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Safety and Reliability Methodology and Applications
Tomasz Nowakowski Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Tomasz Nowakowski
ISBN(s): 9781315736976, 1315736977
Edition: Pap/Cdr
File Details: PDF, 389.71 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english

Editors
Tomasz Nowakowski
Marek Młyńczak
Anna Jodejko-Pietruczuk
Sylwia Werbińska-Wojciechowska
Editors
Nowakowski
Młyńczak
Jodejko-Pietruczuk
Werbińska-Wojciechowska
an informa business
Within the last fifty years the performance requirements for technical objects
and systems were supplemented with: customer expectations (quality),
abilities to prevent the loss of the object properties in operation time (reliability
and maintainability), protection against the effects of undesirable events
(safety and security) and the ability to restore performance (resilience). The
need to adapt the operation of complex systems in such an uncertain and
volatile environment has caused the necessity to formulate new and well
established achievements associated with modeling, testing and evaluation
of these properties. The concept of a complex system applies not only to the
technical ones but also the infrastructure of major importance for social life
such as transportation and logistics systems, buildings, power systems, water
distribution systems or health services.
Safety and Reliability: Methodology and Applications contains the proceedings
of the 24th
European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2014, Wroclaw,
Poland, 14-18 September 2014), and discusses theories and methods and
their applications in the areas of risk, safety and reliability. The book will be of
interest to researchers and practitioners, academics and engineers working in
academic, industrial and governmental sectors.
Safety and Reliability
Methodology and Applications
Safety
and
Reliability
Methodology
and
Applications

