RUP Overview

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‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
)‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬(
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‫ﺑﺪﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬

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Overview of the
RRRUUUPPP
A Brief Guide to the Rational Unified
Process (Software Development
Process Framework)
Mohammad Badri
badry@ce.sharif.edu
Software Academy

Copyright 2006 Software Academy
Some rights reserved.

‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺪﺭ‬‫ﺰﻳﺰﻡ‬،‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫؛‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺴﺮ‬،‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬‫ﻳﺎﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺵ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻤﻲ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻡ‬‫؛‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬‫ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺕ‬‫ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬.

۲

۳
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸ‬‫ﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬۱
‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬.‫ﻣﻌــﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬۱۱
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬۲۸
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬.‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬۶۴
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬۱۰۴
‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬.‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬۱۴۶
‫ﺷﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(۱۵۹
‫ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(۱۸۱
‫ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬۲۰۲
‫ﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬۲۲۶
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬.‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬۲۵۱
‫ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬۲۷۸
‫ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬۲۹۵
‫ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬۳۱۱

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‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬۳۲۷
‫ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬۳۴۳
‫ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬۳۶۱
‫ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬۳۸۱
‫ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬۳۹۳
‫ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬.‫ﺩﻳ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬۴۰۷
‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺳﺨ‬۴۲۵
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻱ‬۳۴۹
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬۴۴۲

‫ﺧﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍﻭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺬﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸ‬‫ﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻪ‬.،‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﺪﻩ‬‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺑﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺫﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻓﻨ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬.‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻇﺮﺍﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬.‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺷﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺩﺍﻧ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻏﻨﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬۱۳۸۲‫ﺑﺮﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺗﻲ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪ؟‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗ‬١
(‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬
1
-High-Tech

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‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺻﻨﻌ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ؟‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﭼ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬‫ﻋﺮﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺲ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ؟‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﺑﻼﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬:‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬‫ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ؛‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺥ‬‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
)‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻢ؛‬‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﮕﻲ‬.
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬)‫ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬(‫ﺑﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ؟‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬‫ﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬.‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻤﺪﺗﺮﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬.

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‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺴ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺪ‬‫ﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬.
‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬ ،‫ﻗﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺻﻨﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﭘ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺬﻳﺮ‬٢
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬‫ﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬.
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬٣
‫ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﮔﺬﺷ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬٤
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ،
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.
1
-‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺁﻛﺎﺩﻣ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬)Software Academy(‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬.
2
- Risk
3
- Rational
4
- RUP : Rational Unified Process
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬

۴
‫ﺍﻳ‬‫ﭼﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻦ‬١
‫ﭼﻴﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ،٢
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
٣
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ؛‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺍﻳ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﭼﻮ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺘ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻧﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬
٤
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﻱ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻱ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬
٥
‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬٦
‫ﻣﺴﺆ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻭﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬‫ﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬:‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺵ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻫ‬،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬٧
‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺚ‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬٨
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬‫ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺧﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Why
2
- What
3
- RUP : Rational Unified Process
4
- Rational
5
- IBM
6
- Discipline
7
- UML : Unified Modeling Language
8
- Development Process

۵
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٢
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﺗﺤﻘ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳ‬ ،٤
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬٥
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٦
‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ،
،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺣﻴﻄﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﮔﻨﺠ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬.
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻧﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻃﻨﺎﺏ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺭﻭﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﺍﻧﺪﻥ‬‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ،
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺧﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
)‫ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺡ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬(‫ﺑﺮﻭﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
1
- Customization
2
- Configuration
3
- Process Improvement
4
- Iterative
5
- Architecture
6
- Use-Case Modeling

۶
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﺮﺍﻳ‬
١
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﻴﺴﺘ‬٢
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕ‬
٣
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺑﺨ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﻲ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬(‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬(‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬.
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺑﺨ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬(،
‫ﺭﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ِ.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬(‫ﺍﺧ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬.
‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺑﺨ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٤
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬(‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬(،
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬(‫ﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻑ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬)‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬(‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬.
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺑﺨ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،)‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬(،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺳﺘﻘ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬.
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﮕﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.
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- Why
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- What
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- How
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‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ،‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬http://www.unifiedProcess.info‫ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‬.
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻨﻈﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻋﺮﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ،‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﺑﺪﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻛﺎﺩﻣﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺩﺍﺩﻣﺎﻩ‬۱۳۸۵

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‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬www.software-academy.com
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‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫اول‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
•‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
•‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
•‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
•‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
•‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

۱۲
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬١
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺷـﮕﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸـﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻧـﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬،‫ﻧﻮﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻜﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬(‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺟﻠﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺷﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋ‬ ،‫ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﭽﻲ‬‫ﻟﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
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- Information and Communication Technologies
‫ﺑﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ،‫ﮔﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﮔﺬﺭﺩ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺷﮕﻔﺖ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
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‫ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﺹ‬‫ﺧﺎ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺑ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬١
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ‬ ،
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬ ،‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ،‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬۵۰‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎ‬‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ‬٢
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺳﻄ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬)‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ‬‫ﻛﻢ‬ ِ(‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﮕﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬ ،‫ﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬!‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺗﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻ‬‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬)‫ﹺﺶ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎ‬(‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫ﭘﻴ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺪﺍﻳﺶ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬.‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﺤﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٤
‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬۱۹۶۸‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٥
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬١
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
۲
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﺭﺳﺪ‬.
2
- Designers
3
- Low-level Languages
4
- Software Crisis
5
- NATO
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

۱۴
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ،‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۱-۱‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺗﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،٢
)‫ﹺﺶ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎ‬(‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬.
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬۱-۱
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬
)Mainframe(
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
)Time-sharing(
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
)Personal(
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
)Network Comp.(
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬)‫ﹺﺶ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬(‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬)Batch(‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬)interactive(‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ،
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺵ‬.
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺨﺪﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬–‫ﺧﺎﺩﻡ‬)client-
server(‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺩﻡ‬)server(‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬.
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﮔﻲ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺯ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬.‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)interoperability(‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬)portability(‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬:
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
٣
‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺩﺍﻧ‬
٤
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬
٥
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
٦
‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻞ‬
١
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬‫ﺑﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
1
_ Engineering
2
- Computing
3
- Software Engineering
4
- Scientific Knowledge
5
- Cost-effective
6
- Software Artifacts

۱۵
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬
٢
‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺷﻐﻞ‬
٣
.‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻞ‬‫ﭘﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬.،‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻞ‬.
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ،‫ﮔﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬.،‫ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺳﻼﻣﺘ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬.‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺣ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻤﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ،‫ﹼﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬:‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬
٥
،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬
٦
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
٧
.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺪ‬٨
‫ﺍﻭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﻳﺖ‬٩
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺳﺮﺍﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬:۱-‫ﺭﻭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬١٠
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬۲-‫ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬١١
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬.
1
- Practical Problems
2
- Career
3
- Job
4
- Professional
5
- Customer
6
- Process
7
- Result
8
- Value
9
- Mission
10
- Routine Design
11
- Innovative

۱۶
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ‬‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ،‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬٢
،‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺹ‬‫ﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬:
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻝ‬)‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬(‫ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻏﻴ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
-‫ﺟﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
-‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‬.
-‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﭘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ،‫ﻧﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
-‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬)‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻟﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،
-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﻮﺑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬.
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- Cognitive
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- Enterprise
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- Non-Systematic

۱۷
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ‬‫ﻣﻨﺤ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬)‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻢ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬(‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬)‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺭﺳﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬.‫ﺩﻱ‬.‫ﺳﻲ‬١
‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﮔﺮﻭﭖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺶ‬٢
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬ ،‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.
‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
٣
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬)‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻔﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
٤
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬٥
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺩﺳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﮔﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.(‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬ ،‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬
٦
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﹶﻋﻢ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
1
- IDC : International Data Corporation
2
- Standish Group
3
- Successful Project
4
- Software Product
5
- Executable
6
- Self-Supportability

۱۸
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬١
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺣﻀﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺗﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬.
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
٢
،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬‫ﭘﺴﻨﺪﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﹼ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬:‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٣
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٤
.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬٥
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬٦
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٧
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬٨
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻁ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۱-۱‫ﺚ‬‫ﻣﺜﻠ‬ ،
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴ‬
٩
‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Administrators
2
- Quality
3
- Conformance to requirements
4
- Fitness for use
5
- Expectations
6
- Customer
7
- User
8
- Good Enough Quality
9
- Failure

۱۹
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۱
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬١
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
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‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۲‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻲ‬،‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬.‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬.
1
- Template
2
- Software Development Process

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‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۲
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮓ‬‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ؛‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻨﺪ‬‫ﻫﺮﮔﺰ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺧﻮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻣﻲ‬ ،.‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ؟‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻘﺪﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ؟‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻤﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬.‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
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- Well-Defined Process

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‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬
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‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬٢
‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٣
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺩﻫﻲ‬٤
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۳‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬(‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ،
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٥
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬)‫ﺯ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬٧
(‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬٨
)‫ﹾ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﹾ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻧ‬.‫ﻛﻠﻴﭙﺲ‬٩
(‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬)‫ﺖ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬١٠
(‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬)‫ﺳﻮﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬١١
(‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
)‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬.‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬١٢
(‫ﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۳
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬)‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬(‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ،
1
- Process Quality
2
- Predictable
3
- Repeatable
4
- Well-Organized
5
- Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
6
- Case-Tools
7
- Rational Rose
8
- Integrated Development Environment
9
- Eclipse
10
- Rational Test Suite
11
- Rational SoDA
12
- MSP (Microsoft Project)

۲۲
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ،‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﹶﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬۱-۴،۱-۵‫ﻭ‬ ،۱-۶‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬.‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
،‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۴
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬۱۹۷۹‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬

۲۳
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۵
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬۱۹۹۵‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۶
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬۲۰۰۰‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬۱-۷‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬.
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

۲۴
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱-۷
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭﺻ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬:
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬‫ﺍﻗ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬)‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬(،
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬،‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
-‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﻛﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺖ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.

۲۵
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
۱.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟‬
۲.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬‫ﻧﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.
۳.‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬.
۴.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
۵.‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬
۶.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
۷.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
۸.‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
۹.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.
۱۰.‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.

۲۶
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
[1]. Ivar Jacobson, Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, (1999). The Unified Software
Development Process, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
[2]. Walker Royce, (1998). Software Project Management: A Unified Framework.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
[3]. Steve McConnell, (2003). Professional Software Development: Shorter
Schedules, Higher Quality Products, More Successful Projects, Enhanced Careers,
Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
[4]. Robert L. Glass, (2002). Facts and Fallacies of Software Engineering, Reading,
MA: Addison Wesley.
[5]. Scott E. Donaldson, Stanley G. Siegel, (2000). Successful Software Development,
Reading, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR.
[6]. Goertzel, B., and P. Pritchard. (2002). The Internet economy as a complex system.
Available Online: http://www.goertzel.org/papers/ecommerce.html
[7]. Software Academy. (2006) "Unified Process Knowledge Base," Available at:
http://www.unifiedProcess.info/
[8]. Slaughter, S. A., D. E. Harter, and M. S. Krishnan. (1998). Evaluating the cost of
software quality. Communications of the ACM 41 (8): 67–73.
[9]. Schaller, R. R. (1997). Moore's law: past, present and future. IEEE Spectrum 34
(6): 52–59.
[10]. Pressman, R. S. (2000). Software engineering: Apractitioner's approach. 5th ed.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
[11]. Meyers, J. 1993. A short history of the computer. Available Online:
http://www.softlord.com/comp.
[12]. Boehm, B. W., and K. Sullivan. (2000). Software economics: Aroadmap. In The
future of software engineering, ed. A. Finkelstein. 22d International Conference on
Software Engineering.

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫دوم‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
•‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰ‬‫ﺍﺭﻱ‬
•‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻌﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
•‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﹶﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
•‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﹼ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

۲۸
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺥ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬.،‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬،‫ﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬ ،‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ،
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬.‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﹼ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻥ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻋﻼ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻓﺼ‬‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬،‫ﺁ‬‫ﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭﺻ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ؛‬،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬‫ﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
۲

۲۹
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻙ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬:
-‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺭﻙ‬
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﺎﺭﻭﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﻣﺎﺟﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺩﻳﺮﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬
-‫ﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‬‫ﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻏﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
-‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬
-‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺯﻭﺩﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺨﺸﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺵ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬!
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

۳۰
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱
‫ﺷﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬!
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺩﻳﺮﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳ‬)‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬(‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.

