Rootstock
- 1. 1 On Ch. Allaylay Devi PhD. (Hort.) Dept. of FSC Ch. Allaylay Devi PhD. (Hort.) Dept. of FSC Presentation
- 2. INTRODUCTION Rootstock:- • A fruit tree rootstock is the stump of a related species which already has an established, healthy root system, and to which a separate fruit tree is joined by grafting or budding (Thomas and Morgan). • The resulting fruit tree will be stronger, quicker to establish and will take on the desirable features of the rootstock itself.
- 3. ROOT STOCK The working part which interacts with the soil to nourish the new plant
- 4. Timeline of Rootstock First used in European vineyards in the late 1800s to combat devastating Phylloxera outbreak.
- 6. WHY ROOTSTOCKS ARE USED IN FRUIT PROPAGATION ..? Naturally, most fruit trees easily reach heights of at least 4.5 m (15 ft.). Such tall fruit trees would be difficult to harvest as well as being far too large for most people’s gardens. One great advantage of dwarf rootstocks is that they have no influence upon the size of fruit itself, so a dwarf ratio fruit tree will produce the same sized fruits as a large orchard sized tree. Some times the scion cultivar otherwise highly suitable may not be fit for cultivation or successful when grown on its own roots
- 7. Stock Scion Relationships The performance of a graft is the result of interaction of stock and scion. A. Effect of Stock on Scion Cultivates: 1. Size and Growth Habit 2. Precocity in Flowering and Fruiting. 3. Fruit Set and Yield 4. Fruit Size and Quality 5. Nutrient Status of Scion 6. Winter Hardiness 7. Diseases and pest Resistance 8.Ability to resist soil adverse conditions
- 8. B. Effect of Scion on Root Stock: 1. Effect on Root System of Stock 2. Cold Hardiness of the Rootstock 3. Age of Root Stock Seedling.
- 10. Dwarfing might be caused by water supply restrictions to the scion induced by anatomical characteristics of the rootstock ( Beakbane, 1956: Aykinson et al., 2003) It was caused by reduction of solutes transported to the scion through the rootstock (Bukovac et al., 1958; Jones, 1976) Dwarfing might be caused by partial incompatibility between the scion and the rootstock which may alter the transport of minerals and hormones (Webster, 2004)
- 11. INTERACTION
- 14. Objectives Breeding for vigorous rootstock. Breeding for resistant to pests and diseases. Breeding for resistant to salt , drought and lime. Precocity, dwarfness. Adaptation to different soil conditions. Adaptation to different climatic conditions.
- 15. Abilities of Rootstock 1. Nursery ability: Ready availability of seed. High percentage of polyembryony. Good germination and seedling growth. Free from pests attacks and easy budding. 2. Soil adaptability: Relative vigour of growth on soils of varied depth, structure, texture, pH, salinity, moisture and nutrient supply. 3. Climatic adaptability: Hardiness. Resist to cold.
- 16. 4. Biotic adaptability : Free from or resistant to various soil borne diseases. Some rootstocks are found superior in one or more of these qualities but inferior in other but none is found outstandingly superior in all respects. Some rootstocks may be superior for one scion variety under given environmental conditions and inferior for other variety.
- 17. IMPROTANCE OF ROOTSTOCKS IN FRUIT CROPS Impart resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of scion cultivar Resistant to adverse soil and climatic conditions Cold hardiness Provide strong root system Regulate uptake of moisture and nutrients Regulate tree vigour and size Dwarfing effect Affect flowering, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit size Affect fruit quality and yield Trees propagated on rootstocks are true to type, comes to bear earlier, precocious. Affect compositions of fruit crops Affect storage life and preservation properties of fruits crops
- 18. PROBLEMS Graft incompatibility Use in possible only in dicots Difference in the performance according to region, pests, diseases, abiotic conditions and other characters Less options of superior rootstocks Reproduction by sexual method Knowledge of characteristics of rootstocks
- 19. Symptoms Complete failure to form a graft union Very low percentage of graft success Union takes place, growth occurs but eventually the tree dies either in the nursery or in the field. Degeneration of tissues at the graft joint, yellowing of foliage and premature defoliation Small stunted growth and general ill health of the graft
- 20. Deficiency symptoms or nutritional disorders Over growth or under growth of the stock or the scion Excessive swelling of the graft joint Breaking of the tree at the point of graft joint and the breakage is clear and smooth 20 Cont..
