Running head WINDSHIELD SURVEY1WINDSHIELD SURVEY2.docx
- 1. Running head: WINDSHIELD SURVEY 1 WINDSHIELD SURVEY 2 Aggregate Community Windshield Survey Name Institution Aggregate Community Windshield Survey Aggregate and Details of the Location The aggregate community of interest is the black population in Tampa, Florida. The total population of African-Americans in Tampa is about 91,700 people out of a total of more than
- 2. 350,000 people. Whites constitute the majority, making up to 62.9% of the people (World Population Review, 2018). The town has a surface area of about 293.75 Km2 of land, and about 160.06 Km2 of water area (WPR, 2018). Thousands of years ago, indigenous people occupied Tampa Bay for thousands of years. Archeological evidence show that the culture in Safety Harbor emerged way back in 1000 AD (Brown Jr, 2018). Descendants of Tocobaga chiefs used to reside in this region in the 16th century. Tampa and the surrounding regions were the first areas where European settlers laid land claims, and attempted to settle in North America during the Discovery Age (Brown Jr, 2018). Electrification was done in 1887, and the electric street railway system was established in 1890. There was an elaborate bus and railway transport system, and health amenities had already been established by 1890. The main reason for choosing the Black population for the project is that they are the second-most dominant group of people according to their population, and there are more than three other races such Hispanics and Asians whose population is far much smaller than the Blacks. As such, issues such as racial discrimination will not be expected to have a significant impact on the aggregate’s quality of life and access to good healthcare services. Another reason for selecting this aggregate is that they can be found both in high and low socioeconomic regions of Tampa. It is thus possible to get diverse responses from the population. The houses and homes in Tampa city are in good condition. Old houses are few in number, and are also still in good condition with regards to livability and structural strength. Most of the populations live in state of the art apartments. However, there are regions with low quality houses such as Tampa Bay. The houses are old, and a significant fraction of about 10% of the houses is not in high quality conditions. There are many parks and recreational areas in Tampa city. The main parks are located almost between the avenues. Some of the most remarkable parks include the Marjorie Park Yacht Basin along Ottawa Beach road. It is a facility that makes contact with
- 3. the ocean, which makes it an ideal place for swimming. Other parks include but not limited to Port Tampa Park Community Center on McCoy Street, Racoons Creek in Marina Bay, and the Kwane Doster Community Center off Morton Street. The parks and recreational facilities are in good condition and accessible by residents although some private parks charge an entry fee. There is ample space between homes and businesses in most regions of the Town so that families have enough personal space. However, in Tampa Bay, there are regions where houses and businesses are closely built so that the gaps between buildings are not sufficiently spacious. There are fairly many neighborhood hangouts in all different locations. They include more than four libraries, bars and restaurants, opera clubs, and social halls. People can be seen entering into the neighborhood hangouts in groups of two or three people. The bars particularly are frequented by the aggregate population in large numbers. The transportation networks have been properly planned, with different mediums and forms of transportation. The most common medium of transport is road although other mediums of transportation such as water, air, and railways are also used for transportation (Chowdhury, 2017). Most people move around the city in motor vehicles, but also use bicycles to move about in the estates. Railways transport is mainly used to transport cargo from Port Tampa Bay, although people also use railways to move to different places distant places of the town. There is also high speed rail for pedestrians. Air transport is mainly used to move in and out of the city, and to transport cargo. It is not used as a means of transport within the city. The roads in Tampa are high quality and well-planned. Most of the streets are clean and well-taken care of. There are many street lights that provide sufficient light in most estates. There are sidewalks in most of the streets, and they are all in good conditions. However, there are a few communities in Tampa Bay that do not have properly maintained streets. Some streets in such estates lack sidewalks and are poorly lit. There are many types of stores and businesses. There are hotels,