۳۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۲
‫ﺷﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﺪﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺯﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﺗﻨﻮ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬:
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﻧﺎﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
-‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬١
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺶ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
-‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
- Overwhelming Complexity

۳۲
‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬‫ﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬.
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫؛‬‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ،‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺭﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
1
- Best Practices

۳۳
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﺷﺶ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
۱.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬١
۲.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٢
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
۳.‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
۴.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٤
۵.‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٥
۶.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍ‬٦
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﺁﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.
1
- Iterative Development
2
- Requirement Management
3
- Component-based Architectures
4
- Visual Modeling
5
- Continuously Verify Quality
6
- Control Changes

۳۴
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬۱-‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺘ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬٢
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۳
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﺿﻌ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬،‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬
1
- Waterfall
2
- Sequential Engineering
3
- Risk

۳۵
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۴
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬١
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬.
‫ﻒ‬‫ﺿﻌ‬‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻱ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺥ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﺒ‬ ،‫ﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬!
1
- Requirement

۳۶
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺥ‬‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬:‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬١
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ،
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬٢
،RAD،SCRUM،DSDM.
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬٣
.‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬٤
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۵‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ،
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۶‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۵
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
- Spiral
2
- Prototyping
3
- Iterative
4
- Spiral

۳۷
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۶
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۷‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻧﺴ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺐ‬(‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۷
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﻜ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۲-۸‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳ‬ ،.
1
- Iteration

۳۸
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۸
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻚ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﭼﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬.،‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻱ‬ ِ
‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬:
-‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬٢
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺗﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
-‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﻧﻮﺍﻗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺯﻭﺩﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Agile
2
- Feedback
3
- Requirements

۳۹
-‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬١
‫ﺳﻨﺠﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.
-‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ،‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
-‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۹‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۹
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬٣
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۰‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،٤
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Objective vs. Subjective
2
- Stakeholders
3
- Iterative
4
- Iteration
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

۴۰
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۰
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
1
- Discipline

۴۱
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬۲-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﺷﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬٢
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺮﺩﻱ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
)‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬(‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻏﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٤
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۱‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۱
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
1
- Requirement Management
2
- Requirement
3
- Functional
4
- Non-Functional

۴۲
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۲‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۲
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬٢
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ،٣
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،٤
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬:
-‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‬.
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬.
-‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﮔﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬١
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
1
- Systematic
2
- Eliciting
3
- Organizing
4
- Documenting
5
- Trade-offs

۴۳
-‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۳
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬(‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
1
- Objective

۴۴
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬۳-‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬١
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻢ‬ ،٢
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ،٣
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﻧﮕﺎ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬:
-‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬
-‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎ‬
-‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎ‬
-‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬٥
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٦
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،٧
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬ ،٨
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬٩
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻫﻤ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬.
1
- Stakeholders
2
- User
3
- Customer
4
- Style
5
- Usage
6
- Functionality
7
- Performance
8
- Resilience
9
- Reuse

۴۵
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬١
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ،‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬COM،CORBA‫ﻭ‬ ،EJB‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۴
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ،
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬.‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٤
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Component-Based Development
2
3
- Development Cycle
4
- Iteration

۴۶
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ،‫ﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬:
-‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬.
-‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬CORBA،COM+،
EJB‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬.
1
- COTS: Commercial-Off-The-Shelf

۴۷
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬۴-‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
)‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺭﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ِ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۵
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﻣﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﮔ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ،‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻆ‬‫ﺣﻔ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
1
- Visual Modeling

۴۸
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۶
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺳﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺍﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬:
-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﺒﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻮﺩ‬)‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬.(
-‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.
-‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬١
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺿﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
1
- Synchronize

۴۹
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬‫ﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﺩﻱ‬٢
‫ﺍﻱ‬ ،.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﺩﻱ‬٣
‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،.‫ﺗﻲ‬.‫ﺩﻱ‬٤
‫ﻓﻠﻮﭼﺎﺭﺕ‬ ،٥
‫ﹺﺘﺮﻱ‬‫ﭘ‬ ،‫ﹺﺖ‬‫ﻧ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻌ‬‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﻳ‬‫ﻮ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬٧
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ،‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﺩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎ‬٨
‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬ ،
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﺷﻲﺀﮔﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬٩
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻲﺀﮔﺮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺴﺮﺳﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﺟﻲ‬١٠
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬۴/۱‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﹸﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬ ،‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬۲‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
1
- UML: Unified Modeling Language
2
- DFD: Data Flow Diagram
3
- ERD: Entity Relationship Diagram
4
- STD: State Transition Diagram
5
- Flowchart
6
- Petri-Net
7
- Unification
8
- Structured Approach
9
- Object Orientation
10
- OMG: Object Management Group

۵۰
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۷
‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬٢
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ،٣
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ،٤
‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٥
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ،٦
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ،
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬٧
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٨
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،.
1
- MDD: Model Driven Development
2
- Visualization
3
- Specification
4
- Documentation
5
- Requirements Model
6
- Analysis Model
7
- Design Model
8
- Implementation Model

۵۱
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬۵-‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬١
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑ‬۲-۱۸‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۸
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﮔﺬﺷ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬٣
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،٤
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۹‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﺪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Continuously Verify Quality
2
- Functionality
3
- Reliability
4
- Performance

۵۲
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺭﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬:
-‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﮔﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬١
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴ‬‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬٢
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺞ‬‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ﺭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﺭﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ،‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺺ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
-‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۱۹
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍ‬
1
- Objective
2
- Subjective

۵۳
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬۶.‫ﻛ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬١
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺕ‬٢
،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ،‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺩﺭﮔﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬٥
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬٦
‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ،
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ،‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬:
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬.
-‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٧
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Control Changes
2
- Iteration
3
- Release
4
- Platform
5
- Configuration
6
- Change
7
- Change Request
‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

۵۴
-‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬١
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ،‫ﻫﻤﺮﻭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﹸﻓﺘﺪ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
-‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺥ‬‫ﻧﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬.
-‫ﺳﺎﺯﮔ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.
-‫ﭘﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۲۰
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
- Secure Workspaces

۵۵
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳﻨ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬١
‫ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬٢
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬:
-‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬
-‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬)‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٣
(
-‫ﻧﻤﺎﺩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬٤
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﺩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٥
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬٦
‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬٧
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺭﺍ‬٨
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،٩
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﻣﺸﺨ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬١٠
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬١١
.
1
2
- Methodology
3
- CASE Tools
4
- Notation
5
- Visual Language
6
- Who
7
- What
8
- When
9
- How
10
- Software Development Process
11
- Quality Software

۵۶
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۲-۲۱‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻼ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻈﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬(‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬)‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬(‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۲-۲۱
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬:
-‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬.
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
-‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮓ‬‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬
-‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬

۵۷
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬:
-‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬١
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٢
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬.
-‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬٣
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬٤
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬٥
-‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬٦
-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﻍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻍ‬‫ﺑﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬.،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٧
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﺮﺍﻳ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٨
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬ ِ.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
1
- Well-defined
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- Well-Organized
3
- Customization
4
- Scalability
5
- Repeatability
6
- Predictability
7
- What
8
- Why

۵۸
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻬﻢ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،:
-‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻟﺰﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
-‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬:
o‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺥ‬‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
o‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
o‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
o‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬
o‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
o‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

۵۹
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
۱-‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻟﻴﺴ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬.
۲-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.
۳-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
۴-‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬.
۵-‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬.
۶-Test Driven Development‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ‬
۷-‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗﻨﺎﻇ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬.
1
- Model Driven Development

۶۰
[2]. Steve McConnell, (2003). Professional Software Development: Shorter
Schedules, Higher Quality Products, More Successful Projects, Enhanced Careers,
Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
MA: Addison Wesley.
[5]. Pressman, R. S. (2000). Software engineering: A practitioner's approach. 5th ed.
[6]. Boehm, B. W., and K. Sullivan. (2000). Software economics: A roadmap. In The
future of software engineering, ed. A. Finkelstein. 22d International Conference on
Software Engineering.
[8]. Philippe Kruchten, (2003). The Rational Unified Process: An Introduction,
[9]. Per Kroll, Philippe Kruchten, (2003). The Rational Unified Process Made Easy: A
Practitioner's Guide to the RUP, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
[10]. Rational Software Corporation. (2003) "Rational Unified Process 2003.06,"
Available at: http://www.rational.com/
[11]. Craig Larman, (2003). Agile and Iterative Development: A Manager's Guide,

‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۶۲

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﺳﻮم‬
•‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
•‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
o‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬)‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬(
o‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬)‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬(
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬

۶۴
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬.
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬١
)‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬٢
(‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬.
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬)‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬(‫ﻛﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻔﻒ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺻﻨﻌ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬۲۰۰۳‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺭﺳﻤ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬٤
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻳ‬(‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬(‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﻔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﻪ‬‫ﻳﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺎﻳﺪ‬٥
‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻖ‬‫ﺗﻠﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻳﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬‫ﻱ‬Integrated‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬.
1
- Rational Unified Process
2
- RUP
3
- Rational
4
- IBM
5
- Unified
۳‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﺪﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸـﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺨـﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﹶﺑﻌـﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬

۶۵
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬Unified‫ﻭ‬Integrated
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﻲ‬(‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻔﻒ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ،‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۲
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
1
- Process
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬Unified ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬Integrated
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬۱
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬۱
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬)Template(
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬۲
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬۲
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬)Template(

۶۶
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬:
۱-‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬
١
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬٣
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٤
)‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
۲-‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬٥
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
،
‫ﻓ‬‫ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٧
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،٨
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٩
)‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬(‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬)‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬١٠
،‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬١١
،‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬١٢
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬١٣
(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈﻴ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
۳-‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﻲ‬
١٤
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬
١٥
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺋﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﻋﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
)‫ﺟﻴﺒﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬(!‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻠﭽﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺩﺍﻧ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Approach
2
- Iterative
3
- Architecture-Centric
4
- Use-Case Driven
5
- Well-defined
6
- Roles
7
- Activities
8
- Artifacts
9
- Workflows
10
- Who
11
- What
12
- How
13
- When
14
- Process Product
15
- Process Framework

۶۷
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬)‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‬(‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﺫﺍﺋﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺻﺶ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٢
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
)‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬(!‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬)‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺘﻲ‬۵‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬۱۰‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬(‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺴ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٤
‫ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٥
،
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬٦
)‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬٧
(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٨
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
)‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬.
1
- Customization
2
- Configuration
3
- Scalability
4
- Web Technology
5
- CD or Compact Disk
6
- Rational
7
- IBM
8
- Development Cycle

۶۸
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬،‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
-‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬١
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٢
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬٣
،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬٤
،‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺳﺎﺯ‬‫ﻱ‬٥
‫ﻭ‬(...
-‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬٦
)‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺖ‬(
-‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬٧
)‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬(
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬٨
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬:
-‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
٩
)‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‬(‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﺗﺎﻥ‬‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬!
-‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬
١٠
‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
١١
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬(
‫ﺗ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺪ‬.
-‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
١
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﻧﺪﺍﺯﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.
1
2
- Waterfall
3
- Spiral
4
- Rapid Application Development (RAD)
5
- Prototyping
6
7
- Use-Case Driven Development
8
- RUP Spirit
9
- Risks
10
- Value
11
- Executable Software

۶۹
-‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
٢
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٣
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬) .‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬(
-‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬
٤
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺎﮊﻭﻝ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬٥
‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺪﮔﻲ‬٦
‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﺟﻌﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٧
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
-‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻆ‬‫ﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
-‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑﻄ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬!‫ﺗﻚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
1
- Change Management
2
- Architecture
3
- Executable Architecture
4
- Component
5
- Module
6
- Cohesion
7
- Coupling

۷۰
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰ‬‫ﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬١
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬۳-۳‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۳
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ؛‬OMG
1
- Software Process Engineering Model (SPEM)

۷۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۳-۴‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻌﺪﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۴
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬(
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬:
-‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬٢
)‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬:(‫ﺳﺎﺧ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬۳-۴‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬)‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ،٤
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ،٥
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﻧﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
1
- Orthogonal
2
- Dynamic
3
- Cycles
4
- Phases
5
- Iterations
6
-‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ‬‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ Major Milestone ‫ﻭ‬ Business Decision Point ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬.

