24 for diets T1, T2, T3 and T4
respectively. The does on diet T3 (50 % DBRD) recorded the highest (6.75 , P<0.05) litter size at birth (LSB),
while the lowest ( 3.75) LSB was obtained from does on diet T2 with 25% DBRD. This result falls within the
range of 5.09 reported by Mai (2005); and 4.06 – 5.81 reported by Odeyinka et al. (2008) who fed Moringa
oleifera as a replacement for Centrosema pubescens during reproductive study conducted on New Zealand
White and Chinchilla breed of rabbits. The values obtained for litter size at weaning (LSW) were 3.75, 3.00, 5.50
and 4.00 for diets T1 (0%), T2 (25 %), T3 (50 %) and T4 (75 %), respectively. The highest value ( 5.50) was
obtained from animals on diet T3 (50 %), while the lowest value 3.00 was obtained from animals on diet T2 (25
%). The values obtained showed that diet T3 (50 %) performed better in LWB, LWW and LWG than the control
diet (T1). The better performance could be attributed to factors of good mothering ability, maternal environment
and effect of dietary fibre inclusion( Rahim et al.,1997; Das and Yadav,2007; Iyeghe-Erakpotobor et al., 2008).
The values 1.44 – 2.18 kg obtained for LWG was lower than the 3.09 and 6.5 g/day reported by Roy et al. (2002)
and Ren et al. (2003).
The values obtained for gestation gain (GL) were 168 g, 140 g, 230 g and 113 g for animals on diets T1 (0 %),
T2 (25 %), T3 (50 %) and T4 (75 %), respectively. Rabbits on diet T3 significantly (P<0.05) performed better
than the control diet T1. The better performance could be attributed to positive effect of dietary fibre on the gut
health, welfare and reproductive performance of the rabbits especially during pregnancy period (Jonhson et
al.,2003). The values obtained for survival rate to weaning (SRW) were 64.58 %, 70.00 %, 64.30 %, and 54.00
% for diets T1 (0 %), T2 (25 %), T3 (50 %) and T4 (75 %) respectively. Rabbits on diet T2 (25 %) had the best
survival rate and showed significant (P<0.05) difference among others. The best performance of T2 could be
attributed to good mothering ability Roy et al., (2002); Das and Yadav (2007) and effectiveness of dietary fibre
utilization which shows great potential for health, welfare and reproductive performance of livestock (Iyeghe-
Erakpotobor et al., 2008). The values obtained for neo-natal mortality (NNM) and co-efficient of milking
capacity (CMC) were 16.67 %, 18.75 %, 20.73 % ,21.25 % and 0.17, 0.15, 0.17, 0.14 for diets T1 (0 %), T2 (25
%), T3 (50 %) and T4 (75 %), respectively. The values of milk productivity showed similarities between dietary
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Vol.23, 2014
treatments T1 and T3. The lowest milking capacity was obtained from animals on diet T4 and the reason might be
attributed to reduced feed intake of the rabbits doe leading to reduced ability for milk productivity.
The values obtained for kindling loss were 180 g, 108 g, 240 g and 138 g for diets T1 (0 %), T2 (25 %), T3 (50
%) and T4 (75 %), respectively and showed significant difference (P<0.05) between the dietary treatments. The
result revealed that there was more loss of kittens among does on diet T3 than other treatments. The reason could
be attributed to environmental factors.
Conclusion And Recommendation.
Rumen content, a by – product of abattoirs that could be environmentally unfriendly if not properly handled, can
be used as a potential non – conventional feed ingredient in rabbit production. The usage of this material will
help to reduce cost, scarcity of rabbit feeds and also reduce dependency on conventional feed ingredients such as
grains that bring competition between man and animals. The data obtained from this study indicate that DBRD
can be incorporated in the diets of breeding rabbits up to 50 % level for better reproductive performance without
any deleterious effect. Therefore incorporation of DBRD as feed ingredient up to 50 % in breeding rabbit diets
should be encouraged among rabbit keepers for optimum performance.
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48
Table 1. Composition of the experimental diets
Dietary Treatments
Ingredient (kg)
T1 T2 T3 T4
Maize 54.86 49.29 40.38 29.76
Groundnut cake 24.14 22.28 19.31 13.56
Dried bovine rumen digesta 0.00 7.43 19.31 35.68
Rice offal 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Fish meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Bone meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Oyster shell 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Lysine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Methionine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Vit/min premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Calculated analysis
18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00
Crude protein (%)
Metabolizable Energy (Kcal/Kg) 2751.01 2702.43 2624.73 2594.25
Vitamins: A = 10,000IU; D3 = 2,000IU; E = 5IU; K = 2mg; Riboflavin = 4.2mg; B12 = 0.01mg; Pantothenic
acid = 5mg; Nicotinic acid = 20mg ; Folic acid=0.5mg.
Minerals: Se = 100mg; Cu = 1.0mg; Fe = 20mg; Iodine = 0.8mg; Choline = 3mg; Mg = 56mg; Co = 1.25mg;
Lycine, Methionine and Tetramycine (Broad-spectrum anti-biotics and growth promoters).
Table 2. Proximate composition of dried bovine rumen digesta (DBRD)
__________________________________________________________
Nutrient (%) composition
Moisture 5.40
Dry matter 94.60
Crude protein 18.25
Crude fibre 26.25
Ether extract 2.50
Ash 7.60
Nitrogen free extract 40.00
Total 100.00
Table 3. Proximate composition of the experimental diets (%)
___________________________________________________________
Dietary treatments
Nutrients T1 T2 T3 T4
Moisture 3.02 3.09 3.50 3.63
Dry matter 96.98 96.91 96.50 96.37
Crude protein 20.25 20.00 20.00 19.50
Crude fibre 12.55 13.00 13.83 15.23
Ether extract 6.52 6.20 5.84 5.26
Ash 10.00 10.50 11.25 12.00
Nitrogen free extract 47.66 47.21 45.58 44.38
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Vol.23, 2014
Table 4. The reproductive performance of rabbits fed diets containing
varying inclusion levels of dried bovine rumen digesta (DBRD)
________________________________________________________________ __
Dietary treatments.
Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM LS
Gestation length (days) 30.75 29.75 30.25 29.75 0.16 NS
Litter size at birth (No) 5.25ab 3.75b 6.75a 4.25b 0.40 *
Litter weight at birth (kg) 0.26ab 0.19b 0.34a 0.21b 0.20 *
Gestation gain (g) 1.68ab 1.40b 2.30a 1.13b 0.14 *
Kindling loss (g) 1.80ab 1.48b 2.40a 1.38a 0.17 *
Neo-natal mortality (%) 16.67c 18.75b 20.73ab 21.25a 3.84 *
Co-efficient of milking
Capacity (kg) 0.17a 0.15b 0.17a 0.14c 0.01 *
Litter size at weaning (No) 3.75ab 3.00b 5.50a 4.00ab 0.35 *
Litter weight at weaning (kg) 2.17 1.88 2.53 1.65 0.26 NS
Litter weight gain (kg) 1.95 1.69 2.18 1.44 0.24 NS
Survival rate at weaning (%) 64.58ab 70.00a 64.30ab 54.00b 2.97 *
Sex ratio ( M : F). 1: 2 1: 1 3: 2 1: 2______________
Key: abcMeans with different superscripts on the same row are significantly different (P<0.05).
SEM= Standard error of means.
DBRD= Dried bovine rumen digesta
* = Significant (P<0.05)
NS = Non-significant (P>0.05)
49

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Reproductive performance

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Reproductive performance