SAFETY AND RELIABILITY: METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN SAFETY AND RELIABILITY CONFERENCE, ESREL 2014,
WROCŁAW, POLAND, 14–18 SEPTEMBER 2014
Safety and Reliability: Methodology
and Applications
Editors
Tomasz Nowakowski, Marek Młyńczak,
Anna Jodejko-Pietruczuk & Sylwia Werbińska-Wojciechowska
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology,
Wrocław, Poland
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CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by pho-
tocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information
herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN: 978-1-138-02681-0 (Hbk + CD-ROM)
ISBN: 978-1-315-73697-6 (eBook PDF)
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v
Safety and Reliability: Methodology and Applications – Nowakowski et al. (Eds)
© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02681-0
Table of contents
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgements xxix
Conference organization xxxi
Introduction xxxv
METHODOLOGY AREAS
Accident and incident investigation and modelling
Aeronautics and aerospace
An incident reporting support system for airline cabin crew 3
K. Furuta, K. Okano, T. Kanno, T. Mori & S. Shimizu
Chemical process industry
The effect of the environment conditions on the prediction of flammable cloud dispersion 11
A.M. Schleder, M.R. Martins, E. Pastor & E. Planas
Scenario identification in oil and gas industry: A case in the Middle East 21
Z. Rezvani, P. Swuste & P. Hudson
Civil engineering
Analysis of roadside safety barrier using numerical model 29
P. Hradil, J. Kala & V. Salajka
Critical infrastructure
Developing a framework for characterising cascading failures in past events to inform
emergency response decisions 33
H. Hassel, A. Cedergren, L. Svegrup & J. Johansson
A critical evaluation of risk assessment methodology for natural gas pipeline 43
J. Kraus
An ontology-based approach to vulnerability and interdependency modelling for Critical
Infrastructure systems 49
P. Trucco & B. Petrenj
Electrical engineering
Renewable sources impact on power system reliability and nuclear safety 57
A. Volkanovski & B. Gjorgiev
Maritime transportation
Titanic viewed from different perspectives on major accidents 65
H. Kim & S. Haugen
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vi
Usability of accident and incident reports for evidence-based risk modeling
of ship grounding 75
A. Mazaheri & J. Montewka
Winter navigation at the Baltic Sea: An analysis of accidents occurred
during winters 2002–2003 & 2009–2013 83
O.A. Valdez Banda, F. Goerlandt, J. Montewka & P. Kujala
Rail transportation
Structuring contributors to successful operation 93
J. Vatn
Road transportation
Country Safety Performance Function and the factors affecting it 101
K. Jamroz
Method of dynamic identification of hazardous driver behaviour by traffic
parameters detection 109
M. Sumiła & M. Siergiejczyk
Waterborne transportation
The method of risk management of accidental oil spills at sea 115
K. Łazuga & L. Gucma
Other reliability and safety areas
The impact of new technologies on the safety level of air traffic in Poland 121
K. Krzykowska & M. Siergiejczyk
Black swan accidents: Predicting and preventing the unpredictable 127
D.J. Winfield
Analytical methods in system safety and reliability
Studies of the jet engine control quality based on its response to the disturbance
inflicted on the object, designated from its response to the set point inflicted to the controller 137
K. Golak, P. Lindstedt & R. Grądzki
The mathematical formula of safety of aircrafts 141
J. Lewitowicz, S. Rutkowski, R. Tomaska & A. Żyluk
The reliability analysis of the satellite’s driving system based on the IABCBLT method 143
W. Peng, J. Zhang & L.J. Kan
The effectiveness of the FMEA technology in the process of the aerospace
product development 151
J. Shuyuan, L. Fuqiu, W. Jinjing & L. Meinan
Reliability modeling method of space mechanism considering
dynamical cascading effects 155
C.L. Tan, J.G. Zhang, P. Wang & L.J. Kan
Comparative analysis of calculation methods of pressure drops for two-phase
flow through pipelines 163
G. Boccardi, R. Trinchieri, R. Bubbico & B. Mazzarotta
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vii
Empirical Bayes inference with nonlinear homogenizations and correlated
intensity functions: Use in asset degradation modelling 171
G. Blair, J. Quigley & L. Walls
Dependence of the gas supply system criticality indicator(s) on the system
elements’ reliability 181
B. Jokšas, I. Žutautaitė, J. Augutis & T. Rekašius
Comparing societal consequence measures of outages in electrical distribution systems 189
F. Landegren, J. Johansson & O. Samuelsson
On the resilience analysis of interconnected systems by a set-theoretic approach 197
X. Liu, I. Prodan & E. Zio
A brief note on the ratio of the rectilinear and shortest distance between
two arbitrary points on the 3-sphere 207
M.A. Odijk & P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder
A game-theoretical model to allocate security resources in a multi-modal
transportation system facing adaptive adversaries 211
L. Talarico, K. Sörensen & G. Reniers
Electronic industry
Assessment of the critical events sequences of systems by means of probabilistic languages 217
D. Ionescu, N. Brînzei & J.F. Pétin
Energy production and distribution
RAM analysis applied to decommissioning phase: Comparison and assessment
of different methods to predict future failures 225
E. Calixto & Y. Bot
Reliability indices computation for a flow network with a series-parallel-reducible structure 235
J. Malinowski
Information technology and telecommunication
Minimal cut sets and direct partial logic derivatives in reliability analysis 241
M. Kvassay, E. Zaitseva & V. Levashenko
On the probability of escaping a cell—in wireless networks 249
C. Tanguy
Reliability analysis of ship-rope transporter with dependent components 255
A. Blokus-Roszkowska & K. Kołowrocki
Maritime traffic flow simulation in the Intelligent Transportation Systems theme 265
A. Blokus-Roszkowska & L. Smolarek
Modeling of event trees for the rapid scenario development 275
M.K. Gerigk
The influence of screw propellers manufacturing accuracy on conditions
of the propulsion system operating 281
E. Skupień
Mechanical engineering
Contribution to oil data assessment for system condition determination 287
D. Vališ & L. Žák
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viii
Rail transportation
Dependability and safety analysis of ERTMS level 3 using analytic estimation 293
T. Babczyński & J. Magott
Streamlining architectures for integrated safety analysis using Design
Structure Matrices (DSMs) 299
K. Höfig, J.Z. Guo & A. Kazeminia
The Markov reliability and safety model of the railway transportation system 303
F.J. Restel
Reliability analysis of rail teleinformation system 313
M. Siergiejczyk
Road transportation
Premises of evaluation of the technical object suitability with including the quality
of its maintenance and operation, and their initial conditions 319
R. Grądzki, P. Lindstedt & K. Golak
Bivariate reliability analysis of driving profiles in automobile fleets 327
T. Köttermann, M. Grabert, S. Kempe & S. Bracke
Attempt to apply the theory of reliability to assessment of signalised lane operation 335
K. Ostrowski
Reliability-exploitation analysis of power supply in transport telematics system 343
A. Rosiński
Reliability-maintenance analysis of highway emergency communication systems 349
M. Siergiejczyk, J. Chmiel & A. Rosiński
Hierarchical random models in road transport safety 355
J. Wachnicka, K. Jamroz & L. Smolarek
Overall regional risk analysis of four Norwegian municipalities 361
R. Flage, Ø. Amundrud & H.S. Wiencke
Modeling reliability of complex port transportation system 371
K. Kołowrocki & J. Soszyńska-Budny
Reliability optimization of complex port transportation system 385
K. Kołowrocki & J. Soszyńska-Budny
Involvement of expert judgement in dynamic model 393
R. Krikštolaitis, A.E. Lutynska, S. Pečiulytė & I. Žutautaitė
Anthropo-technical systems reliability 399
D. Laskowski, P. Łubkowski, E. Pawlak & P. Stańczyk
Cost-benefit analysis of surveillance technologies 409
P.-H. Lin & C. van Gulijk
Integrated estimation of pipeline failure probability 417
I. Žutautaitė, G. Dundulis, S. Rimkevičius & R. Janulionis
Reliability and safety management
Reliability engineering interactions in aerospace products 425
E.N. Çetin & A.Ş. Temiz
An influence of the lifetime assessment in aviation technology 433
K. Kustroń & J. Lewitowicz
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ix
How managers should think about risk—a case study from the oil and gas industry 437
T. Bjerga & T. Aven
Balancing safety and performance through QRA and RAM analyses 445
V. Borges & C. Hickey
Public risk perception towards chemical process industry: Comprehension and response planning 453
D. Botheju & K. Abeysinghe
Risk assessment system for verifying the safety guards system based on the HAZOP
analysis information 461
A. Nakai, K. Isshiki & K. Suzuki
Development of the Safety Requirements Specification (SRS) in oil and gas industry 467
E.H. Park, K.P. Chang & S.T. Kim
Civil engineering
Development of functional safety standards for civil engineering 475
E. Nachtigall & V. Shcherbina
Mechanism design for risk allocation and benefit sharing in the development
of a Geological Disposal Facility for nuclear radioactive waste 481
O. Nieto-Cerezo, E. Patelli, J. Wenzelburger & M. Beer
Optimization of the drinking water coagulation and filtration system as a result
of reliability analysis and Life Cycle Costing 487
J. Szymik-Gralewska & I. Zimoch
Methods of visualizing the risk of lack of water supply 497
I. Piegdoń & B. Tchórzewska-Cieślak
Concept for development of safety-related filters 507
O. Krini, J. Krini & J. Börcsök
Heat Supply System reliability management 513
B. Babiarz
Uncertainty in the regulation systems of temporary organizations: A challenge for
improving the organizational reliability 521
F. Mazzorana-Kremer, C. Martin & J.L. Wybo
Solutions and safety barriers: The holistic approach to risk-reducing measures 531
A. Sevcik & O.T. Gudmestad
A multi-criteria decision model to mitigate the operational risks of offshore
wind infrastructures 539
M. Shafiee & A. Kolios
Manufacturing and supply chain/logistic systems
Evaluation of operational reliability of the supply chain in terms of the control
and management of logistics processes 549
I. Jacyna-Gołda
Effectiveness of national transport system according to costs of emission of pollutants 559
M. Jacyna, K. Lewczuk, E. Szczepański, P. Gołębiowski, R. Jachimowski, M. Kłodawski,
D. Pyza, O. Sivets, M. Wasiak, J. Żak & I. Jacyna-Gołda
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x
Experiments for PHM: Needs, developments and challenges 569
X.-Y. Li, L. Liu, R. Kang, D. Xu, F. Sun & J. Lee
Effects of external audits on safety management systems: A case study
of the Norwegian-managed maritime industry 577
J.F. Aae, A.K. Sydnes & C. Heggøy
Review of acceptable risk levels of bridge collapse in respect of ships collisions 585
L. Gucma
A new approach for evaluating the disruption risks of a seaport system 591
A. John, R. Riahi, D. Paraskevadakis, A. Bury, Z. Yang & J. Wang
Methodology for evaluation of barriers for rig move operations 599
E. Okstad, S. Hauge, B.A. Mostue & H. Skår
Natural resources and environment
Performance of skimmers in the Arctic offshore oil spills 607
M. Naseri & J. Barabady
Nuclear engineering
Rethinking nuclear safety management: Injunction as a meta-concept 615
S. Agulhon, D. Pécaud & F. Guarnieri
Using IRIDM & VTA to support the risk management of the research reactor Maria 621
M. Borysiewicz, K. Kowal & S. Potempski
Evaluation of risk impact of equipment ageing and asset management for LWR
Gen II and III NPPs in the horizon 2020 627
S. Martorell, I. Martón, S. Carlos & A.I. Sánchez
Rail transportation
Safety of the new control command European System 635
M. Siergiejczyk, M. Pawlik & S. Gago
Software systems
All swept up: An initial classification of NSA surveillance technology 643
M. Cayford, C. van Gulijk & P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder
Study of the security of processes running in computer operating systems 651
I.J. Jóźwiak & A. Szleszyński
Control-in-the-loop Model Based Safety Analysis 655
P.-Y. Piriou, J.-M. Faure & J.-J. Lesage
Developing a shared information surface for offshore work permits 663
S. Sarshar, G. Rindahl, C.S. Olsen, J.M. Røsok, M. Eskerud,
O.G. Nedrebø, P.J. Berg & G. Misund
Graphical technique for practical dependability management 671
L. Barberá, A. Crespo, K. Kobbacy & P. Viveros
A discussion of the risk-management and the rule-compliance regulation
regimes in a security context 677
S.H. Jore & A. Moen
Risk management in anchor-handling operations: The balance between control and autonomy 685
J. Røyrvik, K. Skarholt, G.M. Lamvik & J.R. Jonassen
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xi
Safety and environmental control of industrial activities in France: A negotiated relationship 695
V. Sanseverino-Godfrin
Risk assessment methods for improving urban security 701
C. Schoppe, J. Zehetner, J. Finger, D. Baumann, U. Siebold & I. Häring
Abstract representation of power system networks as a function of regularity properties 709
A.B. Svendsen, T. Tollefsen, R.F. Pedersen, K.P. Petursson, D. Patel & O.D. Lampe
Drinking water quality aspect in ensuring the safety of water supply systems 717
I. Zimoch, E. Łobos & T. Żaba
Dynamic reliability
Using dynamic risk modelling in Single European Sky Air Traffic Management
Research (SESAR) 729
N. Fota, M.H.C. Everdij, S.H. Stroeve, T. Kråkenes, I. Herrera, J. Quiñones,
T. Contarino & A. Manzo
Civil engineering
Modification of response spectra by probabilistic approach 739
V. Salajka, J. Kala, Z. Cada & P. Hradil
Dynamic Positioning systems with emphasis on harsh climate conditions 743
T. Li, O.T. Gudmestad & A. Barabadi
Wear time-dependent reliability analysis using Bayesian inference 751
J. Feng, J. Zhang, J. Si & P. Wang
Nuclear Engineering
RAVEN and dynamic probabilistic risk assessment: Software overview 759
A. Alfonsi, C. Rabiti, D. Mandelli, J. Cogliati, R. Kinoshita & A. Naviglio
Integrated Deterministic Probabilistic Safety Analysis (IDPSA) of a fire scenario 767
M. Kloos, J. Peschke & B. Forell
Dynamic reliability models for multiple dependent competing degradation processes 775
Y.H. Lin, Y.F. Li & E. Zio
Expert methods in system safety and reliability
Aeronautics and Aerospace
Development of a new algorithm for optimal multi-level redundancy allocation 785
M.A. Farsi
Aircraft crew escape system assistant 791
N. Grzesik & R. Czapla
A fuzzy system for evaluation of baggage screening devices at an airport 797
J. Skorupski & P. Uchroński
Quantification and modelling of epistemic uncertainties for availability risk of future
offshore wind farms using expert judgment 805
A. Zitrou, T. Bedford & L. Walls
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xii
Expert method and real time simulation in navigational safety analysis 813
T. Abramowicz-Gerigk
Causal modeling in industrial Reliability and Maintenance Management 819
Y. Pang & G. Lodewijks
The application of risk and reliability techniques to acquire knowledge in the development
of expert system for fault diagnosis 825
E.M.P. Hidalgo & G.F.M. de Souza
Failure identification and degradation processes
Life and reliability evaluation of tuner by Constant-Stress Accelerated Degradation
Testing method 837
F. Sun, X. Li & T. Jiang
Estimation of lifetimes of components that operate under ageing-attributable
wearing conditions 843
H. Tomaszek, M. Zieja & M. Ważny
A Physics-of-Failure-based approach for failure behavior modeling: With a focus
on failure collaborations 849
Z. Zeng, R. Kang & Y. Chen
Fault diagnosis method for circuit board based on BP neural networks 857
Y. Peng & J. Shi
Electronic industry
Physics of Failures (POF) version B for MTBF prediction 863
Y. Bot & J.B. Bernstein
An adaptive fault detection threshold hardware circuit design to reduce False Alarms 867
Y. Cui, J. Shi, L. Chen, K. Liu & W. An
MUSTADEPT: A tool for the analysis of industrial equipment degradation 873
M. Compare, L. Legnani & E. Zio
Provision of the reliable video surveillance services in heterogeneous networks 883
P. Lubkowski, D. Łaskowski & E. Pawlak
Identification of degradation processes of seabed protection in ports 889
T. Abramowicz-Gerigk
The use of Self-Organizing Maps for diagnosing faults in motor bearings 895
S. Al-Dahidi
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xiii
Selected safety aspects of polymer composites with natural fibres 903
A. Krzyżak & D. Vališ
Application of selected diffusion processes on system state assessment 911
D. Vališ & O. Pokora
Nuclear engineering
A modified Auto Associative Kernel Regression method for robust signal reconstruction
in Nuclear Power Plant components 917
P. Baraldi, F. Di Maio, P. Turati & E. Zio
Experimental design for the evaluation of Critical Heat Flux of small-scale pressurized
nuclear reactors 923
J.P. Duarte, J.R.C. Piqueira & M.E. Taqueda
Road transportation
The stochastic approach in road network vulnerability analysis 929
M. Bíl & R. Vodák
Analysis of brake testing methods in vehicle safety 933
A. Bojko, A.I. Fedotov, W.P. Khalezov & M. Młyńczak
Hilbert-Huang Transforms for fault detection and degradation assessment
in electrical motors 939
M. Rigamonti & S. Rantala
Volatility regime switching and jump-diffusion process for prognosis: Case of equity
price modeling 945
H. Ghamlouch, M. Fouladirad & A. Grall
Performance evaluation of Emergency Response Plans using a Multi-State System approach 953
C. Girard, E. Piatyszek, P. David & J.-M. Flaus
Human factors and human reliability
The model of a pilot competency as a factor influencing the safety of air traffic 963
J. Skorupski & M. Wiktorowski
Human Dependability Model for space application—the HuDeM project 971
T.M. Stene, S.O. Johnsen & S. Ophof
Towards safer air traffic: Optimizing ATC controller workload by simulation with reduced
set of parameters 979
B. Számel & G. Szabó
Human reliability test and identification of HCR model basic parameters for multi-factor
“Meta-Operation” 989
Y. Yang, X. Chen, J. Zhang & R. Kang
Statistical analysis of past accidents and a methodology (MEDIA) for Human
and Organizational Factors assessment in process industries 997
M. Ahmad, M. Pontiggia & M. Demichela
Predictive Human Error Analysis in Permit To Work system in a petrochemical plant 1007
M. Jahangiri, F. Zare Derisi & N. Hobobi
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xiv
Anticipating impacts of change on individual behaviors within a perspective
of safety management 1011
T. Côte, E. Rigaud & E. Garbolino
Modeling and assessment of Performance Shaping Factors in construction 1019
Y. Xenidis & K. Giannaris
The impact of the use of subcontracting on organizational reliability and safety 1027
C. Guers, C. Martin & J.L. Wybo
Human error analysis: Review of past accidents and implications for improving
robustness of system design 1037
R. Moura, M. Beer, E. Patelli, J. Lewis & F. Knoll
Operational and organizational barriers as means of enhancing safety and learning 1047
T.J. Steiro, E. Hansson Blix, J. Seljelid, T.S. Johansen, R.J. Bye,
H.N. Hansen & A. Doumit
Presumptions of culture: Applications and safety implications 1057
F. Størseth
Nuclear engineering
Coding scheme to measure the operator’s workload in advanced Main Control Room 1065
S. Kim, Y. Kim & W. Jung
A survey of Bayesian Belief Network Applications in Human Reliability Analysis 1073
L. Mkrtchyan, L. Podofillini & V.N. Dang
Aggregating expert-elicited error probabilities to build HRA models 1083
L. Podofillini, L. Mkrtchyan & V.N. Dang
Organizational factor inclusion in Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) tools 1093
N. Balfe & S. Cromie
Design methods of reducing human error in practice 1101
M. Butlewski, M. Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, A. Misztal & M. Sławińska
Maintenance modelling and optimisation
A hierarchical framework for the measurement of maintenance efficacy and efficiency
using performance indicators 1109
G.M. Galante, R. Inghilleri & C.M. La Fata
Civil engineering
State of the art in Operation and Maintenance planning of offshore wind farms 1119
M. Asgarpour & J.D. Sørensen
Maintenance of power systems considering time-dependent uncertainty 1127
T. Iesmantas & R. Alzbutas
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xv
Decision-making support for maintenance optimisation of natural gas compressor stations 1133
J. Blondel, L. Marle, O. Mozar, A. Abdesselam & F. Brissaud
Optimization of maintenance and operational policies of an offshore wind farm
subject to stochastic wind conditions 1141
B. Castanier, C. Pehlivan & T.G. Yeung
An age-based preventive maintenance for offshore wind turbines 1147
F.P. Santos, A.P. Teixeira & C. Guedes Soares
Availability modelling and analysis of an offshore wind turbine using Extended
Coloured Stochastic Petri Nets 1157
P. Zeiler & B. Bertsche
Maintenance in availability of weapon systems under combat operation—optimization
possibilities 1167
T. Smal
Optimum CTV fleet selection for offshore wind farm O&M activities 1177
Y. Dalgic, I. Dinwoodie, I. Lazakis, D. McMillan & M. Revie
Practical aspects of the application of RCM to select optimal maintenance policy
of the production line 1187
M. Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek
Hidden Markov Models for diagnostics and prognostics of systems under multiple
deterioration modes 1197
T.T. Le, F. Chatelain & C. Bérenguer
Nuclear engineering
Application of the Maintenance Rule to Nuclear Power Plant systems
through Bayesian Networks 1205
D.P. Dionizio, P.L.C. Saldanha & P.F. Frutuoso e Melo
Experience on risk-informed approach to Allowed Outage Time changes due
planned maintenance 1211
P.L.C. Saldanha & P.F. Frutuoso e Melo
Rail transportation
Expert system for means of transport maintenance processes performance. A comparative
analysis for various types of rail vehicles 1217
T. Nowakowski & S. Werbińska-Wojciechowska
A Colored Petri Net model for railway track maintenance with two-level inspection 1227
H. Shang & C. Bérenguer
Analysis of the process of unloading containers at the inland container terminal 1237
M. Zając & J. Świeboda
Return logistics/waste management
Reliability based model of the cost effective product reusing policy 1243
A. Jodejko-Pietruczuk & M. Plewa
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xvi
Asset maintenance optimization: The case-study of an offshore wind farm 1249
Y. Bot & D. Azoulay
Maintenance planning for drum shearer machine based on its reliability
characteristics and economical sensitivity analysis 1257
S.H. Hoseinie, B. Ghodrati & U. Kumar
A guide for Block Inspection Policy implementation 1263
A. Jodejko-Pietruczuk & S. Werbińska-Wojciechowska
Availability model of technical objects—block inspection policy implementation 1275
A. Jodejko-Pietruczuk & S. Werbińska-Wojciechowska
Condition-based maintenance policies for multi-component systems with
Lévy copulas dependence 1281
H. Li, L. Dieulle & E. Deloux
Application of standards in reliability prognosis of braking system of moving walks 1289
E. Rogova, G. Lodewijks & Y. Pang
Occupational safety
A Bayesian population variability analysis for estimation of the work time
loss distributions due to occupational accidents 1301
M.C. Moura, R. Azevedo, E.L. Droguett, L. Rego, W. Jorge & R. Vilela
Continuous monitoring of at-risk behaviours: A risk-based statistical control method 1311
D. Masi & P. Trucco
Enhancing the implementation of Occupational Health and Safety interventions
through a design of the socio-technical interaction 1319
D. Masi, E. Cagno, P. Hasle & S. Farnè
Return logistics/waste management
A risk-based approach to manage the Occupational Hazards in the Arctic drilling
waste handling practices 1329
Y.Z. Ayele, A. Barabadi & J. Barabady
Estimating individual occupational risk using registration data 1335
P.H.G. Berkhout & M. Damen
Quantification of risk rates of occupational accidents 1345
I.A. Papazoglou, O. Aneziris, L.J. Bellamy, M. Damen, B.J.M. Ale, H.J. Manuel & J.I.H. Oh
Quantitative risk assessment
Reliability assessment method for Ion thruster based on competing failure analysis
and performance degradation data 1357
Z. Zheng, S. Dong, L. Zhang, D. Xu, H. Tian & T. Zhang
Comparison of risk profiles for chemical process plants using PLATYPUS 1363
C. van Gulijk, B.J.M. Ale, D. Ababei & M. Steenhoek
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xvii
The use of the combination of indexing and semi-quantitative methods in audits
for individual risk assessment in the field of fire and explosion protection 1369
A. Leksin, U. Barth, D. Adeulov & R. Mock
Estimation of the impact probability of fragments produced by explosions
of vessels: A case study 1377
M.F. Milazzo, R. Lisi, G. Consolo & G. Maschio
Dynamic risk assessment: Development of a basic structure 1385
N. Paltrinieri & P. Hokstad
Joint applicability test of software for laboratory assessment and risk analysis 1393
D.N. Pluess, Th. Meyer, J. Mašin, P. Mikulášek & M. Ferjenčik
Is a QRA-based method suitable to guide Land Use Planning decisions in India? 1401
A. Sengupta, D. Bandyopadhyay, C.J. van Westen & A. van der Veen
Civil engineering
The effect of maintenance on inflation correction in Dutch PPP projects 1411
D.S. Vervoort
Handling dependencies in Probabilistic Risk Assessments using Evidential Networks 1421
D. Wang, Z.J. Cheng, P. Jiang & B. Guo
The use of geoevents in the risk management of Wastewater Treatments 1431
G. Ancione, M.F. Milazzo & G. Maschio
Utilizing knowledge-to-number-processes in smaller and less resource intensive
risk assessments 1439
T. Askeland & R. Flage
Risk assessment of ground water sources for emergency supply 1447
F. Bozek, L. Jesonkova, A. Pawelczyk, Z. Malek & J. Dvorak
Study of volcanic Na-Tech risks in primary Waste Water Treatments 1453
M.F. Milazzo, G. Ancione, E. Salzano & G. Maschio
Optimum concept of management and trade-off with risks 1463
D. Prochazkova
Possibilistic risk analysis of failure in water supply network 1473
B. Tchórzewska-Cieślak, K. Boryczko & I. Piegdoń
Multidimensional risk to networks of distributed systems 1481
T.V. Garcez & A.T. de Almeida
Mathematics of PRA applied to Distributed Generation curtailment in saturated grids 1489
P.E. Labeau, F. Faghihi, J.C. Maun, V. De Wilde & A. Vergnol
Priorities assignment for actions in a pipeline: A decision model to evaluate
multiple objectives 1497
M.H. Alencar, M.F. Marsaro & A.T. de Almeida
Risk assessment in heat supply system 1501
B. Babiarz
Vulnerability of Energy Infrastructure to intentional attacks—the interplay of resource,
conflict and security 1507
P. Burgherr, J. Giroux & M. Spada
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xviii
Solar storm impact on critical infrastructure 1515
O. Sokolova, P. Burgherr & W. Collenberg
Accident risk assessment for deep geothermal energy systems 1523
M. Spada, E. Sutra, S. Wolf & P. Burgherr
Enhancement of IT Risk Assessments by UML 1531
R. Mock, B. Truninger, P. Brunner & T. Hruz
Quantitative risk assessment of new ship designs in damage conditions 1539
M.K. Gerigk
Review of risk concepts and perspectives in risk assessment of maritime transportation 1547
F. Goerlandt & J. Montewka
Risk based assessment on increased gas safe machinery spaces of liquefied natural
gas fuelled ship 1555
X.J. Li & R.P. Zhou
Semi-qualitative method for ship collision risk assessment 1563
W. Zhang, J. Montewka & F. Goerlandt
RAPP method: Failure analysis and risk determination in automobile fleets within
the case study electric actuator 1573
S. Bracke & S. Sochacki
Composite methodology for tsunami vulnerability assessment based on the numerical
simulation of 1755 Lisbon tsunami—application on two Portuguese coastal areas 1581
J.L. Barros, A. Emídio, A. Santos & A.O. Tavares
Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian Evidence Synthesis 1589
U. Sahlin & Y. Jiang
Nuclear engineering
Amendments of the existing guidance on PSA application to nuclear power
plants in Germany 1599
H.P. Berg, M. Krauß & M. Röwekamp
Focus areas for a Level 2 PSA that supports a site NPP risk analysis 1605
D.M. Helton, M. Zavisca & M. Khatib-Rahbar
A PSA Level-1 method with repairable components: An application to ASTRID Decay
Heat Removal systems 1611
R. Kumar, S. Bechta, P. Kudinov, F. Curnier, M. Marquès & F. Bertrand
Effect of human factor in the analysis of changes to Limiting Conditions
for Operation (LCO) applied to Residual Heat Removal System 1619
S. Martorell, I. Martón, P. Martorell & M. Saiz
Application of PSA for design optimization of VVER 440/213 1629
P. Picca, F. Pierro, M. Giovannini, J. Cech, P. Baumeister & J. Prochaska
Rail transportation
Deriving a distribution for accident severity from an F-N curve 1635
J. Braband & H. Schäbe
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xix
Geospatial modelling of rail safety hazards 1639
D.J.K. Griffin
Comparing the two methods for judging changes in European railways and in European
nuclear safety 1649
N. Petrek & H.P. Berg
Road transportation
Combination of technological and economical risk assessment
using the Monte-Carlo-Simulation 1655
F. Plinke, D. Althaus, A. Braasch & A. Meyna
The results of a systematic study of the risks associated with
the transportation of hazardous substances 1663
D. Prochazkova, J. Prochazka & H. Patakova
Preference risk assessment of hazardous substances road transportation 1671
D. Rehak, A. Bernatik & P. Novotny
Quantifying MSD risks through Job Hazard Analysis 1677
L. Dement
Handling epistemic uncertainty in the Fault Tree Analysis using interval-valued
expert information 1683
M. Francese, G.M. Galante, C.M. La Fata & G. Passannanti
Expressing and communicating uncertainty and bias in relation to Quantitative
Risk Analysis 1691
F. Goerlandt & J. Montewka
Safety analysis and CFD dispersion simulation of cryogenic release in a deep underground
large scale cryogenic installation 1701
E.C. Marcoulaki, A.G. Venetsanos, M. Konstandinidou & I.A. Papazoglou
Reliability and safety based system design
European survey on safety methods application in aeronautic systems engineering 1711
A. Berres, H. Schumann & H. Spangenberg
Semi-formal static and dynamic modeling and categorization of airport checkpoints 1721
P. Renger, U. Siebold, R. Kaufmann & I. Häring
Achieving safe designs through evaluation of options at the conceptual level
of safety system design 1733
E. Alijagic & V.N. Dang
Civil engineering
Conventional correlation factors in the safety analysis of stochastic systems 1741
O. Lukoševičienė & A. Kudzys
Safety-based approach in multifunctional building design 1749
A. Taraszkiewicz & M.K. Gerigk
Management of controls of fire protection systems in Switzerland 1755
E. Nachtigall & S. Metzger
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my faithful dogs had kept the right track. Jumping up, I shook myself and
the robe, righted the sled, stretched the robe into it, and then giving my
leader a caress and a word of encouragement, I put on my snowshoes and
away we went at a good run, old Draffan picking the way with unerring
instinct. Thus we kept it up until daylight, when we stopped and I
unharnessed the dogs, and, making a fire, boiled my kettle and had
breakfast. Then, starting once more, I determined to cut across some of the
points of the square we had made coming up; and for about four hours we
went straight across country, and striking our provision trail opposite Egg
Lake, I took off my snowshoes and got into the "Berlin." My dogs bounded
away on the home-stretch, we still having about forty or forty-five miles to
go, and it was already past noon.
All day it had stormed, but now we were on familiar ground, and right
merrily my noble dogs rang the bells, as across bits of prairie and through
thickening woods we took our way northward. I was so elated at having
successfully made the trip up to this point, that I could not sit still very long,
but, running and riding, kept on, never stopping for lunch. Thus the early
dusk of the stormy day found us at the southerly end of Smoking Lake, and
some twelve or fifteen miles from home. Here I again wrapped myself in
my robe, and lying flat in the sled, felt I could very safely leave the rest to
old Draffan and a kind Providence, and go to sleep, which I did, to wake up
as the dogs were climbing the steep little bank at the north end of the lake.
Then a run of two miles and I was home again.
Mr. Woolsey was so overjoyed he took me in his arms, and almost wept
over me. He brought dogs, sled and my whole outfit into the house. The
kind-hearted old man had passed a period of great anxiety; had been sorry a
thousand times that he had consented to my going to Edmonton; had
dreamed of my being lost, of my bleeding to death, of my freezing stiff; but
now with the first tinkle of my dog-bells he was out peering into the
darkness, and shouting, "Is that you, John?" and my answer, he assured me,
filled him with joy. He did not ask for his mail, did not think of it for a long
time, he was so thankful that the boy left in his care had come back to him
safe and sound. For my part I was glad to be home again. The uncertain
road, the long distance, the deep snow, the continuous drifting, storm, the
awful loneliness, were all past. I had found Edmonton, had brought the