۷۲
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬)‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬١
)‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬:(‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬۳-۴‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬٢
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬.،‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٣
،
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،٥
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٧
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬٨
1
- Content
2
- Content
3
- Activities
4
- Guidelines
5
- Artifacts
6
- Roles
7
- Disciplines
8
- Workflow

۷۳
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬:‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬١
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬(‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ،٢
)‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬(‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ،٣
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٤
.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۳-۵‫ﻧﻤﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۵
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٥
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬۳-۵
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ،‫ﻴﺪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‬.
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻱ‬.‫ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻊ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬)‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬(‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻼﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
- Inception
2
- Elaboration
3
- Construction
4
- Transition
5
- Engineering Stage
6
- Production Stage
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)Beta( ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬)‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬(

۷۴
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻴﺒﻤﺎﻥ‬.‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬!‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬١
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ،
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬)‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻩ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.(‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬!
‫ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﺳﺖ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﮊﻭﺭ‬٤
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻨﻮﺭ‬٥
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﻧﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﻧﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬.
1
- Business Decision Point
2
- Iteration
3
- Technical
4
- Major Milestone
5
- Minor Milestone
6
- Technical Visibility Point

۷۵
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۶
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬)‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬(‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ‬١
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﺑﻨ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Iteration

۷۶
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬:
-‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬١
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬:(‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬٢
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
)‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‬(‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٣
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
-‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬٤
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬:(‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
.
-‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬٧
:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﹺﺘﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٨
.(
-‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬٩
:‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬.
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺳﻨﺘ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬١٠
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬)‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬١١
(‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬١٢
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬١٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺮﺑ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻮﻁ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬.‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬١٤
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬١٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻩ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬١٦
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
1
- Inception
2
- Mitigation
3
- Stakeholders
4
- Elaboration
5
6
- Project Plan
7
- Construction
8
- Beta Release
9
- Transition
10
- Planning
11
- Waterfall
12
- Top-Down
13
- Product Breakdown
14
- Manufacturing & Production
15
- Process Breakdown
16
- Objectives

۷۷
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ،‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬(‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬٢
‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،٥
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ‬٧
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬٨
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬٩
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬)‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬(‫ﺗﻮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻒ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬١٠
،
‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬١١
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺭﺍ‬١٢
‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬١٣
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١٤
‫ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Bottom-Up
2
- Defined Artifacts
3
- Architectural Baseline
4
- Activities
5
- Artifacts
6
- Roles
7
- Core Disciplines
8
- Workflow
9
- UML
10
- Who
11
- What
12
- How
13
- When
14
- Quality Product

۷۸
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬١
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬.‫ﻟﻐﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻀﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻫﻤﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ،‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻓﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۳-۷‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۷
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬:Role
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬:Activity
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬:Artifact
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ِﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬٢
:‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
1
- Discipline
2
- Role

۷۹
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻔﺮ‬.‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬١
:‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬٢
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ‬‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬٤
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬٥
:‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬.‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﺘﻨﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ‬.
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬٧
:‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ِ‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ِ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ِ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ِ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬٨
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
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- Activity
2
- Component
3
- Step
4
- Task
5
- Artifact
6
- Document
7
- Workflow
8
- Core Workflow

۸۰
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬١
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۸‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬٢
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۸
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ِ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬
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- Workflow Details
2
- Iteration
3
- Iterative

۸۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۳-۹‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۹
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻞ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳ‬‫ﻮ‬.‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬

۸۲
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
-‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
١
:‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬٢
،
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﺷﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬٣
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﻭﺯﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬.
-‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
٤
:‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬.‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭼﮕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬!‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬
٥
:‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺑ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ،‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‬.
1
- Guidelines
2
- Rules
3
- Heuristic
4
- Template
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- Tool Mentor

۸۳
-‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬١
:‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬.
-‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
:‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ‬ ،‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬٣
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬:
-‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٥
)‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬(
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
)‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬(
-‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬٧
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٨
-‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬٩
)‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬١٠
(
-‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬١١
1
- Concepts
2
- Roadmaps
3
- e-Business
4
- Core Disciplines
5
- Business Modeling
6
- Requirements
7
- Analysis and Design
8
- Implementation
9
- Test
10
- Assessment
11
- Deployment

۸۴
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟ‬١
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬:
-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬٤
-‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬٥
-‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬٦
)‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬(
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۰
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
1
- Sequential
2
- Waterfall
3
- Supporting Disciplines
4
- Project Management
5
- Change & Configuration Management
6
- Environment

۸۵
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۱
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬.،‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹸﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬(‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.

۸۶
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺵ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺹ‬‫ﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻢ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬(‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬)‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬١
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٢
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۲
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬)‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬(‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬)‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬(
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬:
-‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
1
- Knowledge-base
2
- Process Framework
3
- Process Delivery Tools

۸۷
-‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬
-‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬
-‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬٣
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۳
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮ‬‫ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟﻴﻒ‬٤
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٥
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Configuration Tools
2
- Authoring Tools
3
- Users Community
4
- Authoring
5
- Configuration

۸۸
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ،‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬)‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‬(‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﻭﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺩﻭ‬١
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺳﻄ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۴‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۴
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺩ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﺶ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬
1
- Tailoring
‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬۱
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬۱
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬۲
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬۲ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬۳
‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬۳
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.

۸۹
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﺠ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬.‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬:
-‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﹺﺏ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬١
(‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ،‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﻣﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬(‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺍﺣﺘ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻤﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬(!
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬!‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬٢
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۳-۱۵‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬٣
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬٤
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺎﺟﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺟﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬،‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.
1
- Web-based
2
- Knowledge-base
3
- RUP Configuration
4
- Process Framework

۹۰
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۵
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬٢
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
1
- Configuration
2
- Process Views

۹۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۶
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬:‫ﮔﻮﺷﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺣﻴﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﻔﺼ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
1
- RUP Process Authoring Tool

۹۲
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬myRUP‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ،٢
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬٣
،
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬myRUP،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺗﻴﻤ‬.‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻊ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۷‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬.
1
- Process Delivery Tools
2
- Tool Mentors
3
- Extended Help

۹۳
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۷
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬١
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
1
- Tool Mentor
2
3
- Mentor

۹۴
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬١
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬.
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺰﺍﻣ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺹ‬‫ﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬‫ﺭﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﭻ‬.
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬٢
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬٤
‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۸‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬)‫ﺯ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬(‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
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۹۵
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۸
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ؟‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬۲۰۰۳‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻴ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺸ‬ ،‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻥ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬۲۰۰۳‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.

۹۶
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬:
-‫ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬١
-‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬٢
‫ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻓﻀﺎ‬ ،
-‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬٣
-‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
-‫ﻳﻜ‬‫ﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬٤
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﺷﺮﻛ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٦
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻕ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬‫ﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬٧
‫ﺩﻭﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻏﻴ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬٨
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺯ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬.
1
- Telecommunication
2
- Transport
3
- Manufacturing
4
- RUP Acquisition
5
- High-quality application
6
- Best Practices
7
- Formal
8
- Infomal

۹۷
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬١
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﹺﺮﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﺑﺮﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻩ‬٣
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٤
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬ ،
‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﹺﻦ‬‫ﭼ‬‫ﻛﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﭗ‬‫ﻓﻴﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٥
‫ﺑﻮﻭﭺ‬ ‫ﺩﻱ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﮔ‬ ،٦
‫ﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻣﺎﻳ‬ ،٧
‫ﹾ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﭻ‬‫ﺭﻳ‬ ،‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬٨
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺲ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻭ‬٩
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ،.
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺲ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻟﻨﮕﺮﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١٠
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬۱۹۹۶‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬١١
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬١٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻴ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬١٣
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬.‫ﹸﺮﻱ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹺﻜ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬١٤
‫ﺏ‬‫ﻜﻮ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺳ‬١٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬)‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۱۹۹۵(‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬۱۹۹۵‫ﺗﺎ‬۱۹۹۸‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬.‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﺭﺷ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬١٦
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
1
- Spiral
2
- Barry Boehm
3
- Iterative
4
- Risk Driven
5
- Philippe Kruchten
6
- Grady Booch
7
- Mike Devlin
8
- Rich Reitman
9
- Walker Royce
10
- Anchor Point
11
12
- Major Milestone
13
- Rational Apporach
14
- Objectory
15
- Ivar Jacobson
16
- Chief Architect

۹۸
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﹺﻦ‬‫ﭼ‬‫ﻛﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﭗ‬‫ﻓﻴﻠﻴ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻳﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ‬١
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٢
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﺩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺏ‬‫ﻜﻮ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬ ، ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬)‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬(
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٤
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۱۹۹۹‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‬.‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬۱۹۹۵‫ﺁﺑﺠﻜﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ،٥
‫ﺏ‬‫ﻜﻮ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺳ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺁﺑﺠﻜﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎ‬٦
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٧
‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﹺﻛﻮﻭﻱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺯﻳﺖ‬٨
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬.‫ﻛﻴﻮ‬.‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬٩
‫ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺠﻜﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻝ‬.
1
- Unified Process
2
- Unified Modeling Language
3
- Open
4
- Unified Software Development Process (USDP)
5
- Objectory AB
6
- Rational Objectory Process (ROP)
7
- Requirements Management
8
- Requisite Inc.
9
- SQA

۹۹
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺠﻜﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬۱۹۹۷‫ﹾ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ،‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺎ‬١
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
‫ﻮﺭﻳﻪ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬۲۰۰۳‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻏﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬.‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺧﻮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻧﻮﺑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬٣
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۳-۱۹‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘ‬‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﺁﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬)‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﻤﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ،‫ﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬(‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺰﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻴﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬ ،‫ﺩﻟﺴﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬.
1
- Pure-Atria
2
- Configuration
3
- IBM

۱۰۰
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۳-۱۹
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۱۰۱
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻢ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺷﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻢ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬:
-‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬١
)‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٢
(‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬٣
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬(‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺮ‬٤
)‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬(‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ‬ ،٥
-‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﺪ‬٦
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،٧
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺭﺍ‬٨
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،٩
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.
-‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬:
-‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬١٠
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﺮﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬.
1
- Iterative
2
- Incremental
3
4
- Use-Case Driven
5
- Risk-Driven
6
- Who
7
- What
8
- When
9
- How
10
- Template

۱۰۲
-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬.
-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﹶﻋﻢ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬.
-‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭼﺎﺑﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬٢
‫ﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬.
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻳﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.
-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬٤
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬٥
)‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ،.
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬،‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
1
- Agile
2
- Overhead
3
- Waterfall
4
- Predictability
5
- Scalability

۱۰۳
۱-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺﻦ‬‫ﭘ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬)OPEN(‫ﺳﻜﺮﻭﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،)Scrum(،
‫ﻛﺲ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬)XP(‫ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺲ‬)Catalysis(‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬)Evo(‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺲ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺩﺍﺧ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
۲-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻛﺪﺍﻣﻨﺪ؟‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
۳-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﭘﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
۴-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬)CMM(‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
۵-‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺰﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
۶-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬
۷-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ؟‬

۱۰۴
Development Process, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
[5]. Pankaj Jalote, (2002). Software Project Management in Practice, Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.
[6]. Peter Eeles, Kelli Houston, Wojtek Kozaczynski, (2002). Building J2EE™
Applications with the Rational Unified Process, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
[7]. Craig Larman, (1998). Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to OOA/D
and the Unified Process, Reading, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR.
[9]. Craig Larman, (2003). Agile and Iterative Development: A Manager's Guide,
[10]. OMG (2001). Object Management Group. Software Process Engineering
Metamodel (SPEM). OMG, doc ad/01-03-08, April 2, 2001. Available at:
http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/01-03-08.
[12]. Scott W. Ambler, (2000). The Unified Process Inception Phase: Best Practices for
Completing the Unified Process, Lawrence, KS: R&D Books.
[13]. Scott W. Ambler, (2000). The Unified Process Elaboration Phase: Best Practices
for Completing the Unified Process, Lawrence, KS: R&D Books.
[14]. Scott W. Ambler, (2000). The Unified Process Construction Phase: Best Practices
[15]. Scott W. Ambler and Larry L. Constantine, (2001). The Unified Process Transition
Phase: Best Practices for Completing the Unified Process, Lawrence, KS: R&D
Books.

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﭼﻬﺎرم‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻲ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
•‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
o‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
o‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
o‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
•‫ﻫﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬‫ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۱۰۶
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬:
۱-‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬٢
۲-‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬٣
۳-‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬٤
)‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
(.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﻬﺘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
1
- Iterative
2
- Incremental
3
4
- Use-Case Driven
5
- Customer-Oriented
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
۴‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬‫ﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.

