Resistance-Enhanced Dynamometer

Resistance-Enhanced Dynamometer
Purpose
Lu, Chien, Chang, and Hsu had two primary purposes for their study. These purposes were to
determine if an examiner's strength have an affect on the validity of knee manual muscle testing
(MMT) strength measurements using a hand–held dynamometer (HHD), and whether increasing the
forces applied by an examiner using a resistance–enhanced dynamometer (RED) would positively
affect measurement validity.
Methods
The researchers recruited 25 young male volunteers without a history of injury to the knee, while 6
male and 6 female experienced individuals were the examiners for the tests. Using RED, HHD, and
a dynamometer (Kin–Com), the examiners measured maximum resisting forces of the knee flexors
and extensors. Each subject was assessed with each of the 3 testing devices, by 1 female and 1 male
examiner who both differed greatly in strength.
Results
The research shows poor–moderate associations between the HHD and Kin–Com, and a good–
excellent relationship between RED and Kin–Com. The male examiner's showed a higher validity
using the HHD, while both male and female examiner's results with the RED were very similar. The
force values found by RED were also very similar to those measured by Kin–Com, showing an
increase in validity without dependence on the examiner. There were also fewer systematic
variations between RED and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poor to moderate validity of HHD suggested to be a result of the examiner's upper body
strength. The Kin–Com dynamometer's measurements required strength beyond the female
examiner's strength. When increasing the forces applied to the knee using RED, the validity of
MMT measurements showed to improve. Both male and female examiner's strength did not
significantly affect the validity of the measurements when using the RED. This suggests that the use
of a RED will be more reliable and valid than the use of a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Does One Measure Intersubjectively Valid?
Measuring social kinds is not straightforward. How does one measure intersubjectively shared
knowledge? How does one measure that which, by definition, is shared among individuals? The
central question asked here, then, is: are we actually measuring the variables that we are claiming to
measure (Johnson and Joslyn, 1986: 66)? Is our measurement internally valid? Measuring validity is
"difficult to demonstrate empirically...because validity involves the relationship between the
measurement of a concept and the actual presence or amount of the concept itself (Johnson and
Joslyn, 1986: 67)."
One may evaluate validity in a number of ways. In the present study, I assert content validity; that is,
I propose a "logical argument rather than a test (Johnson ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
foreign policy? As noted above, these social kinds are multifaceted and historically contingent. Their
multifaceted nature, then, lends itself well to being captured along a scale. Consider the following
example: Generally speaking (this is more fully developed in the next chapter) by terrorism,
purposive social agents have come to mean an act of violence executed by a non–state (quite often,
clandestine) organization. The violence is strategically employed to create fear in an audience – the
target audience – far larger than the immediate targets of the violence. And, the terrorist organization
calculates (terrorism is instrumentally rational undertaking) that this fear will force the target
audience to put pressure on their government. This pressure will, in turn, lead to change in
government's policy. Socially constructing terrorism thus, and referring back to Johnson and Joslyn,
represents the "less difficult" construction of terrorism (this is fully explained in chapter 4). On the
other terminus of the continuum (and of the scale) lies a far "more difficult" construction of
terrorism such that the construction of terrorism at the lower level (the "less difficult" construction)
does not contain the higher level. Namely, a citizen cannot – contemporaneously – hold both the
"less difficult" and "more difficult" constructions of terrorism – or, for that matter,

A Proposal for Sustainable Development through Microfinance
A Proposal for Sustainable Development through Microfinance
The following proposal synthesizes from the history of the microfinance industry, particularly its
successes and failures, a model for developing a sustainable microfinance initiative. Central to this
synthesis is the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses, challenges and opportunities, and
characteristics of three well–managed microfinance institutions ("MFIs"): Grameen Bank
("Grameen"), Compartamos, and Friendship Bridge ("Friendship"). These analyses highlight the
strategic leverage points – business strategies, organizational structures, financial reporting
transparency, performance measurements, and organizational objectives – that determine the success
of microfinance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, Grameen focused on the number and amount of loans and savings, self–sufficiency
ratio and repayment rate as its primary measurements for organizational success. Negative
consequences included the threatening of clients by loan officers, the public ostracizing of default
clients by their community, over–indebting clients, limiting the access to savings, and hand–cuffing
clients through mandatory savings products. As a result, through the international press and protests,
opponents began to question whether or not microfinance was financially sustainable, exploited or
assisted the poor, and was an appropriate method for poverty alleviation. Furthermore, Grameen's
focus on proving its financial sustainability lead to non–transparent and irrelevant financial
reporting. Potential funders and investors began to question the validity of microfinance's ability to
alleviate poverty and to repay investments. Instead of abandoning microfinance, due to these
protestations, Grameen restructured its business strategy and the industry designed a more reliable
and relevant reporting methodology through the development of MIX.
Bangladesh's 1998 flood devastated Grameen's clients leaving the majority of them incapable of
repaying their debts and requiring additional capital to rebuild their communities. The combination
of the flood and the aforementioned negative issues threatening Grameen's future led to the
restructuring of its

Common Tests of Reliability
Reliability is most commonly used to refer to the degree of consistency with which measurement
can be conducted, and it focuses primarily on the instruments used in research. In this most simple
consideration of reliability, a researcher must demonstrate that an instrument yields consistent
results. The attributes of instruments must not produce variability in research outcomes that could be
misconstrued as changes to the variables being measured. Two common data collection methods are
referred to in this paper: Surveys and interviews. The data collection instrument for a survey could
be a written questionnaire, while the data collection instrument for an interview could be a protocol
for the interviewer or a video filmed while the research participant was being interviewed. For
example, consider a questionnaire used to survey people about their use of tobacco. If the
questionnaire language did not differentiate among the various forms of tobacco that people us, the
lack of clarity and specificity of the survey instrument could evoke inaccurate responses from
participants. These inaccuracies could mistakenly be attributed to the research variables.
One of the most common tests of reliability is replication, which takes the form of test–retest,
parallel forms of instruments, odd–even item correlations, or measures of internal consistency
(Campbell & Stanley, 1963). In inter–rater reliability, different people are utilized with the same
test. This is also a strategy used to

Toward The Metrication Of The United States
Toward the Metrication of the United States The United States was founded on the ideologies of
originality and independence from extraneous authority. To many, America is more than just a
country, it is the land of the free and is a light in the darkness from the rest of the world. This
inspiration has served Americans well throughout the past, but provides a reason to be reluctant to
try successful ideas from foreign countries. The reluctance of accepting the metric system is the
prominent example of the country's stubbornness to change its views. The switch to the metric
system in the United States is more than just a proposal to be pushed aside, it is a necessity to
survive in the changing market. College students are the next ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In all cases, the increase of ten to the power of three causes the prefix to become "kilo". This
simplification increases efficiency and allows for much easier calculations.
History of the metric system. In order for the younger generation to push for the switch to the metric
system in the United States, they must have some background knowledge on how the metric system
came about. According to the U.S. Metric Association, the founding father of the metric system is
Gabriel Mouton of France. He first thought of a system of measurements based on decimals in 1670.
The system was first based on a nautical mile and also the length of a pendulum needed to swing at
one swing per second. During the years following 1670, numerous French scientists edited and
made improvements to the system. The metric system then became the official units of weights and
measurements in France on April 7, 1795 (Origin of the Metric System). When France decided to
adopt the metric system, this served as a catalyst for the adoption in the rest of the world. After
France became the first country to adopt these measurements, other countries started to notice that
the metric system was well suited for science and industrialization, so they decided to adopt the
measurements as well. To no surprise, the change caught on quickly. According to the U.S. Metric
association, "By 1900 a total of 35 nations, including the major nations of continental