mail, was home again beside our own cheery fire, and was a proud and
happy boy.
In a day or two Neils and Ephraim came in from the camp, and we once
more, a reunited party, made another start for more provisions, and, later on,
yet another for the same purpose, never finding the Indians in the same
place, but always following them up. We were successful in reaching their
camps and in securing our loads; so that my first winter on the
Saskatchewan gave me the opportunity of covering a large portion of the
country, and becoming acquainted with a goodly number of the Indian
people. I also had constant practice in the language, and was now quite
familiar with it.
CHAPTER IV.
Trip to Whitefish Lake—Mr. Woolsey as a dog-driver—Rolling down a side hill—Another
trip to Edmonton—Mr. O. B. as a passenger—Perils of travel by ice—Narrow escape
of Mr. O. B.—A fraud exposed—Profanity punished—Arrival at Edmonton—Milton
and Cheadle—Return to Victoria.
Some time in March, Mr. Woolsey, wishing to confer with his brother
missionary, Mr. Steinhauer, concluded to go to Whitefish Lake, and to take
the Steinhauer girls home at the same time. He, moreover, determined to
take the train of dogs Neils had been driving, and drive himself; but as there
had been no direct traffic from where we were to Whitefish Lake, and as the
snow was yet quite deep, we planned to take our provision trail out south
until we would come near to the point where our road converged with one
which came from Whitefish Lake to the plains. This meant travelling more
than twice the distance for the sake of a good road, but even this paid us
when compared with making a new road through a forest country in the
month of March, when the snow was deep. We were about two and a half
days making the trip, travelling about 130 miles, but, burdened as Ephraim

