Safety Reliability and Risk Analysis Theory Methods and Applications 3rd Edition 4 Volumes Sebastián Martorell

Get the full ebook with Bonus Features for a Better Reading Experience on ebookgate.com
Safety Reliability and Risk Analysis Theory
Methods and Applications 3rd Edition 4 Volumes
Sebastián Martorell
https://ebookgate.com/product/safety-reliability-and-risk-
analysis-theory-methods-and-applications-3rd-
edition-4-volumes-sebastian-martorell/
OR CLICK HERE
DOWLOAD NOW
Download more ebook instantly today at https://ebookgate.com

SAFETY, RELIABILITY AND RISK ANALYSIS: THEORY, METHODS
AND APPLICATIONS

PROCEEDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN SAFETY AND RELIABILITY CONFERENCE, ESREL 2008,
AND 17TH SRA-EUROPE, VALENCIA, SPAIN, SEPTEMBER, 22–25, 2008
Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis:
Theory, Methods and Applications
Editors
Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering,
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
C. Guedes Soares
Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Julie Barnett
Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK
VOLUME 1

Cover picture designed by Centro de Formación Permanente - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by Vikatan Publishing Solutions (P) Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe (A CPI-group Company), Chippenham, Wiltshire.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no
responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result
of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk – www.balkema.nl
ISBN: 978-0-415-48513-5 (set of 4 volumes + CD-ROM)
ISBN: 978-0-415-48514-2 (vol 1)
ISBN: 978-0-415-48515-9 (vol 2)
ISBN: 978-0-415-48516-6 (vol 3)
ISBN: 978-0-415-48792-4 (vol 4)
ISBN: 978-0-203-88297-9 (e-book)

Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis: Theory, Methods and Applications – Martorell et al. (eds)
© 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-48513-5
Table of contents
Preface XXIV
Organization XXXI
Acknowledgment XXXV
Introduction XXXVII
VOLUME 1
Thematic areas
Accident and incident investigation
A code for the simulation of human failure events in nuclear power plants: SIMPROC 3
J. Gil, J. Esperón, L. Gamo, I. Fernández, P
. González, J. Moreno, A. Expósito,
C. Queral, G. Rodríguez & J. Hortal
A preliminary analysis of the ‘Tlahuac’ incident by applying the MORT technique 11
J.R. Santos-Reyes, S. Olmos-Peña & L.M. Hernández-Simón
Comparing a multi-linear (STEP) and systemic (FRAM) method for accident analysis 19
I.A. Herrera & R. Woltjer
Development of a database for reporting and analysis of near misses in the Italian
chemical industry 27
R.V
. Gagliardi & G. Astarita
Development of incident report analysis system based on m-SHEL ontology 33
Y. Asada, T. Kanno & K. Furuta
Forklifts overturn incidents and prevention in Taiwan 39
K.Y. Chen, S.-H. Wu & C.-M. Shu
Formal modelling of incidents and accidents as a means for enriching training material
for satellite control operations 45
S. Basnyat, P. Palanque, R. Bernhaupt & E. Poupart
Hazard factors analysis in regional traffic records 57
M. Mlynczak & J. Sipa
Organizational analysis of availability: What are the lessons for a high risk industrial company? 63
M. Voirin, S. Pierlot & Y. Dien
Thermal explosion analysis of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide by non-isothermal
and isothermal calorimetry application 71
S.H. Wu, J.M. Tseng & C.M. Shu
V

Crisis and emergency management
A mathematical model for risk analysis of disaster chains 79
A. Xuewei Ji, B. Wenguo Weng & Pan Li
Effective learning from emergency responses 83
K. Eriksson & J. Borell
On the constructive role of multi-criteria analysis in complex decision-making:
An application in radiological emergency management 89
C. Turcanu, B. Carlé, J. Paridaens & F
. Hardeman
Decision support systems and software tools for safety and reliability
Complex, expert based multi-role assessment system for small and medium enterprises 99
S.G. Kovacs & M. Costescu
DETECT: A novel framework for the detection of attacks to critical infrastructures 105
F
. Flammini, A. Gaglione, N. Mazzocca & C. Pragliola
Methodology and software platform for multi-layer causal modeling 113
K.M. Groth, C. Wang, D. Zhu & A. Mosleh
SCAIS (Simulation Code System for Integrated Safety Assessment): Current
status and applications 121
J.M. Izquierdo, J. Hortal, M. Sánchez, E. Meléndez, R. Herrero, J. Gil, L. Gamo,
I. Fernández, J. Esperón, P
. González, C. Queral, A. Expósito & G. Rodríguez
Using GIS and multivariate analyses to visualize risk levels and spatial patterns
of severe accidents in the energy sector 129
P
. Burgherr
Weak signals of potential accidents at ‘‘Seveso’’ establishments 137
P
.A. Bragatto, P. Agnello, S. Ansaldi & P
. Pittiglio
Dynamic reliability
A dynamic fault classification scheme 147
B. Fechner
Importance factors in dynamic reliability 155
R. Eymard, S. Mercier & M. Roussignol
TSD, a SCAIS suitable variant of the SDTPD 163
J.M. Izquierdo & I. Cañamón
Fault identification and diagnostics
Application of a vapour compression chiller lumped model for fault detection 175
J. Navarro-Esbrí, A. Real, D. Ginestar & S. Martorell
Automatic source code analysis of failure modes causing error propagation 183
S. Sarshar & R. Winther
Development of a prognostic tool to perform reliability analysis 191
M. El-Koujok, R. Gouriveau & N. Zerhouni
Fault detection and diagnosis in monitoring a hot dip galvanizing line using
multivariate statistical process control 201
J.C. García-Díaz
Fault identification, diagnosis and compensation of flatness errors in hard turning
of tool steels 205
F
. Veiga, J. Fernández, E. Viles, M. Arizmendi, A. Gil & M.L. Penalva
VI

From diagnosis to prognosis: A maintenance experience for an electric locomotive 211
O. Borgia, F. De Carlo & M. Tucci
Human factors
A study on the validity of R-TACOM measure by comparing operator response
time data 221
J. Park & W. Jung
An evaluation of the Enhanced Bayesian THERP method using simulator data 227
K. Bladh, J.-E. Holmberg & P
. Pyy
Comparing CESA-Q human reliability analysis with evidence from simulator:
A first attempt 233
L. Podofillini & B. Reer
Exploratory and confirmatory analysis of the relationship between social norms
and safety behavior 243
C. Fugas, S.A. da Silva & J.L. Melià
Functional safety and layer of protection analysis with regard to human factors 249
K.T. Kosmowski
How employees’ use of information technology systems shape reliable operations
of large scale technological systems 259
T.K. Andersen, P. Næsje, H. Torvatn & K. Skarholt
Incorporating simulator evidence into HRA: Insights from the data analysis of the
international HRA empirical study 267
S. Massaiu, P.Ø. Braarud & M. Hildebrandt
Insights from the ‘‘HRA international empirical study’’: How to link data
and HRA with MERMOS 275
H. Pesme, P. Le Bot & P. Meyer
Operators’ response time estimation for a critical task using the fuzzy logic theory 281
M. Konstandinidou, Z. Nivolianitou, G. Simos, C. Kiranoudis & N. Markatos
The concept of organizational supportiveness 291
J. Nicholls, J. Harvey & G. Erdos
The influence of personal variables on changes in driver behaviour 299
S. Heslop, J. Harvey, N. Thorpe & C. Mulley
The key role of expert judgment in CO2 underground storage projects 305
C. Vivalda & L. Jammes
Integrated risk management and risk—informed decision-making
All-hazards risk framework—An architecture model 315
S. Verga
Comparisons and discussion of different integrated risk approaches 323
R. Steen & T. Aven
Management of risk caused by domino effect resulting from design
system dysfunctions 331
S. Sperandio, V. Robin & Ph. Girard
On some aspects related to the use of integrated risk analyses for the decision
making process, including its use in the non-nuclear applications 341
D. Serbanescu, A.L. Vetere Arellano & A. Colli
On the usage of weather derivatives in Austria—An empirical study 351
M. Bank & R. Wiesner
VII

Precaution in practice? The case of nanomaterial industry 361
H. Kastenholz, A. Helland & M. Siegrist
Risk based maintenance prioritisation 365
G. Birkeland, S. Eisinger & T. Aven
Shifts in environmental health risk governance: An analytical framework 369
H.A.C. Runhaar, J.P. van der Sluijs & P
.P
.J. Driessen
What does ‘‘safety margin’’ really mean? 379
J. Hortal, R. Mendizábal & F
. Pelayo
Legislative dimensions of risk management
Accidents, risk analysis and safety management—Different perspective at a
Swedish safety authority 391
O. Harrami, M. Strömgren, U. Postgård & R. All
Evaluation of risk and safety issues at the Swedish Rescue Services Agency 399
O. Harrami, U. Postgård & M. Strömgren
Regulation of information security and the impact on top management commitment—
A comparative study of the electric power supply sector and the finance sector 407
J.M. Hagen & E. Albrechtsen
The unintended consequences of risk regulation 415
B.H. MacGillivray, R.E. Alcock & J.S. Busby
Maintenance modelling and optimisation
A hybrid age-based maintenance policy for heterogeneous items 423
P
.A. Scarf, C.A.V. Cavalcante, R.W. Dwight & P
. Gordon
A stochastic process model for computing the cost of a condition-based maintenance plan 431
J.A.M. van der Weide, M.D. Pandey & J.M. van Noortwijk
A study about influence of uncertain distribution inputs in maintenance optimization 441
R. Mullor, S. Martorell, A. Sánchez & N. Martinez-Alzamora
Aging processes as a primary aspect of predicting reliability and life of aeronautical hardware 449
J. Żurek, M. Zieja, G. Kowalczyk & T. Niezgoda
An alternative imperfect preventive maintenance model 455
J. Clavareau & P.E. Labeau
An imperfect preventive maintenance model with dependent failure modes 463
I.T. Castro
Condition-based maintenance approaches for deteriorating system influenced
by environmental conditions 469
E. Deloux, B. Castanier & C. Bérenguer
Condition-based maintenance by particle filtering 477
F
. Cadini, E. Zio & D. Avram
Corrective maintenance for aging air conditioning systems 483
I. Frenkel, L. Khvatskin & A. Lisnianski
Exact reliability quantification of highly reliable systems with maintenance 489
R. Briš
Genetic algorithm optimization of preventive maintenance scheduling for repairable
systems modeled by generalized renewal process 497
P
.A.A. Garcia, M.C. Sant’Ana, V
.C. Damaso & P
.F
. Frutuoso e Melo
VIII

Maintenance modelling integrating human and material resources 505
S. Martorell, M. Villamizar, A. Sánchez & G. Clemente
Modelling competing risks and opportunistic maintenance with expert judgement 515
T. Bedford & B.M. Alkali
Modelling different types of failure and residual life estimation for condition-based maintenance 523
M.J. Carr & W. Wang
Multi-component systems modeling for quantifying complex maintenance strategies 531
V
. Zille, C. Bérenguer, A. Grall, A. Despujols & J. Lonchampt
Multiobjective optimization of redundancy allocation in systems with imperfect repairs via
ant colony and discrete event simulation 541
I.D. Lins & E. López Droguett
Non-homogeneous Markov reward model for aging multi-state system under corrective
maintenance 551
A. Lisnianski & I. Frenkel
On the modeling of ageing using Weibull models: Case studies 559
P
. Praks, H. Fernandez Bacarizo & P
.-E. Labeau
On-line condition-based maintenance for systems with several modes of degradation 567
A. Ponchet, M. Fouladirad & A. Grall
Opportunity-based age replacement for a system under two types of failures 575
F
.G. Badía & M.D. Berrade
Optimal inspection intervals for maintainable equipment 581
O. Hryniewicz
Optimal periodic inspection of series systems with revealed and unrevealed failures 587
M. Carvalho, E. Nunes & J. Telhada
Optimal periodic inspection/replacement policy for deteriorating systems with explanatory
variables 593
X. Zhao, M. Fouladirad, C. Bérenguer & L. Bordes
Optimal replacement policy for components with general failure rates submitted to obsolescence 603
S. Mercier
Optimization of the maintenance function at a company 611
S. Adjabi, K. Adel-Aissanou & M. Azi
Planning and scheduling maintenance resources in a complex system 619
M. Newby & C. Barker
Preventive maintenance planning using prior expert knowledge and multicriteria method
PROMETHEE III 627
F
.A. Figueiredo, C.A.V. Cavalcante & A.T. de Almeida
Profitability assessment of outsourcing maintenance from the producer (big rotary machine study) 635
P
. Fuchs & J. Zajicek
Simulated annealing method for the selective maintenance optimization of multi-mission
series-parallel systems 641
A. Khatab, D. Ait-Kadi & A. Artiba
Study on the availability of a k-out-of-N System given limited spares under (m, NG)
maintenance policy 649
T. Zhang, H.T. Lei & B. Guo
System value trajectories, maintenance, and its present value 659
K.B. Marais & J.H. Saleh
IX

The maintenance management framework: A practical view to maintenance management 669
A. Crespo Márquez, P
. Moreu de León, J.F
. Gómez Fernández, C. Parra Márquez & V. González
Workplace occupation and equipment availability and utilization, in the context of maintenance
float systems 675
I.S. Lopes, A.F. Leitão & G.A.B. Pereira
Monte Carlo methods in system safety and reliability
Availability and reliability assessment of industrial complex systems: A practical view
applied on a bioethanol plant simulation 687
V
. González, C. Parra, J.F
. Gómez, A. Crespo & P
. Moreu de León
Handling dependencies between variables with imprecise probabilistic models 697
S. Destercke & E. Chojnacki
Monte Carlo simulation for investigating the influence of maintenance strategies on the production
availability of offshore installations 703
K.P
. Chang, D. Chang, T.J. Rhee & E. Zio
Reliability analysis of discrete multi-state systems by means of subset simulation 709
E. Zio & N. Pedroni
The application of Bayesian interpolation in Monte Carlo simulations 717
M. Rajabalinejad, P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder & N. van Erp
Occupational safety
Application of virtual reality technologies to improve occupational & industrial safety
in industrial processes 727
J. Rubio, B. Rubio, C. Vaquero, N. Galarza, A. Pelaz, J.L. Ipiña, D. Sagasti & L. Jordá
Applying the resilience concept in practice: A case study from the oil and gas industry 733
L. Hansson, I. Andrade Herrera, T. Kongsvik & G. Solberg
Development of an assessment tool to facilitate OHS management based upon the safe
place, safe person, safe systems framework 739
A.-M. Makin & C. Winder
Exploring knowledge translation in occupational health using the mental models approach:
A case study of machine shops 749
A.-M. Nicol & A.C. Hurrell
Mathematical modelling of risk factors concerning work-related traffic accidents 757
C. Santamaría, G. Rubio, B. García & E. Navarro
New performance indicators for the health and safety domain: A benchmarking use perspective 761
H.V
. Neto, P.M. Arezes & S.D. Sousa
Occupational risk management for fall from height 767
O.N. Aneziris, M. Konstandinidou, I.A. Papazoglou, M. Mud, M. Damen, J. Kuiper, H. Baksteen,
L.J. Bellamy, J.G. Post & J. Oh
Occupational risk management for vapour/gas explosions 777
I.A. Papazoglou, O.N. Aneziris, M. Konstandinidou, M. Mud, M. Damen, J. Kuiper, A. Bloemhoff,
H. Baksteen, L.J. Bellamy, J.G. Post & J. Oh
Occupational risk of an aluminium industry 787
O.N. Aneziris, I.A. Papazoglou & O. Doudakmani
Risk regulation bureaucracies in EU accession states: Drinking water safety in Estonia 797
K. Kangur
X

