Research Design and Sources of Data
- 3. Dr. Kumar. Assistant professor Dept.. Of studies in social work Vijayanagara Shri Krishna Devaraya University Gnana Sagara Avarana Ballari.
- 4. RADHIKA H
- 5. Research design and sources of data
- 6. Design and types of research ; Meaning and importance; types of research design; exploratory, descriptive, experimental, evaluative, participatory research and action research. case study – Meaning, uses, steps Sources and types of data : primary data: Observation, Questionnaire, interview schedule, and interview guide, pilot study and pre testing. Secondary data : Sources, types of secondary data and problems in the use of secondary data. Sampling : Universe, population, sample, rationale and characteristics of sampling unit, methods of sampling, general considerations in the determination of sample size.
- 7. Introduction of the research design: The word “design” has various meaning but in relation to the subject concern it is a pattern or an outline of research project working . It is the statement of essential elements of a study that provides basic guidelines of conducting the project. A research design is the framework or guide used for the planning, implementation and analysis of a study. It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it will be done and how the data will be analyzed.
- 8. “ Research design as a “blue print” to conduct a research study , which involves the description of research approach, study setting, sampling size, sampling technique, tools and method of data collection and analysis to answer a is specific research questions or for testing research hyphothesis.
- 9. According to kerlings : “ Research design is a plan structure and strategy of investigations to obtain answers to the research questions”. “ Research design is the researcher’s overall plan for answering the research questions or testing the research hyphothesis”
- 10. Research design is important of researcher. It is “blue print” of the research. Research design is central activity of research. Research design to conduct the researcher make the research. We need a research design or a plan in advance of data collection and analysis for our research project. Ensures project time schedule.
- 11. Its helps researcher to prepare himself to carry out research in a proper and a systematic way. Its helps in proper planning of the resources and their procurement in right time. Its provides satisfaction and confidence, accompanied with a sense of success from the beginning of the work of the research project. Research design stands its reduce inaccuracy.
- 12. Research design needed because it facilitates, the smooth sailing of the various research operations, there by making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. Helps to get maximum efficiency and reliability. Eliminates bias and marginal errors. Minimizes wastage of time .
- 13. Research needed because it facilitates, the smooth sailing of the various research operations, there by making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. Helps to get maximum efficiency and reliablity. Eliminates bias and marginal errors. Minimizes wastage of time .
- 14. Helpful for collecting research materials. Gives an idea regarding the type of resources required in terms of money, manpower , time, and efforts. Guides the research in the right direction
- 15. Research designs indicating the purpose of doing research. Research design indicating its intended use and Research design indicating the cause effects relationships.
- 17. In explanatory research design a researcher uses his own imaginations and ideas. It is based on the researcher personal judgment and obtaining information about something. He is looking for the unexplored situation and brings it to the eyes of the people. In this type of research there is no need of hypothesis formulation.
- 18. Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been studied more clearly, establishes priorities, develops operational definitions and improve the final research design. Its helpful for formulate a problem or develop hypothesis. Exploratory research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extremecaution, given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist.
- 19. In descriptive research design a researcher is interested in describing a particular situation or phenomena under his study. It is theoretical type of research design based on collection designing and presentation of the collected data. Descriptive research design covers the characteristics of people, materials, socio-economics characteristics such as their age.
- 20. The qualitative nature data is mostly collected like knowledge, attitude, beliefs and opinion of the people . Examples of such designs are the newspaper articles, films, dramas and documentary etc.
- 21. In this type of research design is often uses in natural science but is different in social sciences. Human behavior cannot be measured through test tubes and microscopes. The social researcher use a method of experiment called independent variables while other is considered as control group called dependent variable. The result obtained by the comparison of both two groups. Both have the cause and effect relationship between each other.
- 22. Introduction : The case study method is a very popular from of qualitative analysis and involves a careful and complete observation , social unit, be that unit a person a family, and institution a cultural group or even the entire community. It is a method of study in depth rather than breadth. The case study places more emphasis on the full analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their interrelations.
- 23. According to pauline young : “case study is a comprehensive study of a social unit to be that unit a person, a group, a social institution, a district or community.”
- 24. The researcher can take one single social unit. The selected unit is studied intensively. It is a complete study of social unit covering all facts. It is a qualitative and non qualitative. An effort is to be mode to know the mutual interrelationship of casual factors. The behavior pattern of concerning is studied directly. It enables the generalized to knowledge to get richer and richer.
- 25. Case study its helps to understand fully the behavior pattern of concerned unit. Researcher to obtain a real and enlighted record of personal experiences. This method enables the researcher to trace of the natural history of social unit. It enable the generalized knowledge to get richer and richer.
- 26. This method facilitates intensive study of social units. The use of different methods such as depth interviews, questionnaires, documents, study reports of individuals, letters and the like is possible under case study method. It is emphasis on historical analysis.
- 27. Determine and define the research questions Select the cases and determine data gathering and analysis technique Prepare the collect data Collection in the field Evaluate and analyze data
- 28. Introduction : Data can be defined as the quantitave or qualitative values of variable. Data can be number, images, words, figures, facts or ideas. Data in itself cannot be understood and to get information from the data one must interpret it into meaningful information from data one must interpret into meaningful information. There are various methods of interpreting data. Data sources are broadly classified into primary and secondary data.
- 29. Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research of any research studies. Researchers conducted in different fields of study can be different methodology but every research is based on data which is analyzed and interpreted to get information. Data is the basic unit in statistical studies. Statistical information like census, population variables, health statistics and road accidents records are all developed from data.