and I were with three passengers, "the longest way round proved the
shortest way home."
Mr. Woolsey was not a good dog-driver. He could not run, or even walk
at any quick pace, so he had to sit wedged into his cariole, from start to
finish, between camps, while I kept his train on the road ahead of mine; for
if he upset—which he often did—he could not right himself, and I had to
run ahead and fix him up. His dogs very soon got to know that their driver
was a fixture on the sled, and also that I was away behind the next train and
could not very well get at them because of the narrow road, and the great
depth of snow on either side of it. However, things reached a climax when
we were passing through a hilly, rolling country on the third morning of our
trip. Those dogs would not even run down hill fast enough to keep the
sleigh on its bottom, and I had to run forward and right Mr. Woolsey and his
cariole a number of times. Presently, coming to a side hill, Mr. Woolsey, in
his sled, rolled over and over, like a log, to the foot of the slope.
There, fast in the cariole, and wedged in the snow, lay the missionary.
The lazy dogs had gently accommodated themselves to the rolling of the
sled, and also lay at the foot of the hill, seemingly quite content to rest for
awhile.
Now, thought I, is my chance, and without touching Mr. Woolsey or his
sled, I went at those dogs, and in a very short time put the fear of death into
them, so that when I spoke to them afterwards they jumped. Then I
unravelled them and straightened them out, and rescuing Mr. Woolsey from
his uncomfortable position, I spoke the word, and the very much quickened
dogs sprang into their collars as if they meant it, and after this we made
better time.
Mr. and Mrs. Steinhauer were delighted to have their daughters home,
and also glad to have a visit from our party. We spent two very pleasant
days with these worthy people, who were missionaries of the true type.
Going back I hitched my own dogs to Mr. Woolsey's cariole, and thus kept
him right side up with much less trouble, and also made better time back to
Smoking Lake.

With the approach of spring we prepared to move down to the river. We
put up a couple of stagings, also a couple of buffalo-skin lodges, in one of
which Mr. Woolsey and Mr. O. B. took up their abode, while the rest of our
party kept on the road, bringing down from the old place our goods and
chattels, lumber and timber, etc. As the days grew warmer, we who were
handling dogs had to travel most of the time in the night, as then the snow
and track were frozen. While the snow lasted we slept and rested during the
warm hours of the day, and in the cool of the morning and evening, and all
night long, we kept at work transporting our materials to the site of the new
mission. The last of the season is a hard time for the dog-driver. The night-
work, the glare or reflection of the snow, both by sun and moonlight; the
subsidence of the snow on either side of the road, causing constant
upsetting of sleds; the melting of the snow, making your feet wet and
sloppy almost all the time; then the pulling, and pushing, and lifting, and
walking, and running,—these were the inevitable experiences. Indeed, one
had to be tough and hardy and willing, or he would never succeed as a
traveller and tripper in the "great lone land" in those days.
The snow had almost disappeared, and the first geese and ducks were
beginning to arrive, when suddenly one evening Mr. Steinhauer and Peter
Erasmus turned up, en route to Edmonton; and Mr. Woolsey took me to one
side and said, "John, I am about tired of Mr. O. B. Could you not take him
to Edmonton and leave him there. You might join this party now going
there."
In a very few hours I was ready, and the same night we started on the ice,
intending to keep the river to Edmonton. The night was clear and cold, and
for some time the travelling was good; but near daylight, when about thirty
miles on our way, we met an overflow flood coming down on top of the ice.
There must have been from sixteen to eighteen inches of water, creating
quite a current, and as we were on the wrong side of the river it behoved us
to cross as soon as possible, and go into camp. There was a thick scum of
sharp float ice on the top of the flood, about half an inch thick. When I
drove my dogs into the overflow they had almost to swim, and the cariole,
notwithstanding I was steadying it, would float and wobble in the current.
Unfortunately, as the cold water began to soak into the sled, and reached my
passenger, Mr. O. B., he blamed me for it, and presently began to curse me

roundly, declaring I was doing it on purpose. All this time I was wading in
the water and keeping the sled from upsetting; but when he continued his
profanity I couldn't stand it any longer, so just dumped him right out into
the overflow and went on. However, when I looked back and saw the old
fellow staggering through the water, and fending his legs with his cane from
the sharp ice, I returned and helped him ashore, but told him I would not
stand any more swearing.
We then climbed the bank on the north side, and had to remain there for
two days till the waters subsided. About eight o'clock the second night the
ice was nearly dry, and frozen sufficiently for us to make a fresh start. We
proceeded up the river, picking our way with great care, for there were now
many holes in the ice, caused by the swift currents which had been above as
well as beneath for the last two days. My passenger never slept, but sat
there watching those holes, and dreading to pass near them, constantly
afraid of drowning—in fact, I never travelled with anyone so much in dread
of death as he was.
Morning found us away above Sturgeon River, and as the indications
pointed to a speedy "break up," we determined to push on. Presently we
came to a place where the banks were steep and the river open on either
side. The ice, though still intact in the middle, was submerged by a volume
of water running nearly crossways in the river. Some of our party began to
talk of turning back, but as we were now within twenty-five miles of
Edmonton, I was loath to return with my old passenger, so concluded to risk
the submerged ice-bridge before us. I told Mr. O. B. to get out of the
cariole; then I fastened two lines to the sled, took hold of one myself, and
gave him the other, telling him to hang on for dear life if he should break
through. I then drove my dogs in. Away they went across, we following at
the end of the lines, stepping as lightly as we could, and as the dogs got out
on the strong ice they pulled us after them.
Having crossed, I set to work to wring out the blankets and robes in the
cariole, Mr. O. B. looking on. At the bottom there was a parchment robe—
that is, an undressed hide. This, I said, I would not take any further, as it
was comparatively useless anyway, but now, soaked and heavy, it was an
actual encumbrance.

"You will take it along," said Mr. O. B.
"No, I will not," said I; but as there was good ice as far as I could see
ahead, I told him to go on, and that I would overtake him as soon as I was
through fixing the things in the sled. Reluctantly he started, and by-and-by
when I came to the hide I found it so heavy that I did as I said I would, and
pitched it into the stream. When I came up with Mr. O. B., instead of
stepping into the cariole, he turned up everything to look for the hide, and,
not finding it, began to rave at me, using the foulest and most blasphemous
language.
I merely looked at him and said, "Get in, or I will leave you here." He
saw I was in earnest, and got into the sled in no good humor, and on we
drove; but as I ran behind I was planning some punishment for the old
sinner, who had posed as such a saint while with Mr. Woolsey.
Very soon everything came as if ready to hand for my purpose. As we
were skirting the bank we came to a place where the ice sloped to the
current, and just there the water was both deep and rapid. Here I took a firm
grip of the lines from the back of the cariole, and watching for the best
place, shouted to the dogs to increase their speed. Then I gave a stern, quick
"Chuh!" which made the leader jump close to the edge of the current, and as
the sled went swinging down the sloping ice, I again shouted "Whoa!" and
down in their tracks dropped my dogs. Out into the current, over the edge of
the ice, slid the rear end of the cariole. Mr. O. B. saw he dare not jump out,
for the ice would have broken, and he would have gone under into the
strong current. There he sat, his eyes bulging out with fear as he cried, "For
God's sake, John, what are you going to do?" while I stood holding the line,
which, if I slackened, would let him into the rapid water, from which there
seemed to be no earthly means of rescue.