Organization learning
Can organisational learning improve safety and resilience during changes? 805
S.O. Johnsen & S. Håbrekke
Consequence analysis as organizational development 813
B. Moltu, A. Jarl Ringstad & G. Guttormsen
Integrated operations and leadership—How virtual cooperation influences leadership practice 821
K. Skarholt, P. Næsje, V. Hepsø & A.S. Bye
Outsourcing maintenance in services providers 829
J.F
. Gómez, C. Parra, V. González, A. Crespo & P
. Moreu de León
Revising rules and reviving knowledge in the Norwegian railway system 839
H.C. Blakstad, R. Rosness & J. Hovden
Risk Management in systems: Learning to recognize and respond to weak signals 847
E. Guillaume
Author index 853
VOLUME 2
Reliability and safety data collection and analysis
A new step-stress Accelerated Life Testing approach: Step-Down-Stress 863
C. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Chen & Y. Jiang
Application of a generalized lognormal distribution to engineering data fitting 869
J. Martín & C.J. Pérez
Collection and analysis of reliability data over the whole product lifetime of vehicles 875
T. Leopold & B. Bertsche
Comparison of phase-type distributions with mixed and additive Weibull models 881
M.C. Segovia & C. Guedes Soares
Evaluation methodology of industry equipment functional reliability 891
J. Kamenický
Evaluation of device reliability based on accelerated tests 899
E. Nogueira Díaz, M. Vázquez López & D. Rodríguez Cano
Evaluation, analysis and synthesis of multiple source information: An application to nuclear
computer codes 905
S. Destercke & E. Chojnacki
Improving reliability using new processes and methods 913
S.J. Park, S.D. Park & K.T. Jo
Life test applied to Brazilian friction-resistant low alloy-high strength steel rails 919
D.I. De Souza, A. Naked Haddad & D. Rocha Fonseca
Non-homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP), stochastic model applied to evaluate the economic
impact of the failure in the Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) 929
C. Parra Márquez, A. Crespo Márquez, P
. Moreu de León, J. Gómez Fernández & V. González Díaz
Risk trends, indicators and learning rates: A new case study of North sea oil and gas 941
R.B. Duffey & A.B. Skjerve
Robust estimation for an imperfect test and repair model using Gaussian mixtures 949
S.P
. Wilson & S. Goyal
XI

Risk and evidence based policy making
Environmental reliability as a requirement for defining environmental impact limits
in critical areas 957
E. Calixto & E. Lèbre La Rovere
Hazardous aid? The crowding-out effect of international charity 965
P
.A. Raschky & M. Schwindt
Individual risk-taking and external effects—An empirical examination 973
S. Borsky & P.A. Raschky
Licensing a Biofuel plan transforming animal fats 981
J.-F
. David
Modelling incident escalation in explosives storage 987
G. Hardman, T. Bedford, J. Quigley & L. Walls
The measurement and management of Deca-BDE—Why the continued certainty of uncertainty? 993
R.E. Alcock, B.H. McGillivray & J.S. Busby
Risk and hazard analysis
A contribution to accelerated testing implementation 1001
S. Hossein Mohammadian M., D. Aït-Kadi, A. Coulibaly & B. Mutel
A decomposition method to analyze complex fault trees 1009
S. Contini
A quantitative methodology for risk assessment of explosive atmospheres according to the
ATEX directive 1019
R. Lisi, M.F. Milazzo & G. Maschio
A risk theory based on hyperbolic parallel curves and risk assessment in time 1027
N. Popoviciu & F. Baicu
Accident occurrence evaluation of phased-mission systems composed of components
with multiple failure modes 1035
T. Kohda
Added value in fault tree analyses 1041
T. Norberg, L. Rosén & A. Lindhe
Alarm prioritization at plant design stage—A simplified approach 1049
P
. Barbarini, G. Franzoni & E. Kulot
Analysis of possibilities of timing dependencies modeling—Example of logistic support system 1055
J. Magott, T. Nowakowski, P
. Skrobanek & S. Werbinska
Applications of supply process reliability model 1065
A. Jodejko & T. Nowakowski
Applying optimization criteria to risk analysis 1073
H. Medina, J. Arnaldos & J. Casal
Chemical risk assessment for inspection teams during CTBT on-site inspections of sites
potentially contaminated with industrial chemicals 1081
G. Malich & C. Winder
Comparison of different methodologies to estimate the evacuation radius in the case
of a toxic release 1089
M.I. Montoya & E. Planas
Conceptualizing and managing risk networks. New insights for risk management 1097
R.W. Schröder
XII

Developments in fault tree techniques and importance measures 1103
J.K. Vaurio
Dutch registration of risk situations 1113
J.P
. van’t Sant, H.J. Manuel & A. van den Berg
Experimental study of jet fires 1119
M. Gómez-Mares, A. Palacios, A. Peiretti, M. Muñoz & J. Casal
Failure mode and effect analysis algorithm for tunneling projects 1125
K. Rezaie, V. Ebrahimipour & S. Shokravi
Fuzzy FMEA: A study case on a discontinuous distillation plant 1129
S.S. Rivera & J.E. Núñez Mc Leod
Risk analysis in extreme environmental conditions for Aconcagua Mountain station 1135
J.E. Núñez Mc Leod & S.S. Rivera
Geographic information system for evaluation of technical condition and residual life of pipelines 1141
P
. Yukhymets, R. Spitsa & S. Kobelsky
Inherent safety indices for the design of layout plans 1147
A. Tugnoli, V. Cozzani, F
.I. Khan & P
.R. Amyotte
Minmax defense strategy for multi-state systems 1157
G. Levitin & K. Hausken
Multicriteria risk assessment for risk ranking of natural gas pipelines 1165
A.J. de M. Brito, C.A.V. Cavalcante, R.J.P
. Ferreira & A.T. de Almeida
New insight into PFDavg and PFH 1173
F
. Innal, Y. Dutuit, A. Rauzy & J.-P
. Signoret
On causes and dependencies of errors in human and organizational barriers against major
accidents 1181
J.E. Vinnem
Quantitative risk analysis method for warehouses with packaged hazardous materials 1191
D. Riedstra, G.M.H. Laheij & A.A.C. van Vliet
Ranking the attractiveness of industrial plants to external acts of interference 1199
M. Sabatini, S. Zanelli, S. Ganapini, S. Bonvicini & V
. Cozzani
Review and discussion of uncertainty taxonomies used in risk analysis 1207
T.E. Nøkland & T. Aven
Risk analysis in the frame of the ATEX Directive and the preparation of an Explosion Protection
Document 1217
A. Pey, G. Suter, M. Glor, P
. Lerena & J. Campos
Risk reduction by use of a buffer zone 1223
S.I. Wijnant-Timmerman & T. Wiersma
Safety in engineering practice 1231
Z. Smalko & J. Szpytko
Why ISO 13702 and NFPA 15 standards may lead to unsafe design 1239
S. Medonos & R. Raman
Risk control in complex environments
Is there an optimal type for high reliability organization? A study of the UK offshore industry 1251
J.S. Busby, A. Collins & R. Miles
The optimization of system safety: Rationality, insurance, and optimal protection 1259
R.B. Jongejan & J.K. Vrijling
XIII

Thermal characteristic analysis of Y type zeolite by differential scanning calorimetry 1267
S.H. Wu, W.P. Weng, C.C. Hsieh & C.M. Shu
Using network methodology to define emergency response team location: The Brazilian
refinery case study 1273
E. Calixto, E. Lèbre La Rovere & J. Eustáquio Beraldo
Risk perception and communication
(Mis-)conceptions of safety principles 1283
J.-T. Gayen & H. Schäbe
Climate change in the British press: The role of the visual 1293
N.W. Smith & H. Joffe
Do the people exposed to a technological risk always want more information about it?
Some observations on cases of rejection 1301
J. Espluga, J. Farré, J. Gonzalo, T. Horlick-Jones, A. Prades, C. Oltra & J. Navajas
Media coverage, imaginary of risks and technological organizations 1309
F
. Fodor & G. Deleuze
Media disaster coverage over time: Methodological issues and results 1317
M. Kuttschreuter & J.M. Gutteling
Risk amplification and zoonosis 1325
D.G. Duckett & J.S. Busby
Risk communication and addressing uncertainties in risk assessments—Presentation of a framework 1335
J. Stian Østrem, H. Thevik, R. Flage & T. Aven
Risk communication for industrial plants and radioactive waste repositories 1341
F
. Gugliermetti & G. Guidi
Risk management measurement methodology: Practical procedures and approaches for risk
assessment and prediction 1351
R.B. Duffey & J.W. Saull
Risk perception and cultural theory: Criticism and methodological orientation 1357
C. Kermisch & P.-E. Labeau
Standing in the shoes of hazard managers: An experiment on avalanche risk perception 1365
C.M. Rheinberger
The social perception of nuclear fusion: Investigating lay understanding and reasoning about
the technology 1371
A. Prades, C. Oltra, J. Navajas, T. Horlick-Jones & J. Espluga
Safety culture
‘‘Us’’ and ‘‘Them’’: The impact of group identity on safety critical behaviour 1377
R.J. Bye, S. Antonsen & K.M. Vikland
Does change challenge safety? Complexity in the civil aviation transport system 1385
S. Høyland & K. Aase
Electromagnetic fields in the industrial enviroment 1395
J. Fernández, A. Quijano, M.L. Soriano & V
. Fuster
Electrostatic charges in industrial environments 1401
P
. LLovera, A. Quijano, A. Soria & V
. Fuster
Empowering operations and maintenance: Safe operations with the ‘‘one directed team’’
organizational model at the Kristin asset 1407
P
. Næsje, K. Skarholt, V
. Hepsø & A.S. Bye
XIV

Leadership and safety climate in the construction industry 1415
J.L. Meliá, M. Becerril, S.A. Silva & K. Mearns
Local management and its impact on safety culture and safety within Norwegian shipping 1423
H.A Oltedal & O.A. Engen
Quantitative analysis of the anatomy and effectiveness of occupational safety culture 1431
P
. Trucco, M. De Ambroggi & O. Grande
Safety management and safety culture assessment in Germany 1439
H.P
. Berg
The potential for error in communications between engineering designers 1447
J. Harvey, R. Jamieson & K. Pearce
Safety management systems
Designing the safety policy of IT system on the example of a chosen company 1455
I.J. Jóźwiak, T. Nowakowski & K. Jóźwiak
Determining and verifying the safety integrity level of the control and protection systems
under uncertainty 1463
T. Barnert, K.T. Kosmowski & M. Sliwinski
Drawing up and running a Security Plan in an SME type company—An easy task? 1473
M. Gerbec
Efficient safety management for subcontractor at construction sites 1481
K.S. Son & J.J. Park
Production assurance and reliability management—A new international standard 1489
H. Kortner, K.-E. Haugen & L. Sunde
Risk management model for industrial plants maintenance 1495
N. Napolitano, M. De Minicis, G. Di Gravio & M. Tronci
Some safety aspects on multi-agent and CBTC implementation for subway control systems 1503
F
.M. Rachel & P.S. Cugnasca
Software reliability
Assessment of software reliability and the efficiency of corrective actions during the software
development process 1513
R. Savić
ERTMS, deals on wheels? An inquiry into a major railway project 1519
J.A. Stoop, J.H. Baggen, J.M. Vleugel & J.L.M. Vrancken
Guaranteed resource availability in a website 1525
V
.P
. Koutras & A.N. Platis
Reliability oriented electronic design automation tool 1533
J. Marcos, D. Bóveda, A. Fernández & E. Soto
Reliable software for partitionable networked environments—An experience report 1539
S. Beyer, J.C. García Ortiz, F
.D. Muñoz-Escoí, P
. Galdámez, L. Froihofer,
K.M. Goeschka & J. Osrael
SysML aided functional safety assessment 1547
M. Larisch, A. Hänle, U. Siebold & I. Häring
UML safety requirement specification and verification 1555
A. Hänle & I. Häring
XV

Stakeholder and public involvement in risk governance
Assessment and monitoring of reliability and robustness of offshore wind energy converters 1567
S. Thöns, M.H. Faber, W. Rücker & R. Rohrmann
Building resilience to natural hazards. Practices and policies on governance and mitigation
in the central region of Portugal 1577
J.M. Mendes & A.T. Tavares
Governance of flood risks in The Netherlands: Interdisciplinary research into the role and
meaning of risk perception 1585
M.S. de Wit, H. van der Most, J.M. Gutteling & M. Bočkarjova
Public intervention for better governance—Does it matter? A study of the ‘‘Leros Strength’’ case 1595
P
.H. Lindøe & J.E. Karlsen
Reasoning about safety management policy in everyday terms 1601
T. Horlick-Jones
Using stakeholders’ expertise in EMF and soil contamination to improve the management
of public policies dealing with modern risk: When uncertainty is on the agenda 1609
C. Fallon, G. Joris & C. Zwetkoff
Structural reliability and design codes
Adaptive discretization of 1D homogeneous random fields 1621
D.L. Allaix, V.I. Carbone & G. Mancini
Comparison of methods for estimation of concrete strength 1629
M. Holicky, K. Jung & M. Sykora
Design of structures for accidental design situations 1635
J. Marková & K. Jung
Developing fragility function for a timber structure subjected to fire 1641
E.R. Vaidogas, Virm. Juocevičius & Virg. Juocevičius
Estimations in the random fatigue-limit model 1651
C.-H. Chiu & W.-T. Huang
Limitations of the Weibull distribution related to predicting the probability of failure
initiated by flaws 1655
M.T. Todinov
Simulation techniques of non-gaussian random loadings in structural reliability analysis 1663
Y. Jiang, C. Zhang, X. Chen & J. Tao
Special features of the collection and analysis of snow loads 1671
Z. Sadovský, P. Faško, K. Mikulová, J. Pecho & M. Vojtek
Structural safety under extreme construction loads 1677
V
. Juocevičius & A. Kudzys
The modeling of time-dependent reliability of deteriorating structures 1685
A. Kudzys & O. Lukoševiciene
Author index 1695
VOLUME 3
System reliability analysis
A copula-based approach for dependability analyses of fault-tolerant systems with
interdependent basic events 1705
M. Walter, S. Esch & P
. Limbourg
XVI

A depth first search algorithm for optimal arrangements in a circular
consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system 1715
K. Shingyochi & H. Yamamoto
A joint reliability-redundancy optimization approach for multi-state series-parallel systems 1723
Z. Tian, G. Levitin & M.J. Zuo
A new approach to assess the reliability of a multi-state system with dependent components 1731
M. Samrout & E. Chatelet
A reliability analysis and decision making process for autonomous systems 1739
R. Remenyte-Prescott, J.D. Andrews, P
.W.H. Chung & C.G. Downes
Advanced discrete event simulation methods with application to importance measure
estimation 1747
A.B. Huseby, K.A. Eide, S.L. Isaksen, B. Natvig & J. Gåsemyr
Algorithmic and computational analysis of a multi-component complex system 1755
J.E. Ruiz-Castro, R. Pérez-Ocón & G. Fernández-Villodre
An efficient reliability computation of generalized multi-state k-out-of-n systems 1763
S.V
. Amari
Application of the fault tree analysis for assessment of the power system reliability 1771
A. Volkanovski, M. Čepin & B. Mavko
BDMP (Boolean logic driven Markov processes)
as an alternative to event trees 1779
M. Bouissou
Bivariate distribution based passive system performance assessment 1787
L. Burgazzi
Calculating steady state reliability indices of multi-state systems using dual number algebra 1795
E. Korczak
Concordance analysis of importance measure 1803
C.M. Rocco S.
Contribution to availability assessment of systems with one shot items 1807
D. Valis M. Koucky
Contribution to modeling of complex weapon systems reliability 1813
D. Valis, Z. Vintr M. Koucky
Delayed system reliability and uncertainty analysis 1819
R. Alzbutas, V
. Janilionis J. Rimas
Efficient generation and representation of failure lists out of an information flux model
for modeling safety critical systems 1829
M. Pock, H. Belhadaoui, O. Malassé M. Walter
Evaluating algorithms for the system state distribution of multi-state k-out-of-n:F system 1839
T. Akiba, H. Yamamoto, T. Yamaguchi, K. Shingyochi Y. Tsujimura
First-passage time analysis for Markovian deteriorating model 1847
G. Dohnal
Model of logistic support system with time dependency 1851
S. Werbinska
Modeling failure cascades in network systems due to distributed random disturbances 1861
E. Zio G. Sansavini
Modeling of the changes of graphite bore in RBMK-1500 type nuclear reactor 1867
I. Žutautaite-Šeputiene, J. Augutis E. Ušpuras
XVII