۱۰۷
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬٢
‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬،‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬٣
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬)‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﻤ‬(‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﻤ‬(
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬!‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻓﺮﺻ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣﻮﻗ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬٥
،‫ﻛﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬
1
2
- Incremental
3
- Waterfall
4
- Dynamic
5
- Iteration

۱۰۸
،‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻣﺰ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬:
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﻥ‬.
-‫ﺭﺍﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
-‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻴ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
-‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۲
‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
- Risks

۱۰۹
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺖ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬١
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺿﻤ‬ ،‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬.
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬:
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ؛‬٢
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬٣
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎ‬ ،
‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴ‬ ،‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬‫ﺷﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬٧
‫ﺮﺩ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ،٨
،
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬٩
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬ ،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬١٠
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١١
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬١٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
1
2
- Structural Elements
3
- Interfaces
4
- Collaborations
5
- Subsystems
6
- Style
7
- Usage
8
- Functionality
9
- Performance
10
- Resilience
11
- Reuse
12
- Aesthetic

۱۱۰
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬١
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬:
-‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬٢
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺪﺳﺖ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬(‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬
-‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺳﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٣
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬٤
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬.‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻌﺪﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.،‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬۱+۴‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬۵‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۳‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
1
- Stakeholder
2
- System Analyst
3
- Sub-contractor
4
- View

۱۱۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۳
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬۱+۴‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬
١
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺮﺩﻱ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﭼﻴﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬٤
)‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺮ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٥
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
‫ﻛﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Logical View
2
- Functional Requirements
3
- What
4
- Abstraction
5
- Packages
6
- Sub-systems
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۱۱۲
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
١
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺎﺟﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬)‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﹸﺪﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬(‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٣
‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٧
،
‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬٨
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٩
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻩ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
١٠
‫ﻣﻼ‬‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺣﻈﺎ‬‫ﻫﻤﺮﻧﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١١
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨ‬ ،‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١٢
‫ﻧﺦ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬‫ﻛﺸﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١٣
‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﻭﻧﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬١٥
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬١٦
‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬١٧
،‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﺪﮔﻲ‬١٨
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﻧﻘﺎ‬١٩
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺴﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٢٠
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬٢١
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬٢٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
1
- Implementation View
2
- Artifact
3
- Packages
4
- Layers
5
- Configuration Management
6
- Assets
7
- Reuse
8
- Subcontaractors
9
- COTS or Commercial off the Shelf Components
10
- Process View
11
- Concurrency
12
- Task
13
- Thread
14
- Processes
15
- Start up
16
- Shut down
17
- Fault Tolerance
18
- Distribution
19
- Load
20
- Deadlock
21
- Throughput
22
- Scalability

۱۱۳
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬
١
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ‬‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬٤
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،٥
،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬
٦
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺳﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٧
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬٨
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺢ‬٩
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬١٠
‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۴-۱‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬.،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬ ِ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١١
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬١٢
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
1
- Deployment View
2
- Platform
3
- System Engineer
4
- Installation
5
- Performance
6
- Use-Case View
7
- Scenario
8
- Inception
9
- Elaboration
10
- Validation
11
- Artifact
12
- Software Architecture Document

۱۱۴
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬۴-۱
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗﻨﺎﻇ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻩ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬)‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(
‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺖ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.،‫ﻠﻪ‬‫ﺟﻤ‬ ‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺣﻈﺎ‬‫ﻣﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬١
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،.‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬٢
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬ ،‫ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬:
-‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬٥
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٦
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
1
- Elaboration Phase
2
- Architectural Prototype
3
- Construction Phase
4
- Design Guidelines
5
- Patterns
6
- Implementation View

۱۱۵
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺗ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻓﺼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻂ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ِ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻛﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬١
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬‫ﺫﻳ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬٢
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬:‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻟﻮﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬٤
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬٥
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬.
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻖ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬٧
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮒ‬‫ﺩﻳﺎﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬٨
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
1
- Use-Case Driven Development
2
- Stakeholders
3
- Requirements
4
- Customer-Oriented
5
- Use-Case
6
- Requirements Management
7
- Actor
8
- External View

۱۱۶
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬١
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳ‬‫ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻔﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬:‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٢
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٣
.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ِ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺮﺩ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬.‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.
1
- Function
2
- Functional Requirements
3
- Non-functional Requirements

۱۱۷
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۴
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۵
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ِ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬

۱۱۸
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬١
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‬.،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻃﺮ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﺣﻲ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬٤
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۶
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Iteration
2
- Use-Case
3
- Stakeholder
4
- Deployment

۱۱۹
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻲﺀﮔﺮﺍ‬٢
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬:
-‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺳﻨ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺠ‬٣
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬
-‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬٤
‫ﺭﻭﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
-‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬٦
-‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬٧
-‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬٨
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬٩
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Busienss Modeling
2
- Object Oriented Methodlogy
3
- Validation
4
- Test-Case
5
- Procedures
6
- Iteration
7
- User Manuals
8
- Deployment
9
- RUP Spirit

۱۲۰
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬۴-۲،‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬۴-۲
‫ﻫﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬‫ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‬(،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬!
Attack major risks early and continuously, or
they will attack you.
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.
Ensure that you deliver value to your customer.
‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬(‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬.
Stay focused on executable software.
‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﻫﺮﮔﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬.
Accommodate change early in the project.
‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻭ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬.
Baseline and executable architecture early on.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬.Build your system with components.
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬.
Work together as one team.
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑﻄ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬!
Make quality a way of life, not an afterthought.
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬۴-۲‫ﺭﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻳﻢ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ،
،‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺻﻨﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺻﻨﻌ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬.

۱۲۱
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺭﺳﻤ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬.‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬،‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۷،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۷
‫ﭘ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬.‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬

۱۲۲
‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬.
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬.‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘ‬،‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬‫؛‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬٢
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬٣
‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬٤
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٥
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﹼ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٧
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ،‫ﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٨
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻲ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬٩
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺸﻖ‬ ،‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬(‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬
1
- Value
2
- Iterative
3
- Feedback
4
- Use-Case
5
- Requirements
6
- Customer-Oriented
7
- Stakeholders
8
- Deployment
9
- Test Cases

۱۲۳
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺭﻧﺪ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ِ٤
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ،
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۸
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ِ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
1
- Stakeholder
2
- Scope
3
- Use-Case Driven
4

۱۲۴
‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬.‫ﺗ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬١
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬٣
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻄﻮﺭ؟‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﺠ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬٤
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬.
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ‬۱۰‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬۲۰‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺰﻭﻣ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬۵۰‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺋﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬۲۰-
۸۰‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬.‫ﹸ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬۸۰‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬۸۰‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭﺻ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬۲۰
‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭﺻ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬»‫ﻣﻦ‬۹۰‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻡ‬«‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬»‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻄﻔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬«
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺥ‬‫ﻧﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
1
2
- Measurement
3
- Metrics
4
5
- Pareto

۱۲۵
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﹼﺮ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺗﻔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮓ‬‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬١
‫ﺗﻤ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٢
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬٣
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻏﺬ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ،‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬.
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻘﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻛﺎﻫ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬٥
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬.‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ‬ ،‫ﹼﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﹼﻪ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬،‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﺰ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٦
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻩ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
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- Analysis-Paralysis Antipattern
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3
- Mitigation
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- Artifacts
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- Formal
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- Template

۱۲۶
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮ‬١
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬!‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬!‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪ‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﻨﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬ ،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺯ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ،‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬.‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۹،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬.
1
- Change
2
- Requirements

۱۲۷
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۹
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺍﺛ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬٢
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٣
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،٤
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٥
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺰﻡ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
1
- Unified Change Management or UCM
2
- Vision
3
- Inception
4
- Baseline-Architecture
5
- Elaboration
6
- Construction

۱۲۸
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱۰
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻲ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬.‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻲ‬١
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬٢
‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛‬‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻞ‬٣
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.
‫ﺗﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬۱۰‫ﺗﺎ‬۲۰‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Baseline
2
3
- First Generation

۱۲۹
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬.
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻴ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ؛‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺣﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬.‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﻜ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬٢
‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬.
1
- Components
2
- Executable

۱۳۰
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱۱
‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬‫ﺯﻳ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻦ‬)‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬٢
)‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
(‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﺎﺕ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬‫ﺭﺥ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬۲۰۰۰‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Components
2
- Structured Methodology
3
- Functional Decomposition
4
- Data

۱۳۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱۲
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
‫ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٢
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺳﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺀﮔﺮﺍ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀﮔﺮﺍ‬ ِ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬٣
‫ﺟﻌﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ؛‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
،‫ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
1
- Component
2
- Encapsulation
3
- Component
4
- Interface
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۱۳۲
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱۳
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬.
‫ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺛﺮﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻳﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ،
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺪﻟﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬.
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﺍ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺂﻣﻮﺭﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Service Oriented Architecture or SOA
2
- Functional Structure

۱۳۳
‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬.‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬)‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺖ‬‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬١
‫ﭼﻨﺪﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٢
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﻮ‬.‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ،‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٣
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٤
‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﮔﺮﺍ‬٥
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬.،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺣﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬٦
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭ‬.
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬‫ﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬.‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬»‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬«‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،»‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬«.
1
- Inter-diciplinary
2
- Multi-disciplinary
3
- Waterfall
4
- Iterative
5
- Functional
6
- Cross-Functional

۱۳۴
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎﻥ‬‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮ‬(‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﭼﻨﺪﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﭼﻨﺪﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮ‬ ،‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻟﻴ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱۴
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺣﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ِ

۱۳۵
‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ،.
‫ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑﻄ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬.‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬١
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬٢
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬٣
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﺩ‬٤
)‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬(‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬٥
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ‬ ،٧
‫ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬ ،٨
‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬‫ﺷﺪﮔﻲ‬٩
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺖ‬)‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬(‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‬.
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١٠
.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺭﻭﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺁﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ِ‫ﺭﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬.
1
- Inception
2
- Prototype
3
- Feedback
4
- Use-Case
5
- Elaboration
6
- Performance
7
- Security
8
- Load
9
- Distribution
10
- Quality by Design

۱۳۶
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱۵
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﻩ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﻭﺍﻳ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺭﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺳ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺖ‬
1
2

۱۳۷
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ِ١
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬)‫ﺭﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱۷
‫ﺭﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬:‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬‫ﺩﻩ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬)‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻏﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٣
(‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.
1
- Iteration
2
- Regression Test
3
- Non-functional Test

۱۳۸
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۴-۱۶
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬١
‫ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺾ‬‫ﻣﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬٣
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٥
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٧
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
1
- Quality
2
- Artifact
3
- Design for Testability
4
- Role
5
- Checklist
6
- Guideline
7
- Step

۱۳۹
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺫﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬:
-‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬:
o‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻜﺎﻣ‬
o‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
o‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬)‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬(
-‫ﻫﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
o‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‬(‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪ‬!
o‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
o‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬(‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬.
o‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬‫ﻫﺮﮔﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬.
o‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬.
o‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬.
o‫ﻛﻨ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺪ‬.
o‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑﻄ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬!

۱۴۰
۱-‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
۲-‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬١
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬.
۳-‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
۴-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬
۵-‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
۶-‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴ‬ ،‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬QFD‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬)Use-Csse Modeling(‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬.
۷-‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻴﺪ‬.
1
- Use-Case Model

۱۴۱
[5]. Craig Larman, (1998). Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to OOA/D
and the Unified Process, Reading, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR.
Books.