"There he sat, his eyes bulging out with fear."
After a while I said, "Well, Mr. O. B., are you ready now to apologize
for, and take back the foul language you, without reason, heaped on me a
little while since?" And Mr. O. B., in most abject tones and terms, did make
ample apology. Then slackening the line a little, I let the sled flop up and
down in the current, and finally accepted his apology on condition that he
would behave himself in the future. My dogs quickly pulled him out of his

peril, and on we went. Presently we were joined by Mr. Steinhauer and
Peter, who had gone across a point, they having light sleds, which enabled
them to make their way for a short distance on the bare ground.
We reached Edmonton that evening, and I was glad to transfer my charge
to some one else's care. I was not particular who took him, for, like Mr.
Woolsey, I was tired of the old fraud.
The Chief Factor said to me that evening, "So you brought Mr. O. B. to
Edmonton. You will have to pay ten shillings for every day he remains in
the Fort."
"Excuse me, sir," I answered, "I brought him to the foot of the hill, down
at the landing, and left him there. If he comes into the Fort I am not
responsible."
Shortly after this Lord Milton and Dr. Cheadle came along en route
across the mountains, and Mr. O. B. joined their party. If any one should
desire more of his history, these gentlemen wrote a book descriptive of their
journey, and in this our hero appears. I am done with him, for the present at
any rate.
Spring was now open, the snow nearly gone, and we had to make our
way back from Edmonton as best we could. I cached the cariole, hired a
horse, packed him with my dog harness, blankets, and food, and thus
reached Victoria, which father had designated as the name of the new
mission. My dogs, having worked faithfully for many months, and having
travelled some thousands of miles, sometimes under most trying
circumstances, were now entering upon their summer vacation. How they
gambolled and ran and hunted as they journeyed homeward!
CHAPTER V.

Mr. Woolsey's ministrations—An exciting foot-race—Building operations—Gardening—
Stolen (?) buffalo tongues—Addled duck eggs as a relish—A lesson in cooking—A
lucky shot—Precautions against hostile Indians.
With the opening spring Indians began to come in from the plains, and
for several weeks we had hundreds of lodges beside us. Mr. Woolsey was
kept busy holding meetings, attending councils, visiting the sick, acting as
doctor and surgeon, magistrate and judge; for who else had these people to
come to but the missionary? A number of them had accepted Christianity,
but the majority were still pagan, and these were full of curiosity as to the
missionary and his work, and keenly watching every move of the "praying
man" and his party. The preacher may preach ever so good, but he himself
is to these people the exponent of what he preaches, and they judge the
Gospel he presents by himself. If he fails to measure up in manliness and
liberality and general manhood, then they think there is no more use in
listening to his teaching. Very early in my experience it was borne in upon
me that the missionary, to obtain influence on the people, must be fitted to
lead in all matters. If short of this, their estimate of him would be low, and
their respect proportionately small, and thus his work would be sadly
handicapped all through.
While Mr. Woolsey was constantly at work among the people, the rest of
us were fencing and planting a field, whipsawing lumber, taking out timber
up the river, and rafting it down to the mission, also building a house, and in
many ways giving object lessons of industry and settled life to this nomadic
and restless people.
It was at this time that I got a name for myself by winning a race. The
Indians had challenged two white men to run against two of their people.
The race was to be run from Mr. Woolsey's tent to and around another tent
that stood out on the plain, and back home again—a distance in all of rather
more than two-thirds of a mile. I was asked to be one of the champions of
the white men, and a man by the name of McLean was selected as the other.
Men, women, and children in crowds came to see the race, and Mr. Woolsey
seemed as interested as any. The two Indians came forth gorgeous in

breech-cloth and paint. My partner lightened his costume, but I ran as I
worked.
At a signal we were away, and with ease I was soon ahead. When I
turned the tent, I saw that the race was ours, for my partner was the first
man to meet me, and he was a long distance ahead of the Indians. When
within three hundred yards of the goal, a crack runner sprang out from
before me. He had been lying in the grass, with his dressed buffalo-skin
over him, and springing up he let the skin fall from his naked body, then
sped away, with the intention of measuring his speed with mine. I had my
race already won, and needed not to run this fellow, but his saucy action
nettled me to chase him, and I soon came up and passed him easily, coming
in about fifty yards ahead.
Thus I had gained two races, testing both wind and speed. That race
opened my way to many a lodge, and to the heart of many a friend in
subsequent years. It was the best introduction I could have had to those
hundreds of aborigines, among whom I was to live and work for years.
A few weeks sufficed to consume all the provisions the Indians had
brought with them, and a very large part of ours also; so the tents were
furled, and the people recrossed the Saskatchewan, and, ascending the steep
hill, disappeared from our view for another period, during which they
would seek the buffalo away out on the plains.
We went on with our work of planting this centre of Christian
civilization. Though we had visits from small bands, coming and going all
summer, the larger camps did not return until the autumn. All this time we
were living in skin lodges. Mr. Woolsey aimed at putting up a large house,
in the old-fashioned Hudson's Bay style—a frame of timber, with grooved
posts in which tenoned logs were fitted into ten-foot spans—and as all the
work of sawing and planing had to be done by hand, the progress was slow.
My idea was to face long timber, and put up a solid blockhouse, which
could be done so much more easily and quickly, and would be stronger in
the end; but I was overruled, so we went on more slowly with the big house,
and were smoked and sweltered in the tents all summer. However, taking
out timber and rafting it down the river took up a lot of my time.

Then there was our garden to weed and hoe. One day when I was at this,
we dined on buffalo tongue. Quite a number of these had been boiled to be
eaten cold, and as our sleigh dogs were always foraging, it was necessary to
put all food up on the stagings, or else the dogs would take it. As soon as I
was through dinner I went back to my hoeing and weeding, but looking
over at the tent, I saw Mr. Woolsey leaving it, and thought he must have
forgotten to put those tongues away. As our variety was not great, I did not
want the dogs to have these, so I ran over to the tent just in time to save
them. I thought it would be well to make Mr. Woolsey more careful in the
future; so, putting away the tongues, I scattered the dishes around the tent,
and left things generally upset, as if a dozen dogs had been there, and then
went back to my work, keeping a sharp watch on the tent.
When Mr. Woolsey came back he went into the tent, and very soon came
out again shaking his fist at the dogs. Presently he shouted to me, "John, the
miserable dogs have stolen all our tongues!"
"That is too bad," said I; "did you not put them away?"
"No, I neglected to," he answered. "I shall thrash every one of these
thieving clogs."
Of course I did not expect him to do this, but at any rate I did not want to
see him touch Draffan, my old leader, so I ran over to the tent, and could
not help but laugh when I saw Mr. Woolsey catch one of the dogs, and,
turning to me, say, "This old Pembina was actually licking his lips when I
came back to the tent. I all but caught him in the act of stealing the
tongues."
I can see old Pembina as he stood there looking very sheepish and guilty.
Mr. Woolsey stood with one hand grasping the string, and with the other
uplifted, holding in it a small riding whip; but just as he was about to bring
it down, the expected relenting came, and he said, as he untied the dog,
"Poor fellow, it was my fault, anyway." I let him worry over the thought
that the tongues were gone until evening, when I brought them out, and Mr.
Woolsey, being an Englishman, was glad they were saved for future use.

Our principal food that summer was pemmican, or dried meat. We had
neither flour nor vegetables, but sometimes, for a change, lived on ducks,
and again varied our diet with duck eggs. We would boil the large stock
ducks whole, and each person would take one, so that the individual
occupying the head of the table was put to no trouble in carving. Each man
in his own style did his own carving, and picked the bones clean at that.
Then, another time, we would sit down to boiled duck eggs, many a dozen
of these before us, and in all stages of incubation. While the older hands
seemed to relish these, it took some time for me to learn that an egg slightly
addled is very much improved in taste.
Our horses often gave us a lot of trouble, because of the extent of their
range, and many a long ride I had looking them up. On one of these
expeditions I was accompanied by an Indian boy, and, having struck the
track, we kept on through the thickets and around lakes and swamps, till,
after a while, we became very hungry. As we had no gun with us, the
question arose, how were we to procure anything for food? My boy
suggested hunting for eggs. I replied, "We cannot eat them raw." "We will
cook them," he answered. So we unsaddled and haltered our horses, and,
stripping off our clothes, waded out into the rushes and grasses of the little
lake we were then beside. We soon found some eggs, and while I made the
fire, my companion proceeded with what, to me, was a new mode of
cooking eggs. He took the bark off a young poplar, and of this made a long
tube, tying or hooping it with willow-bark; then he stopped up one end with
mud from the lake shore, and, as the hollow of the tube was about the
diameter of the largest egg we had, he very soon had it full of eggs.
Stopping up the other end also with mud, he moved the embers from the
centre of the fire, laid the tube in the hot earth, covered it over with ashes
and coals, and in a few minutes we had a deliciously-cooked lunch of wild
duck eggs. I had learned another lesson in culinary science.
On another horse-hunt we found the track late in the day, and, following
it up, saw that we must either go back to the mission for the night, or camp
without provisions or blankets. The latter we could stand, as it was summer,
but the former was harder to bear. While we were discussing what to do, we
heard the calling of sand-hill cranes, and presently saw five flying at a
distance from us. Watching them, we saw them light on the point of a hill

about half a mile off. Laughingly, I said to my boy in Indian phraseology, "I
will make sacrifice of a ball." So I got my gun-worm, drew the shot from
my old flintlock gun, and dropped a ball in its place; and as there was no
chance of a nearer approach to the cranes, I sighted one from where I stood,
then elevated my gun, and fired. As we watched, we saw the bird fall over,
and my boy jumped on his horse and went for our game. We then continued
on the track as long as we could see it, and, as night drew on, pitched our
camp beside some water, and made the crane serve us for both supper and
breakfast. I might try a shot under the same conditions a hundred times
more, and miss every time, but that one lucky hit secured to us a timely
repast, and enabled us to continue on the trail of our horses, which we
found about noon the next day.
We had to have lumber to make anything like a home for semi-civilized
men and women to dwell in. In my humble judgment, the hardest labor of a
physical kind one could engage in is dog-driving, and the next to that
"whip-sawing" lumber. I have had to engage in all manner of work
necessary to the establishing of a settlement in new countries, but found
nothing harder than these. I had plenty of the former last winter, and now
occasionally try the latter, and, in the hot days of summer, find it
desperately hard work.
In the midst of our building and manufacture of timber and lumber,
rafting and hauling, fencing and planting, weeding and hoeing, every little
while there would come in from the plains rumors of horse-stealing and
scalp-taking. The southern Indians were coming north, and the northern
Indians going south; and although we did not expect an attack, owing to our
being so far north, and also because the Indian camps were between us and
our enemies, nevertheless we felt it prudent to keep a sharp lookout, and
conceal our horses as much as possible by keeping them some distance
from where we lived. All this caused considerable riding and work and
worry, and thus we were kept busy late and early.

