Rpe model test
- 1. RPE MODEL TEST 15-02-2021 SHORT ANSWERSQUESTIONS 1.Define Ethics * Ethicsor moral philosophyisabranchof philosophythat"involvessystematizing,defending,and recommendingconceptsof rightandwrongbehavior" 2.What is philosophy? * The love of the wisdom-Philosophyisthe studyof general andfundamental problems,suchasthose connectedwithexistence,knowledge,values,reason,mind,andlanguage.Itisthe rational attemptto formulate,understand,andanswerfundamentalquestions.A Philosophyis asetof viewsorbeliefs aboutlife andthe universe,whichare oftenheld uncritically. 3.State the meaning of plagiarism. * Takingthe ideasand workof other scientistswithoutgivingthemcreditisunfairanddishonest.Copying evenone sentence fromsomeone else’smanuscript,orevenone of yourownthat has previouslybeen published,withoutpropercitationisconsideredplagiarism—useyourownwordsinstead. 4.What is salami slicing? * Salami Slicingisthe practice of fragmenting the singlecoherentbodiesintoasmanyas smaller Authorsdo it“to increase theirpublicationcount,toachieve careerprogression,togainrecognition,togetmore funding, to achieve self-satisfaction. 5.State the meaning of COPE in research. * A voluntarybodyprovidingadiscussionforumandadvice forscientificeditors,itaimstofindpractical waysof dealingwiththe issues,andtodevelopgoodpractice. Intellectual honestyshouldbe actively encouragedinall medical andscientificcoursesof study,andusedtoinformpublicationethicsand preventmisconduct.Itiswiththatin mindthat these guidelineshave beenproduced. 6.Write a note on ghost writing * Ghost Writingissubstantiallywithuseful contributionswithoutgettingacknowledged forthe work. 7.State the meaning of open access publication * Openaccesspublicationmeansthe literature isfree availabilityonthe publicinternet,permittingany usersto read,download,copy,distribute,print,search,orlinktothe full textsof these articles,pass themas data to software,oruse themfor anyotherlawful purpose,withoutfinancial,legal,ortechnical barriersotherthan those inseparable fromgainingaccesstothe internetitself.
- 2. 8.What is h-index? * The h-index isdefinedasthe maximumvalueof hsuch that the givenauthor/journalhaspublishedh papersthat have eachbeencitedat leasthtimes.The index isdesignedtoimprove uponsimpler measuressuchas the total numberof citationsor publications. “A scientisthasindex hif hof hisor her Nppapershave at leasthcitationseachand the other(Np – h) papershave ≤h citationseach.” 9.Write a note on citations. * Citationdatabasescompilethe citationsinthe reference lists(bibliographies) of scholarlypublications. Citationdatabase recordsalsoinclude bibliographiccontentthatidentifyapublication:article title, journal name,author,abstract,etc. Citationdatabasesenable youtofindnewerpapersthatreference a paperor author youalreadyknowabout. ESSAY QUESTIONS 1 (a)Discuss the branches of Philosophy. (Or) (b)Explain the impact of Duplicate and overlapping publications. * (a) Branchesof philosophy Historically,philosophical concernshave beentreatedunderthese broadcategories: • Logic • Metaphysics • Epistemology • Value theory A. LOGIC Logic isthe systematicstudyof the rulesforthe correctuse of these supportingreasons,rules we can use to distinguishgoodargumentsfrombadones.Mostof the greatphilosophersfrom Aristotle tothe presenthave beenconvincedthatlogicpermeates all otherbranchesof philosophy. The abilitytotestargumentsforlogical consistency,understandthe logical consequencesof certainassumptions,anddistinguishthe kindof evidence aphilosopherisusingare essentialfor “doing”philosophy B. METAPHYSICS Anothertraditional branchof Philosophytraditionallyknownasmetaphysics.ForAristotle,the termmetaphysicsmeant“firstphilosophy,”discussionof the mostuniversalprinciples;laterthe termcame to mean“comprehensive thinkingaboutthe nature of things.” It means,usually,the studyortheoryof reality.The questionof metaphysicsis:whatisreality? What isreal?Is realitysome kindof “thing”.Isit one or isit many?If itis one,thenhow isit
- 3. relatedtomanythingsaroundus? Can ultimate realitybe graspedbyfive senses,orisit supernatural ortranscendent? Metaphysicsundoubtedlyisthe branchof philosophythatthe modernstudentfindsmost difficulttograsp.Metaphysicsattemptstoofferacomprehensive view of all that exists.Itis concernedwithsuchproblemsasthe relationof mindtomatter,the nature of change,the meaningof “freedom,”the existence of God,andthe belief inpersonalimmortality. C. EPISTEMOLOGY The technical termfor the theoryof knowledge is epistemology,whichcomesfromthe Greek wordepisteme,meaning“knowledge.”Ingeneral,epistemologyisthe branchof philosophythat studiesthe sources,nature,andvalidityof knowledge. There are three central questionsinthisfield: i. What are the sourcesof knowledge?Where doesgenuine knowledgecome fromorhow do we know?Thisisthe questionof origins. ii. What isthe nature of knowledge?Isthere areal worldoutside the mind,andif socan we knowit?This isthe questionof appearance versusreality. iii. Is our