Greek Architecture Vs Peloponnesian War
During the Classical period, the Peloponnesian war brought a great change that transformed the city
of Athens into a reconstructed and wealthy city. However, when the Persian war is ended, a new
style of architecture and sculptures is created based on better techniques and different sculptures'
designs used as a representation of Greek history and epic mythology to open a new age of
improvements on the temple's elaboration.
As a result of the Peloponnesian war, Athens emerged as a powerful city from all Greece (81).
However, along with other polises, Athens fought as an alliance to defend the Peloponnesian
territory to be conquered by the Persians, in which resulted in their loss and the victory of Athens.
Once this occurred, Athens began to receive money to rebuild their city by ... Show more content on
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This architectural style that teaches the Greek Canon, is based on proportions, symmetries, and
measurements that incorporate the temple's construction measurements to make a more decorated
life–style designs (84). However, from this richly decorated reconstruction, the architecture depicts
stories of their mythology and their city's history as a representation of the victory against the
Persians in the Peloponnesian war. In addition, one of the most important thing that was structural
developed, is implemented by the optical illusion that recreated the Greeks (Cartwright). For
example, "The flat floor is not flat at all but convex, higher in the center than it is at the peripheral of
the temple" (Cartwright), which resulted in an advance during this time of period to replicate a
"perceptual distortions" and to make the lines different from the distance (84). These particularities
in the temple incorporates to "the building an air of richness and Greece" to glorify Athens and its
human achievements

Should America Use The Metric System Essay
The metric system is used across the world, all except for the United States of America and two
other countries. The United States of America currently uses the Imperial system instead of the
metric system despite the rest of the world using it. Why would The United States of America not
use the metric system even though there are so many benefits to it? Switching to metric can mean
more business opportunities for America from other countries. The metric system can be the link for
fashion designers to have more opportunities in other countries, or scientists as well. Because of the
loss of jobs due to not using the metric system in America, the country won't advance. The biggest
argument against changing is the people, a strong source that ... Show more content on
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The organization NASA made this mistake due to using Pounds instead of Kilograms. Another fact
that PBS states is the ease in trading in internationally; nevertheless it eliminates "duplication in
manufacturing and labeling." Even when it comes to international relations, if America switches to
the metric system the world will have a better view of America. A logical fact that was outlined by
Daniel Pink is division by ten and one–hundred instead of eight by twelve. What he means by that,
is the use of teaspoons and milliliters. The usefulness of changing from the imperial system to the
metric system is the difference of switching to the simplest of words and simple measurements.
Celsius is a measurement that people find too much effort to change to. Yet, the change is as easy as
getting used to Fahrenheit. Another source that is all about making America switch to the metric
system is gometricusa.org. They outline the benefits such as cutting manufacturing costs and like
Daniel Pink, the ease of trading in International trade. However, the website actually lists the reason
why it's easier and how it cuts costs. It outlines the preferred metric sizes in international industry
and the limits. Due to America using the imperial

A Study On Type 1 Diabetes Essay
Type 1 diabetes has become a widespread issue in our country. It is a condition when the pancreas
no longer produces enough insulin for a body to use. Because our bodies need insulin to survive, a
type one diabetic needs to either inject themselves with insulin every day, up to 7 times per day, or
go on a device which is known as the insulin pump or pod. The body needs major adjustments in
your exercise and dietary patterns to make sure that you are healthy as possible. Dr. Prajakta Jayant
Nande was interested in the Anthropometric measurements and dietary intake of children living with
type 1 diabetes so she conducted a study. The study is called Anthropometric Measurements, Dietary
Intake and Biochemical Parameters of Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Dr. Nande wanted to study
the nutritional status of children between the ages of 10–15 years old. (Nande,2015) Based on three
days of dietary recall, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical information, she was able to
gather the information she needs to evaluate the nutritional status of children with type 1 diabetes.
(Nande,2015) The study was conducted using a sample of 50 children, 24 girls and 26 boys between
the ages of 10–15 years old. The data was collected from a questionnaire–cum–interview where
information was collected about the child with diabetes. This information included age at the time of
diagnosis, family history, and how they receive the insulin, injections or pump. She also collected
their

Why Is Standardized Testing Necessary
Are Standardized Tests Necessary? In recent years, teachers have started to teach students how to
pass tests rather than actually teaching them the material. Tests like the ACTAAP, Benchmark, Iowa,
ACT, and SAT are tests that children have learned how to pass, instead of actually learning the
material. The tests do not give an accurate measurement as to how smart a child actually is.
Standardized tests do not test every subject that is taught in schools. Standardized tests do not give
an accurate measure of how smart students are, and in some cases, how not smart they are. A student
with test anxiety could completely fail an important standardized test but could be the valedictorian
of their class because they are so smart. The tests that seem important actually just stress teachers
and students out instead of helping them. "The tests that are taken should not be portrayed to be as
important as Advanced Placement tests." "Not many people pass the AP tests, so they should not be
expected to pass the standardized tests," (Concordia University). ... Show more content on
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Teachers have been accused of "Teaching the Test," which is "teaching the content that will be on
the test instead of helping them learn the material through hands–on activities," (Mitchell n.p.)
There are classes offered that help with ACT and SAT prep. In these classes, students learn how to
take the test and pass it. They learn special techniques and different ways to answer, which could
mean that they would get a higher test score. A student could score high on a test simply by knowing
how to take a test, instead of actually knowing the

Importance Of Measuring Meridian Arcs Essay
The completion of the survey of a great chain of first order triangulation's along the arc of the 30th
meridian of east longitude, from South Africa to Egypt, is considered one of the most exceptional
surveying feats to ever be executed in Africa and thus its history has interested geodetic surveyors
throughout the world. This paper aims to expatiate on the importance of measuring meridian arcs,
the need to establish a geodetic survey in a country or continent and subsequently will recount the
sequence of events that led to the 75 year length completion of the African arc.
The size and shape of the Earth have been of interest to man since the earliest of times, dating as far
back to Eratosthenes in the third century. Throughout the years during the 18th and 19th century,
geodesists were pre–occupied with the task of devising a more accurate determination of the size
and shape of the Earth. This led to the observing of necessary triangulations along arcs to determine
the radius of the Earth and its degree of flattening (MacDonald, 2000). The African arc, conceived
by Sir David Gill, Her Majesty 's Astronomer at Cape Town, was created with the understanding that
it would contribute immensely to the better knowledge of the form and dimensions on the Earth
(Smith, 2006) therefore adding value to the advancement of geodesy. However, besides the need to
determine more accurate dimensions for the Earth (Hendriks, 1955), there was a pressing need to
establish a reliable and