- 21. Causes 1. Distant relationship 2. Anatomical causes Vascular connection between stock and scion is interrupted due to which movement of minerals, water and metabolites get disturb. Accumulation of excess callus tissues between graft components Lack of proper lignification of cell walls. 3. Physiological causes Due to inability of the stock or the scion to supply the other component with the necessary amount or quality of materials of normal functioning In certain graft combinations one components (Scion or stock) produces chemicals that are toxic to the other, killing the entire plant. 4. Pathogenic causes Virus or mycoplasma infected rootstock or scion may produce a graft incompatibility.
- 22. Types of Rootstock 1. Localized At the actual contact between stock and scion It can be overcome by inserting a mutually compatible inter stock between them. 2. Translocated Degeneration of phloem takes place Cannot be checked by any method
- 23. 23 PROPAGATION METHODS OF FRUIT CROP
- 24. MANGO Propagation- veneer grafting, inarching side grafting and cutting, epicotyle grafting.
- 25. ROOTSTOCk OF MANGO To minimize the variability in mango, the poly-embryonic races, known for their uniformity and vigorous growth offer a great scope for use as rootstocks. Kurrukan- salt resistant polyembryonic. Olour- vigorous rootstock Vellaikolamban- dwarfing and allopolyploid Rumani - Dwarfing Moovandan and Nekkare - salt tolerent.
- 26. Gomera 1: Most adaptable in saline conditions where low water quality. Species Mangifera minor: Resistant to anthracnose Mangitera zeylanica : Salinity resist. Olour and Villai collumban : dwarfing. Seedlings from stone of Kesar variety found better Bappakai and Olour : salt tolerant for high survival, germination and growth percentage under salt stress condition (Varu and Barad, 2010) Dashehari and Chousa : salt resist.
- 29. Root stock of gRape Phylloxera resistance: Riparia Gloire, St. George (Rupestris du lot), SO4 (Selection Oppenheim), 5BB (Kober), 5C (Teleki), 420A (Millardet et de Grasset), 99R (Richter). Salt and nematode resistant : Salt creek and Dogridge. Temple- multiple resistant/pierce’s desease. St. George, Ripario, Gloria- Phylloxera resistant.
- 30. Salient features of resistant sources M.rotundifolia: Resistant to Phylloxera, downy mildew, anthracnose and nematodes. V. berlandieri: Resistant to Phylloxera, and high lime content in the soils but difficult to propagate vegetatively. V. labrusca: Cold hardy, resistant to many pests and diseases. V. amurensis: Resistant to cold and frost. V.aestivali: Resistant to many fungal diseases but susceptible to Phylloxera, best for hot climatic condition.
- 31. pomegRanate • Hardwood cutting and air layering.
- 32. guava Propagation- Air layering, stooling, approach graf budding. Important rootstocks: P. friedrichsthalianum (cas)-Dwarfing and wilt resistant. P. friedrichsthalianum var. lucidum- Wilt resistant. P. pumilum- Most dwarfing. Psidium cattleianum : tolerant low temp. Psiduim gujavillis : Fruit size and quality.
- 33. sapota Propagation- inarching, air layering, soft wood grafting. Rootstock : Manilkara hexandra (Khirni/ Rayan)- commercially used. Manilkara kauki (Adam’s apple) Bassia latifolia (Mee tree) Madhuka latifolia (Mahua) Chrysophyllum cainito (star apple)
- 34. pineapple Suckers (crown, root and shoot), slips and micro- propagation. s Slips Sucker
- 35. Apple Apples can be grafted in several ways. A particularly common graft is the “whip and tongue” method. (Hertz, Jauron, Hartmann ) Apple tissue culture dates back to the late 1960s and the early 1970s when apple shoots had been cultured in vitro and their axenic growth was first reported. ( Jones, 1967, Elliott, 1972 and Walkey, 1972).