CHAPTER VI.
The summer brigade—With the brigade down the Saskatchewan—A glorious panorama—
Meet with father and mother on the way to Victoria—Privations of travel—A buffalo
crossing—Arrival at Victoria—A church building begun—Peter Erasmus as
interpreter.
Along about the latter part of July, the "Summer Brigade," made up of
several inland boats left at Edmonton, and manned by men who had been
on the plains for the first or summer trip for provisions and freight, now
returned, passing us on its way to Fort Carlton to meet the regular brigades
from Norway House and York Factory, as also the overland transport from
Fort Garry, which came by ox carts. Mr. Hardisty was with the boats, and
he invited me to join him until he should meet the brigade in which my
father and mother had taken passage from Norway House. Mr. Woolsey
kindly consented, so I gladly took this opportunity of going down to meet
my parents and friends.
I had come up the Saskatchewan as far as Fort Carlton, and had gone
three times on the ice up and down from Victoria to Edmonton; but this run
down the river was entirely new to me and full of interest. The boats were
fully manned, and the river was almost at flood-tide, so we made very quick
time. Seven or eight big oars in the hands of those hardy voyageurs,
keeping at it from early morning until late evening, with very little
cessation, backed as they were by the rapid swirl of this mighty glacier-fed
current, sent us sweeping around point after point in rapid succession, and
along the lengths of majestic bends. A glorious panorama met our view:
Precipitous banks, which the rolling current seemed to hug as it surged past
them; then tumbling and flattening hills, which, pressing out, made steppes
and terraces and bottoms, forming great points which, shoving the
boisterous stream over to the other side, seemed to say to it, "We are not
jealous; go and hug the farther bank, as you did us just now;" varied forest
foliage, rank, rich prairie grass and luxuriant flora continuously on either
bank, fresh from Nature's hand, delightfully arranged, and most pleasing to
the eye and to the artistic taste. No wonder I felt glad, for amid these new
and glorious scenes, with kind, genial companionship, I was on my way to

meet my loved ones, from some of whom I had now been parted more than
a year. At night our boats were tied together, and one or two men kept the
whole in the current while the others slept. At meal times we put ashore for
a few minutes while the kettles were boiled, and then letting the boats float,
we ate our meal en route.
Early in the middle of the second afternoon we sighted two boats
tracking up the southerly bank of the river. Pulling over to intercept them, I
was delighted to find my people with them. The Hudson's Bay Company
had kindly loaded two boats and sent them on from Carlton, in advance of
the brigade, so that father and family should have no delay in reaching their
future home. Thanking my friend Hardisty for the very pleasant run of two
hundred miles he had given me with him, I transferred to the boat father and
mother and my brother and sisters were in. We were very glad to meet
again. What sunburnt, but sturdy, happy girls my sisters were! How my
baby brother had grown, and now was toddling around like a little man!
Mother was looking forward eagerly to the end of the journey. Already it
had occupied a month and more on the way up—half that time in the low
country, where water and swamp and muskeg predominate; where flies and
mosquitoes flourish and prosper, and reproduce in countless millions; where
the sun in the long days of June and July sends an almost unsufferable heat
down on the river as it winds its way between low forest-covered banks.
The carpenter, Larsen, whom my father was bringing from Norway House,
met with an accident, through the careless handling of his gun, and for days
and nights mother had to help in nursing and caring for the poor fellow. No
wonder she was anxious to reach Victoria, and have change and rest. Forty
days and more from Norway House, by lake and river, in open boat—long
hot days, long dark, rainy days—with forty very short nights, and yet many
of these far too long, because of the never-ceasing mosquito, which,
troublesome enough by day, seemed at night to bring forth endless
resources of torture, and turn them loose with tireless energy upon suffering
humanity. But no one could write up such experiences to the point of
realization. You must go through them to know. Mother has had all this, and
much more, to endure in her pioneering and missionary life.

Only a day or two before I met them, our folks had the unique sight of
witnessing the crossing through the river of thousands of buffalo. The
boatmen killed several, and for the time being we were well supplied with
fresh meat. Our progress now was very much different to mine coming
down. The men kept up a steady tramp, tramp on the bank, at the end of
seventy-five or one hundred yards of rope from the boat. Four sturdy
fellows in turn kept it up all day, rain or shine, and though our headway was
regular, yet because of the interminable windings of the shore, we did not
seem to go very far in a day. Several times father and I took across country
with our guns, and brought in some ducks and chickens, but the unceasing
tramp of the boats' crews did not allow of our going very far from the river.
I think it was the tenth day from my leaving Victoria that I was back
again, and Mr. Woolsey welcomed his chairman and colleague with great
joy. Mother was not loath to change the York boat for the large buffalo-skin
lodge on the banks of the Saskatchewan.
The first thing we went at was hay-making on the old plan, with snath
and scythe and wooden forks, and as the weather was propitious we soon
had a nice lot of hay put up in good shape; then as father saw at once that
the house we were building would take a long time to finish, and as we had
some timber in the round on hand, he proposed to at once put up a
temporary dwelling-house and a store-house. At this work we went, and Mr.
Woolsey looked on in surprise to see these buildings go up as by magic. It
was a revelation to him, and to others, the way a man trained in the thick
woods of Ontario handled his axe; for, without question, father was one of
the best general-purpose axemen I ever came across.
It was my privilege to take a corner on each of these buildings, which is
something very different from a corner on wheat or any such thing, but,
nevertheless, requires a sharp axe and a steady hand and keen eye; for you
must keep your corner square and plumb—conditions which, I am afraid,
other cornermen sometimes fail to observe.
Then father sent me up the river with some men to take out timber and to
manufacture some lumber for a small church. While we were away on this
business, father and Larsen, the carpenter, were engaged in putting the roof
on, laying the floors, putting in windows and doors to the log-house, and

otherwise getting it ready for occupancy. Despatch was needed, for while a
skin lodge may be passable enough for summer, it is a wretchedly cold
place in winter, and father was anxious to have mother and the children
fairly housed before the cold weather set in.
In the meantime Peter Erasmus had joined our party as father's
interpreter and general assistant, and was well to the front in all matters
pertaining to the organization of the new mission.
CHAPTER VII.
In search of the Stoneys—An Indian avenger—A Sunday at Fort Edmonton—Drunken
Lake carousals—Indian trails—Canyon of the Red Deer—I shoot my father—
Amateur surgeons—Prospecting for gold—Peter gets "rattled"—A mysterious shot—
Friends or foes?—Noble specimens of the Indian race—A "kodak" needed—Among
the Stoneys—Prospecting for a mission site—A massacre of neophytes—An Indian
patriarch—Back at Victoria again.
Father had been much disappointed at not seeing the Mountain Stoneys
on his previous trip west, as time did not permit of his going any farther
than Edmonton; but now with temporary house finished, hay made, and
other work well on, and as it was still too early to strike for the fresh meat
hunt, he determined, with Peter as guide, to make a trip into the Stoney
Indian country. Mr. Woolsey's descriptions of his visits to these children of
the mountains and forests, of their manly pluck, and the many traits that
distinguished them from the other Indians, had made father very anxious to
visit them and see what could be done for their present and future good.
Accordingly, one Friday morning early in September, father, Peter and I
left the new mission, and taking the bridle trail on the north side, began our
journey in search of the Stoneys. We had hardly started when an autumn
rainstorm set in, and as our path often led through thick woods, we were

soon well soaked and were glad to stop at noon and make a fire to warm
and dry ourselves. Continuing our journey, about the middle of the
afternoon we came upon a solitary Indian in a dense forest warming himself
over a fire, for the rain was cold and had the chill of winter in it.
This Indian proved to be a Plain Cree from Fort Pitt, on the trail of
another man who had stolen his wife. He had tracked the guilty pair up the
south side to Edmonton, and found that they had gone eastward from there.
I told him that a couple had come to Victoria the day before, and he very
significantly pointed to his gun and said: "I have that for the man you saw."
We left him still warming himself over his fire, and, pushing on, reached
Edmonton Saturday evening. Father held two services on Sunday in the
officers' mess-room, both well attended.
Monday morning we swam our horses across the Saskatchewan, and
crossing ourselves in a small skiff, saddled and packed up, and struck south
on what was termed the "Blackfoot Trail." Within ten minutes from leaving
the bank of the river we were in a country entirely new to both father and
me. We passed Drunken Lake, which Peter told us had been the usual
camping-ground of the large trading parties of Indians who periodically
came to Edmonton. They would send into the Fort to apprise the officer in
charge of their coming to trade. He would then send out to them rum and
tobacco, upon which followed a big carousal; then, when through trading,
being supplied with more rum, they would come out to this spot, and again
go on a big drunk, during which many stabbing and killing scenes were
enacted. Thus this lake, on the sloping shores of which these disgraceful
orgies had gone on for so long, came to be called Drunken Lake.
Fortunately at the time we passed there the Hudson's Bay Company had
already given up the liquor traffic in this country among Indians. We passed
the spot where Mr. Woolsey and Peter had been held up by a party of
Blackfeet, and where for a time things looked very squally, until finally
better feelings predominated and the wild fellows concluded to let the "God
white man" go with his life and property.
Early in the second day from Edmonton, we left the Blackfoot trail, and
started across country, our course being due south. That night we camped at
the extreme point of Bear's Hill, and the next evening found us at the Red

Deer, near the present crossing, where we found the first signs of Stoneys.
The Stoneys made an entirely different trail from that of the Plain Indians.
The latter left a broad road because of the travois on both dogs and horses,
and because of their dragging their lodge poles with them wherever they
went. The Stoneys had neither lodge poles nor travois, and generally kept in
single file, thus making a small, narrow trail, sometimes, according to the
nature of the ground, very difficult to trace.
The signs we found indicated that these Indians had gone up the north
side of the Red Deer River, so we concluded to follow them, which we did,
through a densely wooded country, until they again turned to the river, and
crossing it made eastward into a range of hills which stretches from the Red
Deer south. In vain we came to camping places one after another. The
Indians were gone, and the tracks did not seem to freshen. It was late in the
afternoon that the trail brought us down into the canyon of the Red Deer,
perhaps twenty miles east of where the railroad now crosses this river. The
banks were high, and in some places the view was magnificent. In the long
ages past, the then mighty river had burst its way through these hills, and
had in time worn its course down to the bed-rock, and in doing so left
valleys and flats and canyons to mark its work. In the evolution of things
these had become grown over with rich grass and forest timber, and now as
we looked, the foliage was changing color, and power and majesty and
beauty were before us.
Presently we were at the foot of the long hill, or rather series of hills, and
found ourselves on the beach of the river. Peter at once went to try the ford.
Father and I sat on our horses side by side, watching him as he struck the
current of the stream. Flocks of ducks were flying up and down temptingly
near, so father shot at them as he sat on horse-back. I attempted to do the
same, but the cap of my gun snapped. I was about to put on another cap
when my horse jerked his head down suddenly, and as I had both bridle-
lines and gun in the one hand, he jerked them out, and my gun fell on the
stones, and, hitting the dog-head, went off. As there was a big rock between
my horse and father's, slanting upwards, the discharge of shot bounding
from this struck both father and his horse.