۱۴۲

‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
‫ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(
‫ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬

۱۴۴

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬
•‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
•‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬

۱۴۶
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۵-۱،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣـﺪ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬١
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۵-۱
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬:‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬
1
- Orthogonal
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
۵‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﹼﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬

۱۴۷
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻓﺼ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬.‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘـﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺩﻳـﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻘـﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫـﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ،‫ﻫـﺎ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬،‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻧـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬١
‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬:‫ﻓـ‬‫ﺁﻏـﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺎ‬٢
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬٣
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬٤
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬٥
.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭼـﻪ‬ ‫ﻛـﺮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬‫ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬٧
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﻲ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺕ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺕ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
1
- Phase
2
- Inception
3
- Elaboration
4
- Construction
5
- Transition
6
- Software Product
7
- Waterfall
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬

۱۴۸
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬:
۱.‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(
۲.‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬٤
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۵-۲‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۵-۲
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬(‫ﻣﺘـﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬٥
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺳـ‬ ‫ﭘـﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺟـﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻫـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎﻩ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬٦
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٧
‫ﻣـﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬.
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻳﺒﺎﻥ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻧﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬
1
- Development Cycle
2
- Stage
3
- Engineering Stage
4
- Production Stage
5
- Sequential
6
- Iterative
7
- Risk-driven

۱۴۹
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬!‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷـﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬!
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳـﻮ‬.‫ﺩﻧﺒـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬!‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻫﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺄ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺮﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳـﻢ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬‫ﻣﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﹼ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬،‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋ‬،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.
‫ﺤ‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬‫ﺭﻳـﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ﻓﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬‫ﻴﺖ‬‫ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
1
- Requirements

۱۵۰
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﺖ‬ ،‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﹼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺠـﻢ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺍﺗﺨـﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺗـﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۵-۳،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲ‬‫ﻛﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬٢
‫ﻣـﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ‬(‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ‬.
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.،‫ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬
،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬٣
‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬،
‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬٤
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Deployment
2
- Discipline
3
- Iterations
4
- Release

۱۵۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۵-۳
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬‫ﻧـﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬،‫ﻋـﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧ‬،‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬‫ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ‬‫ﺑـﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭﺿـﻌﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺆﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﻢ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
1
- Major Milestones

۱۵۲
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۵-۴
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬۵-۴‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬١
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬:
-‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬٢
)‫ﺷﻨﺎ‬‫ﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬٣
‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬"‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬٤
"‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬:‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬
-‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬٥
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬‫ﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.
-‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬٧
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ،‫ﹸ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺠﺴﺘﻴﻜ‬٨
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﺠ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬١
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ،‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺠﺴﺘﻴﻜ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Mitigation
2
- Inception
3
- Feasibility
4
- Business Case
5
- Elaboration
6
- Project Scope
7
- Construction
8
- Logistical

۱۵۳
‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﻲ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﻘـﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﺟـﻪ‬ ،٣
،‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬٤
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳـﻞ‬ ،٥
،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧـﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬
،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘـﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺧـﻂ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬،‫ﮔـﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺳـﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻗﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺪ‬‫؛‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ‬)‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟـﺰ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.(
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٧
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﮔـﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎﻧـﺪ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ‬٨
‫ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ،‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬‫ﻫﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﻋـﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٩
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫؛‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬.
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺟ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬،‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
- Transition
2
3
- Funding
4
- Strategy
5
- Delivery
6
- Schedule
7
- Workflows
8
- Major Milestones
9
- Fixed Workflow

۱۵۴
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬١
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻙ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬:
-‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬٤
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٥
-‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
‫ﻛﺪﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬ ،٧
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،،‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٨
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
-‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٩
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١٠
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬،‫ﻧﻜـ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎﺗﻲ‬‫ﺮﻋـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﻣﺴﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻭﺣﺸﺘﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺳـﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬!‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺣـﺸﺘﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻭﺭ‬.‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮﻧـﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﻢ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠـﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟﻴ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬)‫ﻃـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬(.‫ﺍﺳ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﺹ‬‫ﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺄ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷـﻲ‬ ،‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬١١
،
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬١٢
،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣـﺪﺍﻗ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺛﺮ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Stakeholder
2
- Artifact
3
- Common Process Fragments
4
- Iteration
5
- Reviews
6
- Detailed Design
7
- Coding
8
- Integration
9
10
- Releases
11
- Customization
12
- Configuration

۱۵۵
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬ ،‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬)‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺳـﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬،‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺪ‬(‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬٣
‫ﺑﺎﻳﮕﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬" :‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬‫ﺧﻴﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻥ‬،‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬"‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬"‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻ‬."
‫ﺩﻭﺑـﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟـﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬٤
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫؛‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬٥
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫؛‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺣـﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣـ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬،‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﻭﺑـﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﺒ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬،‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﺍﺳﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬‫ﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬.
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬٦
‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٧
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬
1
- Tailoring
2
- Artifacts
3
- Freeze
4
- Stable
5
- Maturity
6
- Vision
7
- Business Case

۱۵۶
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬،‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،،‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ‬.
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬١
‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺣـﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ،
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬،‫ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬.
‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٢
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺳـﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫـﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﻮﭼ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻦ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛـﺰ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬٣
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٤
‫ﺭﻳـﺴﻚ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬،
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳـﺮ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻫﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬
1
- Use Cases
2
- Tailoring
3
- Major Milestone
4
- Mitigation

۱۵۷
‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬.
Books.
‫ﭼﺮ‬‫ﺧﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬

۱۵۸

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﺷﺸﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
•‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
•‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
•‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(

۱۶۰
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۶-۱
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻛﺎﺩﻣﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ؛‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
۶‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﻤﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻱ‬

۱۶۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۶-۲
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻳـﻮ‬.‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺷـﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﭘـﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺠـﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬١
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٢
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺩﺭﮔﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬‫؛‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬‫ﺗ‬ ،‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻜـﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔـﺰﻳﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
1
- Activities
2
- Guidelines
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(

۱۶۲
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(،‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫﺪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ،‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﻋﺒ‬ ،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
۱.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳﻨ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬‫ﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬.‫ﭼـﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬‫ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯ‬٣
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‬
،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.
۲.‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬.
۳.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬٥
۴.‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
۵.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬)‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨـﺪ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.(
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ِ
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻛﻮﭼـ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷـﻨﺎﺧ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﹶـﺮﺍ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻗـﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺠﺎﻣـﺪ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬
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- Business Risks
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- Scope
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- Vision
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- Key functionality
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- Candidate architecture

۱۶۳
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬ ِ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬)‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬١
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،.
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺏ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
-‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬.
-‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬،‫ﺯﻳﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺳﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬،‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‬‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬٢
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٣
،‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ِ٤
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬،‫ﺧﺼﻴﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Iteration
2
- Prototype
3
- Stakeholder
4
- Proof-of-concept

۱۶۴
‫ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺍﻫـﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬۱‫ﺗـﺎ‬۳
")‫ﭼﻴﺴﺘﻲ‬("‫ﺑﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬۴‫ﻭ‬۵")‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬("‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺎ‬١
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ،‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬ِ
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ؛‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﻤ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺴ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻮﺏ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۱.،‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬)‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺑﺴﺎﺯﻳﻢ؟‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬(
‫ﹼ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻑ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ،.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.،‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻉ‬.
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬:
۱.‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬٣
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬.
۲.‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬٤
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬.
1
- Activity
2
- Iteration
3
- Vision
4
- Mile-wide, inch-depth

۱۶۵
۳.‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬١
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬.
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬
٢
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺳﺖ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﭼ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺑﺮﮔﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎ‬٣
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬:
-‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﺎﻳ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬٤
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺗﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬.
-‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
-‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٥
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬‫ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬٦
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ،‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬٧
.
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬‫ﻛﻴﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬.‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬،
1
- Use-Case
2
- Vision Document
3
- Stakeholder
4
- End-user
5
- Non-Functional Requirements
6
- License
7
- Scalability

۱۶۶
‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬١
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﭼﺎﺭ‬.‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ،‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ،،‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﭼﺎﺭ‬‫ﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋﺰ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬٢
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉ‬.
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
٣
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ،‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﺫﻳﻞ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﻤ‬:
-‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬٤
)‫ﻣﺆ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬.(‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻧﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬٥
)‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬.(‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Elaboration
2
- Public
3
- Mile-Wide, Inch-Deep
4
- Actor
5
- Use-Case

۱۶۷
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬١
‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺣﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﺴﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬٢
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۶-۳
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
٣
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ِﻣﻐﺰﻫﺎ‬
٤
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ؟‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰﻱ‬،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺳﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ِ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺎ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
1
- Critical Use Cases
2
- Visual
3
- Workshop
4
- Brainstorming Session

۱۶۸
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ِﻣﻐﺰﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬١
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻊ‬٢
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻨﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻍ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬،‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬،‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺕ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻭﻗﺎﻳ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ِﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬.‫ﺟ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻮﻫﺎ‬،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- User-Interface Prototype
2
- Flow of Events

۱۶۹
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۲.‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬٣
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٤
‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬٥
)‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬(‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬.‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﺫﻳﻞ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬:
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻒ‬-‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺍﺛ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺖ‬٦
‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬٧
‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‬ ،‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬٨
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ‬٩
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬،‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺰﺩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺏ‬-‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻲ‬‫ﻳﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬.‫ﺧﺒﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﻱ‬١٠
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻇ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻴﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Functionality
2
- Use-Case
3
- Project Manager
4
- Architect
5
- Stakeholders
6
- Redundancy Management Strategies
7
- Resource Contention Risks
8
- Performance Risks
9
- Data Security Strategies
10
- Domain Experts

۱۷۰
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬!
‫ﺝ‬_‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬١
‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬٢
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ِﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎ‬‫ﺯﻳﻦ‬٣
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ،.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬٤
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٥
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
1
- Use-Case
2
- Critical Use-Cases
3
- Inception
4
- Alternative
5
6
- Artifact

۱۷۱
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۳.‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬١
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(،‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎ‬‫ﺍﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
client/server‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻢ‬‫؛‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬‫ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۶-۴
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
1
- Determine at Least One Possible Solution

۱۷۲
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺫﻳﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬:
-‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ؟‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬
-‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺩﺭﺣﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻝ‬
-‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬)‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،(‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫؟‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫؟‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫؟‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﺗﺨ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬١
‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬.
‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭼﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﭼﻮﺏ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬)‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬(‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.
1
- Prototype

۱۷۳
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۴.‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧ‬ ،‫ﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬٢
،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻥ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺑﺴﺎﺯﻳﻢ‬،،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮕﻲ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻧﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮊﻩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬.‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬٤
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬.‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬٥
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮒ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٧
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.
1
- Costs
2
- Schedule
3
- Risks
4
- Business Case
5
- Economic Value of Product
6
- Return on Investment (ROI)
7
- Inofmation Technology (IT)

۱۷۴
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۵.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬١
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٢
،
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺍﻭﺍﻳ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬.
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬٣
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹼﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻛﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺘ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٤
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬.
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺹ‬‫ﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
1
- Process
2
3
- Process Engineer
4
- Development Cycle

۱۷۵
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴ‬١
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ،.،‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٢
‫ﺩﺍ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬:‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎﻝ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺹ‬‫ﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬٣
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻣﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬:‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬٥
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺣﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﻢ؛‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﮔﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.‫ﻧﻘﻄ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬.
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬(‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬:
-‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
)‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬(
1
- Development Environment
2
- Configuration
3
- Rational
4
- Total Cost of Ownership or TCO
5
- Milestone
6
- Lifecycle Objectives

۱۷۶
-‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺪﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
-‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬.
‫ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺷﻤ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﺠﺪﻳ‬.‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﺠﺪﻳ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﹼﻖ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬.

۱۷۷
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬١
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺐ‬،‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺴﺄ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ،‫؛‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬:
-‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬.
-‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
-‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬.
-‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
-‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬،‫ﹸ‬‫ﮔ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﭘﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬.‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﮔﺎﻩ‬‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬‫؛‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(،‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬،‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﻖ‬،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬‫ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﺎﺭﻭ‬.
1
- Inception

۱۷۸
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
۱.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
۲.‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬،‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟‬
۳.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ؟‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
۴.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰﻱ‬.
۵.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬١
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬.
۶.‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬.
1
- Business Architecture

۱۷۹
MA: Addison Wesley.
[4]. Pressman, R. S. (2000). Software engineering: Apractitioner's approach. 5th ed.

۱۸۰

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‬
•‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(
•‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(
•‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻫ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(

۱۸۲
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻔﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۷-۱
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﻣﺮ‬‫ﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺄﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺁ‬‫ﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬١
)‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ،‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮﺗﺮ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬.
1
- Waterfall
‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(
۷‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻦ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺧﻮ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬

۱۸۳
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ،١
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬‫ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﺑﻌـﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺭﺳﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٢
‫ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣـﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ،‫ﺮﺩ‬‫ﺑ‬ْ
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬.
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻏﻠﺒـﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺭﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬:
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬‫ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯ‬٤
‫ﻧﻪ؟‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬(
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬‫ﻧﻪ؟‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ‬(
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ؟‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬(
1
- Objectives
2
- Formal
3
- Architecturally Significant Requirements
4
- Right Application
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(

۱۸۴
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻂ‬)‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻪ؟‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬(
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺭﻓﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ،‫ﻌـﺪﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
۱.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
۲.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،)‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬(‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
۳.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
۴.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ‬٢
‫ﺁﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ،‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
1
- Validate
2
- Development Case

۱۸۵
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬١
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺯ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺏ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
-‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.
-‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
-‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬.
-‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬٢
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬.
-‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬.
-‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬.
‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ،‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰ‬.
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒـﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ،‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ِ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ؛‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﻤ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
1
- Iteration
2
- Distributed Development
3
- Iteration

۱۸۶
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۱.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬٢
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬۲۰‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬٣
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬.‫ﺑﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ،‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٤
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﺑﺨ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺴ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺑﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬)‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬٥
(‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬.‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬.‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬‫ﺧﻄﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬٦
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬٧
‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬٨
‫ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬.‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬٩
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.
1
- Inception
2
- Vision
3
- Use-Case
4
- Elaboration
5
6
- Prototype
7
- User Interface (UI)
8
- UI Prototype
9
- Glossary