- 36. Rootstock useD in apple In past times, seedlings that sprouted naturally in pomace piles around cider mills were often dug up, and buds from known scion varieties were grafted onto these seedlings for planting new orchards. Since the genetic traits of these seedling rootstocks were unknown, their performance was unpredictable. To avoid these problems, most orchards today are propagated from "clonal" rootstocks that is, they are grafted onto rootstocks that are genetically identical offshoots or clones of a mother rootstock type with certain desirable characteristics. Most of the important apple rootstocks used today were derived from collections and selections by East Malling Research Station in England, during the early 1900s. Ian A. Merwin1999
- 37. table: effects of apple Rootstocks on scion vigoR Feature Very dwarf Dwarf Semi dwarf Semi Vigorous Very vigorous Varieties P22, M27, G65 , Bud 54-146,Bud 57-491, MAC 39 G11, G41, G16, M8, M9, M20, P2, P22, MAC-9 M7, M26, Bud9, P16, Northern Spy, M116, J9, MAC-1, Bemali MM106, M2, M4, P18, Anis, KSC 11 M1, M13, MM111, MAC-4, MAC-5 MAC- 24 Height 6 ft/2m 8 ft/2.5m 10 ft/3m 14 ft/4m 18 ft/5m Source: Mitra et al 1991
- 38. seRies of clonal Rootstocks Mitra (1991) enumerated numerous series of clonal rootstocks, namely: 1. " M" Malling series developed stocks : The Malling series of Rootstock (16) were selected by R.G. Hutton at East Malling Research Station in Kent, England from old European clones like French Paradise and Doucin . E.g. M-2, M-6, M-9, M-26, M-27 etc 2."MM" Malling Merton series: in 1928, two institutes in England (John Inns Horticultural Institute, Merton and East Malling Research Station, Malling) had a joint venture to develop wooly aphid resistant apple rootstocks like MM 106, MM 109 etc. 3."EMLA" designates East Malling / Long Ashton research stations who took the "M" stocks and developed virus free versions. For example, EMLA 7 is M 7 with a guaranteed virus-free stock. 4."CG" or "G" designates Cornell-Geneva stocks which are those developed via the Cornell and USDA collaboration at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY. The "G" is the old designation. G.41 , G.11 , G.202
- 39. cont… 5. Polish (P) series: Developed in Poland e. g. P 1, P 2, P 16, P 18, and P 22 etc. P 18 have considerable resistant to collar rot disease but susceptible to fire blight, whereas P 22 has dwarfing effect on scion variety 6. Budagovsky (Bud) series: These selections have been developed with the primary objective of winter hardiness. All of them have been able to withstand the severe winter. These are developed at the Michurin College of Horticulture, Russia. Some of the rootstocks are Bud 9, Bud 67-490 and Bud 57-491 7. MAC series: Developed by Michigan State University, USA. e. g. MAC 9.
- 40. Apple rootstock (Resistant/tolerant) V3 (Vineland 3) Moderately resist to fire G-65 (Genera 65) Resist to fireblight caser rot Mg moderate to good in hardiners Mark Resist to collaz rot V1 (Vinclast) highly resist to fire blight Bod-9 Excellent winter hardness 0.3 (oftawa) resist to collar rot V2 (Vineland-2) highly resist to fire blight mm. 106 Resist to wally aphid resist Robusta 5 cold resist Mg, m26, mm106, mm11 Free from virus diseases
- 41. seeDling Rootstock : Vigorous trees produced on a rootstock grown from seed. There is greater variability than with the vegetatively propagated rootstocks. Apples used for production of seedling rootstocks include "Dolgo" and "Antonovka", which are both extremely hardy and vigorous.
- 42. peaR • Propagation: tongue grafting and double grafting. T-budding is also used in commercially propagation Quince C: Moderately vigorous Quince A: Medium vigor- Slightly more vigorous than Quince C, this is the most common variety upon which pears are grafted. Some varieties however are not compatible with quince, and these require double working. Example: Bristol Cros, Dr. Jules Guyot Williams Bon Chrétien, Bartlett, Bosc, Winter nellis, Eldorado, Clapp favorite, Secke (Rathore, 1991)
- 43. Peach Propagation – T-budding and tongue grafting. The most commonly used rootstocks are Nemaguard, Nemared, Lovell, Halford, and Guardian. In addition to these, there are four others: Flordaguard, a low- chill, nematode-resistant rootstock developed in Florida, and three peach-almond hybrid rootstocks developed in California.