Science Discussion Questions
Science Discussion Questions What types of measurements indicate the climate change is
occurring? Several different scientific measurements have illustrated the fact that the climate of the
Earth is indeed changing. Firstly, measuring the temperature of both the air and the sea through
thermometers indicates the changes from the average (IFM–SEI 2011). In addition, soil has been
analyzed to examine the forms of isotopes and levels of oxygen and carbon. Radiocarbon dating has
also been utilized as have recordings of number, intensity, and the location of extreme weather
events and natural disasters within the last century. How were these measurements collected? The
measurements were collected using traditional, geothermic, and other types of thermometers. From
there, the temperatures were compared using both contemporary measurements and historical
measurements in order to determine the overall change which has occurred. This has been the
process by which most measurements have been made regarding climate change; taking current
measurements of temperature, geographical alterations, and other natural occurrences and
comparing them to the traditional measurements which should have been expected if there were no
change in the climate (Petit 1999, page 429). What are some of the challenges associated with
collecting data over large periods of time (i.e., 100s of years)? Some of the myriad of challenges
associated with collecting data over large periods of time include:

Ice Core Report Sample
There are a few way that scientist study the earth's past atmospheric conditions but there's only one
I'm going to cover, the Ice core measurement. This method involves analyzation of the glacial. It
provides scientist with a pretty precise estimate of past conditions that can compared against Earths
present. The ice core measurement was introduced in or around 1960 and has been pretty valid. Data
is collected by drill deep within the glaciers and collecting large blocks of Ice. Scientist analyze and
preserve Ice from glaciers across the world for analyzation and comparison of earth's current and
past conditions.
The ice core provides information on the atmosphere's characteristics within that area, throughout
the years that gets trapped as gas and form bubbles between the icy layers. The bubbles that form are
atmosphere gases of methane and carbon dioxide (CO2). These preserve gases trapped within the ice
layers are known "greenhouse "gases. Scientist are then able to calculate the past concentration of
C02 and methane and compare the results against the Earths present level of gases. [2] ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the ice core measurement of methane provides insight to how much of the earth was
covered by wetlands. The ice core measurement also reveal an increase of carbon dioxide up until
the present which is causing climate and warming up the earth. Both gases responsible for global
warming. Results has shown decrease amounts of CO2 and methane with cooler temperatures in the
past compared to increase CO2 and methane with increase temperatures now.

Integumentary System Of Skin
Skin and its derivatives make up the integumentary system which acts as a barrier between the body
and the outside world. Skin has physical, mechanical, chemical, and immunologic components
which allow for body temperature regulation, protection against pathogens, cutaneous sensation, and
metabolic functions. When the structural integrity of skin is compromised, its functions are impaired
leading to major disability or even death.
Burns disrupt the continuity of skin and are one of the most prevalent and devastating forms of
trauma. In 2016 in the United States, 486,000 people received medical treatment for burn injuries
and 40,000 people were hospitalized for burn injuries. The varying degrees of burns that present for
medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5 Skin grafts are a type of burn treatment that has evolved rapidly in the last hundred years. In
attempts to create an ideal skin graft, researchers aim to develop a product that is dependable,
infection resistant, restores epidermal and dermal skin layers, has a low rate of graft rejection and
side effects, and is reasonably priced.5, Current research is focused on using fish scale collagen
sponge as a possible burn dressing . The most recent data available on using collagen as a potential
skin healing biomaterial was published in 2016.
Skin grafts have and will continue to positively impact a broad population of patients as a person of
any age, gender, socioeconomic status, and geographic location can suffer burn injuries. It is
important to understand the history of skin grafts to understand where advancements in skin grafts
are headed. The purpose of this study will be to create a general literature review on the evolution of
skin grafts through the 20th and 21st century.
Population to Be Studied
Specific inclusion/exclusion criteria will be used to search and select research articles for this
literature review. Firstly, the PubMed databases will be used to search for research articles. Only
articles written in English and published in the 20th and 21st century will be used as this timeframe
is when a notable increase in research and publications on skin grafts occurred. , Articles

How Has Technology Helped International Trade
Although numerous factors influence international trade, technology has the largest impact on the
effectiveness of trade. Three technological advances that promoted international trade include
steamships, measurement of latitude and longitude, and global timekeeping. Besides global
timekeeping, which began in the 1960s, each of these advancements were from the 19th century or
earlier.
The first steamships came into use in the early 1800s, and have since been known as a major driver
of global trade. Before the invention of steamships, trade voyages between the U.S. and China
would take up to five months overseas, which was just as dangerous as it was time consuming.
Steamships allowed for much faster expeditions, which meant perishable goods would arrive fresher
and more trips could be made annually. Steamships were also able to travel close to land and
through rivers, which meant a greater number of trade routes. Overall, the introduction of
steamships allowed for faster and considerably larger amounts of international trade, which led to
the largest increase in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The search for a system of measuring latitude and longitude began in ancient history, and took
centuries of study until the eventual invention of the marine chronometer. A chronometer is a
mechanical timepiece that provides the correct time at a reference location. Several refinements of
the original proposal of the marine chronometer were required until the mid–19th century, when a
device suitable for nautical use was discovered. Throughout history, hundreds of ships were wrecked
or lost at sea due to errors in navigation until the introduction of chronometers, which allowed for
determination of longitude by celestial navigation. This major advancement is required to navigate
long voyages overseas where electronics and communication are not an option, allowing for safe
and reliable international

Effects Of Nationalism In Japan
JAPAN'S NATIONALISM AFTER WORLD WAR II: ANALYZE OF THE DISTINGUISH
ELEMENTS OF JAPAN'S NATIONALISM IN COMPARE TO OTHER REGION Background:
Nationalism in Japan has something different than other region because of its unique nature due to
cultural, traditions and historical background. Japan as a country has never experienced division
socially in terms of ethnicity, languages, and religions like other nations. As of Boyd C. Shafer:
Nationalism is 'that sentiment unifying a group of people who have a real or imagined common
historical experience and a common aspiration to live together as a separate group in the future'
(Cited in Eckstein 1999: 3). Nationalism was accepted by the Japanese in to two forms: the 'statism',
which asked the Japanese ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In same context, Nationalism in Japan also served as a powerful incentive for enhancing power to
colonize other lands for making stable place in the table of international relations. Nationalism has
various types and measurements in compare to countries. Therefore, Japan's Nationalism has
something that makes it unique and distinct from other countries. However, there are plenty of
researches and data available in regard to nationalism in Japan, but I feel it will be useful to do
research specifically on the uniqueness and those measurements that have taken while enhancing
nationalism among the people by Japanese. The importances of afore–mentioned questions are to
analyze and to give lesson about the characteristics and types of nationalism which happened to
enhance and empower Japan throughout the history for other post–war countries that are failed in
achieving that goal. Japan tried to unite the people by taking some unique measurements and
promoting various kinds of nationalism (e.g. Popular Nationalism, Cultural Nationalism). In order to
find the main reasons and cause of failure efforts on promoting nationalism in Afghanistan, It needs
to find out that uniqueness and used instruments which led Japan to increase and promote
nationalism after World War II. Because Afghanistan with receiving huge amount of

