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Feed Additives for
Ruminants
‫المجترات‬ ‫فى‬ ‫األعالف‬ ‫اضافات‬
‫المجترات‬ ‫فى‬ ‫األعالف‬ ‫اضافات‬
1-‫المضادات‬‫الحيوية‬
2-‫األينوفور‬
3-‫مثبطات‬‫الشياع‬
4-‫اضافة‬‫أدوية‬‫لمعادلة‬‫الحموضة‬
Feed Additives
 Many commercially prepared additive
products are included in animal diets
 By definition, these products do not
supply nutrients
• Not listed in feed composition tables
 Since 1960, FDA has regulated feed
additive incorporation into animal
diets
• Prevention of cancer in human/animal
Feed Additives
 More than 1000 products are
approved by FDA for use in
livestock/poultry feeds
 Include products intended to
promote animal health
• Prevention/treatment of disease
• Growth promotion
• Both
Feed Additives
 Some additives can leave residues in
the muscle tissues
• Withdrawal times prior to slaughter
• Must choose correct additive for stage
of production
Feed Additives
 Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics
 Ionophores
 Estrus suppressants
 Buffers
Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics
 Against life or destructive to life
 Natural compound synthesized by living
organisms or chemically synthesized
compounds
 AB are either:
• Bacteriostatic
• Bactericidal
• or both
Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics
 For over 50 years antibiotics and
chemotherapeutics have been used
in the animal feed industry
 Approximately 60% of beef cattle
and 75% of dairy cattle raised in
U.S. are estimated to have been fed
these at some point during
production
Antibiotics
 The primary reason to feed
antibiotics to ruminants is to control
liver abscesses, foot rot & secondary
infections/diseases as a result of
shipping stress
Antibiotics
 Control of liver abscesses is the
primary reason to continuously feed
antibiotics
• Cattle on high grain diets:
  episodes of acidosis =  liver
damage and infection
• The greater the severity of liver
abscesses, the greater the reduction in
growth performance
Common Antibiotics
 Chlortetracycline
• Aureomycin
• Numerous recommendations based on
production level of animal
 48 hour withdrawal time
 Oxytetracyline
• Terramycin
• 75 mg/hd/d =  liver abscesses
• 0.5 - 2.0 g/hd/d =  shipping fever complex
 Feed 3 - 5 days before & after arrival
 7 day withdrawal time
Common Antibiotics
 Tylosin
• Tylan
• 8 - 10 g/t or 60 - 90 mg/hd/d
• Cleared for use with Rumensin and/or
MGA
• Feed to reduce incidence of liver
abscesses
Ionophores
 Results in selection of certain
microorganisms in the rumen
• Inhibits or depresses certain microbe
growth
• Alters rumen fermentation
 Usually  propionate production
Ionophores
 Mechanism of action: Disrupts the
[ion] gradient across the cell
membrane = cell death
• Destroys secondary transport processes
and energy-conserving reactions
Effects of Ionophores
1.Improve efficiency of energy metabolism
by changing the VFA profile &  energy lost in
fermentation
•  energy retention
2.Decrease breakdown of feed protein & may
decrease microbial protein synthesis
• Impacts: Growing cattle on high-roughage diets
3.Reduce digestive upsets = reduced stress =
improved animal performance
Ionophores
 Too high of a level of ionophore can
reduce cellulolytic bacteria
•  fiber digestion
•  rumen protein = ruminal protein
shortage
Ionophores
 Growing cattle: high-roughage diets
• Improved daily gain (5 - 15%) & feed
efficiency (8 - 12%)
 Finishing cattle: high-concentrate diets
• Improved feed efficiency (6 - 8%) and subtle
improvement in daily gain (1 - 3%)
• Prevention or control of bloat and acidosis
Common Ionophores
 Rumensin (Monensin Sodium)
• 20 - 30 g/ton
 Bovatec (Lasalocid Sodium)
• 10 - 30 g/ton
• 1 mg/2.2 lb. of BW = control of coccidiosis
 Cattlyst (Laidlomycin Propionate
Potassium)
• 5 - 10 g/ton
Estrus Suppressants
 Melengesterol Acetate (MGA)
• Synthetic hormone similar in structure
and activity to progesterone
• Breeding females:
 Used to synchronize females for breeding
Estrus Suppressants
 Melengesterol Acetate (MGA)
• Feedlot heifers:
 Suppress estrus =  growth performance
• +3 - 7% for ADG & FE
•  injury,  dark cutters,  energy
expended by chasing heifers
• 0.25 - 0.50 mg/hd/d
 Cleared for use with Rumensin, Bovatec &
Tylan
 48 hour withdrawal period
Buffers
 Added to the diet to aid in resisting
pH changes of the rumen when acids
are present
• Reduces incidence of acidosis on high
grain diets
• Improves fiber digestion in corn silage
diets
 Performance is variable
• -2 - 5% improvement in ADG & FE
Buffers
 Sources:
• Sodium Bicarbonate: 0.75 - 1.5% diet DM
• Limestone: 1.0% diet DM
• Sodium Bentonite: 1 - 2% diet DM
• Magnesium oxide: 0.5 - 0.75% diet DM
Growth Promotants
 Redirection of nutrients from fat
deposition to lean tissue deposition.