Modelling multi-platform phased mission system reliability 1873
D.R. Prescott, J.D. Andrews C.G. Downes
Modelling test strategies effects on the probability of failure on demand for safety
instrumented systems 1881
A.C. Torres-Echeverria, S. Martorell H.A. Thompson
New insight into measures of component importance in production systems 1891
S.L. Isaksen
New virtual age models for bathtub shaped failure intensities 1901
Y. Dijoux E. Idée
On some approaches to defining virtual age of non-repairable objects 1909
M.S. Finkelstein
On the application and extension of system signatures in engineering reliability 1915
J. Navarro, F.J. Samaniego, N. Balakrishnan D. Bhattacharya
PFD of higher-order configurations of SIS with partial stroke testing capability 1919
L.F
.S. Oliveira
Power quality as accompanying factor in reliability research of electric engines 1929
I.J. Jóźwiak, K. Kujawski T. Nowakowski
RAMS and performance analysis 1937
X. Quayzin, E. Arbaretier, Z. Brik A. Rauzy
Reliability evaluation of complex system based on equivalent fault tree 1943
Z. Yufang, Y. Hong L. Jun
Reliability evaluation of III-V Concentrator solar cells 1949
N. Núñez, J.R. González, M. Vázquez, C. Algora I. Rey-Stolle
Reliability of a degrading system under inspections 1955
D. Montoro-Cazorla, R. Pérez-Ocón M.C. Segovia
Reliability prediction using petri nets for on-demand safety systems with fault detection 1961
A.V
. Kleyner V. Volovoi
Reliability, availability and cost analysis of large multi-state systems with ageing components 1969
K. Kolowrocki
Reliability, availability and risk evaluation of technical systems in variable operation conditions 1985
K. Kolowrocki J. Soszynska
Representation and estimation of multi-state system reliability by decision diagrams 1995
E. Zaitseva S. Puuronen
Safety instrumented system reliability evaluation with influencing factors 2003
F
. Brissaud, D. Charpentier, M. Fouladirad, A. Barros C. Bérenguer
Smooth estimation of the availability function of a repairable system 2013
M.L. Gámiz Y. Román
System design optimisation involving phased missions 2021
D. Astapenko L.M. Bartlett
The Natvig measures of component importance in repairable systems applied to an offshore
oil and gas production system 2029
B. Natvig, K.A. Eide, J. Gåsemyr, A.B. Huseby S.L. Isaksen
The operation quality assessment as an initial part of reliability improvement and low cost
automation of the system 2037
L. Muslewski, M. Woropay G. Hoppe
XVIII

Three-state modelling of dependent component failures with domino effects 2045
U.K. Rakowsky
Variable ordering techniques for the application of Binary Decision Diagrams on PSA
linked Fault Tree models 2051
C. Ibáñez-Llano, A. Rauzy, E. Meléndez F
. Nieto
Weaknesses of classic availability calculations for interlinked production systems
and their overcoming 2061
D. Achermann
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
A critique of Info-Gap’s robustness model 2071
M. Sniedovich
Alternative representations of uncertainty in system reliability and risk analysis—Review
and discussion 2081
R. Flage, T. Aven E. Zio
Dependence modelling with copula in probabilistic studies, a practical approach
based on numerical experiments 2093
A. Dutfoy R. Lebrun
Event tree uncertainty analysis by Monte Carlo and possibility theory 2101
P
. Baraldi E. Zio
Global sensitivity analysis based on entropy 2107
B. Auder B. Iooss
Impact of uncertainty affecting reliability models on warranty contracts 2117
G. Fleurquin, P. Dehombreux P
. Dersin
Influence of epistemic uncertainties on the probabilistic assessment of an emergency operating
procedure in a nuclear power plant 2125
M. Kloos J. Peschke
Numerical study of algorithms for metamodel construction and validation 2135
B. Iooss, L. Boussouf, A. Marrel V
. Feuillard
On the variance upper bound theorem and its applications 2143
M.T. Todinov
Reliability assessment under Uncertainty Using Dempster-Shafer and Vague Set Theories 2151
S. Pashazadeh N. Grachorloo
Types and sources of uncertainties in environmental accidental risk assessment: A case study
for a chemical factory in the Alpine region of Slovenia 2157
M. Gerbec B. Kontic
Uncertainty estimation for monotone and binary systems 2167
A.P
. Ulmeanu N. Limnios
Industrial and service sectors
Aeronautics and aerospace
Condition based operational risk assessment for improved aircraft operability 2175
A. Arnaiz, M. Buderath S. Ferreiro
Is optimized design of satellites possible? 2185
J. Faure, R. Laulheret A. Cabarbaye
XIX

Model of air traffic in terminal area for ATFM safety analysis 2191
J. Skorupski A.W. Stelmach
Predicting airport runway conditions based on weather data 2199
A.B. Huseby M. Rabbe
Safety considerations in complex airborne systems 2207
M.J.R. Lemes J.B. Camargo Jr
The Preliminary Risk Analysis approach: Merging space and aeronautics methods 2217
J. Faure, R. Laulheret A. Cabarbaye
Using a Causal model for Air Transport Safety (CATS) for the evaluation of alternatives 2223
B.J.M. Ale, L.J. Bellamy, R.P
. van der Boom, J. Cooper, R.M. Cooke, D. Kurowicka, P.H. Lin,
O. Morales, A.L.C. Roelen J. Spouge
Automotive engineering
An approach to describe interactions in and between mechatronic systems 2233
J. Gäng B. Bertsche
Influence of the mileage distribution on reliability prognosis models 2239
A. Braasch, D. Althaus A. Meyna
Reliability prediction for automotive components using Real-Parameter Genetic Algorithm 2245
J. Hauschild, A. Kazeminia A. Braasch
Stochastic modeling and prediction of catalytic converters degradation 2251
S. Barone, M. Giorgio, M. Guida G. Pulcini
Towards a better interaction between design and dependability analysis: FMEA derived from
UML/SysML models 2259
P
. David, V. Idasiak F
. Kratz
Biotechnology and food industry
Application of tertiary mathematical models for evaluating the presence of staphylococcal
enterotoxin in lactic acid cheese 2269
I. Steinka A. Blokus-Roszkowska
Assessment of the risk to company revenue due to deviations in honey quality 2275
E. Doménech, I. Escriche S. Martorell
Attitudes of Japanese and Hawaiian toward labeling genetically modified fruits 2285
S. Shehata
Ensuring honey quality by means of effective pasteurization 2289
E. Doménech, I. Escriche S. Martorell
Exposure assessment model to combine thermal inactivation (log reduction) and thermal injury
(heat-treated spore lag time) effects on non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum 2295
J.-M. Membrë, E. Wemmenhove P
. McClure
Public information requirements on health risk of mercury in fish (1): Perception
and knowledge of the public about food safety and the risk of mercury 2305
M. Kosugi H. Kubota
Public information requirements on health risks of mercury in fish (2): A comparison of mental
models of experts and public in Japan 2311
H. Kubota M. Kosugi
Review of diffusion models for the social amplification of risk of food-borne zoonoses 2317
J.P
. Mehers, H.E. Clough R.M. Christley
XX

Risk perception and communication of food safety and food technologies in Flanders,
The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom 2325
U. Maris
Synthesis of reliable digital microfluidic biochips using Monte Carlo simulation 2333
E. Maftei, P. Pop F. Popenţiu Vlădicescu
Chemical process industry
Accidental scenarios in the loss of control of chemical processes: Screening the impact
profile of secondary substances 2345
M. Cordella, A. Tugnoli, P
. Morra, V
. Cozzani F
. Barontini
Adapting the EU Seveso II Directive for GHS: Initial UK study on acute toxicity to people 2353
M.T. Trainor, A.J. Wilday, M. Moonis, A.L. Rowbotham, S.J. Fraser, J.L. Saw D.A. Bosworth
An advanced model for spreading and evaporation of accidentally released hazardous
liquids on land 2363
I.J.M. Trijssenaar-Buhre, R.P
. Sterkenburg S.I. Wijnant-Timmerman
Influence of safety systems on land use planning around seveso sites; example of measures
chosen for a fertiliser company located close to a village 2369
C. Fiévez, C. Delvosalle, N. Cornil, L. Servranckx, F
. Tambour, B. Yannart F. Benjelloun
Performance evaluation of manufacturing systems based on dependability management
indicators-case study: Chemical industry 2379
K. Rezaie, M. Dehghanbaghi V
. Ebrahimipour
Protection of chemical industrial installations from intentional adversary acts: Comparison
of the new security challenges with the existing safety practices in Europe 2389
M.D. Christou
Quantitative assessment of domino effect in an extended industrial area 2397
G. Antonioni, G. Spadoni, V
. Cozzani, C. Dondi D. Egidi
Reaction hazard of cumene hydroperoxide with sodium hydroxide by isothermal calorimetry 2405
Y.-P
. Chou, S.-H. Wu, C.-M. Shu H.-Y. Hou
Reliability study of shutdown process through the analysis of decision making in chemical plants.
Case of study: South America, Spain and Portugal 2409
L. Amendola, M.A. Artacho T. Depool
Study of the application of risk management practices in shutdown chemical process 2415
L. Amendola, M.A. Artacho T. Depool
Thirty years after the first HAZOP guideline publication. Considerations 2421
J. Dunjó, J.A. Vílchez J. Arnaldos
Civil engineering
Decision tools for risk management support in construction industry 2431
S. Mehicic Eberhardt, S. Moeller, M. Missler-Behr W. Kalusche
Definition of safety and the existence of ‘‘optimal safety’’ 2441
D. Proske
Failure risk analysis in Water Supply Networks 2447
A. Carrión, A. Debón, E. Cabrera, M.L. Gamiz H. Solano
Hurricane vulnerability of multi-story residential buildings in Florida 2453
G.L. Pita, J.-P. Pinelli, C.S. Subramanian, K. Gurley S. Hamid
Risk management system in water-pipe network functioning 2463
B. Tchórzewska-Cieślak
XXI

Use of extreme value theory in engineering design 2473
E. Castillo, C. Castillo R. Mínguez
Critical infrastructures
A model for vulnerability analysis of interdependent infrastructure networks 2491
J. Johansson H. Jönsson
Exploiting stochastic indicators of interdependent infrastructures: The service availability of
interconnected networks 2501
G. Bonanni, E. Ciancamerla, M. Minichino, R. Clemente, A. Iacomini, A. Scarlatti,
E. Zendri R. Terruggia
Proactive risk assessment of critical infrastructures 2511
T. Uusitalo, R. Koivisto W. Schmitz
Seismic assessment of utility systems: Application to water, electric power and transportation
networks 2519
C. Nuti, A. Rasulo I. Vanzi
Author index 2531
VOLUME 4
Electrical and electronic engineering
Balancing safety and availability for an electronic protection system 2541
S. Wagner, I. Eusgeld, W. Kröger G. Guaglio
Evaluation of important reliability parameters using VHDL-RTL modelling and information
flow approach 2549
M. Jallouli, C. Diou, F
. Monteiro, A. Dandache, H. Belhadaoui, O. Malassé, G. Buchheit,
J.F
. Aubry H. Medromi
Energy production and distribution
Application of Bayesian networks for risk assessment in electricity distribution system
maintenance management 2561
D.E. Nordgård K. Sand
Incorporation of ageing effects into reliability model for power transmission network 2569
V
. Matuzas J. Augutis
Mathematical simulation of energy supply disturbances 2575
J. Augutis, R. Krikštolaitis, V
. Matuzienė S. Pečiulytė
Risk analysis of the electric power transmission grid 2581
L.M. Pedersen H.H. Thorstad
Security of gas supply to a gas plant from cave storage using discrete-event simulation 2587
J.D. Amaral Netto, L.F
.S. Oliveira D. Faertes
SES RISK a new framework to support decisions on energy supply 2593
D. Serbanescu A.L. Vetere Arellano
Specification of reliability benchmarks for offshore wind farms 2601
D. McMillan G.W. Ault
Health and medicine
Bayesian statistical meta-analysis of epidemiological data for QRA 2609
I. Albert, E. Espié, A. Gallay, H. De Valk, E. Grenier J.-B. Denis
XXII

Cyanotoxins and health risk assessment 2613
J. Kellner, F. Božek, J. Navrátil J. Dvořák
The estimation of health effect risks based on different sampling intervals of meteorological data 2619
J. Jeong S. Hoon Han
Information technology and telecommunications
A bi-objective model for routing and wavelength assignment in resilient WDM networks 2627
T. Gomes, J. Craveirinha, C. Simões J. Clímaco
Formal reasoning regarding error propagation in multi-process software architectures 2635
F
. Sætre R. Winther
Implementation of risk and reliability analysis techniques in ICT 2641
R. Mock, E. Kollmann E. Bünzli
Information security measures influencing user performance 2649
E. Albrechtsen J.M. Hagen
Reliable network server assignment using an ant colony approach 2657
S. Kulturel-Konak A. Konak
Risk and safety as system-theoretic concepts—A formal view on system-theory
by means of petri-nets 2665
J. Rudolf Müller E. Schnieder
Insurance and finance
Behaviouristic approaches to insurance decisions in the context of natural hazards 2675
M. Bank M. Gruber
Gaming tool as a method of natural disaster risk education: Educating the relationship
between risk and insurance 2685
T. Unagami, T. Motoyoshi J. Takai
Reliability-based risk-metric computation for energy trading 2689
R. Mínguez, A.J. Conejo, R. García-Bertrand E. Castillo
Manufacturing
A decision model for preventing knock-on risk inside industrial plant 2701
M. Grazia Gnoni, G. Lettera P
. Angelo Bragatto
Condition based maintenance optimization under cost and profit criteria for manufacturing
equipment 2707
A. Sánchez, A. Goti V. Rodríguez
PRA-type study adapted to the multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells manufacture
process 2715
A. Colli, D. Serbanescu B.J.M. Ale
Mechanical engineering
Developing a new methodology for OHS assessment in small and medium enterprises 2727
C. Pantanali, A. Meneghetti, C. Bianco M. Lirussi
Optimal Pre-control as a tool to monitor the reliability of a manufacturing system 2735
S. San Matías V. Giner-Bosch
The respirable crystalline silica in the ceramic industries—Sampling, exposure
and toxicology 2743
E. Monfort, M.J. Ibáñez A. Escrig
XXIII

Natural hazards
A framework for the assessment of the industrial risk caused by floods 2749
M. Campedel, G. Antonioni, V
. Cozzani G. Di Baldassarre
A simple method of risk potential analysis for post-earthquake fires 2757
J.L. Su, C.C. Wu, K.S. Fan J.R. Chen
Applying the SDMS model to manage natural disasters in Mexico 2765
J.R. Santos-Reyes A.N. Beard
Decision making tools for natural hazard risk management—Examples from Switzerland 2773
M. Bründl, B. Krummenacher H.M. Merz
How to motivate people to assume responsibility and act upon their own protection from flood
risk in The Netherlands if they think they are perfectly safe? 2781
M. Bočkarjova, A. van der Veen P
.A.T.M. Geurts
Integral risk management of natural hazards—A system analysis of operational application
to rapid mass movements 2789
N. Bischof, H. Romang M. Bründl
Risk based approach for a long-term solution of coastal flood defences—A Vietnam case 2797
C. Mai Van, P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder J.K. Vrijling
River system behaviour effects on flood risk 2807
T. Schweckendiek, A.C.W.M. Vrouwenvelder, M.C.L.M. van Mierlo, E.O.F. Calle W.M.G. Courage
Valuation of flood risk in The Netherlands: Some preliminary results 2817
M. Bočkarjova, P. Rietveld E.T. Verhoef
Nuclear engineering
An approach to integrate thermal-hydraulic and probabilistic analyses in addressing
safety margins estimation accounting for uncertainties 2827
S. Martorell, Y. Nebot, J.F
. Villanueva, S. Carlos, V
. Serradell, F. Pelayo R. Mendizábal
Availability of alternative sources for heat removal in case of failure of the RHRS during
midloop conditions addressed in LPSA 2837
J.F
. Villanueva, S. Carlos, S. Martorell, V
. Serradell, F
. Pelayo R. Mendizábal
Complexity measures of emergency operating procedures: A comparison study with data
from a simulated computerized procedure experiment 2845
L.Q. Yu, Z.Z. Li, X.L. Dong S. Xu
Distinction impossible!: Comparing risks between Radioactive Wastes Facilities and Nuclear
Power Stations 2851
S. Kim S. Cho
Heat-up calculation to screen out the room cooling failure function from a PSA model 2861
M. Hwang, C. Yoon J.-E. Yang
Investigating the material limits on social construction: Practical reasoning about nuclear
fusion and other technologies 2867
T. Horlick-Jones, A. Prades, C. Oltra, J. Navajas J. Espluga
Neural networks and order statistics for quantifying nuclear power plants safety margins 2873
E. Zio, F. Di Maio, S. Martorell Y. Nebot
Probabilistic safety assessment for other modes than power operation 2883
M. Čepin R. Prosen
Probabilistic safety margins: Definition and calculation 2891
R. Mendizábal
XXIV