- 44. CONT… Choice of rootstock depends on weather and soil conditions at your orchard site. These rootstocks differ in five main traits: • Resistance to root knot nematodes- Nemaguard, Nemared, and Yunnan. • Tolerance to calcareous soil conditions- Titan Hybrids and the Hansen rootstock. • Tolerance to water-logged soil conditions. • Cold hardiness- Lovell and Guardian • Tolerance to peach tree short life (PTSL)- Guardian is the only PTSL tolerant rootstock that is available
- 45. Table . Tolerance of Peach rooTsTocks To sTress. Rootstock Root knot nematode Calcareous soil Water logging Cold Hardiness Peach Tree Short Life Lovell S MS S Moderate S Halford S S S Moderate S Nemaguard R VS S Poor-Fair S Nemared R S S Fair S Guardian R MS S Moderate R Flordaguard R VS S Poor S Titan Hybrids R R VS Fair-Good S Hansen R R VS Fair-Good S VS = very susceptible; S = susceptible; MS = moderately susceptible; R = resistant
- 46. Plum Propagation – T- budding and tongue grafting. Pixy —A dwarfing rootstock. St. Julien A — A semi-vigorous rootstock Myrobalan — Resistence to cold, collar rot, and nematodes. Citation — Semi-dwarf rootstock. Shallow, vigorous, good choice for hard soils. Prefers a wetter soil. Myro-29C — (Prunus cerasifera) Semi-dwarf rootstock. Shallow, vigorous, good choice for hard soils. Somewhat drought tolerant.
- 47. cheries Propagation – Tongue grafting and layering. Rootstock Recently, dwarfing or semi-dwarfing rootstocks (i.e., Gisela-5 and 6, Edabriz, and Weiroot) have become available. Dr. Greg Lang at Michigan State University Colt and Charger – dwarf rootstock. Mazzard – produces dwarf tree. Gisela 5 – Tree is 20% smaller than Colt and 45% smaller than Mahaleb and Mazzard. Gisela 3 – tree has 50% dwarfing qualities in comparison with Mahaleb and Mazzard and is 10% smaller still than Gisela 5 rootstock. Wild cherry (P. puddum) and Paja – Show delayed incopatibility .
- 48. WalnuT Propagation - Cutting, Patch budding, Epicotyle grafting, Micro- propagation. Two common types of seedling rootstock are Northern California black walnut (Juglans nigra) and Paradox hybrid (usually a hybrid cross of J. hindsii x J. nigra). (Yakabe et al. 2010). Paradox (J.hindsi x J.nigra)- shows delayed incompatibility. J. nigra- Resistant to crown rot, susceptible to water logged saline or nematode infested soils
- 49. ProPagaTion meThods of some oTher fruiTs Fruits Propagation method Cashew nut Seed, soft wood grafting, epicotyle grafting. Coconut Seed Date palm Seed , offshoots Karonda Seed , hard wood cutting. Litchi Air layering, chip budding, splice grafting. Mangosteen Seed and inarching. Papaya seed
- 50. conT… Crops Propagation Root stocks Custard apple- Soft wood grafting Annona glabra( pond apple)- suitable for various type of soil condition Fig Cutting, budding and air layering Ficus glomerata- nematode resistant. Ber Cutting budding and air layering Zizyphus nummularia- Dwarfing due to formation of invert bottle neck at graft union. Z.rotundifolia- Deep rooted suited for arid zones.
- 51. Fruit Propagation method Wood apple Root cutting, budding Tamarind Seed and soft wood grafting Persimmon Cleft and whip grafting, chip and T-budding. Jamun Seed and budding. Aonla T-budding/ patch budding Cape gooseberry seed Acid lime seed Loquat Inarching, budding and grafting. Mangosteen Seed and inarching. Phalsa seed Jackfruit Inarching, air layering, cutting epicotyle grafting.
- 52. conclusion Using dwarf rootstock through HDP system yield can be increased in per unit area In case of propagation method the new technology tissue culture can be used for rapid multiplication of plant in short duration along with it we can obtain virus free planting material