•  Growth hormone secretion
•  steroidal effect on growth of skeletal
muscles through  [IGF’s]
Growth Promotants
 Given to cattle to improve:
• Feed Efficiency:+15 - 25% in growing cattle
+10 - 12% in finishing cattle
• Daily Gain:+.33 lb./d in growing cattle
+10 - 15% in finishing cattle
• 4 - 16% improvement in DMI
Growth Promotants
  cost of gain,  % choice carcasses
(25%),  % lean
 Estradiol implants reduce NEg
requirement by 5%
• E2 implants = 18 - 20% NEg requirement
reduction
 Most implants are effective from 70 to
100 days
Growth Promotants
 Most are cleared for use in
confinement cattle and some are
available for grazing cattle
 There are 6 individual component
implants & 10 combination implants
currently on the market
• Implant wars = changing companies and
products
Common Growth Promotants
 Estrogens
• Estradiol 17
• Estradiol Benzoate (71% E17)
• Zeranol (produced from the production
of mold)
 Androgens
• Testosterone Propionate
• Trenbolone Acetate (TBA)
Common Growth Promotants
 Progestins
• Progesterone
• Melengesterol Acetate (MGA)
 Somatotropins (growth hormones)
• Bovine Somatotropin (BST)

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Ruminant feed additives

  • 1. Feed Additives for Ruminants ‫المجترات‬ ‫فى‬ ‫األعالف‬ ‫اضافات‬
  • 2. ‫المجترات‬ ‫فى‬ ‫األعالف‬ ‫اضافات‬ 1-‫المضادات‬‫الحيوية‬ 2-‫األينوفور‬ 3-‫مثبطات‬‫الشياع‬ 4-‫اضافة‬‫أدوية‬‫لمعادلة‬‫الحموضة‬
  • 3. Feed Additives  Many commercially prepared additive products are included in animal diets  By definition, these products do not supply nutrients • Not listed in feed composition tables  Since 1960, FDA has regulated feed additive incorporation into animal diets • Prevention of cancer in human/animal
  • 4. Feed Additives  More than 1000 products are approved by FDA for use in livestock/poultry feeds  Include products intended to promote animal health • Prevention/treatment of disease • Growth promotion • Both
  • 5. Feed Additives  Some additives can leave residues in the muscle tissues • Withdrawal times prior to slaughter • Must choose correct additive for stage of production
  • 6. Feed Additives  Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics  Ionophores  Estrus suppressants  Buffers
  • 7. Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics  Against life or destructive to life  Natural compound synthesized by living organisms or chemically synthesized compounds  AB are either: • Bacteriostatic • Bactericidal • or both
  • 8. Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics  For over 50 years antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have been used in the animal feed industry  Approximately 60% of beef cattle and 75% of dairy cattle raised in U.S. are estimated to have been fed these at some point during production
  • 9. Antibiotics  The primary reason to feed antibiotics to ruminants is to control liver abscesses, foot rot & secondary infections/diseases as a result of shipping stress
  • 10. Antibiotics  Control of liver abscesses is the primary reason to continuously feed antibiotics • Cattle on high grain diets:   episodes of acidosis =  liver damage and infection • The greater the severity of liver abscesses, the greater the reduction in growth performance
  • 11. Common Antibiotics  Chlortetracycline • Aureomycin • Numerous recommendations based on production level of animal  48 hour withdrawal time  Oxytetracyline • Terramycin • 75 mg/hd/d =  liver abscesses • 0.5 - 2.0 g/hd/d =  shipping fever complex  Feed 3 - 5 days before & after arrival  7 day withdrawal time