Reliability assessment of the thermal hydraulic phenomena related to a CAREM-like
passive RHR System 2899
G. Lorenzo, P. Zanocco, M. Giménez, M. Marquès, B. Iooss, R. Bolado Lavín, F. Pierro,
G. Galassi, F. D’Auria L. Burgazzi
Some insights from the observation of nuclear power plant operators’ management of simulated
abnormal situations 2909
M.C. Kim J. Park
Vital area identification using fire PRA and RI-ISI results in UCN 4 nuclear power plant 2913
K.Y. Kim, Y. Choi W.S. Jung
Offshore oil and gas
A new approach for follow-up of safety instrumented systems in the oil and gas industry 2921
S. Hauge M.A. Lundteigen
Consequence based methodology to determine acceptable leakage rate through closed safety
critical valves 2929
W. Røed, K. Haver, H.S. Wiencke T.E. Nøkland
FAMUS: Applying a new tool for integrating flow assurance and RAM analysis 2937
Ø. Grande, S. Eisinger S.L. Isaksen
Fuzzy reliability analysis of corroded oil and gas pipes 2945
M. Singh T. Markeset
Life cycle cost analysis in design of oil and gas production facilities to be used in harsh,
remote and sensitive environments 2955
D. Kayrbekova T. Markeset
Line pack management for improved regularity in pipeline gas transportation networks 2963
L. Frimannslund D. Haugland
Optimization of proof test policies for safety instrumented systems using multi-objective
genetic algorithms 2971
A.C. Torres-Echeverria, S. Martorell H.A. Thompson
Paperwork, management, and safety: Towards a bureaucratization of working life
and a lack of hands-on supervision 2981
G.M. Lamvik, P.C. Næsje, K. Skarholt H. Torvatn
Preliminary probabilistic study for risk management associated to casing long-term integrity
in the context of CO2 geological sequestration—Recommendations for cement plug geometry 2987
Y. Le Guen, O. Poupard, J.-B. Giraud M. Loizzo
Risk images in integrated operations 2997
C.K. Tveiten P.M. Schiefloe
Policy decisions
Dealing with nanotechnology: Do the boundaries matter? 3007
S. Brunet, P. Delvenne, C. Fallon P
. Gillon
Factors influencing the public acceptability of the LILW repository 3015
N. Železnik, M. Polič D. Kos
Risk futures in Europe: Perspectives for future research and governance. Insights from a EU
funded project 3023
S. Menoni
Risk management strategies under climatic uncertainties 3031
U.S. Brandt
XXV

Safety representative and managers: Partners in health and safety? 3039
T. Kvernberg Andersen, H. Torvatn U. Forseth
Stop in the name of safety—The right of the safety representative to halt dangerous work 3047
U. Forseth, H. Torvatn T. Kvernberg Andersen
The VDI guideline on requirements for the qualification of reliability engineers—Curriculum
and certification process 3055
U.K. Rakowsky
Public planning
Analysing analyses—An approach to combining several risk and vulnerability analyses 3061
J. Borell K. Eriksson
Land use planning methodology used in Walloon region (Belgium) for tank farms of gasoline
and diesel oil 3067
F
. Tambour, N. Cornil, C. Delvosalle, C. Fiévez, L. Servranckx, B. Yannart F. Benjelloun
Security and protection
‘‘Protection from half-criminal windows breakers to mass murderers with nuclear weapons’’:
Changes in the Norwegian authorities’ discourses on the terrorism threat 3077
S.H. Jore O. Njå
A preliminary analysis of volcanic Na-Tech risks in the Vesuvius area 3085
E. Salzano A. Basco
Are safety and security in industrial systems antagonistic or complementary issues? 3093
G. Deleuze, E. Chatelet, P
. Laclemence, J. Piwowar B. Affeltranger
Assesment of energy supply security indicators for Lithuania 3101
J. Augutis, R. Krikštolaitis, V
. Matuziene S. Pečiulytė
Enforcing application security—Fixing vulnerabilities with aspect oriented programming 3109
J. Wang J. Bigham
Governmental risk communication: Communication guidelines in the context of terrorism
as a new risk 3117
I. Stevens G. Verleye
On combination of Safety Integrity Levels (SILs) according to IEC61508 merging rules 3125
Y. Langeron, A. Barros, A. Grall C. Bérenguer
On the methods to model and analyze attack scenarios with Fault Trees 3135
G. Renda, S. Contini G.G.M. Cojazzi
Risk management for terrorist actions using geoevents 3143
G. Maschio, M.F. Milazzo, G. Ancione R. Lisi
Surface transportation (road and train)
A modelling approach to assess the effectiveness of BLEVE prevention measures on LPG tanks 3153
G. Landucci, M. Molag, J. Reinders V
. Cozzani
Availability assessment of ALSTOM’s safety-relevant trainborne odometry sub-system 3163
B.B. Stamenković P
. Dersin
Dynamic maintenance policies for civil infrastructure to minimize cost and manage safety risk 3171
T.G. Yeung B. Castanier
FAI: Model of business intelligence for projects in metrorailway system 3177
A. Oliveira J.R. Almeida Jr.
XXVI

Impact of preventive grinding on maintenance costs and determination of an optimal grinding cycle 3183
C. Meier-Hirmer Ph. Pouligny
Logistics of dangerous goods: A GLOBAL risk assessment approach 3191
C. Mazri, C. Deust, B. Nedelec, C. Bouissou, J.C. Lecoze B. Debray
Optimal design of control systems using a dependability criteria and temporal sequences
evaluation—Application to a railroad transportation system 3199
J. Clarhaut, S. Hayat, B. Conrard V
. Cocquempot
RAM assurance programme carried out by the Swiss Federal Railways SA-NBS project 3209
B.B. Stamenković
RAMS specification for an urban transit Maglev system 3217
A. Raffetti, B. Faragona, E. Carfagna F
. Vaccaro
Safety analysis methodology application into two industrial cases: A new mechatronical system
and during the life cycle of a CAF’s high speed train 3223
O. Revilla, A. Arnaiz, L. Susperregui U. Zubeldia
The ageing of signalling equipment and the impact on maintenance strategies 3231
M. Antoni, N. Zilber, F. Lejette C. Meier-Hirmer
The development of semi-Markov transportation model 3237
Z. Mateusz B. Tymoteusz
Valuation of operational architecture dependability using Safe-SADT formalism: Application
to a railway braking system 3245
D. Renaux, L. Cauffriez, M. Bayart V
. Benard
Waterborne transportation
A simulation based risk analysis study of maritime traffic in the Strait of Istanbul 3257
B. Özbaş, I. Or, T. Altiok O.S. Ulusçu
Analysis of maritime accident data with BBN models 3265
P
. Antão, C. Guedes Soares, O. Grande P
. Trucco
Collision risk analyses of waterborne transportation 3275
E. Vanem, R. Skjong U. Langbecker
Complex model of navigational accident probability assessment based on real time
simulation and manoeuvring cycle concept 3285
L. Gucma
Design of the ship power plant with regard to the operator safety 3289
A. Podsiadlo W. Tarelko
Human fatigue model at maritime transport 3295
L. Smolarek J. Soliwoda
Modeling of hazards, consequences and risk for safety assessment of ships in damaged
conditions in operation 3303
M. Gerigk
Numerical and experimental study of a reliability measure for dynamic control of floating vessels 3311
B.J. Leira, P.I.B. Berntsen O.M. Aamo
Reliability of overtaking maneuvers between ships in restricted area 3319
P
. Lizakowski
Risk analysis of ports and harbors—Application of reliability engineering techniques 3323
B.B. Dutta A.R. Kar
XXVII

Subjective propulsion risk of a seagoing ship estimation 3331
A. Brandowski, W. Frackowiak, H. Nguyen A. Podsiadlo
The analysis of SAR action effectiveness parameters with respect to drifting search area model 3337
Z. Smalko Z. Burciu
The risk analysis of harbour operations 3343
T. Abramowicz-Gerigk
Author index 3351
XXVIII

© 2009 Taylor Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-48513-5
Preface
This Conference stems from a European initiative merging the ESRA (European Safety and Reliability
Association) and SRA-Europe (Society for Risk Analysis—Europe) annual conferences into the major safety,
reliability and risk analysis conference in Europe during 2008. This is the second joint ESREL (European Safety
and Reliability) and SRA-Europe Conference after the 2000 event held in Edinburg, Scotland.
ESREL is an annual conference series promoted by the European Safety and Reliability Association. The
conference dates back to 1989, but was not referred to as an ESREL conference before 1992. The Conference
has become well established in the international community, attracting a good mix of academics and industry
participants that present and discuss subjects of interest and application across various industries in the fields of
Safety and Reliability.
The Society for Risk Analysis—Europe (SRA-E) was founded in 1987, as a section of SRA international
founded in 1981, to develop a special focus on risk related issues in Europe. SRA-E aims to bring together
individuals and organisations with an academic interest in risk assessment, risk management and risk commu-
nication in Europe and emphasises the European dimension in the promotion of interdisciplinary approaches of
risk analysis in science. The annual conferences take place in various countries in Europe in order to enhance the
access to SRA-E for both members and other interested parties. Recent conferences have been held in Stockholm,
Paris, Rotterdam, Lisbon, Berlin, Como, Ljubljana and the Hague.
These conferences come for the first time to Spain and the venue is Valencia, situated in the East coast close
to the Mediterranean Sea, which represents a meeting point of many cultures. The host of the conference is the
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.
This year the theme of the Conference is Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis. Theory, Methods and
Applications. The Conference covers a number of topics within safety, reliability and risk, and provides a
forum for presentation and discussion of scientific papers covering theory, methods and applications to a wide
range of sectors and problem areas. Special focus has been placed on strengthening the bonds between the safety,
reliability and risk analysis communities with an aim at learning from the past building the future.
The Conferences have been growing with time and this year the program of the Joint Conference includes 416
papers from prestigious authors coming from all over the world. Originally, about 890 abstracts were submitted.
After the review by the Technical Programme Committee of the full papers, 416 have been selected and included
in these Proceedings. The effort of authors and the peers guarantee the quality of the work. The initiative and
planning carried out by Technical Area Coordinators have resulted in a number of interesting sessions covering
a broad spectre of topics.
C. Guedes Soares
Julie Barnett
Editors
XXIX

Organization
Conference Chairman
Dr. Sebastián Martorell Alsina Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
Conference Co-Chairman
Dr. Blás Galván González University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Conference Technical Chairs
Prof. Carlos Guedes Soares Technical University of Lisbon—IST, Portugal
Dr. Julie Barnett University of Surrey, United Kingdom
Board of Institution Representatives
Prof. Gumersindo Verdú Vice-Rector for International Actions—
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
Dr. Ioanis Papazoglou ESRA Chairman
Dr. Roberto Bubbico SRA-Europe Chairman
Technical Area Coordinators
Aven, Terje—Norway Leira, Bert—Norway
Bedford, Tim—United Kingdom Levitin, Gregory—Israel
Berenguer, Christophe—France Merad, Myriam—France
Bubbico, Roberto—Italy Palanque, Philippe—France
Cepin, Marco—Slovenia Papazoglou, Ioannis—Greece
Christou, Michalis—Italy Preyssl, Christian—The Netherlands
Colombo, Simone—Italy Rackwitz, Ruediger—Germany
Dien, Yves—France Rosqvist, Tony—Finland
Doménech, Eva—Spain Salvi, Olivier—Germany
Eisinger, Siegfried—Norway Skjong, Rolf—Norway
Enander, Ann—Sweden Spadoni, Gigliola—Italy
Felici, Massimo—United Kingdom Tarantola, Stefano—Italy
Finkelstein, Maxim—South Africa Thalmann, Andrea—Germany
Goossens, Louis—The Netherlands Thunem, Atoosa P-J—Norway
Hessami, Ali—United Kingdom Van Gelder, Pieter—The Netherlands
Johnson, Chris—United Kingdom Vrouwenvelder, Ton—The Netherlands
Kirchsteiger, Christian—Luxembourg Wolfgang, Kröger—Switzerland
Technical Programme Committee
Ale B, The Netherlands Badia G, Spain
Alemano A, Luxembourg Barros A, France
Amari S, United States Bartlett L, United Kingdom
Andersen H, Denmark Basnyat S, France
Aneziris O, Greece Birkeland G, Norway
Antao P, Portugal Bladh K, Sweden
Arnaiz A, Spain Boehm G, Norway
XXXI

Bris R, Czech Republic Le Bot P, France
Bründl M, Switzerland Limbourg P, Germany
Burgherr P, Switzerland Lisnianski A, Israel
Bye R, Norway Lucas D, United Kingdom
Carlos S, Spain Luxhoj J, United States
Castanier B, France Ma T, United Kingdom
Castillo E, Spain Makin A, Australia
Cojazzi G, Italy Massaiu S, Norway
Contini S, Italy Mercier S, France
Cozzani V, Italy Navarre D, France
Cha J, Korea Navarro J, Spain
Chozos N, United Kingdom Nelson W, United States
De Wit S, The Netherlands Newby M, United Kingdom
Droguett E, Brazil Nikulin M, France
Drottz-Sjoberg B, Norway Nivolianitou Z, Greece
Dutuit Y, France Pérez-Ocón R, Spain
Escriche I, Spain Pesme H, France
Faber M, Switzerland Piero B, Italy
Fouladirad M, France Pierson J, France
Garbatov Y, Portugal Podofillini L, Italy
Ginestar D, Spain Proske D, Austria
Grall A, France Re A, Italy
Gucma L, Poland Revie M, United Kingdom
Hardman G, United Kingdom Rocco C, Venezuela
Harvey J, United Kingdom Rouhiainen V
, Finland
Hokstad P, Norway Roussignol M, France
Holicky M, Czech Republic Sadovsky Z, Slovakia
Holloway M, United States Salzano E, Italy
Iooss B, France Sanchez A, Spain
Iung B, France Sanchez-Arcilla A, Spain
Jonkman B, The Netherlands Scarf P, United Kingdom
Kafka P, Germany Siegrist M, Switzerland
Kahle W, Germany Sørensen J, Denmark
Kleyner A, United States Storer T, United Kingdom
Kolowrocki K, Poland Sudret B, France
Konak A, United States Teixeira A, Portugal
Korczak E, Poland Tian Z, Canada
Kortner H, Norway Tint P, Estonia
Kosmowski K, Poland Trbojevic V
, United Kingdom
Kozine I, Denmark Valis D, Czech Republic
Kulturel-Konak S, United States Vaurio J, Finland
Kurowicka D, The Netherlands Yeh W, Taiwan
Labeau P, Belgium Zaitseva E, Slovakia
Zio E, Italy
Webpage Administration
Alexandre Janeiro Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Local Organizing Committee
Sofía Carlos Alberola Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
Eva Ma
Doménech Antich Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
Antonio José Fernandez Iberinco, Chairman Reliability Committee AEC
Blás Galván González Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Aitor Goti Elordi Universidad de Mondragón
Sebastián Martorell Alsina Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
Rubén Mullor Ibañez Universidad de Alicante
XXXII

