rm 2.ppt
- 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature Review is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources of data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher. The main aim is to find out problems that are already investigated and those that need further investigation. 2
- 3. Con……. REVIEW OF LITERATURE It is an extensive survey of all available past studies relevant to the field of investigation. It gives us knowledge about what others have found out in the related field of study and how they have done so. 3
- 4. Concept of review “A literature review is the process of locating, obtaining ,reading & evaluating the research literature in the area of interest” by P. Haywood & E.C.Wragg(1996) “A literature review is a classification & evaluation of what scholars & researcher have written on a topic” by M.J. Polonsky & D.S. Waller(2005)
- 5. PURPOSE OF REVIEW To gain a background knowledge of the research topic. To identify the concepts relating to it, potential relationships between them and to formulate researchable hypothesis. 5
- 6. Con……… PURPOSE OF REVIEW To identify appropriate methodology, research design, methods of measuring concepts and techniques of analysis. To identify data sources used by other researchers To learn how others structured their reports. 6
- 7. How to conduct the Literature Survey? Identify the relevant sources. Extract and Record relevant information. Write-up the Literature Review. 7
- 8. Why to conduct literature review? Determination of research problem Avoidance of repetition Synthesis of prior work- to build better perspective Determining meaning & relationship among variables Act as base for new research
- 9. Con……… To identify gaps in the literature To avoid reinventing the wheel (saves time & stop to commit same mistake as done by previous researchers) To provide you with some ideas you might not of thought of yourself
- 10. Steps in LR 1} Locating Which subject is relevant to your research problem. Encyclopedia, card or computer catalogues ,journal indexes ,international bibliography.
- 11. 2}obtaining Libraries, online sources, CD-ROM technology, other sources 3}reading It involves a) scanning the materials B) gaining some quick impression of what the material is all about. C) identifying & marking ideas D) identifying new ideas, issues, method used etc E) noting the relevant points
- 12. 4} evaluating Criteria for evaluating research are:- Accuracy & dependability:-correctness of data Scope:-impact of review in your research Arrangement:-flow of idea into sequence Author:-background & credibility of the author Up to dateness:-when was report published Authority:- how much reliable is the argument, who is saying it Treatment & style:-how are results interpreted Illustrations, tables & diagram Publisher:-credible & reliability
- 13. Points to be consider in LR While deciding about the subject matter, the following procedure must be in mind Choose a topic about which relatively enough material is available, so that one can become reasonably with the issue. Examine most of the literature & read the relevant portions in detail Do not choose too many key points because of the scope & limitation of the selected topic. Sort the cards from mass by concepts & review the related matters until new sources or materials have been examined.
- 14. Con…….. To select the related sources of information & to record important portion in note book. To collect the material in serial order of development. To rewrite matter repeatedly so that unnecessary portion will be corrected.
- 15. Organizing library finding It refers to proper arrangement of materials of reference collected in the library The researcher should possess the detailed knowledge about the subject matter to put the literature in chronological or sequential order. After reviewing all materials presented in the note cards, the researcher has to label it into topic, heading ,summarizing the contents in the cards.
