Restroom design: the water efficient factor
- 1. Restroom Design: The Water Efficient Factor
- 2. Presenter: – Jason Boyd, LEED AP Marketing Manager, Dobbin Sales Ltd. Presentation: Restroom Design, the water efficient factor. Adapted from the American Institute of Architects, Continuing Education Series, developed by Sloan.
- 3. Presentation Outline • Water: what the numbers say • LEED – Leadership in energy and environmental design • Effective product selection • Questions and Answers
- 4. How much water do we use? • Canadians rank second only to the United States in terms of highest per capita water use in the developed world. • A “general lack of awareness” about the pressures placed on Canadian water supplies, combined with a “lack of strong water conservation ethic, which is encouraged by the myth of water abundance” helps to explain this poor standing. • 44% of water users in Canada are not metered. • Average Canadian water cost is .86 cents/ 1000 litres. Source: Dan Shrubsole and Dianne Draper “On Guard for Thee? Water (Ab)uses and Management in Canada” in Eau Canada, Ed. Karen Bakker, UBC Press: 2007.
- 5. Canada’s Abundant Supply? • Growing pressure on Canada to export its fresh water in bulk (as opposed to via bottled water) as populations balloon in increasingly arid areas. According to U.S. Drought Monitor, 54.25% of the continental U.S. Was in moderate drought condition in Sept. 2012. (http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/) • Global Warming – A temperature increase of two to four per cent could lower the average flow from Lake Ontario by 24 per cent, because of higher rates of evaporation and drier soils reducing runoff. A decrease of that magnitude in Lake Ontario, the major source for the St. Lawrence could result in a one-metre drop in water levels in some areas of the river. (Environment Canada) • Twenty Canadian and U.S. cities flush about 90 billion litres of untreated sewage into the Great Lakes each year. (Ecojustice)
- 6. Rising Costs To Canadians • Canada’s aging water and wastewater infrastructure is in need of serious investment to upgrade it to continue meeting the water use needs of Canadians. • In 1996 Canada’s water infrastructure deficit was estimated at between $38 and $49 billion, and the projected cost to meet futures needs until 2016 was $70 to $90 billion. • Water is going to become more expensive and an even larger focus of conservation efforts in all sectors of the Canadian economy. Source: Dan Shrubsole and Dianne Draper “On Guard for Thee? Water (Ab)uses and Management in Canada” in Eau Canada, Ed. Karen Bakker, UBC Press: 2007.
- 7. Commercial Water Use 2.44% 17.07% 60.98% 14.63% 4.88% Leaks Laundry Toilets/Faucets Washing/Sanitation Kitchen Denver Water Administration Building 1600 W. 12th Ave. Denver, CO 80204-3412 Typical Indoor Commercial Water Use
- 8. Indoor Domestic Water Use Source: AWWA Research “Residential End Uses of Water”
- 9. Water Use Conclusion In summary: Whether it is a commercial or domestic building, restrooms use the highest percentage of water!
- 10. LEED® Rating Systems New Construction • LEED-NC (LEED 2009) • LEED-CI (commercial interiors) • LEED-CS (core and shell) • LEED for Schools • LEED for Retail • LEED for Healthcare • LEED for Homes • LEED for Neighborhood Development We will focus on LEED 2009. Existing Building LEED-EB: O&M (existing buildings)
- 11. LEED® v2.2 vs. LEED 2009 Focusing on the Water Efficiency section only: LEED-NC v2.2 - No prerequisite - 5 possible points - Indoor water use reduction can account for up to 4 points LEED 2009 - Prerequisite - 10 possible points - Indoor water use reduction can account for up to 7 points
- 12. LEED® 2009: Water Efficiency WE Credit 3: Water Use Reduction (2-4 points) Intent: “Further increase water efficiency within buildings to reduce the burden on municipal water supply and wastewater systems. ” Use 30%, 35%, or 40% less water than the water use baseline calculated for the building (not including irrigation). Innovation in Design Credit A possible additional point can be earned for every milestone reached above and beyond WE Credit 3. For example, reducing indoor water use by 45% could qualify for an additional point.
- 13. Creating the Baseline LEED National Efficiency Baseline is a combination of the: 1. 1992 Energy Act and subsequent rulings by the Department of Energy, requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. 2. Plumbing code requirements as stated in the 2006 editions of the Uniform Plumbing Code or International Plumbing Code. Note: The lowest criteria of the combination would be used.