- 4. bars, restaurants, night clubs, retail and wholesale enterprises, electronic stores, and grocery stores, and bookshops. According to my estimations, there are about twenty such businesses within an interval of about 50 meters. Most of the people walking around in the community seem not to be relaxed. The populations in the community reflect a mixture of different races, with whites making up the majority, followed by blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. There are high levels of cleanliness in general, spanning from the environment, people, and the buildings except a few communities in Tampa Bay, where the environment is not very clean. There are billboards in all the streets, and other media displays such as advertisement screens, some of which have distracted drivers in the past (Sisiopiku, 2015). There are many different places of worship. I particularly counted 13 mosques, 25 churches, and one scientology place in all the regions I visited in Tampa city. Finally, there is a high availability of dentist and doctor services, hospitals, recreational facilities, and social centers. References Brown Jr, C. (2018). Tampa and the Coming of the Railroad, 1853-1884. Sunland Tribune, 17(1), 1-16. Chowdhury, M., Rahman, M., Rayamajhi, A., Khan, S., Islam, M., Khan, Z., & Martin, J. (2017). Lessons Learned from the Real-world Deployment of a Connected Vehicle Testbed. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.05838. 1-13. Sisiopiku, V. P., Stavrinos, D., Sullivan, A., Islam, M. M., Wittig, S., Haleem, K., ... & Alluri, P. (2015). Digital Advertising Billboards and Driver Distraction. 1-99. World Population Review. (2018). Tampa, Florida population 2018. World Population Review. Retrieved from http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/tampa-population/
- 5. Independence Aspirations in the Non-Sovereign Caribbean A comparison of two Caribbean islands’ independence movements: Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico PUERTO RICO GUADELOUPE Key Facts GUADELOUPE Status: Overseas department of France Population: 465,000 Area: 1,705 sq km (658 sq miles) Major languages: French, Creole dialect Major religion: Christianity Currency: Euro Political System: Guadeloupe is administered as a French region. Paris is represented by a prefect, appointed by the French president. Legislative and day-to-day administration are overseen by General and Regional Councils.
- 6. Guadeloupe has two representatives in the National Assembly and in the Senate in Paris. PUERTO RICO Status: Self-governing overseas territory of the United States Population: 3.7 million Area: 8,959 sq km (3,459 sq miles) Main languages: Spanish, English Main religion: Christianity Currency: US dollar Political system: The commonwealth constitution is modelled on the United States’, with a governor elected for a four-year term and a bicameral legislature. Puerto Rico sends a delegate to Congress, who acts like a representative but does not have the right to vote. The United States retains authority over many matters such as foreign policy, public health or immigration. Timeline - 1493 to 1940 GUADELOUPE 1493: Explorer Christopher Columbus visits Guadeloupe, but the Carib Indian inhabitants resist Spanish attempts to
- 7. settle. 1635: French settlers are sent to Guadeloupe by the Compagnie des Îles d’Amérique to evangelize the local indigenous people. 1674: Guadeloupe becomes a French colony, directly under the power of Louis XIV. 1700-1800s: Several British occupations and a brief period under Swedish rule before the territory comes back under French control in 1816. PUERTO RICO 1493: Christopher Colombus claims the island for Spain on his second voyage to the Americas. 1508: First Spanish settlement on the island of Puerto Rico. 1868: A popular uprising against Spanish rule is suppressed but becomes a symbol of the independence struggle. 1898: Spain cedes Puerto Rico to the US as part of the terms ending the Spanish- American War. 1900: US Congress establishes a civil government under the Foraker Act but maintains strict control over island affairs. 1917: Citizenship is imposed on Puerto Ricans are granted US citizenship under the Jones Act. 1940s: Puerto Rico gains partial self-rule with popularly elected governors.
- 8. Timeline - 1900 to Present GUADELOUPE 1946: Guadeloupe becomes a French overseas department. 1958: Guadeloupeens choose to remain a French possession over independence. 1980: Guadeloupe becomes a French administrative region. 1980s: Campaign for secession flares up when pro-independence groups bomb hotels and government buildings. 2009: Violent protests follow a general strike over the cost of living. PUERTO RICO 1952: Puerto Rico becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the United States. Under US administration, it experiences growth but nationalist sentiment is still present. 1960-70s: Violent separatism - a series of bombings and killings in the 1970s and 1980s. 1998: Puerto Ricans back continued commonwealth status in a referendum. 2006: The expiry of a federal tax break for US corporations in place since 1976 triggers economic recession. 2012: Puerto Ricans vote for US statehood for the first time in a non-binding referendum on the island's status. 2017: The territory declares bankruptcy - the largest ever for a US local government. In a non-binding referendum afterward, it votes
- 9. again to become a US state though only 23 percent of voters take part. The Puerto Rican Independence Movement Puerto’s Rico’s independence movement dates back to1868, when a nationalist movement was born, inspired by the French Revolution and Simon Bolivar’s struggle against Spanish rule. Several rebellions against the Spanish government for the following three decades would lead Spain to grant the island a certain degree of autonomy in 1898. This was short lived, however, as the island would come under U.S. control just a few months later, following the Spanish-American war. • In 1914, Puerto Rico’s Congress, which lacked any real powers under American rule, voted for independence - but to no avail. • Following the appointment of a American Governor by the United States in 1917, and the granting of American citizenship to all Puerto Rican residents, politics on the island became polarized around the issue of independence: some believed in full independence, some believed in fully becoming a state, and some preferred a slightly improved version of the status quo.