Rafael Pérez Ocón Universidad de Granada
Ana Isabel Sánchez Galdón Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
Vicente Serradell García Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
Gabriel Winter Althaus Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Conference Secretariat and Technical Support at Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
Gemma Cabrelles López
Teresa Casquero García
Luisa Cerezuela Bravo
Fanny Collado López
María Lucía Ferreres Alba
Angeles Garzón Salas
María De Rus Fuentes Manzanero
Beatriz Gómez Martínez
José Luis Pitarch Catalá
Ester Srougi Ramón
Isabel Martón Lluch
Alfredo Moreno Manteca
Maryory Villamizar Leon
José Felipe Villanueva López
Sponsored by
Ajuntament de Valencia
Asociación Española para la Calidad (Comité de Fiabilidad)
CEANI
Generalitat Valenciana
Iberdrola
Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia
PMM Institute for Learning
Tekniker
Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
XXXIII

Acknowledgements
The conference is organized jointly by Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, ESRA (European Safety and
Reliability Association) and SRA-Europe (Society for Risk Analysis—Europe), under the high patronage of
the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana and Ajuntament de Valencia.
Thanks also to the support of our sponsors Iberdrola, PMM Institute for Learning, Tekniker, Asociación
Española para la Calidad (Comité de Fiabilidad), CEANI and Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The
support of all is greatly appreciated.
The work and effort of the peers involved in the Technical Program Committee in helping the authors to
improve their papers are greatly appreciated. Special thanks go to the Technical Area Coordinators and organisers
of the Special Sessions of the Conference, for their initiative and planning which have resulted in a number of
interesting sessions. Thanks to authors as well as reviewers for their contributions in the review process. The
review process has been conducted electronically through the Conference web page. The support to the web
page was provided by the Instituto Superior Técnico.
Wewouldliketoacknowledgespeciallythelocalorganisingcommitteeandtheconferencesecretariatandtech-
nical support at the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia for their careful planning of the practical arrangements.
Their many hours of work are greatly appreciated.
These conference proceedings have been partially financed by the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia
de España (DPI2007-29009-E), the Generalitat Valenciana (AORG/2007/091 and AORG/2008/135) and the
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (PAID-03-07-2499).
XXXV

Introduction
The Conference covers a number of topics within safety, reliability and risk, and provides a forum for presentation
and discussion of scientific papers covering theory, methods and applications to a wide range of sectors and
problem areas.
Thematic Areas
• Accident and Incident Investigation
• Crisis and Emergency Management
• Decision Support Systems and Software Tools for Safety and Reliability
• Dynamic Reliability
• Fault Identification and Diagnostics
• Human Factors
• Integrated Risk Management and Risk-Informed Decision-making
• Legislative dimensions of risk management
• Maintenance Modelling and Optimisation
• Monte Carlo Methods in System Safety and Reliability
• Occupational Safety
• Organizational Learning
• Reliability and Safety Data Collection and Analysis
• Risk and Evidence Based Policy Making
• Risk and Hazard Analysis
• Risk Control in Complex Environments
• Risk Perception and Communication
• Safety Culture
• Safety Management Systems
• Software Reliability
• Stakeholder and public involvement in risk governance
• Structural Reliability and Design Codes
• System Reliability Analysis
• Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis
Industrial and Service Sectors
• Aeronautics and Aerospace
• Automotive Engineering
• Biotechnology and Food Industry
• Chemical Process Industry
• Civil Engineering
• Critical Infrastructures
• Electrical and Electronic Engineering
• Energy Production and Distribution
• Health and Medicine
• Information Technology and Telecommunications
• Insurance and Finance
• Manufacturing
• Mechanical Engineering
• Natural Hazards
XXXVII

• Nuclear Engineering
• Offshore Oil and Gas
• Policy Decisions
• Public Planning
• Security and Protection
• Surface Transportation (road and train)
• Waterborne Transportation
XXXVIII

Thematic areas
Accident and incident investigation

A code for the simulation of human failure events in nuclear
power plants: SIMPROC
J. Gil, J. Esperón, L. Gamo, I. Fernández, P. González J. Moreno
Indizen Technologies S.L., Madrid, Spain
A. Expósito, C. Queral G. Rodríguez
Universidad Politénica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
J. Hortal
Spanish Nuclear Safety Council (CSN), Madrid, Spain
ABSTRACT: Over the past years, many Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) organizations have performed Probabilistic
Safety Assessments (PSAs) to identify and understand key plant vulnerabilities. As part of enhancing the PSA
quality, the Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) is key to a realistic evaluation of safety and of the potential
weaknesses of a facility. Moreover, it has to be noted that HRA continues to be a large source of uncertainly in
the PSAs. We developed SIMulator of PROCedures (SIMPROC) as a tool to simulate events related with human
actions and to help the analyst to quantify the importance of human actions in the final plant state. Among others,
the main goal of SIMPROC is to check if Emergency Operating Procedures (EOPs) lead to safe shutdown plant
state. First pilot cases simulated have been MBLOCA scenarios simulated by MAAP4 severe accident code
coupled with SIMPROC.
1 INTRODUCTION
In addition to the traditional methods for verifying pro-
cedures, integrated simulations of operator and plant
response may be useful to:
1. Verify that the plant operating procedures can be
understood and performed by the operators.
2. Verify that the response based on these procedures
leads to the intended results.
3. Identify potential situations where judgment of
operators concerning the appropriate response is
inconsistent with the procedures.
4. Study the consequences of errors of commission
and the possibilities for recovering from such
errors, (CSNI 1998) and (CSNI-PWG1 and CSNI-
PWG5 1997).
5. Study time availability factors related with proce-
dures execution.
Indizen Technologies, in cooperation with the
Department of Energy Systems of Technical Univer-
sity of Madrid and the Spanish Nuclear Safety Council
(CSN), has developed during the last two years a tool
known as SIMPROC. This tool, coupled with a plant
simulator, is able to incorporate the effect of opera-
tor actions in plant accident sequences simulations.
Also, this software tool is part of SCAIS software
package, (Izquierdo 2003), (Izquierdo et al. 2000) and
(Izquierdo et al. 2008), which is a simulation system
able to generate dynamic event trees stemming from an
initiatingevent, basedonatechniqueabletoefficiently
simulate all branches and taking into account different
factors which may affect the dynamic plant behavior
in each sequence. The development of SIMPROC is
described in detail in this paper.
2 WHY SIMPROC?
The ascribing of a large number of accidents to human
error meant that there was a need to consider it in
risk assessment. In the context of nuclear safety stud-
ies (Rasmussen 1975) concluded that human error
contributed to 65% of the considered accidents. This
contribution is as great or even greater than the con-
tribution associated to system failures. The NRC esti-
mates human error is directly or indirectly involved in
approximately 65% of the abnormal incidents (Trager
1985). According to the data of the Incident Reporting
System of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), 48% of the registered events are related
to failures in human performances. Out of those,
3

63% were into power operation and the remaining 37%
into shutdown operation. Additionally, analyzing the
events reported using the International Nuclear Event
Scale (INES) during the last decade, most of the major
incidents of Level 2 or higher could be attributed to
causes related to human performance. Moreover, a
study based on a broad set of PSA data states that
between 15 and 80% of Core Damage Frequency is
related with execution failure of some operator action
(NEA 2004). Reason (Reason 1990), in a study of a
dozen meaningful accidents in the 15 years prior to
their publication, including Three Mile Island (TMI),
Chernobyl, Bhopal and the fire of London under-
ground, concludes that at least 80% of the system
failures were caused by humans, specially by inad-
equate management of maintenance supervision. In
addition, it determines that other aspects have rel-
evance, mainly technical inaccuracy or incomplete
training in operation procedures. This last aspect is of
great importance in multiple sectors whose optimiza-
tion of operation in abnormal or emergency situations
is based on strict operation procedures. In this case,
it stands out that four of the investigations carried out
by the NRC and nearly 20 of the additional investiga-
tions from Three Miles Island (TMI) concluded that
intolerable violations of procedures took place. The
TMI accident illustrated clearly how the interaction
of technical aspects with human and organizational
factors can help the progression of events. After the
incident, big efforts on investigation and develop-
ment have focused on the study of human factors in
accidents management. The management of accidents
includes the actions that the operation group must per-
form during beyond design basis accidents, with the
objective of maintaining the basic functions of reac-
tor safety. Two phases in emergencies management
are distinguished: The preventive phase, in which per-
formances of the operator are centered in avoiding
damage to the core and maintaining the integrity of the
installation, and the phase of mitigation, in which once
core damage occurs, operator actions are oriented to
reduce the amount of radioactive material that is going
to be released. Management of accidents is carried out
by following EOPs and Severe Accident Management
Guides (SAMGs), and its improvement was one of
the activities carried out after TMI accident. The acci-
dent sequence provides the basis for determining the
frequencies and uncertainties of consequences. The
essential outcome of a PSA is a quantitative expres-
sion of the overall risks in probabilistic terms. The
initial approach to import human factor concerns into
engineering practices was to use existing PSA meth-
ods and extend them to include human actions. We will
use SIMPROC to extend this functionality to include
the human factors into the plant evolution simulation.
This is done in a dynamic way instead of the static
point of view carried out by PSA studies.
3 BABIECA-SIMPROC ARCHITECTURE
The final objective of the BABIECA-SIMPROC sys-
tem is to simulate accidental transients in NPPs con-
sidering human actions. For this purpose is necessary
to develop an integrated tool that simulates the dynam-
ics of the system. To achieve this we will use the
BABIECA Simulation Engine to calculate the time
evolution state of the plant. Finally we will model
the influence of human operator actions by means of
SIMPROC. We have modeled the operators influence
over the plant state as a separate module to empha-
size the significance of operator actions in the final
state of the plant. It is possible to plug or unplug
SIMPROC to consider the operator influence over the
simulation state of the plant in order to compare end
states in both cases. The final goal of the BABIECA-
SIMPROC overall system, integrated in SCAIS, is to
simulate Dynamic Event Trees (DET) to describe the
time evolution scheme of accidental sequences gen-
erated from a trigger event. During this calculation it
must be taken into account potential degradations of
the systems associating them with probabilistic calcu-
lations in each sequence. Additionally EOPs execution
influence is defined for each plant and each sequence.
In order to achieve this objective the integrated scheme
must fit the following features:
1. Thecalculationframeworkmustbeabletointegrate
other Simulation Codes (MAAP, TRACE, . . . ). In
this case, BABIECA-SIMPROC acts as a wrapper
to external codes. This will allow to work with dif-
ferent codes in the same time line sequence. In case
the simulation reaches core damage conditions, it is
possible to unplug the best estimate code and plug
a severe accident code to accurately describe the
dynamic state of the plant.
2. Be able to automatically generate the DET associ-
ated to an event initiator, simulating the dynamic
plant evolution.
3. Obtain the probability associated to every possible
evolution sequence of the plant.
All the system is being developing in C++ code
in order to meet the requirements of speed and
performance needed in this kind of simulations. Paral-
lelization was implemented by means of a PVM archi-
tecture. The communication with the PostGresSQL
database is carried out by the libpq++ library. All the
input desk needed to initialize the system is done using
standard XML.
The main components of the Global System Archi-
tecture can be summarized as follows:
1. DENDROS event scheduler. It is in charge of
opening branches of the simulation tree depending
on the plant simulation state. DENDROS allows
the modularization and parallelization of the tree
4

generation. Calculation of the probability for each
branch is based on the true condition of certain
logical functions. The scheduler arranges for the
opening of the branch whenever certain conditions
are met, and stops the simulation of any particu-
lar branch that has reached an absorbing state. The
timewhentheopeningofthenewbranchoccurscan
be deterministically fixed by the dynamic condi-
tions (setpoint crossing) or randomly delayed with
respect to the time when the branching conditions
are reached. The latter option especially applies
to operator actions and may include the capabil-
ity to use several values of the delay time within
the same dynamic event tree. The scheduler must
know the probability of each branch, calculated
in a separate process called Probability Wrapper,
in order to decide which branch is suitable for
further development. The applications of a tree
structured computation extend beyond the scope
of the DETs. In fact, the branch opening and cutoff
can obey any set of criteria not necessarily given by
a probability calculation as, for instance, sensitiv-
ity studies or automatic initialization for Accident
Management Strategy analyses. More details on
how dynamic event trees are generated and handled
and their advantages for safety analysis applica-
tions are given in another paper presented in this
conference (Izquierdo et al. 2008).
2. BABIECA plant simulator. It is adapted to exe-
cute the sequence simulation launched by Den-
dros Event Scheduler. As mentioned previously,
BABIECAcanwrapothernuclearsimulationcodes
(i.e., MAAP). This simulation code is able to
extend the simulation capacities of BABIECA to
the context of severe accidents.
3. SIMPROC procedures simulator. This simulation
module allows us to interact with the Simulation
Engine BABIECA to implement the EOPs.
4. Probability engine. It calculates the probabilities
and delays associated with the set points of the
DET. The initial implementation will be based in
PSA calculations, but we have developed a proba-
bility wrapper able to use calculations from BDDs
structures in the future.
5. Global database. It will be used to save data from
the different simulation modules, providing restart
capability to the whole system and allowing an
easier handling of the simulation results.
If we focus our attention on the SIMPROC inte-
gration of the system, the BABIECA-SIMPROC
architecture can be illustrated accordingly (Fig. 1).
BABIECA acts as a master code to encapsulate
different simulation codes in order to build a robust
system with a broad range of application and great
flexibility. BABIECA Driver has its own topology,
named BABIECA Internal Modules in Fig. 1. These
Figure 1. BABIECA-SIMPROC architecture.
modules allow us to represent relevant plant systems
in great detail. In this publication we will focus our
attention on the MAAP4 Wrapper, which allows us to
connect BABIECA with this severe accident code. The
SIMPROC interaction over the system is illustrated in
2. The process can be summarized in the following
steps:
1. BABIECA starts the simulation and SIMPROC
is created when a EOP execution is demanded
according to a set of conditions over plant variables
previously defined.
2. SIMPROC is initialized with the plant state vari-
ables at that time instant. As a previous step the
computerized XML version of the set of EOPs must
be introduced in the SIMPROC database.
3. The BABIECA calculation loop starts and the out-
come of EOPs executions are modeled as bound-
ary conditions over the system. Each topology
block can modify its state according to the spe-
cific actions of SIMPROC EOPs execution. Once
boundary conditions are defined for the current
step, the solution for the next step is calculated
for each topology block. The calculation sequence
includes continuous variables, discrete variables
and events recollection for the current time step.
Finally, all variables information are saved in the
database and, depending on the system configura-
tion, a simulation restart point is set.
4. The procedures simulator SIMPROC does not have
its own time step but adapts its execution to the
BABIECA pace. Additionally, it is possible to set
a default communication time between BABIECA
and SIMPROC. This time represents the average
time the operator needs to recognize the state of
the plant, which is higher than the time step of the
simulation.
5