۱۸۷
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬‫ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬۸۰‫ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﭘـﺎﻻﻳﺶ‬ ،‫ﻟـﺰﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤـﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۲.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬‫ﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬:
-‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬‫ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ،‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٤
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.
-‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬٥
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎ‬٦
)‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬‫ﻣﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬(
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬١
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬٢
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ‬ ،٤
‫ﻣﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬ ،‫ﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬٥
‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬٦
.
1
- Construction
2
- Building Blocks
3
- Interface
4
- Reuse
5
- Interaction
6
- Run-Time
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬(

۱۸۸
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬»‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬۱+۴«‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
۷-۲‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬٧
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۷-۳‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺮﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۷-۲
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬۱+۴‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬:‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
- Prototype
2
- Validation
3
- Major Technical Risks
4
- Performance
5
- Scalability
6
- Cost
7
- View

۱۸۹
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۷-۳
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺮﻣﺪﻟﻲ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﻜ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬١
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Executable

۱۹۰
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬‫ﺭﻱ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴـ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜـﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻮ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺑﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺘﺤﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻮ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻩ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻜﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺭﻳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﺗـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺗﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬.‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳـﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ،‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺖ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬.‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬J2EE‫ﻳﺎ‬.Net‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬٢
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬۷-۴‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﻗﺒـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
1
- Architectural Prototype
2
- Layered Architecture
3
- Application Layer

۱۹۱
‫ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬١
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۷-۴
‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
1
- Load
2
- Performance
3
- End-to-End

۱۹۲
‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔـﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣﺮﺟ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻥ‬٢
‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺟ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ِ٣
‫ﻧﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬(‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺻـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬.‫ﺍﺭﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨـﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻲ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ،٧
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،٨
‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴـ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻴﺰ‬.
1
- Baseline
2
- Stable Reference
3
- Use-Case
4
- Significant
5
6
- Process Engineer
7
- Architect
8
- Project Manager

۱۹۳
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۷-۵
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻮﺍ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭ‬١
‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧـﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬٢
،
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬)‫ﻫﻤﺮﻭﻧﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬٣
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻩ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﹺﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺗ‬ ،٥
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳـﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺷـﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬٦
(‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٧
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺳﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٨
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗـﺴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫـﺎ‬
1
- Architecturally Significant Use-Cases
2
- Database
3
- Concurrency
4
- Processes
5
- Threads
6
- Physical Distribution
7
- Architectural Mechanisms
8
- Integrate

۱۹۴
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺨـﺶ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ‬ ‫ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۷-۶
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ،‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۳.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ،‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺟﻠ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺩﻗﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
1
- Stakeholder
2
- Requirements

۱۹۵
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۷-۷
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭼـﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳـﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍﻧـﺪﺍ‬١
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬٢
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬٣
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ،‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬‫ﭼﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﺠ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﻗﻲ‬‫ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻱ‬،‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟـﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧـﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳـﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬.
1
- Vision
2
- Framework
3
- Executable

۱۹۶
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺗﺨﻤـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺰ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۴.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬١
‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻳـﻮ‬.‫ﺳـﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﻜ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻩ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘـﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬٢
،
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬٣
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬٦
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬)‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬(‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬٧
)‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻩ‬(
‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻤﺎ‬.‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳـﻨ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣـﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
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- Development Case
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- Roles
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- Artifacts
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- Activities
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- Tools
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- Process Engineer

۱۹۷
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬١
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬:‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬‫ﺭﺳـﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺳﻲ‬.‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻡ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘ‬‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬:
-‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬٣
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬
-‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ؟‬
-‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬٥
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬
-‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﺋﻪ‬
-‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
-‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬
1
- Software Architect
2
- LCA : Lifecycle Architecture
3
- Vision
4
- Requirements
5
- Executable Prototype

۱۹۸
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺠﺎﻣـﺪ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻓﺼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ؛‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬:
-‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬)‫ﺁﻏـﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣﺎﺻـ‬(‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺤﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬٥
)،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬(‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
-‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
1
- Elaboration Phase
2
- Engineering Stage
3
- Executable Prototype
4
- Requirements
5

۱۹۹
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
۱.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺥ‬‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮ‬‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
۲.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟‬
۳.‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ؟‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،
۴.‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬)Software Architecture Document(‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬۱+۴‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.
۵.‫ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﮔﺮﺍ‬)Service-Oriented Architecture(‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬.
۶.‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ؟‬
۷.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.
۸.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬١
‫ﻛﺮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻅ‬‫ﻟﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬
۹.‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
۱۰.‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﻬﺘ‬‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ؟‬
1
- Use-Case

۲۰۰

۲۰۱
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‬
•‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬
•‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺧﺖ‬
•‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
•‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬

۲۰۲
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬ ‫ﺣـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﹸﺠﺴﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۸-۱
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬۸-۲‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﻧﻘﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬٢
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﮔﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﮔﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬»‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬«٣
‫ﻳﺎ‬»‫ﹺﺘﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬١
«‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺﺘﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
- Major Milestone
2
3
- Initial Operational Capability
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬
۸‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ،‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬

۲۰۳
‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﮔﺸﺘﻪ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﹼ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒ‬‫ﻪ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬،‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ،‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۸-۲
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑـ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬٣
‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺪﻩ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،٦
،‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٧
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺩﻫـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃـﻮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻔـﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٨
‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺧـﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬،‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﻤـ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ؛‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻣﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻞ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
1
- Beta
2
- Internal Release
3
- Executable
4
- Baseline
5
- Resource Contention Risks
6
- Performance
7
- Data Security
8
- Detailed Design
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬

۲۰۴
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‬‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺳـﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳـ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ،‫ﻓﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻃـﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬١
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺮﻓ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺳـﺖ‬)‫ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻣﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬(.‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬.،‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٢
‫ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛـﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛـﻮﭼﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬٤
‫ﺷﻖ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬‫ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
،‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬٧
‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬.‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬‫ﺳـﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٨
‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۸-۳،‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﺣﺠ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻔـﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬‫ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٩
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬١٠
1
- Use-Case
2
- Subsystem
3
- Interface
4
- Business Logic
5
- Alternatives
6
- Flows of Events
7
- Error Handling
8
- Requirement Tuning
9
- Deployment
10
- Discipline

۲۰۵
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬١
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬،‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۸-۳
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ،‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬
۶۵‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬۵۰‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨ‬‫ﻜـﻪ‬‫ﺑـ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۸-۴‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬۸-۱‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬.
1
- Configuration and Change Management

۲۰۶
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۸-۴
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﺠ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬۸-۱
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﺠ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬( ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬( ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻼﺵ‬)‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﺠ‬( ~۵% ~۲۰% ~۶۵% ~۱۰%
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬)‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬( ~۱۰% ~۳۰ ~۵۰% ~۱۰%
‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻛﻠ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬١
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬(‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ،
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬٢
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬١
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺳﺎﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬٢
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Overall Architecture
2
- High-Quality

۲۰۷
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬‫ﺖ‬٣
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬٤
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ،٥
،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ‬٦
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ،‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬(‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬،‫ﻤ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬٧
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬،
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬‫ﻱ‬٨
‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬٩
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١٠
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺣـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬.
‫ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬:
۱.‫ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬١١
.
1
- Cost-Effective
2
- Architectural Mechanisms
3
- Integrity
4
- Parallel Development
5
6
- Automated Testing
7
- Outsourcing
8
- Const Effective
9
- Complete Product
10
- Operational Version
11

۲۰۸
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬١
،‫ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺿـﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ،‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
۲.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٤
‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬٥
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬‫ﹺﺘــﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
(‫ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻـﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٧
،
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣـﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬٨
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻧـﺸ‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬)‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬(،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻛﺲ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬.‫ﭘـﻲ‬٩
،‫ﻣﺒﻨـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Rework
2
- Incremental
3
- Iterative
4
- Transition
5
- User Community or User Environment
6
- Beta Release
7
- Use Cases
8
- Iteration
9
- XP

۲۰۹
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬،‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺳ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬‫ﻣﺒﻨـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ِﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬.
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓﻨ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ‬‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳـﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬)‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﭼﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻱ‬(‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻴﻦ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ﺧـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﭼﺎﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻝ‬.
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬،‫ﻓﺮﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬۱۵‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬۸-۲،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬)‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬(‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠـﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.

۲۱۰
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬۸-۲
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
-‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬۱۵‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬
-‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬۸، ‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬۴‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬۳‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬
-‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬۱۸‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
-‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬۵۰‫ﺩﺭﺻـﺪﻱ‬۴‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ـﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ـﺰ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻴ‬‫ﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)interfaces(
-۱۰‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬)‫ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ـﺪﻭﺩ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺣ‬۱۰‫ـﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺗ‬۲۰‫ـﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧﻬ‬ ‫ـﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ـﺪ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺩﺭﺻ‬(‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﺗــﺴﺖ‬‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴــﻪ‬ ‫ﻫــﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛــﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)Performance(‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬)Load(‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬.
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤـــــﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻈـــــﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬)Architecturally
Significant UCs(‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬.
-‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔــــﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳــــﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺻــــﺤﺖ‬‫ﻣﻨــــﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫــــﺎﻱ‬
)Functionality(‫ﻣ‬‫ﺑــﻪ‬ ‫ﺮﺑــﻮﻁ‬۴‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣــﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬۱۲‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬۳‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
)‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
-‫ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎﻥ‬۱۸‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬)‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬(
-۱۰‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.
-۴‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬۵۰‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
-۴‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
)‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬۱۰‫ﺗﺎ‬۲۰‫ﻛﺪﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺮ‬(‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻭﺍﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
-‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
)Performance(‫ﺑﺎﺭﮔــــــﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬)Load(‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬.
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨـﺪﻱ‬
)Functional(‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜــﻲ‬ ،‫ﺯﻣــﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﺖ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪ‬۳
‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬)‫ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬(‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﺑﻘﻴــﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴــﺎﺕ‬‫ﻱ‬۱۴‫ﺗــﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻛــﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
-،‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬۱۸‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬)‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺣـﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬(
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬۱۰‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬۵۰‫ﺩﺭﺻـﺪﻱ‬۸‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔـﻪ‬‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻭﺍﺣـ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬)unit test(‫ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻛـﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻨـﺪﻱ‬
)Functional(‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.

۲۱۱
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬۸-۲
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
-‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬۱۴‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬-‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬۱۸‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
-‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨـﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬.
-‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬۱۸‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔـﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧـﻮﺍﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨـﺪﻱ‬
)Functional(‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.،‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ،‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ِ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ؛‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺘﻤ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻏﻴ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۱.‫ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬ ،‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬٣
،‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬٤
،‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬٥
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬.‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٧
‫ﺑـﻪ‬
1
- Iteration
2
- Cost-effective
3
4
- Robust
5
- Baseline
6
- Reuse
7
- Architectural Mechanism

۲۱۲
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ‬‫ﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬،‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬.
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬٢
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬٤
‫ﻆ‬‫ﺣﻔ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺑﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬.
‫ﺗﻮ‬‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻪ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫ﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺎﻥ‬...(،‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬٥
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻥ‬‫ﻳﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ‬‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﹼ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻣﺘﺸ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻞ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫـﻢ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬.‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻛﻨـﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻌ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻤـﻮ‬
‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ‬٦
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ‬‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Responsibility
2
- Subsystem
3
- Well-defined
4
- Architecture Team
5
- Overall System
6
- Face-to-face Communication

۲۱۳
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﻱ‬،‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‬‫ﺀ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬N‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ،‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬N*(N-1)/2.‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬،‫ﻧﻔﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬۱۵‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬‫ﺟـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۸-۵‫ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۸-۵
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣ‬‫ﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬

۲۱۴
‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﺮﻱ‬.‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬،‫ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙ‬‫ﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬.
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬٢
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬٣
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬٤
)‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬٥
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٦
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﹼ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬٧
‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻓﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬.‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧـﺼﻮﺻ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬:
-‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٨
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻭﺳﺎ‬٩
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬.‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻋﻠـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Integration Team
2
3
- Configuration Management System
4
- Inception
5
- Elaboration
6
- Why
7
- Artifact
8
- Frequent Builds
9
- Build

۲۱۵
-‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬.
-‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻧـﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺩﻳ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬‫ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬.
-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻄـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔـﺸﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻘـﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩﺍ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬.
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
١
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٢
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬٣
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- Integration Planning
2
- Integration Build Plan
3
- Build