What Are Two Different Ways To Filter Data And Reduce Data...
There are two different ways to filter data and reduce data noise: through hardware changes, through
software calculations. Hardware alterations include: grounding and shielding, difference and
instrumentation amplifiers, analog filtering, and modulation. Grounding and Shielding– Noise from
environment can often be dramatically reduced by shielding, grounding, and minimizing wire
lengths. Shielding is surrounding a circuit or the wires in the circuit with a conducting material then
attaching that to ground. Environmental EM radiation can't penetrate the conductor where it gets
absorbed. Difference and Instrumentation amplifiers– Any noise in transducer is bad because this is
the signal that gets amplified and interpreted by the rest of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Once the signal is in a high frequency, it is in a region that has less background noise, and so the
signal can be amplified without amplifying the noise. Then demodulate and record the data. The
Software methods for data acquisition are useful for instruments that are computer controlled. They
include averaging, exponential filter, and running average/moving average. Averaging– It filters data
by adding together many measurements, then dividing the total by the number of measurements you
added together. The more measurements you include in the average the more noise gets removed.
There is a diminishing return though: the average of 101 measurements isn't going to be much less
noisy than the average of 100 measurements. Exponential filter– it is a recursive filter. A recursive
filter is just one that calculates a new, smoothed value (yn) by using the last smoothed value (yn – 1)
and a new measurement (xn): yn = w × xn + (1 – w) × yn – 1 The amount of smoothing is controlled
by a weighting parameter (w). The weight is a value between 0% and 100%. When the weight is
high (say 90%), the filter doesn't smooth the measurements very much but responds quickly to
changes. If the weight is low (say 10%), the filter smooths the measurements a lot but doesn't
respond very quickly to changes. Running Average/Moving Average– An alternative to making all
the measurements at once then averaging them is to make one measurement at a time and add it

Tibial Thrographic Summary
What can be references for proximal tibial width in a tibial plateau fracture reduction? : A study of
measurements on 3D CT scan of 84 healthy knees
Background
Surgical outcomes after tibial plateau fracture treatment are strongly associated with functional
alignment, knee range of motion and stability (1, 2). The goals of tibial plateau treatment includes
restore anatomic articular stepping, sagittal alignment, coronal alignment and condylar width.
Splitting of lateral plateau in split–depression fracture caused a loss of lateral support for lateral
femoral condyle, lead to a coronal instability and osteoarthritis(3). The study of Hokonen found that
a condylar width is one of the predictor for clinical result. Widening of tibial condylar width after
treatment tend to deteriorate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A helical CT scanner(...) was used. This scanning procedure was performed to acquire CT slices of
thickness 0.5 mm with resolution of 512 x512 pixels. The raw data was exported to medical
modelling software (...). The images were constructed to 3D bone models of the knee, including the
distal femur, proximal tibia and patella. The 3D models and 2D images were exported to
Carestreams softwere(.....) to perform measurements.
Measurements
Ten measurement outcomes were collected. All the values are recorded in millimeter. All
measurements were taken in coronal view to represent as anterior–posterior(AP) view in
fluoroscope. Three difference reference methods were used to define coronal views (Figure1). 1)
Defined as 90 degree to the true lateral view of distal femur. True lateral view of distal femur was
defined as view which has completely superimposed of posterior aspects of the femoral condyles
(PCT–AP). 2) Defined as coronal view of the knee which had patella in the center of distal femoral
condyle (PIC–AP). 3) Defined as coronal view of the knee which had 50% overlapping of fibular
head with tibia

Essay about Reasons for Global Warming and What Can Be...
Global warming is an increase in the Earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes
corresponding changes in climate. The Earth goes through natural heating and cooling cycles, but
many people think recent spikes in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases due to developing
industry are interfering with the Earth's natural cycle, causing irregular global warming. The theory
that humans burning fossil fuels causes global warming isn't completely based on fact. It is based
more on predictions of the future and assumptions of the past which cannot accurately be
determined. Global warming is a part of Earth's natural process, not because of human pollution.
First of all, Earth undergoes what is called interglacial and glacial periods, ... Show more content on
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Single celled marine organisms that live at the bottom of Earth's oceans gain nutrients from
windblown dust that is captured by surface plankton who sink down to the bottom of the Southern
Ocean when they die, providing nutrients to these organisms. When nourished, these organisms give
off high levels of carbon dioxide into the water, which rise to the surface and mix with the
atmosphere causing fluctuations in carbon dioxide levels. Changes in the atmospheric interaction
with the chemicals of these organisms vary highly when transitioning from interglacial to glacial
periods, and can have rapid impacts on climate at particularly low levels of windblown dust in the
oceans. More research is being conducted to find the impact of these microorganisms on the climate,
but it is believed that they have caused rapid changes to Earth's climate in the past. Finally, another
factor to why global warming is most likely not human caused, is that temperature measurement is
relatively new. The oldest series of temperature measurement is from Central England and goes back
to the mid 17th century. To get approximate measurements of the global temperature from thousands
or even millions of years ago proxies (substitutes) must be used. Proxies of temperature
measurement are tree rings and ice cores, but these are not entirely accurate, it is harder to obtain
accurate measurements from further back in time. So, it is not certain that the Earth hasn't gone

Newton's Laws Of Motion: Breaking Down Castle Walls In The...
Have you ever wondered how they would break down castle walls in the middle ages or about
middle age warfare in all. I am going to build a trebuchet to learn more about Newtons Laws of
Motion and how these simple yet complex machines ruled the battlefields in the middle ages. I
became interested in this topic because I am fascinated by middle aged weaponry and machines.
This will be beneficial to my knowledge to help me understand Newtons Laws of Motion and about
these giant machines. I believe that learning more about Newtons Laws of Motion may help to
explain why different designs affect the trebuchets range and power. Isaac Newton discovered the 3
Laws of Motion and shaped the world doing so(Weistein Eric W.). Isaac Newton was and english
physicist and mathematician. HIs parent sent him to Cambridge to study to be a preacher. He soon
dropped out. Later on in his life he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are 3 Laws of Motion developed by Isaac Newton in 1687, in his book "Mathematics
Principles of National Philosophy"(Hall,Nancy).Newtons first law of motion says that an object will
stay at rest until a external force is applied. Also know as inertia(Hall, Nancy). Gravity affects it buy
pulling the counter weight down which pulls the the opposite side which has the sling and projectile
up launching the projectile(Saimre tanol). For gravity to be most effective the counter weight must
be at least five times heavier than projectile(Saimre tanol). Centripetal force is a big factor in
calculating trebuchet factors. the definition of centripetal force is a force that acts inwards on any
object that rotates or moves along a curved path and is directed toward a center point(Centripetal
force). In this case centripetal force is good. when the projectile is released centripetal force pulls it
inwards which makes it go farther and be more accurate with out centripetal force the projectile
would go straight up or straight down(Centripetal