"The discharge of shot, bounding from this, struck both father and his
horse."
"You have hit me, my son!" cried my father.
"Where?" I asked anxiously, as I sprang from my horse to my father's
side, and as he pointed to his breast, I tore his shirt open, and saw that

several pellets had entered his breast.
"Are you hit anywhere else?" I asked; and then he began to feel pain in
his leg, and turning up his trousers I found that a number of shot had lodged
around the bone in the fleshy part of his leg below the knee.
In the meantime the horse he was riding seemed as if he would bleed to
death. His whole breast was like a sieve, and the blood poured in streams
from him. Peter saw that something was up and came on the jump through
the rapid current, and we bound up father's wounds, turned his horse loose
to die—as we thought—and then saddling up another horse for father we
crossed the river in order to secure a better place to camp than where we
then were. To our astonishment, the horse followed us across, and went to
feeding as though nothing had happened.
We at once set to work taking out the pellets of shot. This was of a large
size and made quite a wound. We took all out of his chest, and some from
his leg, but the rest we could not extract, and father carried them for the rest
of his life. We bandaged him with cold water and kept at this, more or less,
all next day.
During the intervals of waiting on father, we burned out our frying-pan,
and prospected for gold. We found quite a quantity of colors, but as this was
a dangerous country, it being the theatre of constant tribal war, a small party
would not be safe to work here very long; so it will be some time before
this gold is washed out.
No one can tell how thankful I was that the accident was not worse. The
gun was mine; the fault, if any there were, was mine. With mingled feelings
of sorrow and gladness, I passed the long hours of that first night after the
accident. Father was in great pain at times, but cold water was our remedy,
and by the morning of the second day we moved camp out of the canyon up
to near the mouth of the Blind Man's River.
The next morning we were up early, and while I brought the horses in,
father and Peter had determined our course. I modestly enquired where we
were going, and they told me their plan was to come out at a place on our
outbound trail, which we had named Goose Lakes, because of having dined

on goose at that place. I ventured to give my opinion that the course they
pointed out would not take us there, but in an altogether different direction.
However, as it turned out, Peter was astray that morning, and got turned
around, as will sometimes happen with the best of guides. After travelling
for some time in the wrong direction, as we were about to enter a range of
thickly-wooded hills, the brush of which hurt father very much, I ventured
to again suggest we were out of our way. Peter then acknowledged he was
temporarily "rattled," and asked me to go ahead, which I did, retracing our
track out of the timber, and then striking straight for the Goose Lakes,
where we came out upon our own trail about noon. After that both father
and Peter began to appreciate my pioneering instincts as not formerly.
Most of this time we had been living on our guns. In starting we had a
small quantity of flour, about two pounds of which was now left in the little
sack in which we carried it.
Saturday afternoon we crossed Battle River, and arranging to camp at the
"Leavings," that is, at a point where the trail which in after years was made
between Edmonton and Southern Alberta, touched and left the Battle River,
Peter followed down the river to look for game, while father and I went
straight to the place where we intended to camp. Our intention was to not
travel on Sunday, if we could in the meantime obtain a supply of food.
Reaching this place, father said to me, "Never mind the horses, but start at
once and see what you can do for our larder." I exchanged guns with father,
as his was a double barrel and mine a single, and ran off to the river, where
I saw a fine flock of stock ducks. Firing into them, I brought down two.
Almost immediately I heard the report of a gun away down the river, and
father called to me, "Did you hear that?" I said "Yes." Then he said, "Fire
off the second barrel in answer," which I did, and there came over the hill
the sound of another shot. Then we knew that people were near, but who
they were was the question which interested us very much. By this time I
had my gun loaded, and the ducks got out of the river, and had run back to
father. Peter came up greatly excited, asking us if we had heard the shots.
We explained that two came from us, and the others from parties as yet
unknown to us. "Then," said he, "we will tie our horses, and be ready for
either friends or foes."

Presently we were hailed from the other bank of the river, and looking
over we saw, peering from out the bush, two Indians, who proved to be
Stoneys. When Peter told them who we were, there was mutual joy, and
they at once plunged into the river, and came across to us. Their camp, they
informed us, was near, and when we told them we were camped for Sunday,
they said they would go back and bring up their lodges and people to where
we were. They told us, moreover, that there were plenty of provisions in
their camp, that they had been fortunate in killing several elk and deer very
recently—all of which we were delighted to hear.
If these had been the days of the "kodak," I would have delighted in
catching the picture of those young Indians as they stood before us, exactly
fitting into the scene which in its immensity and isolation lay all around us.
Both were fine looking men. Their long black hair, in two neat braids, hung
pendant down their breasts. The middle tuft was tied up off the forehead by
small strings of ermine skin. Their necks were encircled with a string of
beads, with a sea-shell immediately under the chin. A small thin, neatly
made and neatly fitting leather shirt, reaching a little below the waist; a
breech cloth, fringed leather leggings, and moccasins, would make up the
costume; but these were now thrown over their shoulders as they crossed
the river. Strong and well-built, with immense muscular development in the
lower limbs, showing that they spent most of the time on their feet, and had
climbed many a mountain and hill, as they stood there with their animated
and joyous faces fairly beaming with satisfaction because of this glad
meeting, and that the missionary and his party were going to stay some time
with them and their people, they looked true specimens of the aboriginal
man, and almost, or altogether (it seemed to me) just where the Great Spirit
intended them to be. I could not help but think of the fearful strain, the
terrible wrenching out of the very roots of being of the old life, there must
take place before these men would become what the world calls civilized.
Away bounded our visitors, and in a very short time our camp was a
busy scene. Men, women, and children, dogs and horses! We were no more
isolate and alone. Provisions poured in on us, and our commissariat was
secure for that trip. To hold meetings, to ask and answer questions, to sit up
late around the open camp-fire in the business of the Master, to get up early
Sunday morning and hold services and catechize and instruct all the day

until bedtime again came, was the constant occupation and joy of the
missionary, and no man I ever travelled with seemed to enter into such
work and be better fitted for it than my father. Though he never attempted
to speak in the language of the Indian, yet few men knew how to use an
interpreter as he did, and Peter was then and is now no ordinary interpreter.
These Indians told us that the Mountain Stoneys were away south at the
time, and that there would be no chance of our seeing them on this trip; that
in all probability they would see the Mountain Indians during the coming
winter, and would gladly carry to them any messages father might have to
send. Father told them to tell their people that (God willing) he would visit
their camps next summer; that they might be gathered and on the look-out
for himself and party sometime during the "Egg Moon." He discussed with
them the best site for a mission, if one should be established for them and
their people. There being two classes of Stoneys, the Mountain and the
Wood, it was desirable to have the location central. The oldest man in the
party suggested Battle River Lake, the head of the stream on which we were
encamped, and father determined to take this man as guide and explore the
lake.
Monday morning found us early away, after public prayer with the camp,
to follow up the river to its source. Thomas, our guide for the trip to the
lake, was one of those men who are instinctively religious. He had listened
to the first missionary with profound interest, and presently, finding in this
new faith that which satisfied his hungry soul, embraced it with all his
heart. Thus we found him in his camp when first we met, and thus I have
always found the faithful fellow, during thirty-two years of intimate
knowledge and acquaintance with him.
We saw the lake, and stood on the spot where some of Handle's
neophytes were slaughtered by their enemies. This bloody act had nipped in
the bud the attempt of Benjamin Sinclair, under Mr. Rundle, to establish a
mission on the shore of Pigeon Lake, only some ten miles from the scene of
the massacre, and drove Ben and his party over two hundred miles farther
into the northern country. We were three days of steady travelling on this
side trip, and reached our camp late the evening of the third day.

Two more services with this interesting people, and bidding them good-
bye, we started for home by a different route from that by which we had
come. Going down Battle River, we passed outside the Beaver Hills, skirted
Beaver Lake, and passing through great herds of buffalo without firing a
shot—because we had provisions given us by the Indians—we found
ourselves, at dusk Saturday night, about thirty-five miles from Victoria.
Continuing our journey until after midnight, we unsaddled, and waited for
the Sabbath morning light to go on into the mission.
Early in the morning, as we were now about ten miles from home, we
came upon a solitary lodge, and found there, with his family, "Old
Stephen," another of the early converts of our missionaries. I had often
heard Mr. Woolsey speak of the old man, but had never met him before. As
he stood in the door of his tent, leaning on his staff, with his long white hair
floating in the breeze, he looked a patriarch indeed. We alighted from our
horses, and after singing a hymn father led in prayer. Old Stephen was
profoundly affected at meeting with father. He welcomed him to the plains
and the big Saskatchewan country, and prayed that his coming might result
in great good.
As we were mounting our horses to leave him, the old man said: "Yes,
with you it is different; you have God's Word, can read it, and understand it.
I cannot read, nor do I understand very much, but I am told that God said,
'Keep the praying day holy,' and, therefore, wherever the evening of the day
before the praying day finds me, I camp until the light of the day after the
praying day comes," and fully appreciating the old man's consistency, we
also could not help but feel rebuked, though we were in time for morning
service at the mission, and home again once more.
CHAPTER VIII.
Provisions diminishing—A buffalo hunt organized—Oxen and Red River carts—Our
"buffalo runners"—Meet with Maskepetoon—Maskepetoon shakes hands with his

son's murderer—An Indian's strange vow—Instance of Indian watchfulness—"Who-
Talks-Past-All-Things"—Come upon the buffalo—An exciting charge—Ki-you-ken-
os races the buffalo—Peter's exciting adventure—Buffalo dainties—Return home—
War parties—Indian curiosity—Starving Young Bull's "dedication feast"—Missionary
labors.
Dried meat and pemmican, with fowl and fish now and then, make very
good food, but when you have no vegetables or flour to give variety, you
are apt to become tired of them. Our garden on the new land had done very
well, but it was a mere bite for the many mouths it had to fill. Our own
party was large, and then every little while starving Indians and passing
travellers would call, and these must be fed. There was no Hudson's Bay
post nearer than Edmonton and no stores. The new mission, already in its
first season, had become the house of refuge for quite a number, both red
and white.
As near as I can remember, it was about the first of October that we
organized our party for the plains. To do this there was a lot of work to be
done in preparation—horses to hunt up, carts to mend, old axles to replace
with new ones, harness to fix. We had one waggon. The rest of our vehicles
were of the old Red River pattern, wood through and through, that
screamed as it rolled. Some of these wanted new felloes, and others new
spokes; another had a broken shaft. Then when all was ready we had the
river to cross, and our only means of ferriage was a small skiff. This
involved many trips, and when all the carts and our one waggon were over,
then came the work of swimming our stock across. With the horses we had
but little difficulty, but the oxen were loath to take the water, and we had to
lead them over one by one. Then when all were across and hitched up, we
had the big hill to pull up; for while the north bank of the Saskatchewan at
this point has a naturally easy approach, the south bank is almost
perpendicular. Even to-day, notwithstanding considerable grading, it is a
bad hill, but at the time I write of we had to double up our teams to take a
light cart to the summit.
Mr. Woolsey remained in charge of the mission. Father was captain of
the hunting party, with Erasmus second in command. The rest of us were