۲۱۶
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬١
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗ‬‫ﺴﺖ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬٢
‫ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬ ،٣
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ،٤
،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
۸-۶‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬۱‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬
۲‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬۱‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬۳‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۸-۶
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬)Builds(
1
- Functionality
2
- Functional
3
- Load
4
- Stress

۲۱۷
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺒﻨـﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬.‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺟﻠﺴﺎ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬.‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﺑﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬
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‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺫﻳﻞ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬:
-‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭﻳ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬٣
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺟـﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬.‫ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺘـﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗـﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ،‫ﻋﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﺧﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋـﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﺍﻧﺪ‬.
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- Arbitrarily
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- Continual Progress
3
- Mission
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- Cross-functional Teams

۲۱۸
-‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷـﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻞ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
-‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺳـﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬‫ﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۲.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬.
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬
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‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﺠﺪﻳ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬٢
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬٣
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻏﻴﺮﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬١
،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬‫ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬
1
- Use-Case
2
- Elaboration Phase
3

۲۱۹
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(،‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳـﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬‫ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬‫ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬(،
‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﻻﻳﻪ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔـﻪ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٢
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ،٣
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،٤
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺗ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻛﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬‫ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬‫؛‬‫ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻫﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(،‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺑﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻭﺍﺣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٦
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٧
‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬٨
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
1
2
- Interfaces
3
- Performance
4
- Usability
5
- Database
6
- Unit Test
7
- Deployment
8
- Feedback

۲۲۰
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹼﻞ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻣﻔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬:‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﮔﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﮔﺎ‬‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﮔﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﺍﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬:
-‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٤
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬
-‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
-‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Initial Operational Capability Milestone
2
- Beta Milestone
3
- Stable
4
- Mature

۲۲۱
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬.،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬:
-‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬)‫ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬‫ﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬(،
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻗـﺪﺍﻡ‬.‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺿـﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬.
-‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﺁﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬(‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
-‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬٣
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺧـﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Construction
2
- Production Stage
3

۲۲۲
۱.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
۲.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟‬
۳.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ؟‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬
۴.‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
۵.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
۶.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺻﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬١
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬.
۷.‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬٢
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻮﺩ؟‬
1
2
- Outsourcing

۲۲۳

۲۲۴

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﻧﻬﻢ‬
•‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ِ
•‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬‫ﺎﻝ‬
•‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬

۲۲۶
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۹-۱
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺮ‬‫ﺣﻠﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬٣
1
- Maintenance
2
- Evolution
3
- Product Release Milestone
۹‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬

۲۲۷
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۹-۲
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬)‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬(‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬١
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬،‫ﺮﺩﻫـﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬.‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ،‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻥ‬٤
،‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨـﺪﻱ‬،‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬،‫ﹼ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ،‫ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﺭﻳـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺰﺋﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ،‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
،‫ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬‫ﺳﻬﻮ‬‫ﻟﺖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬٧
،‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
2
- Functionality
3
- Beta Release
4
- Supporting Documentation
5
- Training Material
6
- Fine-tuning
7
- Usability
‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬

۲۲۸
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ‬‫ﺍﺭ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺍﻏﻠ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬‫ﺧﺼﻴـﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﺿـﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠـﻞ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬.
‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻜﺮ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺘﻲ‬)‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬(‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬٤
،‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٥
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬٦
‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٧
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻭﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٨
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬٩
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺍﻓﺘـﺪ‬‫؛‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺁﺧـ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬‫ﺗـ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺧﻴ‬‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬،‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺧﻴﺮ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺠـ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺠ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬.‫ﺍﻓـﺰﻭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗـ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻧﻤـﻲ‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺮ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬،‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋﻤـ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﭘﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Deployable
2
- Features
3
- Deadlines
4
- Integrated
5
- Stable
6
- Traditional Waterfall Approach
7
- Integration
8
- Major Breakage
9
- Compile

۲۲۹
‫ﺍﻫﺪ‬‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬:
۱.‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
۲.‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬١
‫ﺧﻮﺩﺍﺗﻜﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬٢
‫ﺁﻧﺎﻥ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﺻﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
۳.‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٣
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ‬٤
.‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﻓـﻀﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳـﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺪﻩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬.
۴.‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬،‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬٦
‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ،،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
۵.‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬٧
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬٨
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬.
۶.‫ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬.‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬.
1
- Maintainers
2
- Self-reliability
3
- Convert
4
- Operational Databases
5
- Commercial Package
6
- Marketing Rollout
7
- Stakeholders
8
- Vision
‫ﻧﺘﻘ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﺎﻝ‬

۲۳۰
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬٢
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬٣
‫ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۹-۳‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬.(‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻚ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺗﺎﭖ‬٤
‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ،
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺭﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬٥
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺧﺼﻴﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬.‫ﮔﻪ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻩ‬٦
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٧
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،٨
،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٩
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬.
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬١٠
‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،١١
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ،١
،‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬،‫ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬.
1
- Iterations
2
- Transition
3
- Straightforward
4
- Desktop
5
- Air-traffic control system
6
- New Features
7
- Requirements
8
- Analysis
9
- Design
10
- Packaging
11
- Production

۲۳۱
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۹-۳
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬‫ﻝ‬.
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺳـﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﻧـﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﻩ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳـ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗـﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬٢
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬‫ﺩ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ،‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
1
- Marketing
2
- Incremental Delivery
3
- Actual System Usage

۲۳۲
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬٣
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬٤
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬٥
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬)‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬(‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
1
- Large-scale Management Information Systems
2
- Command and Control Systems
3
- Distributed Deployment
4
- Integrate
5
- Fine-tune

۲۳۳
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳﻌﻪ‬١
‫ﮔﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬)‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ،،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬(‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۹-۴‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬.(‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻧﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫ﻣﻴﺮﺩ‬٣
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،‫ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗـﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺵ‬
‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫـﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻳ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۹-۴
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺑﺘـﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬٧
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳـﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
1
- Development Cycles
2
- Generation
3
- Die
4
- Evolve
5
- Subsequent
6
- Evolution Cycles
7
- Next Generation

۲۳۴
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻑ‬١
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺗﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻬﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﺟﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﹼ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻖ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺘ‬ ‫ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺳﻌﻪ‬‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.‫ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳـﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ،،‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬٤
‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ،٥
،‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺭﻭﺯﻣـﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ؛‬ ‫ﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺩ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
1
- Third Party
2
- Advanced Configuration Management Processes
3
- Mode
4
- Operations
5
- Support
6
- Routine Maintenance

۲۳۵
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻨـﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‬ ،‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺩﭼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘـﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﻏـﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬)‫ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬(،‫ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
)‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬(‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ،،‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬.
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬٣
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﻜ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬:
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﺎﺟﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻧﺼ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬
-‫ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬ ،‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬٤
‫ﮔﺎﺭﺍﻧﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﻛ‬‫ﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬
-‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻭﺏ‬‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺖ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Next Release or Generation
2
- Artifact
3
- Key Deliverables
4
- License

۲۳۶
‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺶ‬ ،‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬.‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬‫ﺫﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬:
-‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﺎﻫ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬.
-‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻜـﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺣـﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻳﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﹼﻖ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻜﻲ‬‫ﺭﺳﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۱.‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬١
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻥ‬٢
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٣
‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺘـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬٤
‫ﮔﺮﺩ‬‫ﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹺﺘﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬٥
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺷـﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺛـﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﭘﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﭘـﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬.
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻓـﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ‬ ،‫ﺟﺰﺋـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ،‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٧
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،٨
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬٩
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬.‫ﺻـﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻛـﻪ‬
1
- Beta Test
2
- User Expectations
3
- First Operational Version
4
- Deployed
5
- Feedback
6
- Change Requests
7
- Training Materials
8
- Tuning
9
- Performance

۲۳۷
‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬‫ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺗﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣـ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١
،‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬.‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٢
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤـﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻻﻳـﻦ‬٣
)‫ﺑـﺮﺧﻂ‬(‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬ ،
‫ﺭﻫﻨ‬ ،‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ،٥
،‫ﭘـﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬،‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﺴﺖ‬‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ،‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﹺﺘﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٧
‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ،.‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬‫ــﭻ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٨
)‫ﻭﺻﻠﻪ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭ‬١
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ؛‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﹺﺘﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ،‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻱ‬۱‫ﹺﺘﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑ‬ ،۲‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.
1
- Evolution Cycle
2
- Documentations
3
- Online Help
4
- User’s Guides
5
- Operational Guides
6
- Formal Acceptance Test
7
- Baselined Release
8
- Patch

۲۳۸
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬٢
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬:
-‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭﺳﺪ؟‬
-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ؟‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬
-‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ؟‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﹶﺒﻊ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬٥
‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٦
)‫ﺁﺯﻣـﻮﻥ‬(‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬:
-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟‬
-‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧ‬‫ﺪ؟‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬٧
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬.‫ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۹-
۱۰،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩﻻﻳـﻞ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬.
1
- Iteration
2
- Metrics
3
- Good Enough Quality
4
- Functionality
5
- Defect Metrics
6
- Test Metrics
7
- Trend

۲۳۹
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۹-۱۰
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺭﻓ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬.‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬.
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬۶۰‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺑﺘـﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳـﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨـﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓـﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Test Case

۲۴۰
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۲.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬١
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩﺍﺗﻜﺎﻳﻲ‬٢
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ،‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬.‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻـﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ،‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬‫ْﻧﺎ‬‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺘﻲ‬.‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺑﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷـﻴﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۳.‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٣
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٤
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬٥
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴـﺪ‬‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬٦
‫ﺗـﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬
1
- Maintainers
2
- Self-Reliability
3
- Deployment Site
4
- Convert
5
- Operational Databases
6
- Smooth Transition

۲۴۱
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۴.‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬١
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬:‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬٢
‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ،٣
،‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬٤
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺗﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‬٥
‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣـﺼﺪﺍﻕ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻗـﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬.
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨـﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤـ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬٦
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ْﻧﺎﻣـﻪ‬‫ﻫـﺎ‬٧
‫ﻓـﺮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٨
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺧﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ِ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬٩
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬‫ْﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﭖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Launch
2
- Packaging
3
- Production
4
- Marketing Rollout
5
-‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ISV) Independent Software Vendors (‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.
6
- Bill of Materials (BOM)
7
- Manuals
8
- Licensing Agreements Forms
9
- Packaging

۲۴۲
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬:
-‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮓ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
-‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻴﻠـﻲ‬٢
‫ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬:‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﻳﺖ‬٣
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻭﺍﻳ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﭘ‬‫ﹺﺮ‬‫ﭘ‬٤
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬
-‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬٥
.‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٦
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﺷـﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٧
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٨
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻘـﺎﻻﺕ‬ ،
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬٩
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟـﻊ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬١٠
‫ﺩﺍﺳـﺘﺎ‬ ،‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬١١
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،.
-‫ﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﺑﺮﻭﺷﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
- CMP : Core Message Platform
2
-‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ Customer-Consumable Collateral ‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬.
3
- Demo
4
- Whitepapers
5
- Sales Support Materials
6
- Sales Presentations
7
- Field Training Material
8
- Fact Sheets
9
- Positioning Papers
10
- References
11
- Success Stories

۲۴۳
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۵.‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬١
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬٣
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬.
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬٤
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴـﺪ‬ ،‫ﺁﺯﻣـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٥
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬:
-‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬٦
-‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬٧
-‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﹺﺘﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ِ٨
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬ ،‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.،‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬٩
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬(‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬١٠
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗـﺴ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣـﻮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬‫ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬١١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬١٢
)‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎﺭ‬(‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬١٣
)‫ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ‬(‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺧﻮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎ‬١٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
1
- Concurrence
2
- Stakeholder
3
- Deployment
4
- Product Acceptance Test
5
- Functionalities
6
- Formal
7
- Informal
8
- Beta Test
9
- System Test
10
- Test Case
11
- Fully Automated
12
- Supplier
13
- Acquirer
14
- Third Party

۲۴۴
‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬١
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﮔـﺮﻓﺘ‬ ‫ﻧﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ،‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭼﮕـﻮﻧﮕ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺍﻏﻠ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮ‬‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧـﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ؛‬٣
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧـﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳـﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬٤
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬٥
‫ﭼﻚ‬ ،‫ْﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،٧
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬۶.‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬‫ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٨
‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﮔﺬﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ،‫ﻗﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﺩﻫـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ،.‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧـﺶ‬ ‫ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.
1
- Informal Acceptance Test
2
- End-User
3
- Artifacts
4
5
- Use-Case
6
- Checklists
7
- Guidelines
8
- Performance

۲۴۵
‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻤﻦ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬.
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬:‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬١
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬٢
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‬.‫ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬‫ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ﺗـﺪﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻫـﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺧﻴـﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬.،‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻲ‬:
-‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ؟‬
-‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﻗﺒﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫؟‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﭼﺮﺧـﻪ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬.
1
- Major Milestone
2
- Product Release Milestone

۲۴۶
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳـﻮ‬.‫ﭘـﻲ‬١
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺧـﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬٢
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﺑـﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬٣
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬:
-‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﹺﺘـﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗـﺮ‬٥
‫ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬
-‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬٦
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬)‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﻜ‬‫ﺎﻳ‬‫ﻲ‬٧
.(
-‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﺘﺮﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬
-‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ؛‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬٨
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺨﺶ‬ ،٩
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬.
-‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﺍﻓﻖ‬١٠
‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١١
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬١٢
)‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴـﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬(‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬.
-‫ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻨﻈ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻮﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬
1
- RUP Lifecycle
2
- Production Stage
3
- Target Environment
4
- Beta Tests
5
- Fine Tune
6
- Maintainers
7
- Self-reliant
8
- Rollout to Marketing
9
- Distribution
10
- Concurrence
11
- Stakeholders
12
- Deployment Baselines

۲۴۷
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
۱.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬.
۲.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟‬
۳.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬‫؟‬
۴.‫ﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.
[5]. Pankaj Jalote, (2002). Software Project Management in Practice, Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.
Books.