  • 12. Common Antibiotics  Tylosin • Tylan • 8 - 10 g/t or 60 - 90 mg/hd/d • Cleared for use with Rumensin and/or MGA • Feed to reduce incidence of liver abscesses
  • 13. Ionophores  Results in selection of certain microorganisms in the rumen • Inhibits or depresses certain microbe growth • Alters rumen fermentation  Usually  propionate production
  • 14. Ionophores  Mechanism of action: Disrupts the [ion] gradient across the cell membrane = cell death • Destroys secondary transport processes and energy-conserving reactions
  • 15. Effects of Ionophores 1.Improve efficiency of energy metabolism by changing the VFA profile &  energy lost in fermentation •  energy retention 2.Decrease breakdown of feed protein & may decrease microbial protein synthesis • Impacts: Growing cattle on high-roughage diets 3.Reduce digestive upsets = reduced stress = improved animal performance
  • 16. Ionophores  Too high of a level of ionophore can reduce cellulolytic bacteria •  fiber digestion •  rumen protein = ruminal protein shortage
  • 17. Ionophores  Growing cattle: high-roughage diets • Improved daily gain (5 - 15%) & feed efficiency (8 - 12%)  Finishing cattle: high-concentrate diets • Improved feed efficiency (6 - 8%) and subtle improvement in daily gain (1 - 3%) • Prevention or control of bloat and acidosis
  • 18. Common Ionophores  Rumensin (Monensin Sodium) • 20 - 30 g/ton  Bovatec (Lasalocid Sodium) • 10 - 30 g/ton • 1 mg/2.2 lb. of BW = control of coccidiosis  Cattlyst (Laidlomycin Propionate Potassium) • 5 - 10 g/ton
  • 19. Estrus Suppressants  Melengesterol Acetate (MGA) • Synthetic hormone similar in structure and activity to progesterone • Breeding females:  Used to synchronize females for breeding
  • 20. Estrus Suppressants  Melengesterol Acetate (MGA) • Feedlot heifers:  Suppress estrus =  growth performance • +3 - 7% for ADG & FE •  injury,  dark cutters,  energy expended by chasing heifers • 0.25 - 0.50 mg/hd/d  Cleared for use with Rumensin, Bovatec & Tylan  48 hour withdrawal period
  • 21. Buffers  Added to the diet to aid in resisting pH changes of the rumen when acids are present • Reduces incidence of acidosis on high grain diets • Improves fiber digestion in corn silage diets  Performance is variable • -2 - 5% improvement in ADG & FE
  • 22. Buffers  Sources: • Sodium Bicarbonate: 0.75 - 1.5% diet DM • Limestone: 1.0% diet DM • Sodium Bentonite: 1 - 2% diet DM • Magnesium oxide: 0.5 - 0.75% diet DM
  • 23. Growth Promotants  Redirection of nutrients from fat deposition to lean tissue deposition. •  Growth hormone secretion •  steroidal effect on growth of skeletal muscles through  [IGF’s]
  • 24. Growth Promotants  Given to cattle to improve: • Feed Efficiency:+15 - 25% in growing cattle +10 - 12% in finishing cattle • Daily Gain:+.33 lb./d in growing cattle +10 - 15% in finishing cattle • 4 - 16% improvement in DMI
  • 25. Growth Promotants   cost of gain,  % choice carcasses (25%),  % lean  Estradiol implants reduce NEg requirement by 5% • E2 implants = 18 - 20% NEg requirement reduction  Most implants are effective from 70 to 100 days
  • 26. Growth Promotants  Most are cleared for use in confinement cattle and some are available for grazing cattle  There are 6 individual component implants & 10 combination implants currently on the market • Implant wars = changing companies and products
  • 27. Common Growth Promotants  Estrogens • Estradiol 17 • Estradiol Benzoate (71% E17) • Zeranol (produced from the production of mold)  Androgens • Testosterone Propionate • Trenbolone Acetate (TBA)
  • 28. Common Growth Promotants  Progestins • Progesterone • Melengesterol Acetate (MGA)  Somatotropins (growth hormones) • Bovine Somatotropin (BST)