Running head REPORT 1REPORT5.docx

Running head: REPORT 1
REPORT 5
Consumption Behavior; Electronics
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Topic description
Consumption behavior is the manner in which an audience
responds to product marketing. Consumption behavior is also
referred to as buying behavior, and it revolves around the
buying intentions and attitudes of individuals. It is important
for producers to understand the consumption behavior of
existing and prospective customers; this way, they can make
goods and services that align to customer tastes and preferences

(Friedman, 2018). In addition to that, understanding
consumption behavior helps producers to manufacture or
process goods that match the aggregate demand of customers. It
is not advisable for a business to engage in mass production
without considering rough estimates for demand as such may
lead to excess inventory that never manages to get off the
shelves. This project will give invaluable insights with respect
to the behavior of buyers towards electrical appliances.
Significance of the Project
The project is significant because it will answer a multiplicity
of pertinent questions regarding market equilibrium of
electronic appliances, the influence of Adam Smith's invisible
hand in the electronics market, determinants of aggregate
demand, and drivers of supply among others. As such,
consumers, suppliers, producers, and investors will find the
study insightful with respect to answering market questions they
may have (Roos & Hahn, 2017). The significance of the
research questions offered by the study is that it will make
audiences more rational in the choices they make. First, after
reading the study, buyers may decide to commit to buying high-
quality products as opposed to those of less quality which
require replacement every six months. What's more, a majority
of the producers that read the study may be influenced to
produce high-quality products that make their brand unique in
the eyes of customers; with a promise of high quality and
longevity of the products involved to customers. Third, the
research may influence suppliers to be more committed to
excellence.
Historical Data for Key Parameters
The steady sale of electronics in The US does seemed to have
followed a clear pattern over time. The frequency with which
consumers buy electronics seems quite high. Most producers
are looking strike a balance between quality and price get the
most customers. Where some are just trying to cash in with
cheap and flashy items. The graph below depicts the time line
for The US computer/software store sales from 1992 to 2015.

Currently, the US Electronics Store Sales is in excess of $25
Billion USD annually.
Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/197603/annual-
computer-and-software-store-sales-in-the-us-since-1992/
The necessity of electronics to us becomes evident when you
look at how many US homes have them. The percentage of US
house hold owning home computers has increased
exponentially. From the beginning of the home computer
market in the mid-1980s to the present day. With limited shelf
live and the constant need for updates this would seem to be a
huge market with continual expansion.
With a home computer ownership in excess of 89% and a market
of approximately $25 Billion US Dollars the potential is huge.
In The USA electronic industry, the producers must figure out
what moves customers and take advantage and grow.
Scope and objectives for the project
The information needed to bring this project to life will mostly
revolve around theories of consumer behavior and historical
data. My objective is to see how consumption behavior theories
apply to the electronics market will start with simple causal
loops. I believe I will have to create at least four loops as a
basis for this to be effective. These should cover flash,
Competition, Development and manufacture. Creating these
and seeing how they tie in together should show what kind of
market this really is
References
Friedman, M. (2018). Theory of the consumption function.
Princeton university press.
Roos, D., & Hahn, R. (2017). Does shared consumption affect
consumers' values, attitudes, and norms? A panel study. Journal

of Business Research, 77, 113-123.
“U.S. Households with PC/Computer at Home 2016.” Statista,
https://www.statista.com/statistics/214641/household-adoption-
rate-of-computer-in-the-us-since-1997/.
“U.S. Computer and Software Store Sales 1992 to 2015.”
Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/197603/annual-
computer-and-software-store-sales-in-the-us-since-1992/.
Running head: HEALTHCARE INFORMATION
GOVERNANCE 1
HEALTHCARE INFORMATION GOVERNANCE 10
Healthcare Information Governance
Abstract

Many countries face healthcare challenges especially when it
comes to the management of written information thus affecting
the quality of health services and the costs involved. The
importance of Information Governance (IG) is that it provides a
tool for efficient and effective information management for
better health operations of the healthcare companies ' regulatory
standards. Information governance helps a company to improve
on productivity and service delivery at affordable costs to the
communities especially in developing countries where
healthcare is dwindling in performance. The use of information
governance in health centers in most developing countries
should be embraced so that healthcare is enhanced, and more
patients can access treatment at affordable costs. This will
eventually reduce the epidemics that affect such communities
and will also lead the healthcare management to improve the
health facilities and add more equipment in the hospitals to help
many people who don't have access to treatments in African
developing countries. The use of the information governance
tool will help in the identification of applications and benefits
that will lead to its effective deployment in many healthcare
companies. This study has been conducted to classify and
identify how the IG program has been integrated within the
health systems and what can be done to ensure that most health
centers have implemented the program. The information
governance program has been classified into five general groups
and they include management of financial costs, patient care
and healthcare safety, quality healthcare provision, the
confidentiality of patient information, special care facilities for
the less privileged and improving on the management of any
information about healthcare.
Introduction
Information governance is a positive approach that healthcare
institutions use in managing the data collected from patient’s
records, employee’s information, healthcare companies and
other stakeholders (Clarke & Weale, 2011). This process assists