Figure 2. BABIECA-SIMPROC calculation flow.
5. Once BABIECA reaches the defined simulation
end time, it sends a message to SIMPROC to quit
procedure execution (if it has not already ended)
and saves the overall plant state in the database.
4 SIMPROC-BABIECA-MAAP4 CONNECTION
SCHEME
Providing system connectivity between BABIECA,
SIMPROC and MAAP4 is one of the primary targets.
This allows to simulate severe accident sequences in
NPPs integrating operator actions simulated by SIM-
PROC into the plant model. In order to simulate the
operator actions over the plant with MAAP, the user
has to define these actions in the XML input file
used as a plant model, considering logical conditions
(SCRAM, SI, . . .) to trigger EOPs execution. MAAP4
can simulate operator functions, although in a very
rudimentary way. The key advantages of using the
integrated simulator SIMPROC-BABIECA-MAAP4
as opposed of using MAAP4 alone are:
1. The actions take a certain time while being exe-
cuted, whereas in MAAP4 they are instantaneous.
This delay can be modelled by taking into account
different parameters. For example, the number of
simultaneous actions the operator is executing must
influence his ability to start new required actions.
2. Actions must follow a sequence established by the
active EOPs. In MAAP, operator actions have no
order. They are executed as logical signals are
triggered during plant evolution.
3. Although SIMPROC does not contain an operator
model, it allows for the use of pre-defined opera-
tor skills, such as ‘‘reactor operator’’ or ‘‘turbine
operator’’, each one with specific attributes. This
Figure 3. SIMPROC-BABIECA-MAAP4 connection.
feature allows for a better modelling of the distri-
bution of the operation duties among the members
of the operation team.
As shown in Fig. 3, BABIECA implements a block
topology to represent control systems that model oper-
ator actions over the plant. SIMPROC has access to
those blocks and can change its variables according
to the directives associated with the active EOPs. The
block outputs will be the time dependent boundary
conditions for MAAP4 calculation during the cur-
rent time step. It can also be seen in Fig. 3 that
BABIECA has another type of blocks: SndCode and
RcvCode. These blocks were designed to communi-
cate BABIECA with external codes through a PVM
interface. SndCode gathers all the information gen-
erated by control systems simulation and sends it
to MAAP4 wrapper, which conforms all the data
to be MAAP4 readable. Then, MAAP4 will calcu-
late the next simulation time step. When this cal-
culation ends, MAAP4 sends the calculated outputs
again to MAAP4 wrapper and then the outputs reach
the RcvCode block of the topology. At this point,
any BABIECA component, especially control sys-
tems, has the MAAP4 calculated variables available.
A new BABIECA-SIMPROC synchronization point
occurs and the BABIECA variable values will be the
boundary conditions for SIMPROC execution.
5 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
The example used to validate the new simulation pack-
agesimulatestheoperatoractionsrelatedwiththelevel
control of steam generators during MBLOCA tran-
sient in a PWR Westinghouse design. These operator
actions are included in several EOPs, like ES-1.2 pro-
cedure, Post LOCA cooldown and depressurization,
which is associated with primary cooling depressur-
ization. The first step in this validation is to run
6

the mentioned transient using MAAP4 alone. After
that, the same simulation was run using BABIECA-
SIMPROC system. Finally, the results from both
simulations are compared.
5.1 SG water level control with MAAP
Level control of steam generator is accomplished by
either of two modes of operation, automatic and man-
ual. In the automatic mode, the main feed water control
system senses the steam flow rate, Ws, and the down-
comer water level, z, and adjusts the feed water control
valves to bring the water level to a program (desired)
water level, z0. If the water level is very low, z 0.9z0,
the control valve is assumed to be fully open, that is,
W = Wmax (1)
where W is the feed water flow rate.
If the water level is above 0.9z0, the model applied
a limited proportional control in two steps:
1. Proportional control. The resulting feed water flow
rate, W, returns the water level to z0 at a rate
proportional to the mismatch,
(W − Ws) = α(z − z0). (2)
The coefficient of proportionality, α in eq. 2
is chosen so that the steam generator inventory
becomes correct after a time interval τ, which is
set to 100 s at present.
2. A limited flow rate. The feed water flow rate is
limited to values between 0 (valve closed) andWmax
(valve fully opened).
The other control mode is manual. In this mode,
the control tries to hold the water level within an enve-
lope defined by a user-supplied deadband zDEAD. The
feedwater flow rate is set as follows:
W =
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
Wmax, if z z0 − zDEAD
2
0, if z z0 + zDEAD
Wmin, if z0 + zDEAD
2 z
z0 + zDEAD
W, if z0 − zDEAD
2 z
z0 + zDEAD
2
(3)
where Wmin is the flow rate used on the decreasing part
of the cycle.
Operation in manual mode results in a sawtooth-
like level trajectory which oscillates about the desired
level z0.
The parameters used to implement the narrow-
band control over the steam generator water level are
illustrated in Fig. 4.
To simulate the BABIECA-SIMPROC version of
the same transient we must create the XML files
needed to define the input desk of the overall system.
Figure 4. Representation of the key parameters to imple-
ment the narrow-band control over SGWL.
The first step is to define the topology file for
BABIECA to work. In this file we need to set the block
structure of the systems we want to simulate and we
need to specify which blocks are going to be used by
SIMPROC to model Operator actions over the plant
simulation. The EOP has a unique code to identify it
in the database, and some tags to include a description
of the actions we are going to execute. Moreover it has
a load-delay parameter designed to take into account
the time the operator needs since the EOP demand
trigger starts until the operator is ready to execute the
proper actions.
This simple EOP has only one step designed to
control the Steam Generator Water Level. The main
parameters of this step are:
• Skill. Sets the operator profile we want to execute
the action. In this example there is a REACTOR
profile.
• Texec. Defines the time the operator is going to be
busy each time he executes an action.
• Taskload. Defines a percentage to take account of
the attention that the operator needs to execute an
action properly. The sum of all the taskload parame-
ters of the actions the operator is executing must be
less than 100%. In future works, Texec and Taskload
parameters will be obtained from the Probability
Engine in executing time according probability dis-
tributions of human actuation times for the different
actions required by EOPs. These time distributions
could be obtained from experimental studies.
• Time window. Sets the temporal interval during
which the MONITOR is active.
• Targets. Sentences that define the logical behavior
of the MONITOR. We tell the MONITOR what it
has to do, when and where.
In more complex applications, a great effort must
be made in computerizing the specific EOPs of each
nuclear plant under study, (Expósito and Queral
2003a) and (Expósito and Queral 2003b). This topic
is beyond the scope of this paper.
7

Finally, it is necessary to define the XML simu-
lation files for BABIECA and SIMPROC. The main
difference with the previous XML files is that they do
not need to be parsed and introduced in the database
prior to the simulation execution. They are parsed
and stored in memory during runtime execution of the
simulation.
The BABIECA simulation file parameters are:
• Simulation code. Must be unique in the database.
• Start input. Informs about the XML BABIECA
Topology file linked with the simulation.
• Simulation type. It is the type of simulation: restart,
transient or steady.
• Total time. Final time of the simulation.
• Delta. Time step of the master simulation.
• Save output frequency. Frequency to save the out-
puts in the database.
• Initial time. Initial time for the simulation.
• Initial topology mode. Topology block can be in
multiple operation modes. During a simulation exe-
cution some triggers can lead to mode changes that
modify the calculation loop of a block.
• Save restart frequency. Frequency we want to save
restart points to back up simulation evolution.
• SIMPROC active. Flag that allow us to switch on
SIMPROC influence over the simulation.
The main parameters described in the XML SIM-
PROC simulation file are:
• Initial and end time. These parameters can be dif-
ferent to the ones used for the simulation file and
define a time interval for SIMPROC to work.
• Operator parameters. These are id, skill and slow-
ness. The first two identify the operator and his type
and the latter takes account of his speed to execute
the required actions. It is known that this parameter
dependsonmultiplefactorslikeoperatorexperience
and training.
• Initial variables. These are the variables that are
monitored continuously to identify the main param-
eters to evaluate the plant state. Each variable has a
procedure code to be used in the EOP description,
a BABIECA code to identify the variable inside the
topology and a set of logical states.
• Variables. These variables are not monitored in a
continuous way but have the same structure as Initial
Variables. They are only updated under SIMPROC
request.
Once we have defined the XML input files, we have
met all the required conditions to run the BABIECA-
SIMPROC simulation.
Compared simulation results of MAAP4 simulation
and BABIECA-SIMPROC simulation can be seen in
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. As shown in the figures, feed water
flow rate is set to 9,9 kg
s when SGWL is lower than
7.5 m. This situation occurs in the very first part of
Figure 5. Steam Generator Water Level comparison (black
line: MAAP4 output; dashed red line: BABIECA-SIMPROC
output).
Figure6. MassFlowRatetotheColdLeg(redline: MAAP4
output; dashed black line: BABIECA-SIMPROC output).
the simulation. Then water level starts to raise going
through the defined dead band until the level reaches
12.5 m. At this point we set FWFR to its minimum
value (7.36 kg
s ). When SGWL is higher than 15 m, the
flow rate is set to zero.
The concordance between MAAP4 and BABIECA-
SIMPROC results is good in general. The differences
can be explained due to different time steps of both
codes. MAAP4 chooses its time step according to con-
vergence criteria, while BABIECA-SIMPROC has a
fixed time step set in the XML BABIECA Simula-
tion File. Additionally, BABIECA-SIMPROC takes
into consideration the time needed by the operator to
execute each action whereas MAAP4 implementation
of the operator automatically execute the requested
actions.
8

6 CONCLUSIONS
The software tool BABIECA-SIMPROC is being
developed. This software package incorporates oper-
ator actions in accidental sequences simulations in
NPP. This simulation tool is not intended to evalu-
ate the probability of human errors, but to incorporate
in the plant dynamics the effects of those actions per-
formed by the operators while following the operating
procedures. Nonetheless, human errors probabilities
calculated by external HRA models can be taken into
account in the generation of dynamic event trees under
the control of DENDROS. We have tested this applica-
tion with a pilot case related with the steam generator
water level control during a MBLOCA transient in a
PWR Westinghouse NPP. The results have been satis-
factory although further testing is needed. At this stage
we are in this process of validation to simulate a com-
plete set of EOPs that are used in a PWR Westinghouse
NPP. Moreover, we are extending the capabilities of
the system to incorporate TRACE as an external code
with its corresponding BABIECA wrapper. When this
part of the work is completed, a wider simulation will
be available. This will allow to analyze the impact of
EOPs execution by operators in the final state of the
plantaswellastheevaluationoftheallowableresponse
times for the manual actions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SIMPROC project is partially funded by the Spanish
Ministry of Industry (PROFIT Program) and SCAIS
project by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Sci-
ence (CYCIT Program). Their support is gratefully
acknowledged.
We want to show our appreciation to the people
who in one way or another, have contributed to the
accomplishment project.
NOMENCLATURE
ISA Integrated Safety Analysis
SCAISSimulationCodesSystemforIntegratedSafety
Assessment
PSA Probabilistic Safety Analysis
HRA Human Reliability Analysis
CSN Spanish Nuclear Safety Council
EOP Emergency Operation Procedure
SAMG Severe Accident Management Guide
LOCA Loss of Coolant Accident
DET Dynamic Event Tree
PVM Parallel Virtual Machine
BDD Binary Decision Diagram
XML Extensible Markup Language
SGWL Steam Generator Water Level
FWFR Feed Water Flow Rate
REFERENCES
CSNI (Ed.) (1998). Proceedings from Specialists Meeting
Organized: Human performance in operational events,
CSNI.
CSNI-PWG1, and CSNI-PWG5 (1997). Research strategies
for human performance. Technical Report 24, CSNI.
Expósito, A. and C. Queral (2003a). Generic questions about
the computerization of the Almaraz NPP EOPs. Technical
report, DSE-13/2003, UPM.
Expósito, A. and C. Queral (2003b). PWR EOPs computeri-
zation. Technical report, DSE-14/2003, UPM.
Izquierdo, J.M. (2003). An integrated PSA approach to inde-
pendent regulatory evaluations of nuclear safety assess-
ment of Spanish nuclear power stations. In EUROSAFE
Forum 2003.
Izquierdo, J.M., J. Hortal, M. Sanchez-perea, E. Meléndez,
R. Herrero, J. Gil, L. Gamo, I. Fernández, J. Esperón,
P. González, C. Queral, A. Expósito, and G. Rodríguez
(2008). SCAIS (Simulation Code System for Integrated
Safety Assesment): Current status and applications. Pro-
ceedings of ESREL 08.
Izquierdo, J.M., C. Queral, R. Herrero, J. Hortal, M. Sanchez-
perea, E. Melandez, and R. Muñoz (2000). Role of fast
Running TH Codes and Their Coupling with PSA Tools,
in Advanced Thermal-hydraulic and Neutronic Codes:
CurrentandFutureApplications. In NEA/CSNI/R(2001)2,
Volume 2.
NEA (2004). Nuclear regulatory challenges related to human
performance. Isbn 92-64-02089-6, NEA.
Rasmussen, N.C. (1975). Reactor safety study, an assessment
of accident risks in u. s. nuclear power plants. In NUREG
NUREG-75/014, WASH-1400.
Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge University
Press.
Trager, E.A. (1985). Case study report on loss of safety sys-
tem function events. Technical Report AEOD/C504, ffice
for Analysis and Evaluation of Operational Data. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC).
9

A preliminary analysis of the ‘Tlahuac’ incident by applying
the MORT technique
J.R. Santos-Reyes, S. Olmos-Peña L.M. Hernández-Simón
Safety, Risk Reliability Group, SEPI-ESIME, IPN, Mexico
ABSTRACT: Crime may be regarded as a major source of social concern in the modern world. Very often
increases in crime rates will be treated as headline news, and many people see the ‘law and order’ issue as
one of the most pressing in modern society. An example of such issues has been highlighted by the ‘‘Tláhuac’’
incident which occurred in Mexico City on 23 November 2004. The fatal incident occurred when an angry
crowd burnt alive two police officers and seriously injured another after mistaking them for child kidnappers.
The third policeman who was finally rescued by colleagues (three and half hours after the attack began) suffered
serious injuries. The paper presents some preliminary results of the analysis of the above incident by applying the
MORT (Management Over-sight Risk Three) technique. The MORT technique may be regarded as a structured
checklist in the form of a complex ‘fault tree’ model that is intended to ensure that all aspects of an organization’s
management are looked into when assessing the possible causes of an incident. Some other accident analysis
approaches may be adopted in the future for further analysis. It is hoped that by conducting such analysis lessons
can be learnt so that incidents such as the case of ‘Tláhuac’ can be prevented in the future.
1 INTRODUCTION
Crime and disorder may comprise a ‘‘vast set of events
involving behaviour formally deemed against the law
and usually committed with ‘evil intent’’’ (Ekblom
2005). These events range from murder to fraud, theft,
vandalism, dealing in drugs, kidnappings and terrorist
atrocities that threaten the public safety. Public safety
may be defined as ‘‘a state of existence in which peo-
ple, individually and collectively, are sufficiently free
from a range or real and perceived risks centering on
crime and disorder, are sufficiently able to cope with
those they nevertheless experience, and where unable
to cope unaided, are sufficiently-well protected from
the consequences of these risks’’ (Ekblom 2005).
1.1 The nature of crime
1.1.1 Sexual and rape
It is well documented that sexual assault and abuse
have a profound effect on the victim’s emotional func-
tions, such as grief, fear, self-blame, emotional liabil-
ity, including cognitive reactions such as flashbacks,
intrusive thoughts, blocking of significant details of
theassaultanddifficultieswithconcentration(Alaggia
et al. 2006). The offenders on the other hand display
problems with empathy, perception about others, and
management of negative emotions, interpersonal rela-
tionships, and world views (Alalehto 2002). On the
other hand, rape is generally defined, in the literature,
as a sexual act imposed to the victim by means of
violence or threats of violence (Griffiths 2004, Puglia
et al. 2005). It is recognised that the most common
motives for rape include power, opportunity, pervasive
anger, sexual gratification, and vindictiveness. Also,
it is emphasised that is important to understand the
behavioural characteristics of rapists, and the attitudes
towards rape victims.
1.1.2 Murdering
Very often murdering is a product of conflict between
acquaintances or family members or a by-product
of other type of crime such as burglary or rob-
bery (McCabe Wauchope 2005, Elklit 2002). It
is generally recognised that the role of cultural atti-
tudes, reflected in and perpetuated by the mass media
accounts, has a very significant influence in the public
perception of crime.
1.1.3 Organized crime
The phenomenon of organised crime, such as smug-
gling or trafficking, is a kind of enterprise driven
as a business: i.e., the pursuit of profits (Tucker
2004, Klein 2005). Smuggling or trafficking is usu-
ally understood as the organised trade of weapons or
drugs, women and children, including refugees, but
unlike the legal trade, smuggling or trafficking pro-
vides goods or services, based on market demand
11