Critique Of The American Geriatrics Society
Research Article Critique The title of the research article I chose to critique is from the Journal of
the American Geriatrics Society. "Hypertension, orthostatic–hypotension, and the risk of falls in a
community–dwelling elderly population: The maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect,
and zest in the elderly Boston study"; this title fits well with the content presented in the research
article. The independent variables are clearly defined as well as the dependent variables for the
research being conducted. The content of the abstract is a very good overview of the content and it is
consistent with the content. The abstract summarizes the objective, design, setting, participants,
measurements, and results. Problem/Purpose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose "was to assess the association between hypertension, OH using multiple definitions,
and their combination and the risk of recurrent falls in a community–dwelling elderly population"
(Gangavati, et al., 2011, p. 384). The list of twenty eight references is used is this article. There are
eight references dated up to ten years old, four references dated five years old or less, and sixteen
references that are more than ten years old with one of them being twenty–three years old. The
authors do very briefly summarize their review of the literature as to what is known and not known
to the study. They do explain a need for further study from previous research with a lack of
knowledge in definitions of orthostatic hypertension presented. Framework/Theoretical
Perspective The study is based upon a specific situation theory regarding the relationship between
falls and changes in blood pressure of the elderly population older than seventy. The authors connect
their theory to the study by demonstrating a connection between a change in systolic orthostatic
hypotension and standing for one minute. This change in systolic orthostatic hypotension would
prove to be increasing falls for the elder population with uncontrolled hypertension. Research
Question(s) OR Hypotheses The hypothesis was that the risk of falls would be highest in people
with uncontrolled hypertension and in those with orthostatic

Obstructive Lung Disease Essay
Respiratory disease is a term which encompasses a wide range of diseases that effect the lungs.
Examples of respiratory diseases include, but are not limited to: asthma, tuberculosis and lung
cancer (US National Library of Medicine, 2016). Lung diseases are classified as either obstructive
or restrictive. While obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases both present with the same main
symptom of a shortness of breath with physical exertion (David Ebner, 2016), they are mechanically
different. An obstructive lung disease encompasses the respiratory conditions where, after a full
exhalation, a significant amount of air remains in the lungs. This remaining air cannot be exhaled
owning to narrowed pulmonary airways (The Lung Institute, 2016). Common obstructive lung
diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma (Harpreet Ranu et al.,
2011). A restrictive lung disease, however, describes conditions where the total lung capacity is
abnormally low (Klaus–Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP et al., 2016). Pulmonary fibrosis (the diagnosis
of RL) is a common example of a restrictive lung disease (Harpreet Ranu et al., 2011). Obstructive
and restrictive lung diseases are caused by different factors. Obstructive lung diseases are most
commonly caused by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spirometry is the most popular lung function test. The patient performs a maximal inhalation and
then forcefully exhales as quickly and as long as they are able. The spirometer measures the volume
of the air exhaled by patients. These measurements are taken at two intervals. The first measurement
is the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), records the volume of air exhaled after one
second. The second measurement is taken at the point where the patient has fully exhaled the
volume of inhaled air; this measurement is the forced vital capacity (FVC) (Harpreet Ranu et al.,

Asthma And Body Mass Index
Asthma and Body Mass Index; Does it Associate? Asthma, according to the National Heart, Lung
and Blood Institute is a chronic lung disease that narrows and causes inflammation of the airways
(2014). The effects of asthma on the body include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing and chest
tightness, if left untreated a severe asthma attack could be fatal (NIH, 2014). While asthma currently
has no cure, it is assumed that preventative measures can be taken to lessen the risk or improve the
chance of a flare up; although it is not a guarantee. A study of collected data regarding body mass
index and asthma will be reviewed to determine if there is sufficient association to relate the two
subjects as cause and effect. This paper will briefly discuss the subjects, methods, measures, and any
issues related to the proposed research.
STUDY DESIGN
The ideal type of design for determining a positive or negative association between body mass and
asthma in early stages would be an observational cross–sectional method. Medical records can serve
as the recorded data and a random survey of obese versus non–obese individuals would be
performed in order to obtain records (JAMA, 2014). It is important to note that this type of design is
not generally favored for determining cause however, is applicable in this scenario as confirming
association is the first step. An additional step in the data collection process may include a survey to
determine if the participants have ever been

The Theory Of Knowledge Has Reflected Upon For Many Years Now
The theory of knowledge has been reflected upon for many years now; assessing how certain we can
truly be about what we know, and what we do not know. The question, "What does it mean to know
something?" is a difficult question to answer because we must look at the various forms of
knowledge that are activated when we think about something. I think we commonly associated
knowledge with objective truth and having concrete facts. When I think about knowledge and
certainty it reminds me of when I was a toddler and questioned everything and anything that was
said to me. When my mom would say to put on my seatbelt, for example, I would quickly ask,
"why?" And she would retort, "So that you can be safe if we get into an accident," and I would
respond with another question, "Well, why do I have to be safe?" She would respond again to me,
and I would ask again and again until she would utter, "Because I said so." This curiosity at a young
age was sparked from my eagerness to discover the truth behind things, even the most miniscule of
things; this phenomenon is actually common among most toddlers. "Knowledge is nothing more
than the systematic organization of facts," is a quote said to shed light onto what knowledge really
is. Two particular Areas of Knowing (Human Sciences, and History), have been identified as
following this quote, but I disagree. The human sciences uses people as the basis for gaining
knowledge, and is not only the systematic organization of facts. Likewise,

Psy 305 Final Paper
Part 1: Please respond to each question briefly and concisely, but as completely as you can.
What is (are) the purpose(s) of research? Explain your answer.
Research allows us to better understand what is unknown, how a human thinks, why a dog barks
when they hear a stranger approaching or that the earth is round and not flat. Research allows us to
find answers to the questions we have. Research attempts to both understand and define. There are
three kinds of research; Explanatory; Exploratory and Descriptive research. Explanatory,
Exploratory and Descriptive research define what research is; Research is the attempt to explain,
explore and describe (Neuman, 2006, 24).
Identify the three (3) formal research designs and specify the nature ... Show more content on
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Sensitivity: The ability for the scale to measure both the response and stimuli without being
affected.
It is possible for a measure to have one and not all of the above criteria's. If it lacks one of the
measurements the chances of the study/research lacking credibility are higher.
What is different about attitude measurement compared to other phenomena we might study? What
does this require us to do differently in defining variables compared to the measurement of other
phenomena? Is there any characteristic of the survey method that makes this problem easier to
overcome?
Attitude measurement is when a research is studying the reaction of participants to a certain
phenomena; while when studying a phenomena you are attempting to explore and describe it. When
measuring a phenomena the variables are clear and known while with attitude measurement they are
not. In order to overcome the lack of control over the variable within attitude measurements you can
create a clear responses that respondents choose from (Ex: unsatisfactory, satisfactory,