- 16. The summary of the heading can also be listed on paper so that it would not be lead difficulty for examination. An outline can be formulated in terms of alternative headings When outline is finished, the search of literature completes Presentation of the material in logical sequence evaluates the quality of research work. After detailed examination ,the researcher finds the logic for LR. Rework the outline several times until it follows logically
- 17. EXAMPLE If the topic is on agriculture, u might find the following topics as relevant:- Agriculture before modern technology The affect of technology on agriculture Recent development of agriculture Support from govt. to ariculture
- 18. 18 18 Guidelines for Analyzing Literature
- 19. 19 19 Guidelines for Analyzing Literature Analyze chosen articles before you start writing 1. Scan articles to get an overview of each first few paragraphs, paragraph before Method, major and minor subheadings, hypotheses, purposes, scan text (but don’t get caught in details), first para of Discussion keep an eye on big picture by pre-reading take notes on first page about overall purpose/findings 2. Based on #1, group articles by category by topic and subtopic, then chronologically
- 20. 20 20 Guidelines for Analyzing Literature 3. Organize yourself before reading computer, pack of note cards for comments, self-adhesive flags to mark important places 4. Use a consistent format in notes begin reading and making notes of important points on cards start a system of note-taking and use system consistently what is notable about the article? Landmark/flaws/experimental/qualitative? Use several cards per article
- 21. 21 21 Guidelines for Analyzing Literature 5. Note explicit definitions of key terms note differences between/among researchers 6. Note methodological strengths and weaknesses e.g., triangulation of methods, sample sizes, generalizability. does one article improve upon another by of method? does innovative methodology seem appropriate? Is there enough evidence to support conclusions? critique groups of studies together, esp if similar flaws note patterns of weaknesses across studies
- 22. 22 22 Guidelines for Analyzing Literature 7. Distinguish between assertion and evidence understand empirical findings from data collected v. author’s opinion 8. Identify major trends or patterns in studies if conflicting results, try to explain them can make a generalization based on majority of articles or those with strong methodology. Describe these generalizations carefully. 9. Identify gaps in literature and discuss why
- 23. 23 23 Guidelines for Analyzing Literature 10. Identify relationships among studies when write, discuss them together 11. Note how each article relates to your topic keep your specific topic in mind all the time and make sure your articles address it. If not, do not include 12. Evaluate your list for currency and coverage start with most recent 5 years and include others if necessary.
- 24. Recording references Reference materials are the source of information for reviewing literature Books, periodical ,articles, published & unpublished materials, notes, newspaper, journals, interviews are major sources of information. A researcher needs to identify relevant materials from respective source at first. The source of the materials needs to be recorded properly.
- 25. Present the collected material in systematic order from its random style Check the omission & duplication in the process of evaluating the literatures The choice of recording reference depends upon the nature & the type of research.
- 26. SOURCE CARDS The recording of bibliographic information should be made in proper bibliographic format. The format for citing a book is: Author’s name, (year), Title of the book, Place of publication, Publisher’s name. For Example; Koontz Harold (1980), Management, New Delhi, McGraw-Hill International. The format for citing a journal article is: Author’s name, (year), Title of the article, Journal name, Volume (number), pages. For Example; Sheth J.N (1973), A Model of Industrial Buying Behaviour, Journal of Marketing, 37(4), 50-56. 26
- 27. How to write the review? There are several ways of presenting the ideas of others within the body of the paper. For Example; If you are referring the major influencing factors in the Sheth’s model of Industrial Buying Behaviour, it can be written as, Sheth (1973, p-50) has suggested that, there are a number of influencing factors …….. According to Sheth (1973) model of industrial buying behaviour, there are a number of influencing factors…….. 27
- 28. How to write the review? In some models of industrial buying behaviour, there are a number of influencing factors (Sheth, 1973). In some models of industrial buying behaviour, there are a number of influencing factors1. 1. Sheth J.N (1973), A Model of Industrial Buying Behaviour, Journal of Marketing, 37(4), 50-56. 28
- 29. Developing a theoretical framework A theoretical framework attempts to integrate the information logically so that the reason for the problem can be conceptualized. It describes the relationships among variables & elaborates the theory underlying these relations The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire thesis is based It is a logically developed, described & elaborated network of associations among variables that have been identified through such process as interview, observation & literature survey.
- 30. The critical variables are examined & the association among them is identified It focuses the depth of subject matter of study Literature review provides a source basis for TF A good theoretical framework provides the logical base for developing testable hypothesis
- 31. 5 basic components in TF The variables relevant to the study should be clearly identified. The discussion should state how 2 or more variables are related. If the nature & direction of the relationship can be theorized on the basis of the findings from previous research, then there should be indication that whether the relationship is positive or negative. There should be clear explanation of why we should expect these relationship to exist the argument could be drawn from previous research findings. A schematic diagram of the TF should be given so that the reader can visualize the theorized relationship.
- 32. How should the theoretical framework be formulated 1. cite your conceptual framework or model with establish knowledge. 2. identify your variables/themes 3. point out the dependent & intervening variables 4. show the direction of the study