- 10. This ideological divide remains true to this day. • The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was founded in 1922, with the objective of reaching Puerto Rican independence. The Early Years The Armed Struggle Years 1930s - 1950 In the 1930s, the struggle for independence turned violent. Assassinations and violent attacks against government representatives became the main tactics of the Nationalist Party. Its leader, Pedro Albizu Campos, founded Los Cadetes de la Repùbicla, an armed militia tasked with leading the struggle for independence. Albizu Campos was arrested and sent to prison in the United States following the assassination of a police official in 1936. In 1950, just three years after his release, he called for an armed uprising and with his followers launched a series of violent attacks against government targets in several different towns. While the uprising was supressed in a matter of days, it was followed by an assassination attempt on President Truman in Washington the November 1st, 1950. Pedro Albizu Campos was promptly sent back to prison.
- 11. The Armed Struggle Years 1951 – 1980s Fearing that Puerto Rico’s independence struggle was loosing international visibility, Albizu Campo’s followers launched one last attack against congressmen in Washington in 1954, during which five representatives were wounded. This would be the last major a r m e d a t t a c k o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e movement. In the 1960s and 1970s, several small clandestine groups launched violent campaigns to gain independence. The Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN) and the Macheteros (the “cane cutters”) became particularly notorious, and carried out dozens of bombings, assassinations and armed expropriations. These organizations never enjoyed broad public support in Puerto Rico, and after suffering many losses at the end of the 1980s, they effectively ceased to exist. Year Results Voter Turnout Rate 1967 Commonwealth: 60.4% Statehood: 39.0% Independence: 0.6% 65.9%
- 12. 1993 Commonwealth: 48.6% Statehood: 46.3% Independence: 4.4% 73.5% 1998 Statehood: 46.5% Independence: 2.5% Free Association: 0.3% Commonwealth: 0.1% None of the Above: 50.3% 71.3% 2012 Statehood: 61.2% Free Association: 33.3% Independence: 5.5% 78.2% 2017 Statehood: 97.2% Free Association/Independence: 1.5% Current Territorial Status: 1.3% 23.0% Public Opinion Status Referenda
- 13. Public Opinion Evolution Public opinion hasn’t strongly favoured independence in Puerto Rico in the last fifty years. But the nature of the relationship with the United States has been the subject of much debate, and remains at the heart of the political divide. One thing is certain; very few are happy with the island’s current status. As Puerto Rico’s economy went into recession in 2006, social inequality became more evident than ever and political tensions flared up. Mass protests followed the strong neoliberal policies imposed on the island, leading many to question once more the island’s relationship with the United States. More recently, Washington’s handling of the aftermath of Hurricane Maria left many Puerto Ricans feeling frustrated with the US administration, and could lead to renewed demands for a change in status. Guadeloupe’s Independence Movement Following the départementalisation of Guadeloupe in 1946, when Guadeloupe became a French department, many hoped that living conditions would improve for Guadeloupeens, and that they would no longer be treated as a colony, but as French
- 14. citizens. Indeed, prior to 1946, the population of French Antilles suffered from high infant mortality, severe malnutrition and high levels of poverty. When ten years on, these high hopes did not materialize, resentment towards Paris led to the creation of an anti-colonialist movement, which in turn rejuvenated nationalist sentiment. • The 1960s in Guadeloupe saw the emergence of a strong nationalist movement, compounded by the events of May 1967, when dozens of Guadeloupeens were killed during the brutal repression of protests in support of a 2% wage increase for construction workers. • 1963 saw the creation of the National Organization Group of Guadeloupe (GONG, for its French acronym), a separatist group which, although short- lived, would inspire and influence many nationalists in years to come, particularly in trade unions. • Creole language became the symbol of Guadeloupe’s resistance to cultural assimilation, and strongly associated with nationalist sentiment. In the 1970s, much effort was put into developing and standardizing the language to widen its use in the public sphere. • Political efforts in support of independence were very fragmented. Starting in the 1970s, nationalists disillusioned with the lack of public support for