teamsters, or guards, or privates, as the need might be. On the second day
out we met the vanguard of Maskepetoon's camp on their way to the
mission. From them we learned the glad news that we might expect to find
buffalo about the fifth day out, or possibly sooner.
Our rate of travel was governed by the oxen, but as we started very early
and travelled late, we could cover a long distance in a day. In going out I
drove the waggon and went ahead. Our "runners" ran and fed beside us as
we travelled. Father and Peter were in the saddle, and drove up the loose
stock, or were anywhere on the line of march as need might require.
The buffalo runners need especial mention. There was Peter's horse, a
handsome little roan, full of spirit, and yet gentle and easy to manage. Then
there was old "Ki-you-ken-os," a big bay that had evidently been stolen
from the Americans to the south and had been brought into Edmonton by a
Blackfoot, after whom the horse was named. Later on he had come into Mr.
Woolsey's hands, and thus we had him with us. He was a fine animal, but
altogether too impetuous and strong-mouthed to make a good buffalo horse.
I saw him run away with father one day, and although father was an
exceptionally strong man, he had to let him go; he could not stop him, pull
as he might. Then there was my saddle-horse, "The Scarred Thigh," as the
Indians called him, because a mad bull had torn him with his horn. A fine
little sorrel he was, and an A1 buffalo horse. These we seldom touched on
the journey, except to give them a short run by way of exercise and to keep
them in wind.
About the middle of the afternoon of the second day out, we met
Maskepetoon himself. He was delighted to again see father, and said he
would send some of his young men with us to help in the hunt, as also to
help guard our camp and party. For this purpose the old gentleman got into
my waggon and rode with me a mile or two, to where the Indians were that
he wanted to send with us. As we drove on, we kept meeting Indians, and
Maskepetoon told me who they were, and introduced me to several.
Presently I saw an old man, of singular appearance, approaching, and I said
to Maskepetoon, "Who is that?" But he, when he saw who it was, did not
reply, but turned the other way, which I thought strange. The old man came
up to my side of the waggon, and said: "I am glad to see you, young white

man." So we shook hands; and he made as if he would shake hands with the
man beside me, for I knew he did not recognize Maskepetoon, not
expecting to see him in my waggon, and going this way. The chief still kept
his face turned away. I saw, however, that after shaking my hand, the old
man would also shake hands with my companion, so I nudged Maskepetoon
and said, "This man wants to shake hands with you." Then the chief, as if
jerking himself from under a weight or strain, turned and gave his hand to
the old fellow, who, on recognizing him grasped his hand and uttered the
Indian form of thanksgiving, doing this in solemn earnest.
It was some time before Maskepetoon spoke to me again: "John, that
man killed my son, and I have often longed to kill him; but because I have
wanted to embrace the Christian religion, I have with great effort kept from
avenging my son's murder. I have never spoken to him or shaken hands
with him until now. Meeting your father and sitting beside you has softened
my heart, and now I have given him my hand. It was a hard thing to do, but
it is done, and he need fear no longer so far as I am concerned."
Later on, I found out that the man we saw and Maskepetoon's son had
gone across the mountains to trade horses from the Kootenays, and on the
return trip the old man had killed his companion, and given out that he had
been attacked by other Indians; but afterwards it was found out that he had
done the foul deed himself. No wonder my friend felt strongly. Any man
would in such a case. Rundle and Woolsey and Steinhauer had not preached
in vain, when such evidence of the lodgment of the Gospel seed was so
distinctly apparent.
Presently we came to the Indians Maskepetoon was in search of. He sent
four with us—his son Joseph, his nephew Jack, a Blood man, and a
Swamptree—fine fellows every one of them. Joseph was big, solid and
staid—a man you could depend on. Jack was small, quick and wild—fond
of war and given to excess. It was a long time before he gave up horse-
stealing and polygamy. The Blood and the Swamptree were both typical
wood and plain Indians, pagans still, but instinctively kind and well
disposed. I had met all four several times during the previous year. They all
had great respect for father, and would with alacrity seek to anticipate his
wish while with us. The Blood man was under vows to his "familiar spirit,"

or "the one he dreams of," and one of the injunctions laid upon him was to
give a whoop every little while, a very peculiar semi-peace, semi-war
whoop. He said to me, in confidence, "John, you do not mind me, but I dare
not make my whoop before your father. That is why I go away from camp
now and then. I must whoop; it would choke me, kill me, if I did not." I told
him to "whoop it up." I saw no harm in it, and the poor fellow was
comforted.
As a sample of the trained watchfulness of the men, I must relate an
incident that occurred on our journey. The Swamptree was riding in the
waggon with father and myself. On the fourth day out we were passing
through bluffs of timber, thickly dotting the prairie, when suddenly I saw
the Swamptree string his bow and throw an arrow into position in a flash.
So quickly did he do this that I was startled, and exclaimed, "What do you
see back there?" The answer, "Men!" came in a quiet tone, almost a
whisper. "Where?" I asked. "At that point of bushes is one," said he.
Looking to where he indicated I caught the glint of an eye, and telling
father, our guns were soon brought to bear on the crouching Indian, who,
seeing he was discovered, rose, with his hand up. Our friend recognized
him as a Cree, and behind him stood a noted character who went by the
name of "Who-Talks-Past-All-Things." He had French blood, was a Roman
Catholic, and spent most of his time around the Roman Catholic missions.
He sometimes imagined himself to be the Pope, and very often officiated
among the Indians as priest. He had come out this time with a team and
waggon from the Roman Catholic mission at Big Lake for a load of fresh
meat, and was now returning. He and his companion were camped for
dinner on the other side of the bluff of timber. They had heard us coming,
and were bound to make sure who we were before showing themselves.
They told us of buffalo, and we went on gladly; but as we were now
outside of the Wood Cree camps we kept a sharp lookout for enemies, and a
constant guard at night. The next day—the fifth out from the mission—we
sighted buffalo, in "bunches" or bands, about noon. We had been seeing a
few all morning, mostly bulls, but we were after cow meat, and about noon
saw several bunches not far from us. The country was of a very rolling
nature, and about half and half prairie and brush. Jack and Joseph and Peter
and I saddled and made ready to run. Peter took Ki-you-ken-os and putting

a big curb-bit in his mouth, I heard him say to the horse, "I will be bound to
hold you with this." The rest of our party stayed with the carts.
We charged at the buffalo as they were running down the slope of a hill
towards an opening between two dense thickets of timber. The last I saw of
Peter was when two bands of buffalo were meeting in their mad rush for
this opening, and old Ki-you-ken-os seemed determined to take the gap
before them. Peter had his gun stuck in his belt, had hold of the double reins
from the big curb-bit with both hands, and was pulling with all his might,
mouth wide open, and eyes bulging out; but the old horse did not seem to
heed either Peter or his bit—he was running the buffalo a race for yonder
gap. Peter and his horse were on the centre line of three converging forces:
two bands of buffalo, perhaps two hundred in each, and Peter and his wild
horse. I fully expected to see some buffalo killed by the collision, which
was inevitable. I was terribly anxious for Peter. In a few moments the two
herds came against each other. A moment later the horse and his rider were
in the centre of the confused mass, and then all I could see was buffalo
stampeding, and old Ki-you-ken-os leaping over and running amongst the
wild herd, which was now tightly jamming its way through the narrow
prairie lane. Then dust and distance hid the scene from me.
This was my second run after buffalo. My first shot was a miss, and
loading again I fired, only to miss again. I blamed badger-holes and brush
and dust, but lack of experience was what did it. I had killed in my first
race, but did not in my second. My horse was good, my gun, though single
shot, was sure. It was my fault, and I felt it keenly. Peter also did not kill in
that race—indeed, he was thankful, as was I, that he was not killed; but
Joseph and Jack made up for it, and we were busy all the rest of the evening
butchering and hauling in to where we camped for the night.
We were now in the short day and long night season, which in these
northern latitudes is especially marked. Moreover the nights were cold, and
we must have a big camp-fire. So we got well down between the bluffs, in
order that the glare of our fire would be hidden as much as possible, and
arranged our carts around the camp so that these would act as a kind of
barricade in case of attack. Tying our oxen up to ruminate on the grass they
had eaten this day, and fall back on the fat they had made during the

summer, we tethered our horses close, and alternating on guard over them,
the balance busied themselves around the camp, putting away the meat and
cooking supper.
This latter process took hours to get through with, for everybody had his
choice bit to roast. The cook for the evening would have a whole side of
ribs swinging before the fire, and when these were cooked the ribs were
parted along the whole length, and each man took one. When he had picked
it clean he either turned his attention to his own independent roast, or took
another rib. One had brought the head in, though generally when you took
the tongue out you left the head for the wolves. Another had two or three
fathoms of entrails, which he cleaned with fire, and then roasted, and
cutting them up in lengths, passed these around to his friends. Another had a
large piece of the stomach or tripe, which he also cleaned with fire, and
relished as a favorite morsel. Still another was cracking marrow bones, and
eating the marrow. Thus supper was prolonged far beyond the usual time.
When those whose turn it was to sleep felt it was bed-time, we would sing a
hymn, and father lead in prayer, then the bed-making began. With old hands
this commenced by piling saddles and camp equipment, or logs of wood,
behind the head and on each side of where you were going to sleep, for
experience had taught these wary fellows that many a bullet and arrow had
been stopped, or made to glance off, by such simple precautions. Fresh
guards set, the rest lay down with clothes and moccasins on, so as to be
ready to jump at any time, having carefully looked to arms before doing so.
The next day we finished loading up and started homewards, but had not
gone far when one of the oxen, with his heavily loaded cart, ran foul of our
waggon and broke one of its axles. Fortunately there were some birch trees
about a couple of miles from us, and father and one of the Indians rode
over, and brought two sticks capable of being made into axles. An accident
of this kind under ordinary circumstances would be a small thing, but with
our lack of tools it meant something to fit a waggon axle. However, Peter
and father fixed it up, and on we went, travelling early and late, which, by
the way, is no light work, but sometimes exceedingly hard on flesh and
blood. To start out from your camp-fire long before daylight on a cold,
frosty morning, and perhaps have to break the new-made ice on some creek
by jumping into it yourself in order to lead your carts safely across, and

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