Other documents randomly have
different content

‫אחרי‬
‫יזרח‬ ‫עד‬ ‫המערב‬ ‫לצד‬ ‫ישפיל‬ ‫ותמיד‬ ‫עלינו‬ ‫הצל‬ ‫אז‬ ‫תחתינו‬ ‫השמש‬
‫היום׃‬ ‫ובבא‬ ‫הלילה‬ ‫בעבור‬ ‫כנגדו‬ ‫השמש‬
‫מאורה‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫תקבל‬ ‫איך‬ ‫ב‬ ‫שער‬
‫מן‬ ‫מאור‬ ‫מקבלת‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫איך‬ ‫יתבאר‬ ‫והלילה‬ ‫היום‬ ‫בארנו‬
‫תחת‬ ‫ובהיותה‬ ‫מלאה‬ ‫נקראת‬ ‫עגולה‬ ‫בהיותה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫השמש‬
‫והיא‬ ‫אחריה‬ ‫הרודף‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫ובין‬ ‫בינה‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫כי‬ .‫חסירה‬ ‫תקרא‬ ‫הארץ‬
‫יראו‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫קו‬ ‫על‬ ‫בעלותה‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫עלינו‬ ‫ומחשכת‬ ‫כנגדה‬ ‫מאירה‬
‫חלק‬ ‫סבבה‬ ‫ואז‬ ‫חציה‬ ‫תתמלאת‬ ‫עת‬ ‫ותגדל‬ ‫תאיר‬ ‫בעלותה‬ ‫ותמיד‬ ‫קרניה‬
‫עד‬ ‫מאורה‬ ‫ויעלה‬ ‫תעלה‬ ‫ואז‬ ‫בחדש‬ ‫אחת‬ ‫פעם‬ ‫תסובבנה‬ ‫בגלגלה‬ ‫רביעי‬
‫השמש‬ ‫מן‬ ‫למעלה‬ ‫היא‬ ‫ואז‬ ‫ושלימה‬ ‫יפה‬ ‫ותראה‬ ‫כלה‬ ‫תתמלאות‬
‫מבית‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫מאור‬ ‫כי‬ ‫לנו‬ ‫תאיר‬ ‫ואז‬ ‫ביותר‬ ‫כנגד‬ ‫מבטו‬ ‫לצד‬ ‫בגללה‬
‫הגלגל‬ ‫ומחצי‬ .‫ערבות‬ ‫יחדו‬ ‫שניהם‬ ‫יראו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫כן‬ ‫ועל‬ ‫ביניהם‬ ‫והארץ‬ ‫עליה‬
‫כי‬ ‫רביעי‬ ‫בחלק‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫מחוצה‬ ‫תהיה‬ ‫עד‬ ‫ותחסר‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫תרד‬ ‫החמה‬ ‫לצד‬
‫ראשון‬ ‫ברביעי‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫לשמש‬ ‫ותתקרב‬ ‫בגלגלה‬ ‫חלקים‬ ‫שלשה‬ ‫סבבה‬ ‫אז‬
‫השמש‬ ‫צד‬ ‫מפני‬ ‫תראה‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫תחסר‬ ‫עד‬ ‫קרובה‬ ‫תראה‬ ‫בהתקרבה‬ ‫ותמיד‬
‫יבא‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫ותקדר‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫מאור‬ ‫יחסר‬ ‫כי‬ ‫יקרה‬ ‫ולפעמים‬ .‫לפניה‬ ‫אשר‬
‫יבא‬ ‫מאין‬ ‫כה‬ ‫עד‬ ‫בארנו‬ ‫והנה‬ ‫תתמלאת‬ ‫כי‬ ‫הנגוד‬ ‫בעת‬ ‫אם‬ ‫כי‬ ‫הקדרות‬
‫אליה‬ ‫להגיע‬ ‫המאור‬ ‫יוכל‬ ‫לא‬ ‫לסבת‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫תקדר‬ ‫בעת‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫מאור‬ ‫לה‬
‫השמש‬ ‫יזרח‬ ‫עת‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אף‬ ‫גלגלה‬ ‫חצי‬ ‫תסוב‬ ‫עד‬ ‫תקדר‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫צד‬ ‫בשום‬
‫מן‬ ‫קטנה‬ ‫והיא‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫מן‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫מעוקל‬ ‫דרך‬ ‫לכתה‬ ‫לסבת‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫עליה‬
‫ויש‬ .‫בתוכה‬ ‫יעבור‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫כצל‬ ‫תתכסה‬ ‫בהן‬ ‫תעבור‬ ‫מקומות‬ ‫יש‬ .‫הארץ‬
‫כי‬ ‫על‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫מן‬ ‫מהרה‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫תשפל‬ ‫כי‬ ‫לזה‬ ‫מזה‬ ‫נטוי‬ ‫קו‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫ביניהם‬
‫מקום‬ ‫לה‬ ‫ברבות‬ ‫והיה‬ .‫עליה‬ ‫לזרוח‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫ישוב‬ ‫אז‬ .‫ממנו‬ ‫מהרה‬ ‫תרוץ‬
‫דמיון‬ ‫הקדרות‬ ‫ימעט‬ ‫המקום‬ ‫ימעט‬ ‫ואם‬ .‫המקום‬ ‫כפי‬ ‫קדרות‬ ‫יגדל‬ ‫הצל‬
‫בגוף‬ ‫ויעבור‬ .‫כנגדנו‬ ‫פניה‬ ‫עבר‬ ‫אל‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫באמצע‬ ‫יעבור‬ ‫בקו‬ ‫הצל‬
‫והיה‬ .‫לגלגל‬ ‫חוץ‬ ‫צלו‬ ‫יעבור‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫בעברו‬ ‫לקו‬ ‫השני‬ ‫וראש‬ ‫השמש‬
‫אור‬ ‫יוכל‬ ‫לא‬ ‫כי‬ ‫ותקדר‬ ‫הצל‬ ‫דרך‬ ‫תעבר‬ ‫החמה‬ ‫נגד‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫בהיות‬
‫יקרה‬ ‫וזה‬ ‫תקדר‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫הקו‬ ‫על‬ ‫ישרה‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫ובעברה‬ ‫אליה‬ ‫להגיע‬ ‫השמש‬
‫למאור׃‬ ‫תשוב‬ ‫כך‬ ‫ואחר‬ ‫ביומו‬ ‫או‬ ‫הנגוד‬ ‫בליל‬
‫השמש‬ ‫בלקות‬ ‫ג‬ ‫שער‬

‫השמש‬
‫שמעו‬
‫הנקר׳‬ ‫והוא‬ ‫היום‬ ‫חצי‬ ‫חצי‬ ‫קוד׳‬ ‫פעם‬ ‫אורו‬ ‫ויחסר‬ ‫יקדר‬
‫קו‬ ‫על‬ ‫ביותר‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫תחת‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫בהיות‬ ‫והסבה‬ .‫לקות‬
‫כי‬ ‫ויקדר‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫אור‬ ‫לנו‬ ‫יחסר‬ ‫אז‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫ובין‬ ‫בינינו‬ ‫מבדלת‬ ‫אחד‬
‫לנו‬ ‫להאיר‬ ‫בתוכה‬ ‫לעבור‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫יוכל‬ ‫לא‬ ‫שחורה‬ ‫מאש‬ ‫נעשת‬ ‫הלבנה‬
‫לנר‬ ‫בינך‬ ‫ידך‬ ‫ושים‬ ‫ממך‬ ‫רחוק‬ ‫דלוק‬ ‫נר‬ ‫דמיון‬ .‫הככבים‬ ‫שאר‬ ‫מתוך‬ ‫כמו‬
‫יקרה‬ ‫וכן‬ .‫האור‬ ‫יחסר‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫הנר‬ ‫נגד‬ ‫ידך‬ ‫תיישר‬ ‫ויותר‬ ‫הנר‬ ‫תראה‬ ‫לא‬
‫הלבנה‬ ‫נתיב‬ ‫כי‬ .‫אחת‬ ‫והלבנה‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫נתיב‬ ‫אין‬ ‫כי‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫לקות‬
‫תמיד‬ ‫ממנו‬ ‫קצר‬ ‫מהלכה‬ ‫כי‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫מנתיב‬ ‫ומפה‬ ‫מפה‬ ‫בעקל‬ ‫מוליכה‬
‫ושם‬ ‫כמבואר‬ ‫בינינו‬ ‫ותבדיל‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫נגד‬ ‫הקו‬ ‫על‬ ‫תעבור‬ ‫עד‬ ‫תחתיו‬ ‫תלך‬
‫הקו‬ ‫תחת‬ ‫השכנים‬ ‫בארץ‬ ‫לבא‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫זוהר‬ ‫ומונעת‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫תבואה‬ ‫לא‬
‫גדולה‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫אין‬ ‫כי‬ .‫לכל‬ ‫יראה‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫הלקות‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫לבדם‬ ‫להם‬ ‫ההוא‬
‫עמלו‬ ‫זה‬ ‫ועל‬ .‫הארץ‬ ‫מן‬ ‫היא‬ ‫קטנה‬ ‫כי‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫החמה‬ ‫פני‬ ‫לכסות‬
‫בעלותו‬ ‫הלקות‬ ‫התבאר‬ ‫ובכן‬ ‫ילקה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ואן‬ ‫ילקה‬ ‫אן‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫המשאים‬
.‫קרובה‬ ‫תראה‬ ‫ימים‬ ‫ושלשה‬ ‫בינינו‬ ‫מפרדת‬ ‫והלבנה‬ ‫הקו‬ ‫על‬ ‫למעלה‬
‫החמה‬ ‫ולקות‬ ‫הנגוד‬ ‫ביום‬ ‫אם‬ ‫כי‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫לבנה‬ ‫לקות‬ ‫כי‬ ‫התבאר‬ ‫הנה‬
‫דבר‬ ‫בעולם‬ ‫יקרה‬ ‫חדש‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫מופת‬ ‫הלקות‬ ‫כי‬ ‫וישכיל‬ .‫ר״ח‬ ‫ביום‬ ‫אם‬ ‫כי‬
‫דברי‬ ‫ויתר‬ ‫המשפטים‬ ‫בספר‬ ‫הפלוסופים‬ ‫נסו‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫רעב‬ ‫או‬ ‫חרב‬ ‫או‬
‫מעש״ר׃‬ ‫ואב״ן‬ ‫לתלמי‬ ‫הימים‬ ‫דברי‬ ‫ספר‬ ‫על‬ ‫המשאים‬
‫והככבים‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫הגלגל‬ ‫בטבע‬ ‫ד‬ ‫שער‬
‫השמש‬ ‫תחת‬ ‫הנעשים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫נדרש‬ ‫בחכמה‬ ‫השכילו‬ ‫עמים‬
‫הם‬ ‫והככבים‬ ‫העליונים‬ ‫השמים‬ ‫הטבע‬ ‫פי‬ ‫על‬ ‫מבורר‬ ‫בטעם‬
‫ישכיל‬ ‫ואשר‬ .‫י״ש‬ ‫הצור‬ ‫כרצון‬ ‫ומטה‬ ‫מעלה‬ ‫לפעול‬ ‫העליוני‬ ‫הטבע‬ ‫בלי‬
‫להאיר‬ ‫ולירח‬ ‫לשמש‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫בארץ‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫וכחם‬ ‫טבעם‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫בהם‬
‫ובכל‬ ‫ותכלה‬ ‫תחלה‬ ‫לו‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫אחריהם‬ ‫ימצאו‬ ‫ולאשר‬ ‫לנמצאים‬
‫יוצרו‬ ‫שם‬ ‫בטבע‬ ‫יקרה‬ ‫בעשב‬ ‫אם‬ ‫בבהמה‬ ‫אם‬ ‫באדם‬ ‫אם‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫השתנות‬
‫וכי‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫הגלגל‬ ‫תנועת‬ ‫נגד‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫סביב‬ ‫הקיפם‬ ‫הטבע‬ ‫פי‬ ‫ועל‬ ‫ככבים‬
‫שום‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫איש‬ ‫ממקומו‬ ‫יזוז‬ ‫לא‬ ‫הנמצא‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ינוח‬ ‫ואז‬ .‫ינוחו‬ ‫המנענע‬ ‫יחפץ‬
‫הכל‬ ‫עולמו‬ ‫לברא‬ ‫ית׳‬ ‫השם‬ ‫החפץ‬ ‫וכן‬ .‫לגלגל‬ ‫התנועה‬ ‫שוב‬ ‫עד‬ ‫דבר‬
‫הלבנה‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫מחבירו‬ ‫משונה‬ ‫טבע‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫כי‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫לצורך‬ ‫נברא‬
‫וכי‬ .‫ולחות‬ ‫דם‬ ‫מאדם‬ ‫גוף‬ ‫יתמלא‬ ‫בהתמלאה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫מאורה‬ ‫מקבלת‬
‫התמלא‬ ‫הים‬ ‫ואף‬ ‫מוח‬ ‫יתמלאו‬ ‫ובעצמות‬ ‫ובבהמות‬ ‫באיש‬ ‫יחסר‬ ‫תפסד‬
‫באהלים‬ ‫שכנים‬ ‫הים‬ ‫אל‬ ‫השוכנים‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫בהחסרה‬ ‫ותחסר‬ ‫במלאותה‬
‫אשר‬ ‫משונה‬ ‫טבעו‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫וכן‬ .‫בהחסרה‬ ‫וישיבום‬ ‫במלאותה‬ ‫ישאום‬