in the balancing of two important health I formation needs: The
need to collect important information regularly while still
obtaining value from the information collected. The data that is
usually collected in healthcare systems include patient's
personal and health information as well the financial data to
help in obtaining the patients who are being sponsored and the
ones who are paying for their medical fees. If the IG is used
well in the healthcare systems, data governance will eventually
be promoted and will be used for a long period by most health
companies. The American Health Information Management
Association (AHIMA) has defined information governance as a
framework for managing health information in the health
systems operations from the entry of a patient's data until the
moment they are discharged. The data collected include
information such as patient's drugs, payments, research, patient
outcomes, medical improvements and government sponsorship
in special cases. The presence of an efficient data governance
platform of viable policies and practices will help health
companies to achieve the following in its operations: Improve
the health of different communities, reduce per capita cost of
healthcare and improve patient experience on healthcare leading
to patient satisfaction and quality care (Dong & Keshavjee,
2016). The Health Information and Management Systems
Society (HIMSS) has also provided a policy which has insisted
that every health institution should embrace the new technology
and use the best data possible to obtain good medical
background checks of all patients so as to sustain their lives for
long and obtain treatments for diseases such as Cancer and
AIDS which are the current dangerous diseases with a short life
span.
Literature review
In this era, technology is widely used in many companies and
the healthcare industry is no exception. Health institutions use
health information in many ways which include operational
efficiency, costs reduction, and enhancing the safety and quality
of patient care. This is the reason why information governance

is an extremely important asset in the development of a health
system portfolio and for this reason, health practitioners are
encouraged to know more about data governance in their health
systems (Silic and Back, 2015). Information from Data
governance should be regularly monitored as the policy
framework contains important information for the health
systems and which require a lot of confidentiality such as
patient information and financial records of health firms.
Information governance also provides a formal structure for
data management where health institutions can extract clinical
information when the need arises especially on patient's
admissions and discharges periods. Healthcare is one of the
fastest-growing and changing industries in the world and this is
the reason why it requires new information to take the right
action in governance and leadership in health companies.
AHIMA has contributed to medical research to provide
information governance within health institutions resulting in
health care improvement through the provision of best practices
and standards for information management.
AHIMA has provided an information governance framework
that has provided the best healthcare strategies that promotes
patient engagement and quality healthcare. The main goals of
information governance in healthcare companies are: improve
on communication regarding principals and processes, improve
on patient trust, provision of high data security, provide the best
healthcare performance and accurate procedures, and implement
programs by following the information analytics (Smallwood,
2014). The challenges in promoting information governance in
some countries are high levels of illiteracy, lack of proper
training, resistance to change, lack of financial resources and
lack of co-operation in implementing the IG program. The
benefits of Information Governance include better quality
services in health institutions, minimal costs on healthcare,
improved employee participation and productivity, increased
patient-doctor trust and improved compliance through vital
legislative procedures.

Research Method
A current study by World Health Organization has indicated
that most health centers, that is about 75% of health centers in
the world have fully embraced Information Governance
programs in the health centers but there is still an opportunity
to increase the number of participants in this program. The
application of these programs by health practitioners will not
only boost their skills but will also improve their performance
in the health sector leading to the provision of efficient health
service in health institutions. Another survey was conducted in
the year 2015 by Cohasset Associates and AHIMA which
established that only 38% of the 2500 participants had
undertaken the information governance programs and were
capable of training other technologists on the information
governance principles of health institutions (University of
Wisconsin, 2017). The survey also established that most of the
participants were more informed in information governance-
related topics such as data quality management, regulatory
compliance, auditing, leadership, analytics, performance
management, and information technology management. The
following questionnaires were also used for the study of
Information Governance in hospitals within the state: Provide
all the procedures used to gather personal information of the
out-patient?, Provide the retention policy of physical copies
filled by patients?, How do doctors and pharmacy access the
out-patient medical/ health record?, List all the users or
departments that have access to the portal used to enter and
access the patient data?, For each department above provide the
access management processes and principles?, Please provide
the payment procedures accepted for any payment required?,
What is the policy to avoid multiple accounts for the same
patient?, List the data storage forms of the all-electronic health
records of the out-patient., What is the frequency of internal
audits to verify the data storage follows HIPAA compliance?
Results
The results from the questionnaires have indicated that the