Oximetry Lab
Introduction
Oximetry calculates the oxygen level (saturation) of the hemoglobin in your red blood cells. Red
blood cells carry oxygen. This measurement is taken with a sensor. The sensor is connected by a
cable to either a device called an oximeter or a monitor with multiple displays. The measurement
helps to assess:
A person's oxygen level and breathing.
The need or effectiveness of oxygen therapy or other treatments for lung disease.
A person's ability to tolerate increased activity.
If a more accurate measurement is required, a blood sample will be taken.
How is an oximetry reading obtained?
A tape sensor with a light source and a light detector will be placed on an area of the body:
For children and adults, a reusable or single use tape ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The light source will beam both a red and infrared LED light through the skin and blood.
The levels of transmitted red and infrared LED light received by the detector will be measured.
The difference of the transmitted red and infrared light during a heartbeat and between heart beats
will be calculated.
The calculated value will be converted to a percentage of hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen.
Oximetry may be used continuously or may be used at specified intervals.
Are there any risks associated with oximetry?
The risks associated with oximetry are rare. The LED lights do not burn or hurt your skin. However,
there is a risk of skin breakdown if a stick on sensor is left in the same location for long periods of
time.
What can affect the accuracy of the oximetry reading?
Certain factors or conditions can affect the accuracy of the measurements, such as:
Extreme warmth or coolness of the area where the sensor is located.
Excessive sweating of the area where the sensor is located.
Shivering or too much movement.
Poor blood flow to the area where the sensor is located.
Low hemoglobin or red blood cell levels

The Recession Of World War II
In the midst of World War II, bread could be purchased for around $0.10, less than $1,000 for a
brand new car, and a nice middle class house would sell for around $4,000 – $6,000. However, in
our current day we all know these items, along with everything else, cost much more today than
they did during the second world war, a substantially greater amount. This shows that we
experienced a noteworthy amount of inflation since the war. Shortly thereafter, in the mid–to–late
1970s, inflation skyrocketed to double–digit levels, which threw America into hysteria. Ever since,
the general publics anxiety dwindled along with inflation rates, but the same public is still timid
when it comes in regard to inflation, even though we have recently experienced minimal levels over
the past few years. Even though most everyone knows that prices go up over time, they still do not
fully understand the forces behind inflation. Hopefully some of the uncertainties are clarified in the
following paper. Inflation, along with purchasing power, is depicted and elucidated in terms with
how the two are congruent to one another. Also, this paper notes how measurements are taken to
predict future interest rates, which helps everyone from consumers to producers, so they can be
prepared for the change in value of their dollar.
In the first place, inflation can be defined as a persistent increase in the overall level of prices
charged for goods and services. It is constantly changing but it is only measured

How Did The Us Convert To The Metric System
When the United States separated from Britain they kept the original Imperial measurement system
despite disregarding the previous government. Ever since America has used inches, feet, and yards
as standard measurement. However, while the U.S. continued to use the imperial system other
countries progressed. In 1799, after the french revolution, France converted to the metric system.
Invented by Gabriel Monton in France 1670, the metric system uses common powers of ten to
measure weight and lengths so that it could be conveniently used with decimals. Soon the metric
system had spread from France to Britain and most of the world. Countries now use the metric
system to measure length, area, volume, mass, force, pressure, energy, power, and temperature. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By converting to the metric system our trade would increase because there would no longer be a
need to change between systems and other countries could view the modification as making amends.
It could also save millions of dollars for the U.S. because large companies like NASA would all be
on the same page using the metric system. Smaller mistakes could also be prevented by swapping to
the much simpler metric system. One last thing the change would impact is education. If kids no
longer had to learn two measurement systems they would have more time to learn other material. All
in all, If america wants to prosper economically and in education then the government must make
the switch to go

General Instrumentation Of A Power Plant
General Instrumentation in a Power Plant
In a Thermal Power Plant, Chemical Energy of fuel is converted to Electrical Energy. Actually this
energy conversion takes place in different stages.
Firstly, in Boiler, the chemical energy in fuel is converted into heat energy. During process of
combustion the carbon, sulphur etc available in the fuel reacts with air and liberates heat and flue
gases. This heat is absorbed by the water–walls of the furnace and steam is generated.
Secondly, in Turbine this heat energy, in the form of heat energy is converted into mechanical
energy.
And Finally, in Generators, which is coupled with the turbine, the mechanical energy is converted
into electrical energy.
Therefore, a Thermal Power Plant can be regarded as a process industry. Now, for successful
completion of the process, a good number of process parameters need continuous monitoring which
needs instrumentation.
Just like other process plant, the instrumentation system of a thermal power plant has two parts:–
Measurement: It deals with measurement of different parameters of the process by deploying
different sensor which is mainly known as primary instrument and operating personnel by
displaying it on indicator or recording it on recorder or storing it in Data Acquisition System(DAS)
or in some cases, by generating audiovisual alarm signal & protective signal. Indicator, Recorder &
DAS are mainly known as secondary instrument.
Control: It takes care for automatic/manual control of

The Keeping of Time Essay
Time is an immutable force that has changed the fabric of society to this day. As Galileo said
"Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so." (Galileo 1–5.) Meaning that
anything is meant to be measured, including time. Businesses need certain traits to be successful; the
most prominent of these is the keeping of accurate time measurements, which creates organized
schedules to construct a prosperous business. (Galileo.) The first occasion time was measured in the
most simple of ways goes back all the way to B.C.E. with sun dials. It was only until Galileo
decided to measure time more than just looking at the sun for time of day. Galileo thought of the
idea of the pendulum a device used to measure time. Though the ... Show more content on
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In the 16th century a primitive form of capitalism was created in Europe with businesses mainly
being family owned merchant stores, though they weren't as large at today's international businesses,
for that time period they were the largest of their kind. Sometimes families would combine their
businesses into one or as they called it a guild, this is similar to a business's transaction today we
call a merge. An example of a guild in the 16th century was the Hanseatic League, which was a
group of people willing to provide services and goods all around Europe. One of the very first large
successful banks was founded in 1694 in Europe. The Bank of England as they called it was the very
first bank to organize joint stock lines. These were created so multiple businesses and people could
all have the same type of stock. In short, the very first large successful businesses were created
around the same point in time where time was manageable and accurate. Businesses before this were
extremely primitive and had no hope of organizing their goods and services. (Hooker: Spielvogel.)
What the keeping of accurate time measurements allows a business to achieve that would otherwise
be unsuccessful are things like scheduling, organization, and meetings. First, if a business was
unable to accurately schedule its hours on services it gives to people or goods it gives to people then
there would be unhappy customers. For example, a 14th century store that fixes