۲۴۸

‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬
‫ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬
‫ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬
‫ﻓﺼ‬‫ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻞ‬:‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬

۲۵۰

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫دﻫﻢ‬
•‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬
•‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬:
o‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
o‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
o‫ﺩﺳﺘ‬‫ﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۲۵۲
‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ‬)‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬(‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬٢
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،٣
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬٤
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﻫـﺎ‬٥
،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ،‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺧـﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‬.‫ﻓـﺼﻞ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺹ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬.
،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻳـﻮ‬.‫ﭘـﻲ‬
1
- Roles
2
- Activities
3
- Artifacts
4
- Workflows
5
- Disciplines
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
۱۰‫ﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬
)‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬(‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬

۲۵۳
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳﻨ‬‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬
١
،‫ﭼﻪ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬
٢
،‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﭼـﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ‬
٣
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧـﻪ‬
٤
‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓـ‬‫ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬،‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹼﻖ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
-‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٥
:‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬»‫ﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬«،‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
-‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٦
:‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻱ‬»‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬«،
-‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬٧
:‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬»‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬«،
-‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٨
:‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬»‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬«،
-‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٩
:‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺼ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻲ‬‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۱،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۲،‫ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬۱۰-۳،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
1
- Who
2
- What
3
- When
4
- How
5
- Role
6
- Activity
7
- Artifact
8
- Workflow
9
- Discipline
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۲۵۴
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۱
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬‫ﻓ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۲
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۲۵۵
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٢
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬‫ﺗـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫـﻢ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺭﻓ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٤
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫـﺪ‬‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠـﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﺷﺨ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ‬‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬‫ﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬.‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬ ،‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬،‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ‬ ‫ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬ ،‫ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺪ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﺗـﻚ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗـ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻲ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬!‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣـﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬‫ﻴﺪ‬!‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬)‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۴۰‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬(‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬‫ﺧـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻱ‬،‫ﻟﺰﻭﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘـﺲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻴـﻴﻦ‬
1
- Role
2
- Behaviour
3
- Responsibility
4
- Activity
5
- Artifact

۲۵۶
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬،‫ﻧﻘـﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۱۰-۳،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۳
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺯ‬‫ﺗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺭﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬:
-‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﻂ‬‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺪﻩ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
-‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬،
-‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻪ‬،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
-‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬.
1
- Skills

۲۵۷
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۴
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬:
-‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
:‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬٣
-‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬٤
:‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬٥
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‬٦
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻧﻮﻳﺲ‬
-‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٧
:‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬٨
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬٩
-‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١٠
:‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬١١
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬١٢
-‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬١٣
:‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬١٤
‫ﻭ‬‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬١٥
1
- Analyst Roles
2
- Business-Process Analyst
3
- System Analyst
4
- Developer Roles
5
- Architect
6
- Database Designer
7
- Tester Roles
8
- Test Designer
9
- Test Manager
10
- Manager Roles
11
- Project Manager
12
- Process Engineer
13
- Production and Support Roles
14
- Tool Specialist
15
- Configuration Manager

۲۵۸
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۵
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۶
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۲۵۹
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ،‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬،‫ﺪ‬‫ﻭﺍﺣ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬٢
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎ‬ ،‫ﻳﻨـﺪ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺛـﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺻـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬٤
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﻛﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛـﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ،‫ﭘـﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۱۰-۷،‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۷
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺕ‬)‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬(‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬.
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬،‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻱ‬
1
- Activities
2
- Unit of Work
3
- Meaningful Result
4
- Artifacts

۲۶۰
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈـﻮ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺎﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺁﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬.
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧـﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻣـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬‫ﹸﻓﺘﺪ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﺟ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﺷﻲﺀﮔﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬٢
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺩﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬٣
‫ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬:
-‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬٤
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،
-‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬٥
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،
-‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬٦
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨ‬‫ﺪﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٧
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬»Activity«‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﭘﻴـﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬»Activity: Find use case and actors«‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬.
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻣﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬:
1
- Artifact
2
- Active Object
3
- Operations
4
- Plan an iteration
5
- Find Use Cases and Actors
6
- Execute a Performance Test
7
- Performance Tester

۲۶۱
-‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٢
:‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
:‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬‫ﺑﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
:‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻤ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬»‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬٥
‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٦
«‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬:
۱.‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬
۲.‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
۳.‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
۴.‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﹶﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
۵.‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺑﺮﺩ‬
۶.‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬٧
‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
۷.‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ،)‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬۱‫ﺗﺎ‬۳(‫ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺨـﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬)‫ﮔﺎ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬۴‫ﺗﺎ‬۶(‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺑـﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺨـﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ؛‬
)‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬۷(‫ﻛﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
1
- Steps
2
- Thinking Steps
3
- Performing Steps
4
- Reviewing Steps
5
- Use-Cases
6
- Actors
7
- Survey

۲۶۲
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺰﻭﻣ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﮔﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬،
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺖ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬‫ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬،‫ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬٢
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻃﻲ‬‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ،‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‬.،‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺲ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣـﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻃـﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭼﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬٤
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀﮔﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬‫ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍﺩ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬،‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻳﻢ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬:
-‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬٥
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،٦
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬٧
-‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ‬٨
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻛﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،،‫ﺯﻳﺮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬9
-‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬١
‫ﺳﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬٢
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٣
1
- Artifacts
2
- A piece of information
3
- Tangible
4
- Operations
5
- Model
6
- Use Case Model
7
- Design Model
8
- A Model Element
9
- Subsystem

۲۶۳
-‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺪ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬٤
-‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬٥
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٦
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗ‬ ،‫ﹺ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨـ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
Work-Product،Work Units،Deliverables‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴ‬‫ﻧـﺮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬٧
‫ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬٨
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬٩
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١٠
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١١
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬١٢
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺴﺨ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١٣
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬١٤
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ،‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳـﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﭘـﻲ‬‫ﭼﻨـﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻏـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻟﺤﻈـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗـﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮔـﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬١٥
،
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬.
1
- Document
2
- Vision
3
4
- Source Code
5
- Executable
6
- Artifact
7
- Software Development Plan
8
- Plan
9
- Staffing Plan
10
- Phase Plan
11
- Measurement Plan
12
- Iteration Plan
13
- Version Control
14
15
- Snapshots
‫ﻣﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬

۲۶۴
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻱ‬.‫ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬.‫ﺩ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۱۰-۸‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ،
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۸
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬

۲۶۵
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬١
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬:
-‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬Rational XDE‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،
-‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬Microsoft Project‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬،
-‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬٢
‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻪ‬Rational ClearQuest‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬،
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬Rational Requisite Pro‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬.
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬،‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﺎﺗﺮ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻱ‬‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬.
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﭼـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻄﻌﻪ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬(‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺶ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬.‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ‬ ‫ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻫـﻴﭻ‬ ،‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻱ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﮕﺮ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺗﻨﻬـ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ﻣﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬artifact‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬:»Artifact: Use Case Model«
1
- Artifact
2
- Defect

۲۶۶
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۹
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﻥ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻲ‬ ،‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣـﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬.‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘـﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
٢
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬:
-‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬:
o‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬٤
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬١
‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ،‫ﻭﻛﺎﺭ‬٢
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ،
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬٣
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،.
1
- Reports
2
- Artifact Set
3
- Core Disciplines
4
- Planning

۲۶۷
o‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬٤
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٥
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍ‬ ،‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬٦
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
-‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬:
o‫ﭼﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬
o‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺫﻳ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻨﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬٧
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ،٨
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٩
-‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺩﺳ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣ‬ ،‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬)‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬(‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬:
o‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬
o‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬
-‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣ‬ ،‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬:
o‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺪ‬‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
o‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻱ‬١٠
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬١١
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣ‬ ،:
o‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬)‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬(
o‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍ‬
o‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺻـﻄﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻋﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﻨـﺪ‬.‫ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
۱۰-۱۰‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
1
- Software Development Plan or SDP
2
- Business Case
3
- Development Case
4
- Operational
5
- Release Description
6
- Defect Data
7
- Stakeholders' Needs
8
- Use-Case Model
9
- Supplementary Specification
10
- Data Files
11
- Deployment Set

۲۶۸
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۱۰
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﺷ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺭﻭﻧ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬)‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬(
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬١
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻇﺮﻑ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬٢
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.،‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹸﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍ‬.‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘـﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟـ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬،‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﹸﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.
1
- Disciplines
2
- Containers

۲۶۹
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۱۱
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
-‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٢
-‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٣
-‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬٤
-‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬٥
-‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬٦
-‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬٧
1
- Technical
2
- Business Modeling
3
- Requirements
4
- Analysis and Design
5
- Implementation
6
- Test
7
- Deployment

۲۷۰
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬١
-‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬٢
-‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬٣
-‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬٤
‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟـﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﻳـﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻀﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬.‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ،‫ﻭﮊﻩ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﺍﻧﻀﺒﺎ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ،‫ﻧﮕﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺁﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬۱۱‫ﺗﺎ‬۱۹‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳـﻮ‬.‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬.
1
- Supporting
2
- Project Management
3
4
- Environment

۲۷۱
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬١
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬)‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬٢
(‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬٣
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬٤
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ،.‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬۱۰-۱۲‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻣﻬ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۱۲
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
1
- Workflow
2
- Visual
3
- UML
4
- Activity Diagram

۲۷۲
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬ ،‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬ ِ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬‫ﻣﺠ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻤﻮﻋـﻪ‬‫ﺗﺤـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬ِ
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‬.
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬:
-‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬١
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ،
-‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬٢
-‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬٣
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻫـﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨـﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻱ‬‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬:
-‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬٤
-‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬(٥
-‫ﹺ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬٦
-‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬٧
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۱۳‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬.
1
- Core Workflows
2
- Workflow Details
3
- Iteration Plans
4
- Guidelines
5
- Templates
6
- Tool Mentors
7
- Concepts

۲۷۳
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬۱۰-۱۳
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺵ‬‫ﮔـﺴﺘﺮ‬١
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.،‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬SPEM
٢
)‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻛﻨﺴﺮﺳﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬OMG(،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
1
- Extension
2
- Software Process Engineering Metamodel

۲۷۴
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺷﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ،‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬:
-‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬:‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬.
-‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
-‫ﻥ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ،‫ﺭ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‬.
-‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬(‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬.
-‫ﺁﺭ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺯﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬SPEM‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬.
۱.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﮔ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬.
۲.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬‫ﺗﺤﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻴﻖ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﻮﺑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.
۳.‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬.
۴.‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬SPEM‫ﺗﺤﻘ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻴﻖ‬.

۲۷۵
[5]. OMG (2001). Object Management Group. Software Process Engineering
Metamodel (SPEM). OMG, doc ad/01-03-08, April 2, 2001. Available at:
http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/01-03-08.
Books.

۲۷۶

‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ‬
•‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
•‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
•‫ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
•‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬‫ﺭﻳ‬‫ﺁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺰﻱ‬.‫ﻳﻮ‬.‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴ‬‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳ‬

۲۷۸
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‬١
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫

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