- 15. independence increasingly turned to violence as a means to influence political outcomes. • More than 80 bombings occurred between 1980 and 1989, resulting in many fatalities. Two groups are believed to be responsible for these attacks; the Armed Liberation Group (GLA, for its French acronym), and the Revolutionary Caribbean Alliance (ARC, for its French acronym). • Independence groups have never attracted a large political following in Guadeloupe. But while few people wish to break away from France altogether, there is widespread dissatisfaction with the current status of the island. 1960s to Present • Today, Guadeloupeens and Puerto Ricans have ambivalent feelings towards independence. The majority of the population in both countries does not support breaking ties with the mainland. But most people also want some degree of autonomy, and self-governance. Should Puerto Rico achieve statehood, its status would be very similar to that of Guadeloupe: a state enjoying the same rights and obligations as any other in the United States. Yet real social equality is yet to materialize for Guadeloupe, along with a true recognition of its people’s right to choose their own future. Today
- 16. Why has independence lost its appeal for Puerto Ricans and Guadeloupeens? Perhaps the answer lies in part with their Caribbean neighbours' experiences as independent nations. As Yarimar Bonilla suggests in her essay Non Sovereign Futures? French Caribbean Politics in the Wake of Disenchantment, maybe “the seemingly exceptional disinterest in ‘political freedom’ among non-sovereign populations is rooted less in an actual dependence on foreign subsidies than in a political disenchantment with Western categories of sovereignty and freedom” (Bonilla, 2013: 215). Indeed, witnessing the constant foreign interference that has marked their Caribbean neighbors’ histories since independence would hardly inspire Guadeloupeens or Puerto Ricans to follow the same path, and surrender the few advantages of their current status without the promise of enjoying full sovereignty.
- 17. Resources • Cornevin, Robert. 2018. “Guadeloupe”. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Guadeloupe • Guadeloupe Profile. 2018. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20313500 • Puerto Rico Profile. 2018. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17139243 • Daniel, Justin. Undated. “Extended Statehood In The Caribbean ~ The French Départements D’Outre Mer. Guadeloupe And Martinique”. Retrieved from http://rozenbergquarterly.com/extended-statehood-the-french- departements-doutre-mer-guadeloupe-and- martinique/ • Baquet, Cécile. 2016. “La départementalisation, 70 ans et après : vers un "big bang" social ?” Retrieved from https:// la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/la-departementalisation-70-ans-et-apres- vers-un-big-bang-social-342091.html • Webber, Tim. October 13th, 2017. “What Does Being A U.S. Territory Mean For Puerto Rico?” Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/ 2017/10/13/557500279/what-does-being-a-u-s-territory-mean- for-puerto-rico • Anderson, Jon Lee. December 27th, 2017. “The Dream of Puerto Rican Independence, and the Story of Heriberto Marín”. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-dream- of-puerto-rican-independence-and-the-story-of-heriberto-marin • Bonilla, Yarimar. 2013. “Nonsovereign Futures? French
- 18. Caribbean Politics in the Wake of Disenchantment.” In Caribbean Sovereignty, Development and Democracy in an Age of Globalization edited by Linden Lewis. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 208-227. • Guiolet, Mario. November 16th, 2015. “Quand les bombes résonnaient en Guadeloupe…” Retrieved from https://www.mediaphore.com/ 2015/11/quand-les-bombes-resonnaient-en-guadeloupe/ https://www.britannica.com/place/Guadeloupe http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20313500 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17139243 https://www.npr.org/2017/10/13/557500279/what-does-being-a- u-s-territory-mean-for-puerto-rico https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-dream-of- puerto-rican-independence-and-the-story-of-heriberto-marin