Epicurus Fear Of Life
Francisco Martínez 818886517 PHIL–401A: Writing Assignment #3 Epicurus was born in the city
of Samos. Epicurus practiced philosophy as a student with a follower of Democritus. This
relationship influenced the work of Epicurus, notable in the belief Epicurus held of atoms and the
void. Known as the Garden, the name given to the location and individuals that joined Epicurus in
contemplation away from society, was the birthplace of Epicureanism (the school of thought that
valued friendship, pleasure, and modest living). Epicurus is thought to have written dozens of books,
but only a few pieces remain. One of those pieces was a letter to Menoeceus. The letter is a version
from Introductory Readings in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy by C.D.C. Reeve and Patrick
Lee Miller. Through the letter Epicurus advices on topics such as age and the pursuit of philosophy,
the irrational fear of death, the effects of pleasure and pain among other things. This essay will focus
on the second of the aforementioned topics. Epicurus argues that human beings have an irrational
fear of death since, "death is nothing to us." In the passage of concern (page 366) starting at seventh
sentence of the second paragraph, Epicurus writes, "So, death the most frightening of bad things, is
nothing to us; since when we exist, death is not yet present, and when death is present, then we do
not exist. Therefore, it is relevant neither to the living nor to the dead, since it does not affect the
former, and the

Should America Convert To The Metric System
Quick! How many centimeters are in one inch? How many kilometers are in a mile? Everyday
millions of people across the world must measure in units, whether it be length, distance, weight, or
temperature. In the United States there are two systems of measurement in use: customary and
metric. Currently, the majority of people use the customary system in their daily lives. This includes
familiar units such as feet, miles, pounds, yards, etc. However, many people, like engineers and
businessmen, are in favor of using metric as the official system. America should convert to the
metric system and do away with customary. First off, nearly all of the countries in the world use the
metric system ("The Metric System Units, Definitions, and History"). The United States, Liberia,
and Myanmar (Burma) are the only three countries who do not use metric as their official system
(Rigsby). Switching to the metric system would benefit trade and business with other countries.
American companies that ship globally would only need to manufacture one kind of product since
everyone would be using the same specifications. There wouldn't be a need to make goods in
customary and metric units ("The United States and the Metric System"). Miscommunication would
also be reduced with other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
American students going into science and math fields have to learn both systems of measurements.
The U.S. spends so much time educating its kids in customary conversions, when it could use that
time to teach improved curriculum and better prepare future generations ("The United States and the
Metric System"). Also, conversion errors have once cost NASA $125 million dollars. A 1999 Mars
orbiter crashed due to some of the engineers using customary measurements, while the rest of the
crew used metric (Rigsby). Instead of losing precious time and money trying to convert between two
systems, America needs to convert to

How Did The Meteorologist Use Anemometer
The Anemometer by; Chase Hess
People in 1709 also said that wolfius invented it. It was originally driven The anemometer is a very
big part of science. Meteorologists have been using anemometers for about 550 years.550 years ago
they did not use the term meteorologists They just said scientists and that was it. It is important
because it is used to tell wind speed and jet stream. (anemometer)
The anemometer has changed not that much in all of that time. But there is over 7 types of
anemometers.The measurement it gives out is feet per minute.Anemometer was invented in 1450 by
a scientist named leon alberti. They used to say that leonardo da vinci invented it. But all he did was
invented was the cup anemometer. (history of the anemometer) ... Show more content on
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The amount of times the cups spins is the speed it is going. The anemometer gives out the speed in
feet per a minute. Meteorologist use the anemometer to tell whether patterns.(crutchfield)
They also use it to measure the jet stream.there is a lot of people that use the anemometer .Not just
meteorologist use the anemometers they make it for your phone too.Also every ship has to have an
anemometer on it.So they know if they should go out on the water or not. (crutchfield) There is over
seven types of of anemometers. Just a couple of them are cup,windmill,hot–wire and plate
anemometers. there is different types of anemometers because some of them are bigger than others .
it's important to have them bigger than others because you might not have as much room.The most
common one is the cup anemometer. Also so of them give out different measurements most of them
give out feet per minute. Many of them have different ways to tell windspeed most common one is
the cup anemometer. witch You watch and see how many times it spins around and the amount of
time it spins in a minute is the measurement or speed of

Historical Development Of Fair Value Measurement
Fair value measurement is one of the models which provide guidance on how entities should
determine the fair value of financial instruments for reporting purposes. This paper discusses the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Exposure Draft issued on December 3, 2015 which
proposed amendments to Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to
the Disclosure Requirements. The paper analyzes some of the key points of the exposure draft,
among other things, the history and development the concept of fair value management, the
necessity of the amendments to the topic, the provisions and conceptual framework of the fair value
measurement. The paper also compares and contrasts the FASB Topic 820 formerly known as to the
International Accounting Standards (ISA) No. 13 of the International Financial Reporting (IFRS).
Finally, the paper concludes on the response to the exposure draft.
Keywords: Fair value measurement, FASB Topic 820, IAS No. 13
Historical development of Fair Value Measurement Fair value measurement has been argued to be
one of the most controversial areas in accounting. Although not a new concept many accounting
professionals have only in the past two decades warmed up to the theory as a means of replacing the
long standing historical cost approach applied to reporting of financial statement. This deviates from
centuries of traditional application of historical cost. It is maintained in literature that fair value
accounting

My Barroom Observation
In lieu of having the opportunity to measure a tall object, I decided that it would be interesting to
know the height of my barn because it was never identified. There are few steps to finding how tall
an item is, however, it is quite difficult to be completely accurate with the objects that I utilized.
First, I needed to build a clinometer with a straw, protractor, and string, which was used to find the
angle of elevation. "The angle of elevation is the angle formed by a horizontal line and a line of
sight to a point above the line"(Rehill), and in this specific scenario, the point is the top of the barn.
Furthermore, I then measured the distance from the barn to where I was standing and looked,
through the straw, to the top of it. I had to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the answers that I got are reasonable because they do not seem too small and they are
quite average for an one and a half story building. Nevertheless, the height of the barn might be
inaccurate because errors could have a drastic impact on the final answer. To illustrate, the
measurements are the basis for the whole entire problem by reason that trigonometric ratios place
primary importance on them, so, therefore, if they are incorrect, then all of the resulting numbers
will be wrong. I struggled with obtaining the appropriate angle measurements because I had
problems with pinching the string at the correct place and viewing the necessary spot through the
straw. Also, if the calculations were amiss, then it would produce false numbers, which causes the
final answer to be off due to the legitimate figures not being incorporated. I had a problem with this
also as I did not set up the correct equations at first, which would give me faulty calculations and,
consequently, mess up my final answer. However, I quickly figured out that my equations were
incorrect, so, therefore, I did not experience any problems attributed to that exact reason. Another
problem that I faced was with building the clinometer itself due to the protractor being attached to a
geometric template and not aligning the straw correctly, but I just used my protractor as there was no
effect and I figured out how the straw needed to be