- 30. primary data means original data that has been collected specially for the purpose in mind. it means someone collected the data from the original source first hand. Primary data has not been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings; therefore its validity is greater than secondary data.
- 31. Observation Questionnaire Interview schedule and interview guide Pilot study and pre- testing
- 32. Meaning : Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. Observation is a systematic data collection approach. Researchers use all of their senses to examine people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations. Observation of a field setting involves: prolonged engagement in a setting or social situation.
- 34. Participant observation Non- participant observation Structured information Unstructured observation
- 35. Questionnaire is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are a list of questions either an open – ended for which the respondent give answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a public area, or in an institute through electronic mail or through fax and other methods.
- 36. Opened and closed end Mailed questionnaire Contingency Matix question Multiple choice Multiple response
- 37. MEANING Interview schedule: This is a set of prepared questions designed to be asked exactly as worded. Interviews schedules have a standardized format which means the same questions are asked to each interviewee in the same order. The interview guide is a list of questions you will ask your participants during the interview. ... There are three standard types of interviews one can choose to conduct: structured, unstructured or semi-structured. With a structured interview, each participant is asked the exact same question in the same order.
- 39. meaning; a pilot study is a “small scale replica” of the main study. It is the rehearsal of the main study . It covers the entire process of research; preparation of a board plan of the study, construction of tools. Collection of data. Processing and analysis of data and report writing.
- 40. A pilot fufils one or more of the following purposes. Its provided better knowledge of the problem under study and its dimensions. It provides guidance on conceptualization – identification and oprationalization.of concepts relating to the study. It shows the adequacy of the tool for data collection It also helps in discovering mechanical problems interview mailing.
- 41. Meaning ; while a pilot study is a full-fledged miniature study of a problem. Pre-test is trail test of a specific aspect of the study such as method of data collection or data collection instrument interview schedule, mailed questionnaire of measurement scale.
- 42. To test whether the instrument would elicit responses required to achieve the research objectives. To test whether the content of the instrument is relevant and adequate To test whether wording of questions is clear and suited to the understand of respondents. To test the other qualitative aspects of the instrument like question structure and question sequence. To develop apropriate procedure for administrating the instrument with reference to field conditions.
- 43. Secondary data is the data that has been already collected by and readily available from other sources. When we use statistical method with primary data from another purpose for our purpose we refer it as secondary data. The secondary data may be obtained from many sources including litreature, industry surveys, compliations from computerized databases and information systems, and computerized or mathematical models of enviornmental process.
- 44. 1. Published printed source 2. Books 3. Journals 4. Magazines 5. Newspaper
- 45. 1. E journals 2. General websites; 3. Weblogs.
- 46. Inexpensive Easily accessible Immediately available Will provide essential background and help to clarify or refine research problem- essential for literature review. Secondary data sources will provide research method alternatives. Will also alert researcher to any potential difficulties.
- 47. Expensive Not immediately available – takes time to define problem, sampling frame, method and analysis . Not as readily accessible. Incomplete information
- 48. Introduction : Sampling is very important when we do research, we generally have some group of individuals in mind-college students, animals in a forest, residents of a community etc. the group that we study is our sample. In most cases we are interested in the larger group of which our sample is a part that larger group is called the population. A sample is a subset of population.
- 49. Sampling means obtaining information from a portion of larger group or from universe. Defination According to marriam webstar dictionary The act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample; specifically :the act, process, or technique of selecting a representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population
- 50. Sample design must result in a truly representative sample. Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error. Sample design such so that systematic bias can be controlled in a better way. Sample design must be viable in the context of funds available for the research study. Sample design such that the results of the sample study can be applied in general for the universe with a reasonable level of confidence.
- 51. DEFINE THE TARGET POPULATION DETERMINE THE SAMPLING FRAME SELECT METHOD TIME AND TECHNNIQUE DETERMINE SAMPLE SIZE 51
- 52. 52 Sampling Frame It is a representation of the elements of the population. It consists of a list or set of directions for identifying the target population. Examples: Voters List, Telephone Directory, an association’s directory listing the firms in an industry.
- 53. 53 Sample A sub group of population (elements or subjects) selected for participation in the study.
- 55. 55 PROBABILITY SAMPLING •Each element of the population has a known and equal probability of selection in the sample. •It relies on a random selection of elements •It is used in case of ‘Finite Population’
- 56. 56 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING • It is not possible to specify , for each element of the population, the relative likelihood that it will be included in the sample. • It is used in case of ‘Infinite Population’ • Random selection of elements is not necessary. • It relies on personal judgment of the researcher.
- 58. A method of sampling that relies on a random or chance selection method so that every element of the sampling frame has a known probability of being selected. Stratified Random Sampling A method of sampling in which sample elements are selected separately from population strata that are identified in advance by the researcher. 58
- 59. 59 Types of Stratified Random Sampling • Proportionate Stratified Sampling – Sampling Method in which elements are selected from strata in exact proportion to their representation in the population. • Disproportionate Stratified Sampling – Sampling in which elements selected from strata in different proportions from those that appear in the population.
- 60. Sampling in which elements are selected in two or more stages, with the first stage being the random selection of naturally occurring clusters and the last stage being the random selection of elements within clusters. 60
- 63. How large should a sample be? 1. The degree of accuracy required. 2. The degree of variability or diversity in the population. 3. The number of different variables examined simultaneously in data analysis. 63
- 64. C R kothari – Research methodology Laldas ,D K designs of social work D. shrinivasa reddy _ social work research Website sources.