knowledgevalid?How dowe distinguishtruthfromerror?Thisis the questionof the testsof truth,of verification. Traditionally,mostof those whohave offeredanswerstothese questionscanbe placedinone of twoschools of thought—rationalismorempiricism. The rationalistsholdthathumanreasonalone candiscoverthe basicprinciplesof the universe. The empiricistsclaimthatall knowledge isultimatelyderivedfromsense experience and,thus, that our knowledgeislimitedtowhatcanbe experienced. It shouldbe clearthat there isa necessaryrelationbetweenmetaphysicsandepistemology.Our conceptionof realitydependsonourunderstandingof whatcan be known.Conversely,our theoryof knowledge dependsonourunderstandingof ourselvesinrelation tothe whole of reality. D. VALUE THEORY Value theoryisthe branchof philosophythatstudiesvalues.Itcanbe subdividedintoethics, aesthetics,andsocial andpolitical philosophy. In broadtermsethicsconcernsitself withthe questionof morality.Whatisrightandwhat is wrongin humanrelations?Withinmoralityandethicsthere are three majorareas:descriptive ethics,normative ethics,andmetaethics.Descriptiveethicsseekstoidentifymoral experience in
- 4. a descriptive way.We seektoidentify,withinthe range of humanconduct,the motives,desires, and intentionsaswell asovertacts themselves. 2(a) Analyse the reasons for unethical behaviour in publications. (Or) (b). Explain the use of plagiarism software in research publications. * (a) Unethical behaviourinPublications To respectthe intellectual propertyrightsof othersandupholdthe standardsforacademic publishing,publishersof bookorjournal isadoptinga zerotolerance policytowardspapers associatedwithpublicationmisconduct.Publicationmisconductincludesplagiarism, fabrication, falsification,inappropriate authorship,duplicate submission/multiplesubmissions,overlapping publication,andsalami publication. 1.Plagiarism:Plagiarismisthe appropriationof anotherperson'sthoughts,ideas,data,figures, researchmethods,orwordswithoutgivingappropriatecredit,orthe over-citationof another person'spublishedwork. 2. Fabrication:Fabricationisthe practice of makingup data or resultswithouthavingperformed relevantresearch. 3. Falsification:Falsificationisthe practice of changingdataor resultsintentionallysuchthat misleadingconclusionisdrawn. 4. Inappropriate authorship:Authorshipisnotappropriatelyassignedbasedonthe author's contributions. 5. Duplicate submission/multiplesubmissions:Duplicate submission/multiple submissionsrefers to practice of submittingthe same manuscriptorseveral manuscriptswithminordifferences (e.g.,differencesonlyintitle,keywords,abstract,authororder,authoraffiliations,orasmall amountof text) totwoor more journalsatthe same time,orsubmittingtoanotherjournal withinanagreedor stipulatedperiod. 6. Overlappingpublication:Overlappingpublicationreferstothe practice of publishingapaper overlapssubstantiallywithone alreadypublished. 7. Salami publication:Salami publicationreferstothe practice of slicingdatafroma large study,couldhave beenreportedinasingle paper,intodifferentpiecesandpublishingthemin twoor more articles,all of whichcoverthe same population,methods,andquestion.
- 5. 8. Inappropriate authorship:Authorshipisnotappropriatelyassignedbasedonthe author's contributions The followingare the problemsclassifiedasmisconductof publications • Plagiarism•Textrecycling(‘self-plagiarism’) • Duplicate/redundantpublication • Authorshipissues • Disputes,giftauthorship,ghostauthorship • Data fabrication/falsification • Image manipulation • Undisclosedcompetinginterests • Lack of ethicsapproval – animal orhuman • Unethical treatmentof participants • Lack of consent Appeals Followingthe rejectionof apaper,the author may appeal tothe editor.Your journal should have a clear appealspolicystatingunderwhatcircumstancesanappeal will be consideredand howthe appeal processwill be handled. Conflictsof Interest One issue authorsmightraise duringanappeal forreviewermisconductisbiasdue toconflictof interests.If yourjournal operatesopenpeerreview, the authorwillknow the identityof the reviewerandcanspecifythe potentialconflictof interests.Forjournalsoperatingsingleor double blindpeerreview,accusationsof biasare likelytobe suppositional ratherthan substantiated,butshouldstill be givencareful consideration. Appealscanoftenbe resolvedbygettingasecondopinion.Engaginganew reviewerwill eliminatethe potential allegedbias.Itisdifficultinthese casestoevidence maliciousintenton behalf of a reviewer,butyouretainthe rightnotto use reviewerswhoyoufeel are unable to give an objective assessment. AppropriatedData Anotherpossiblecomplaintof reviewermisconductconcernsthe allegedappropriationof data duringthe reviewprocess.Anauthormayraise a complaintif theydiscovertheirideasordata are usedina publishedpaper.Theymayconclude thatthese canonlyhave beenappropriated duringthe reviewprocess.These issuescanbe complicatedbecause there islikelytobe some time lagbetweenthe reviewprocessconductedatyourjournal andthe publicationof the appropriateddata.