information governance program is important for the record-
keeping department in health institutions as it provides the
required responsibility for information management to the right
individuals. The management of health institutions is usually
accountable for the application of information governance
practices and requires regular reporting procedures to the
directors or any member in the senior leadership section
(Thornton, 2014). The healthcare systems should adopt the
necessary procedures and policies that will ultimately guide its
workforce to ensure that the programs are fully audited and
improved continuously to help in the achievement of
organizational goals and objectives. The main purpose of an
information governance program is as follows: i. Use an
accountable person to implement and develop the program ii.
Provide solutions for health issues iii. establish a well-defined
information governance structure for the implementation and
development of the program iv. Auditing of the firm to meet its
financial objectives v. Documentation and approval of policies
and procedures in the IG implementation. Sound information
governance is normally implemented within an organization by
a senior leader who is formally required to be responsible for
the IG program development and implementation. This senior
leader is also accountable for making sure that the information
governance program matches the goals and strategies of an
organization (Gordon, 2014). The leader is also responsible for
ensuring that financial resources are allocated in the program to
enable its completion. Information governance should then be
implemented and established throughout the healthcare company
and stakeholders should also be made aware of the program as
well as health practitioners, employees, and other important
staff. This should be accompanied by ensuring that the roles and
responsibilities of every employee are well defined. These
responsibilities should be extremely clear up to the level of the
chain of command which builds, updates and implements the
information governance program. The sub-committees should
also be involved through designating them to help in building

the policies, define new technology, implement new technology
and improve the information governance program through the
use of efficient and effective strategies. To assist the workforce
in fully understanding the procedures of implementing
information governance practices, policies and procedures need
to be well documented, approved formally and communicated to
the target audience. The workforce should always be trained on
an annual basis to ensure that they fully understand the policy
programs and be up to date with any standardized information
governance practices within the healthcare organization. This
will ultimately lead to the reinforcement of compliance with and
the standardization of healthcare practices. The person who will
be in charge of the program and who will oversee its operations
regularly will be a designated senior leader who is at an
appropriate level of authority and shall fully monitor and audit
the program for future changes and improvements. The audit of
information governance should be conducted to achieve the
following: i. Workforce awareness on Information Governance
programs ii. Information is well protected, stored and accessed
when the need arises by the appropriate authority iii. Ensure
information is available when and where it is needed iv.
Training of workforce on Information Governance
responsibilities, practices, policies and procedures v. Policies
are updated regularly and cover all types of media depending on
what has been updated vi. Information is stored for the required
time frame and released with a well-documented audit trail. A
health care information governance audit should be reported to
its board of directors, trustees, audit committee, or other
appropriate governing bodies, committee, or individual to show
adherence by following its program requirements and the
organization's goals.
Discussion
Information Governance in healthcare organizations has been
observed to be beneficial for the healthcare provision for
patients. The benefits that IG has brought on board to health
companies since its inception are reduced risk occurrences,

eradication of medical errors, improved goals and objectives for
health firms, increased co-operation by health practitioners in
the development of an IG framework, increased training
facilities for the IG programs and the acceptance of these
programs in healthcare practice and healthcare procedures. The
IG program has been integrated into health systems due to a
proper planning procedure by performance management which
has been done by the top management level. The plan has
assisted in the review of policies and procedures that are needed
to be used in health care systems to foster governance,
management, legislation, ethics and cultural value (Health
Informatics, 2018). There are also different aspects of data
governance that are used to develop and protect vital
information in health care companies. The policies formulated
usually constitute the following factors of information
governance: Data governance structure, Analytics, IT
governance, Data governance, Strategic alignment, Privacy and
security, Awareness and adherence, legal and regulatory,
information governance performance and Enterprise information
management. The person in charge of ensuring that the
Information Governance programs have been undertaken by
healthcare employees such as nurses and technologists are
called supervisor’s (Thornton, 2014). The main roles of a
supervisor are: to communicate on the healthcare organizational
needs, identify the development needs, oversee employee’s
performance, provide guidance and support, manage the
relationship between employees and the healthcare system to
ensure that the feeling is mutual for a better future success of
the organization. The following is an example of a supervision
framework that is normally used by health institutions:
PERFORMANCE REVIEW
EXPECTATION SETTING
REGULAR COMMUNICATION
· Setting Annual Goals
· Creating development plans
· Annual Performance Reviews