Gust Factor Essay
where is the intensity of turbulence at height which is equivalent to 0.6h, but not less than for all
building heights. h is the mean roof height. and should be considered as 3.4. The background
response is given by: (11) where B is the horizontal dimension, and stands for the integral length
scale of turbulence at 0.6h height. can be estimated by using the following formula: (12) where and
are constants listed in Table 26.9–1 in ASCE 7–10. The parameters used to estimate gust factor are
listed in Table 1. Finally, the gust factor was calculated as 0.89. In order to comprehensively
evaluate the procedure defined by ASCE 7–10, new subdivisions are defined for each zone on the
roof surface as can be seen in Figure 18, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(13) After calculating the new time history, , the peak pressure values should be evaluated. The peak
pressure is a random variable with a distribution and a mean value. As a result, it is not possible to
get the same value for peak pressures in different records while having the same mean value.
Therefore, it is essential to estimate the probability of the peak value and refer, in the comparisons,
to a specified percentage point of the distribution (Simiu 2011). To do so, in this study, the peak
values are extracted from the time series at each tap locations by using the approach introduced in
Ref. (Sadek and Simiu 2002). A MATLAB function for computing of quantiles (i.e., values
corresponding to specified probabilities of non–exceedance) of the maximum and minimum values
of the input time series was developed by NIST which is accessible on the NIST website (Main
2011). The function of "maxminqnt" is called within MATLAB as follows: [max_qnt, min_qnt] =
maxminqnt (X, dur_ratio, CDF_qnt) (14) This function was used to calculate 95% peak quantile of
the maximum (max_qnt) and minimum (min_qnt) values of time series of pressure coefficients. As
can be seen in equation (5–28), this function requires three input arguments. The first input
argument, "X", stands for the time history of pressure data, and the second input argument
"dur_ratio", defines the ratio of the duration for which peaks are required to the

Blood Pressure Lab
LAB 1A: MEASUREMENT OF HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
By: Kate Trammell
Dr. Strohacker
1/29/2017
Statement of purpose:
The purpose of this lab is to understand how to measure the heart rate and blood pressure of an
individual by the appropriate method. It is important to know how to take these measurements
accurately in the healthcare or fitness professions. In this lab, the heart rate was measured by a
stethoscope over the chest, and with the middle and index fingers for the carotid and radial arteries.
For blood pressure, a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope were used to identify the Korotkoff
sounds that indicate the systolic and diastolic pressures. Risk factors such as heart disease and high
blood pressure can be discovered through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.) The difference between pre–exercise and resting heart rate and blood pressure is that pre–
exercise heart rate could be affect by smoking, caffeine intake or exercise before testing blood
pressure or heart rate versus a heart rate or blood pressure when an individual is at rest.
3.) Sources of error in a heart rate assessment include not being at a true resting condition and using
a thumb to take a measurement. The thumb also has a pulse so this could make the reading
inaccurate. Sources of error in a blood pressure measurement include using a cuff that is too small or
too large for the individual and if the participant's legs are

Napoleon Bonaparte's Accomplishments
Napoleon Bonaparte, self–proclaimed Emperor of France and the famous military leader often
mocked for his, allegedly, short stature and bad temper. Regardless of how he is portrayed,
Napoleon was and still is an important figure in European history. Throughout his career, Napoleon
achieved many accomplishments both on and off the battlefield, but some of his accomplishments
were much greater than others. Napoleonic Code In 1804, Napoleon created the French Civil Code,
now commonly now as the Napoleonic Code. This code was a first step in abandoning pre–French
Revolutionary laws. It also provided a common law to the entire realm, whereas before each area
had its own set of laws. The code abolished class privileges, allowed freedom of religion,

Numeracy And Privacy
From comparing both my partners photo diary and mine, we came to the conclusion that we would
analyse a photo from one of his entries. The entry that was chosen was an IPhone 6 phone plan from
the phone company Optus. It was considered that this entry was appropriate for the task as it fits the
criteria of not only having mathematical aspects but firmly relating back to Numeracy as well. It
was also identified that there would likely to be ethical issue that could be investigated into from the
entry, as phone are such a critical component in most peoples lives in todays society. From this it
was considered by my partner and I that this would be an appropriate Numeracy task to explore and
underpin the specifics of how it relates to Numeracy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Geiger (2015) defines "Numeracy is a term used to identify the knowledge and capabilities
required to accommodate the mathematical demands of private and public life and to participate in
society as informed, reflective, and contributing citizens" which appropriate links to figure 1. As
figure 1 is of a phone plan which a huge abundance of people would use as a financial technique to
pay for a phone, it could be considered as a capability for which a person may chose to use. Another
way that figure 1 relates to Numeracy is that people need to have knowledge before understanding if
the phone plan is appropriate for the needs and lifestyle. Therefore it would be appropriate before
considering to attempt using a phone plan to know the following things: contract length/cost,
therefore understanding how much is to expensive and the time duration that you going to have to
be prepared to pay off the phone plan, whether the payments are monthly, weekly, or fortnightly and
how much the specifics cost using the plan are eg. Phone calls, SMS's and the amount of data
(ASIC, 2016). The last thing that majorly connects figure 1 and Numeracy together is the financial
literacy relationship they have. "Financial literacy has been defined as a combination of financial
awareness, knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors necessary to make sound financial decisions
and ultimately achieve individual financial wellbeing" (Blue, 2015). This relates well to the phone
plan as it would not be smart to use a phone plan without any knowledge about it nor if the plan did
not financially suit your lifestyle. For example, using the IPhone 6 plan in figure 1, if you were not
willing to spend $1800 over a 24–month period due to your financial status you would not choose
this plan. Therefore from investigating the Numeracy relationship

Human Identification
Introduction:
Human identification is one of the most challenging subjects that forensic experts have came across.
Identity is a set of physical characteristics, or a functional or psychic, normal or pathological, that
define an individual.1 Scientific identification of human remains might be accomplished by
fingerprint, dental, anthropological, genetic or radiological examinations.2,3 When it is not possible
to apply the scientific method of fingerprint identification, it demands a forensic medicine
investigation like radiological investigations. The skill process, carried out by using knowledge of
other professional areas, characterizes the medicolegal identification and is based on the application
of knowledge of forensic anthropology.1 Radiological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nambiar P, Naidu MD, Subramaniam K: Anatomical variability of thefrontal sinuses and their
application in forensic identification. ClinAnat 12(1): 16e19, 1999
11. Sahlstrand–Johnson et al. computed tomography measurements of different dimensions of
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