- 14. National Efficiency BASELINES Commercial Fixtures, Fittings and Appliances Flow Requirement Commercial Toilets 1.6 gpf, except blow-out fixtures: 3.5- gpf Commercial Urinals 1.0 gpf Commercial Lavatory (restroom) Faucets 2.2-gpm at 60 psi - Private applications only (hotel-motel guest rooms, hospital patient rooms) 0.5 gpm at 60 psi, all others except private applications 0.25 gallons per cycle for metering faucets Commercial prerinse spray valves (for food service applications) Flow rate less than or equal to 1.6 gpm (no pressure specified, no performance requirement) LEED® 2009: Water Efficiency
- 15. National Efficiency BASELINES Residential Fixtures, Fittings and Appliances Flow Requirement Residential Toilets 1.6 gpf Residential Lavatory (restroom) Faucets 2.2 gpm at 60 psi Residential Kitchen Faucets 2.2 gpm at 60 psi Residential Showerheads 2.5 gpm at 80 psi per shower stall LEED® 2009: Water Efficiency
- 16. Baseline Calculation Example: One-story building with two restrooms. There are 500 people who occupy the building during office hours: 250 men and 250 women. 1. Men’s restroom Two urinals Two closets Two sinks with manual faucets 2. Women’s restroom Four closets Two sinks with manual faucets Assumption: Males uses urinals twice per day; closets once per day; females use closets three times per day. Both males and females use faucets three times per day.
- 17. Design Calculation Example (cont.): In calculating the Design Case, do NOT change the number of building occupants, the number of work days or the frequency data. Assume the following: 1. Waterfree urinals will be used 2. 1.0 gpf pressure-assist water closets will be used 3. Electronic faucets with low-flow aerators (0.5 gpm) will be used. The electronics have been factored as reducing sink duration by 20% (to 12 seconds).
- 18. Daily uses Fixture type Duration (flushes); faucets (min.) Flow rate (gpf); faucets (gpm) Water use (gal) 250 Men’s Water Closet 1 1.6 400.00 750 Women’s Water Closet 1 1.6 1200.00 500 Men’s Urinal 1 1.0 500.00 1500 Conventional Metering Faucet 0.25 0.5 187.50 Daily Total 2,287.50 Annual Work Days 260 Total Annual Volume (gal) 594,750 Calculations Baseline Calculation Daily uses Fixture type Duration (flushes); faucets (min.) Flow rate (gpf); faucets (gpm) Water use (gal) 250 Men’s Water Closet (ultra low flow) 1 1.0 250.00 750 Women’s Water Closet (ultra low flow) 1 1.0 750.00 500 Men’s Urinal (waterfree) 1 0 0 1500 Electronic Faucet 0.20 0.5 150.00 Daily Total 1,150.00 Annual Work Days 260 Total Annual Volume (gal) 299,000 Design Calculation 295,750 gal Annual Savings
- 19. Calculations That’s a 50% reduction in annual water use for the building – greater than the 30%, 35%, or 40% reduction benchmarks required for this LEED-NC (2009) credit! This puts you well on your way to achieving up to 6 points!
- 20. So many products… How to choose…
- 22. An HET is a fixture with an average flush volume of 1.28 gpf or less, and must meet the performance requirements of ASME 19.2/CSA B45.1 and pass the 350 grams MaP. Dual-flush devices (1.6/1.1 gpf) are considered HET. That’s 20% less than most toilets on the market today. The current toilet standard is 1.6 gpf.
- 23. High Efficiency Toilets Manual Battery Powered Hardwired Note: Single-flush 1.28 gpf models.
- 24. High Efficiency Toilets Manual Dual Flush • Requires highly efficient 1.6 gpf bowl (Later generation 1.6 bowls) • Retrofits to existing valve • Available as a complete valve
- 25. Dual-Flush Flushometers (Battery) High Efficiency Toilets
- 26. Electronic Dual Flush Electronic Single Flush High Efficiency Toilets Solar-Powered Flushometers
- 27. Pressure Assist Toilets • Air compressed as inner tank refills • Compressed air increases flush velocity • 1.6 gpf, 1.28 gpf and 1.0 gpf products High Efficiency Toilets
- 29. An HEU is a urinal with a maximum flush volume of 0.5 gpf or less, and must meet the performance requirements of ASME 19.2/CSA B45.1. That’s 50% less than today’s standard! The current urinal standard is 1.0 gpf.
- 30. High Efficiency Urinals Manual Battery Powered Hardwired Retrofit Note: If you already have a wash down type urinal, you may just need to replace the diaphragm kit with lower gpf.
- 31. More Ways to Conserve Greywater System
- 32. Real World Examples: Hard Costs VS. Environmental Cost • Purdue University initially installed dual flush products in 2004 • Study of one campus building showed a 30% reduction in water use. Straight meter readings –only the flush valves were changed. • Water cost = 91.7 cents per 1000 gallons and waste water cost of 5.34 per 1000 gallons meant that the fixture change was paid for in less than a year. • Cost concerns? Often over exaggerated and not truly measured against actual utility readings and potential savings.
- 33. • Meets the needs of the facility – Hygiene – Water Conserving – Sensor – Approved by Local Code • Easy to maintain • Low cost of ownership • Easily available parts and service • Saves water but does NOT sacrifice performance!! What to Consider