· Quarterly and biannual performance reviews
· Setting Annual Goals
· Creating development plans
· New Staff Orientation
· Revising work plans
· Delegating
· Assigning projects
· Reviewing job descriptions
· Coaching and supporting
· Giving timely feedback
· Identifying and solving problems
· Discussing current projects
· Meeting deadlines
Conclusion
Information governance is a new term but not a new concept in
healthcare. Information governance has been the backbone of
what Health Information Management (HIM) does daily; which
is to protect vital health information such as data on patient
records, improve data accuracy and protect the privacy and
security of data (McWay, 2013). Currently, the large healthcare
volume of data is now managed by electronic health records
which have helped health centers to analyze data within a short
time frame. Access of data has also increased with the efficient
use of encrypted passwords for specific health center
employees. As information technology in healthcare improves,
patients, employees, and other stakeholders should also ensure
that information is accurate, reliable and well updated to its
current standards to keep up with the best provision of
healthcare by the staff and knowledge of hospital technological
advancements by patients. There is also the emergence of new
privacy and security risks due to the continuous use of
electronic data leading to healthcare organizations establishing
ways to mitigate these risks. All the procedures involved
require an organization's top-down approach to formulate
policies that align with organizational strategic goals to ensure

that accurate information is available when the need arises.
References
Clark S. and Weale. A (2011). Information governance in
health. Research report. University College London.
Dong L., and Keshavjee K. (2016). Why is information
governance important for electronic healthcare systems? A
Canadian experience. JAHSS; 2(5): 250-260.
Gordon, Thomas, and Lynne (2014). Information Governance
for the Health Care Industry – Now Is the Time. iHealthBeat.
https://www.healthitoutcomes.com/doc/time-is-now-for-
information-governance-in-healthcare-0001
Health Informatics (2018). :
https://healthinformatics.uic.edu/blog/what-is-information-
governance/
McWay, Dana C. (2013). Today's Health Information
Management: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning. P.
32. ISBN 1285692314.
Silic M, and Back A. (2015) Factors impacting information
governance in the mobile device dual-use context. Records
Management

Journal.www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/RMJ -11-
2012-0033.
Smallwood R F. (2014). Information Governance Concepts,
Definitions, and Principles. [book online]. USA: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Thornton A. (2014) The Time Is Now for Information
Governance. But Do You Even Know What It Is?
http://www.cio.com/article.
University of Wisconsin (2017):
https://himt.wisconsin.edu/experience-uw-himt/data-
governance-in-healthcare/
Discussion week 4
Top of Form
E-discovery is defined as the pretrial legal process used to
describe the method by which parties will obtain and review
electronically stored information. The 2006 Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure (FRCP) served to place electronically stored
information (ESI) on equal footing with paper documents in the
eyes of the court. ESI of any kind can serve as evidence
(Marchand, 2001). This may cover any type of ESI data or
devices including, but not limited to, text, images, voice,
databases, spreadsheets, legacy systems, tape, Smart phones,
tablets, instant messages, e-mail, calendar files, and Websites.
In March, 2013 the American Health Information Management
Association (AHIMA) established and introduced its own
definitions of health information and data governance, of which
e-discovery and litigation response planning are components.
Legal counsel plays a crucial role in e-discovery and/or any
regulatory investigation.
As a first step, organizational legal counsel conducts a thorough
evaluation of all e-discovery rules applicable at the federal,

state, and local levels. Within the organization, the actual
process by which the discovery of electronic information will
occur will depend on the jurisdiction of the court and the type
and complexity of the case to be litigated. The process may also
depend on the scope and complexity of the organization’s
business and state of operations (Marchand, 2001). The
response team’s responsibilities extend to evaluating the
efficacy of the organization’s policies and procedures after
implementation. This includes developing and regularly
reviewing staff orientation and annual training materials and
creating an ongoing audit and monitoring process.
References
Marchand, L. (2001), “Discovery of Electronic Medical
Records.” American Trial Lawyers Association Annual
Convention Reference Materials.
Bottom of Form

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