‫תחלת‬
‫פרי‬ ‫ועץ‬ ‫עשב‬ ‫דשא‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫תדשא‬ ‫עלינו‬ ‫לעלות‬ ‫יחל‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אלינו‬ ‫בהתקרבו‬
‫התור‬ ‫קול‬ ‫הזמיר‬ ‫עת‬ ‫הגיע‬ ‫כי‬ ‫ייטיבו‬ ‫ונגן‬ ‫יזמרו‬ ‫והעופות‬ ‫פרי‬ ‫עשה‬
‫והחרף‬ ‫בא‬ ‫והגשם‬ ‫נבל‬ ‫והעלה‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫כל‬ ‫יכלה‬ ‫ישפיל‬ ‫כי‬ ‫והיה‬ ‫השמוע‬
‫בארנו‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫כחם‬ ‫יפה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫אלו‬ ‫ככבים‬ ‫שני‬ ‫בראותינו‬ ‫כן‬ ‫אם‬ ‫הגיע‬
‫אחד‬ ‫לכל‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫נבראו‬ ‫לחנם‬ ‫לא‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫יתר‬ ‫כי‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫לנו‬ ‫יש‬ ‫בקצור‬
‫טוב‬ ‫אם‬ ‫העתים‬ ‫ושנוי‬ ‫בעולם‬ ‫ההוים‬ ‫הדברים‬ ‫מחדש‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫וטבע‬ ‫כח‬ ‫יש‬
‫ואחד‬ ‫משפיע‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫והחורף‬ ‫והקיץ‬ ‫ויבש‬ ‫חם‬ ‫אם‬ ‫ולח‬ ‫קר‬ ‫אם‬ ‫רע‬ ‫אם‬
‫על‬ ‫יסדם‬ ‫יוצרם‬ ‫ברצון‬ ‫והכל‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫המשתנה‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫יחסר‬
‫בטבע‬ ‫והמופת‬ .‫מחברתה‬ ‫משונה‬ ‫תנוע‬ ‫כל‬ ‫בטבע‬ ‫ותנועתם‬ ‫מכונם‬
‫הם‬ ‫הנכוחות‬ ‫מעלות‬ ‫שתי‬ ‫כל‬ ‫כי‬ .‫החורף‬ ‫יורד‬ ‫הקיץ‬ ‫עולה‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫תנועת‬
‫החרפי׳‬ ‫הקייצים‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫בזו‬ ‫ירד‬ ‫בזו‬ ‫יעלה‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫תקופות‬ ‫שתי‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫שנות‬
‫שנה‬ ‫בתחלת‬ ‫שם‬ ‫היה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫למקום‬ ‫שנית‬ ‫השנה‬ ‫לראש‬ ‫ישוב‬ ‫עד‬ ‫שוים‬
‫יהיה‬ ‫אז‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫שאר‬ ‫נבראו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ואם‬ .‫התכונה‬ ‫לחכמי‬ ‫ידוע‬ ‫וזה‬ ‫ראשונה‬
‫הימים‬ ‫וכל‬ .‫האחרת‬ ‫שנה‬ ‫שבט‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫זו‬ ‫שנה‬ ‫כשבט‬ ‫שוים‬ ‫החדשים‬ ‫כל‬
‫שוה‬ ‫ותנועתם‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫מהלך‬ ‫כי‬ .‫ישתנו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫יבש‬ ‫אם‬ ‫חם‬ ‫אם‬ ‫קר‬ ‫אם‬ ‫ישוו‬
‫אמנם‬ .‫המפת‬ ‫כמשפט‬ ‫בטבע‬ ‫מכלם‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫וכחו‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫מאור‬ ‫והשמש‬
‫ראשי‬ ‫עמו‬ ‫המנהיג‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫המלך‬ ‫והמשל‬ .‫הככבים‬ ‫לשאר‬ ‫תצטרך‬ ‫לפעמים‬
‫יגדל‬ ‫לעמו‬ ‫בהתקרבו‬ ‫כי‬ ‫לעמו‬ ‫צריך‬ ‫גם‬ ‫והוא‬ ‫לו‬ ‫צריכין‬ ‫וכלם‬ ‫מאורם‬
‫ומאורו‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫על‬ ‫מלך‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫כן‬ ‫כחו‬ ‫יחסר‬ ‫מהם‬ ‫ובהתרחקו‬ ‫כחו‬
‫להם‬ ‫יצטרך‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫מכלם‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫בחוץ‬ ‫מתפשט‬ ‫וטבעו‬ ‫משלהם‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫וכחו‬
‫בהתחבר‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫בארנו‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫ילקה‬ ‫ממנו‬ ‫בהתרחקם‬ ‫אליו‬ ‫בהקרבתם‬
‫צד‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫ובגלגל‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫טבעו‬ ‫בארנו‬ ‫ואחרי‬ .‫השמש‬ ‫ילקה‬ ‫הלבנה‬
.‫ולגבהו‬ ‫לעמקו‬ ‫ולרחבו‬ ‫לארכו‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫סודר‬ ‫איך‬ ‫נבאר‬ ‫נשוב‬ .‫הקצור‬
‫נמדד‬ ‫ובה‬ .‫מהנה‬ ‫אחת‬ ‫התשבורת‬ ‫חכמת‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫ז׳‬ ‫חכמי‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫ועל‬
‫ואשר‬ .‫הככבים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ואת‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫הגלגל‬ ‫ועד‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מן‬ ‫וגובה‬ ‫ארך‬ ‫על‬
‫ידע‬ ‫בלתי‬ ‫החזיון‬ ‫בחכמת‬ ‫משכיל‬ ‫יתכן‬ ‫לא‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אמרו‬ ‫החכמה‬ ‫זאת‬ ‫נמצאו‬
‫ומצאו׃‬ ‫יגעו‬ ‫מדדוהו‬ ‫ע״כ‬ ‫והככבים‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫מדת‬
‫והכוכבים‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫במדידות‬ ‫ה‬ ‫שער‬
‫מה‬ ‫לעומקה‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מדדו‬ ‫המדידה‬ ‫בקטרי‬ ‫המשאים‬ ‫דברי‬
‫הגלגל‬ ‫ומדת‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫מדת‬ ‫מצאו‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫במדידת‬ ‫כי‬ ‫היה‬
‫מדידת‬ ‫בקשו‬ ‫אז‬ ‫ועביה‬ ‫ורחבה‬ ‫ארכה‬ ‫מדידת‬ ‫כלו‬ ‫וכאשר‬ .‫הגדול‬
‫מרחק‬ ‫מדידת‬ ‫בקשו‬ ‫אח״כ‬ .‫הארץ‬ ‫אל‬ ‫קרובה‬ ‫היותה‬ ‫לבעבור‬ ‫הלבנה‬
‫מצאו‬ ‫וכאשר‬ .‫הארץ‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫מצאוהו‬ ‫תנועתו‬ ‫וגדל‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מן‬ ‫השמש‬

‫תלמי‬
‫גבהם‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫שאר‬ ‫בקש‬ ‫הקל‬ ‫והארץ‬ ‫והלבנה‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫הג׳‬ ‫אלו‬ ‫מדת‬
‫ככב‬ ‫והם‬ ‫ג׳‬ ‫מלבד‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מן‬ ‫קטן‬ ‫ככב‬ ‫מצאו‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫והתקרבם‬ ‫התרחקם‬
‫בחכמת‬ ‫למשכילים‬ ‫נוכיח‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫ממנה‬ ‫הם‬ ‫קטנים‬ ‫לבנה‬ ‫נוגה‬
‫אל‬ ‫מעיינים‬ ‫בה‬ ‫מעטו‬ ‫לבעבור‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫החזיון‬ ‫חכמת‬ ‫עם‬ ‫התשבורת‬
‫לארץ‬ ‫ועובי‬ ‫רוחב‬ ‫ארך‬ ‫איך‬ ‫נבאר‬ ‫במפת‬ ‫ההוכחה‬ ‫תקשה‬ ‫וקשיה‬ ‫עמקה‬
‫כאשר‬ ‫הקצור‬ ‫צד‬ ‫על‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫ומרחק‬ ‫וגובה‬ ‫הלבנ׳‬ ‫ממנה‬ ‫והתרחקות‬
‫גדלם‬ ‫ואת‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫בגלגל‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫שאר‬ ‫ומן‬ ‫המלך‬ ‫תלמי‬ ‫הוכיח‬
‫עלה‬ ‫מה‬ ‫נאמר‬ ‫בבאורם‬ ‫נחל‬ ‫טרם‬ ‫האמנם‬ .‫מדתם‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫גבהם‬ ‫ואת‬
‫קדומיו׃‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫החזיון‬ ‫חכמת‬ ‫דרש‬ ‫ואיך‬ ‫תלמי‬ ‫המלך‬ ‫בדעת‬
‫מצרים‬ ‫מלך‬ ‫תלמי‬ ‫מן‬ ‫ו‬ ‫שער‬
‫ויחבר‬ .‫קדומיו‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫החכמה‬ ‫ואסף‬ ‫דרש‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫מצרים‬ ‫מלך‬
‫ותנועת‬ ‫הגלגל‬ ‫וגבה‬ .‫הארץ‬ ‫גודל‬ ‫למצא‬ ‫וכלים‬ ‫רבים‬ ‫ספרים‬
‫לכל‬ ‫יתכנו‬ ‫אור״לוגא‬ ‫הנקרא‬ ‫השעות‬ ‫מבחן‬ ‫וכלי‬ ‫ולילה‬ ‫יום‬ ‫הככבים‬
.‫קבוע‬ ‫בשעה‬ ‫להתפלל‬ ‫למכור‬ ‫ליקח‬ ‫לשתות‬ ‫לאכול‬ ‫מבחר‬ ‫היות‬ ‫דבר‬
‫נכון‬ ‫אל‬ ‫אם‬ ‫כי‬ ‫כסדר‬ ‫שלא‬ ‫יוצרם‬ ‫כבוד‬ ‫לבקש‬ ‫בגשתם‬ ‫יהרסו‬ ‫ואל‬
‫לעשותו‬ ‫הדבר‬ ‫קל‬ ‫ומאד‬ .‫יחור‬ ‫בל‬ ‫ימהר‬ ‫בל‬ ‫זה‬ ‫בקיום‬ ‫זה‬ ‫יום‬ ‫בשעה‬
‫כי‬ ‫לבבם‬ ‫ישיתו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ההמון‬ ‫רוב‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫קלה‬ ‫מלאכה‬ ‫היא‬ ‫השעות‬ ‫מבחן‬
‫חילם‬ ‫לאחרים‬ ‫ויעזבו‬ ‫נשיהן‬ ‫נשואי‬ ‫לבעלי‬ ‫הון‬ ‫לצבור‬ ‫ולאסוף‬ ‫לכנוס‬ ‫אם‬
‫וחמדתן‬ ‫להון‬ ‫ודאגתם‬ ‫ושמלה‬ ‫כסות‬ ‫בלי‬ ‫ושממה‬ ‫צייה‬ ‫ארץ‬ ‫בלכתם‬
‫תמיד‬ ‫וידאג‬ ‫ויחמוד‬ ‫טבעו‬ ‫לשנו׳‬ ‫איש‬ ‫כל‬ ‫יבקש‬ ‫כי‬ ‫מיתתן‬ ‫ימהרו‬ ‫אליו‬
‫הוא‬ ‫מקרה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫כי‬ ‫ישתבר‬ ‫לא‬ ‫כלי‬ ‫והוא‬ ‫גופו‬ ‫להנות‬ ‫אחר‬ ‫לטבע‬ ‫לשנותו‬
‫תלמי‬ ‫המלך‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫והנה‬ .‫יקום‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫בו‬ ‫יחזיק‬ ‫ואינו‬ ‫עין‬ ‫בהרף‬ ‫ימהר‬ ‫כן‬ ‫על‬
‫אדם‬ ‫עד‬ ‫קדומיו‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫ויחכם‬ .‫הירח‬ ‫תנועת‬ ‫למצא‬ ‫הקאלנ״דיר‬ ‫מצא‬ ‫אשר‬
‫תבל‬ ‫עפרות‬ ‫ראש‬ ‫היותו‬ ‫יען‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫בז׳‬ ‫ונגמר‬ ‫נשלם‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הראשון‬
‫עז‬ ‫והדר‬ ‫הוד‬ ‫ויעטריהו‬ ‫מחלקים‬ ‫מעת‬ ‫ולחסרו‬ ‫להשכילו‬ ‫השם‬ ‫חפץ‬
‫חרה‬ ‫הפרי‬ ‫מן‬ ‫באכלו‬ ‫ואמנ׳‬ .‫יולדו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫כל‬ ‫על‬ ‫עליון‬ ‫וישימהו‬ ‫וגבורה‬
‫הטוב‬ ‫דברו‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫ולחסרו‬ ‫למעטו‬ ‫כפו‬ ‫עליו‬ ‫וישת‬ ‫בו‬ ‫שם‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫על‬ ‫אפו‬
‫וכל‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫נבראו‬ ‫העץ‬ ‫מן‬ ‫אכלו‬ ‫לפני‬ ‫היה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫מת‬ ‫חיים‬ ‫בעל‬ ‫ונעשה‬
‫עדן‬ ‫בגן‬ ‫ותמורה‬ ‫שנוי‬ ‫בלי‬ ‫בשמחה‬ ‫בששון‬ ‫תמיד‬ ‫לחיות‬ ‫העתידים‬
‫לקו‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫ואף‬ ‫לקתה‬ ‫והארץ‬ ‫ואשתו‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫ולקה‬ ‫חטא‬ ‫עד‬ ‫הארציי‬
‫ושכלו‬ ‫הודו‬ ‫וימעט‬ ‫האדם‬ ‫ולקה‬ ‫חטא‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫והיה‬ .‫מאורם‬ ‫ומעטו‬
‫כי‬ ‫אף‬ ‫והגבורה‬ ‫וההוד‬ ‫השכל‬ ‫מן‬ ‫ר״ל‬ ‫ערום‬ ‫בדעתו‬ ‫נראה‬ ‫עד‬ ‫וגבורתו‬
‫בג׳‬ ‫רק‬ ‫אחריו‬ ‫הבאים‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫וגבורה‬ ‫והוד‬ ‫שכל‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫השם‬ ‫לו‬ ‫השאיר‬

‫צרפו‬
‫טרם‬
‫והגבורה‬ .‫בשלמה‬ ‫נמצא‬ ‫והשכל‬ .‫באבשלום‬ ‫נמצא‬ ‫ההוד‬ .‫אנשים‬
‫יגעו‬ ‫רבים‬ ‫באו‬ ‫ואחריו‬ ‫הראשון‬ ‫באדם‬ ‫נשארו‬ ‫וכלם‬ .‫בשמשון‬ ‫נמצאת‬
‫השכילו‬ ‫בחכמות‬ ‫כי‬ ‫המבול‬ ‫מן‬ ‫לשמרה‬ ‫סוד‬ ‫וימתיקו‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫ומצאו‬
‫ובמים׃‬ ‫באש‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫יופסד‬ ‫אשר‬
‫מי‬ ‫מפני‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫אצילו‬ ‫איך‬ ‫ז‬ ‫שער‬
‫המבול‬
‫העול׳‬ ‫יחסר‬ ‫איך‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫יגעו‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫לדרוש‬ ‫רבים‬ ‫ויתבררו‬
‫ופעם‬ ‫באש‬ ‫פעם‬ .‫פעמים‬ ‫שני‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫יופסד‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫וימצאו‬
‫חמלו‬ ‫אז‬ .‫קודם‬ ‫איזו‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫ב״ה‬ ‫השם‬ ‫השכילם‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫במים‬
‫העול׳‬ ‫כלות‬ ‫אחרי‬ ‫לנמצאים‬ ‫יאבד‬ ‫כי‬ ‫השכל‬ ‫אבידות‬ ‫על‬ ‫הפלוספים‬
‫אמר‬ ‫יש‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫מין‬ ‫אות‬ ‫בו‬ ‫וחקקו‬ ‫גדולים‬ ‫עמודים‬ ‫עשו‬ ‫אז‬ .‫ויבנה‬
‫והאותיות‬ .‫עזים‬ ‫במים‬ ‫תמחה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫קשה‬ ‫חזקה‬ ‫שייש‬ ‫מאבן‬ ‫האחד‬ ‫כי‬
‫חצבו‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫ולכל‬ ‫ואש‬ ‫מים‬ ‫יקלקולם‬ ‫לא‬ ‫וגדולות‬ ‫רחבות‬ ‫חקוקות‬
‫כל‬ ‫וימח‬ ‫המבול‬ ‫ירד‬ ‫אח״כ‬ ‫אחריהם‬ ‫הבאים‬ ‫ימצאום‬ ‫למען‬ ‫עמודים‬
‫בשנים‬ ‫עולם‬ ‫נבנה‬ ‫ממנו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫בתיבה‬ ‫אתו‬ ‫ואשר‬ ‫נח‬ ‫מלבד‬ ‫היקום‬
‫שמה‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫והיה‬ ‫כקדם‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫ליישב‬ ‫ולנטוע‬ ‫לבנות‬ ‫ויחלו‬ ‫קדמוניות‬
‫אשר‬ ‫הראשון‬ ‫המבול‬ ‫אחרי‬ ‫ויהיו‬ ‫השכלים‬ ‫מצאו‬ ‫עד‬ ‫עיניהם‬ ‫מראות‬ ‫עת‬
‫ואח״כ‬ .‫התכונה‬ ‫חכמת‬ ‫ומצא‬ ‫יגע‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫נח‬ ‫בן‬ ‫שם‬ ‫היה‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫מצא‬
‫לדור‬ ‫מדור‬ ‫ואחריהם‬ .‫מאד‬ ‫ויחכם‬ ‫והשכיל‬ ‫החכים‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫אברהם‬ ‫בא‬
‫הגדול‬ ‫התכונה‬ ‫בא‬ ‫עד‬ ‫בא‬ ‫ודור‬ ‫הולך‬ ‫דור‬ ‫השכלים‬ ‫ספרים‬ ‫הוסיפו‬
‫מנהיג‬ ‫יש‬ ‫וכי‬ ‫האל‬ ‫אחדות‬ ‫הוכיח‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫אפ״לטון‬ ‫הנעלה‬ ‫הפלסוף‬
‫למד‬ ‫ומנו‬ ‫בעקבותיו‬ ‫אלך‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫אריסט״וטלס‬ ‫בא‬ ‫ואחריו‬ .‫רבים‬ ‫במפתים‬
‫ספריהם‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫בחכמה‬ ‫היה‬ ‫עסקיו‬ ‫ורוב‬ .‫ההגיון‬ ‫חכמת‬ ‫יסד‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫והוא‬
.‫אחריהם‬ ‫שנה‬ ‫מאות‬ ‫ג׳‬ ‫עד‬ ‫בא‬ ‫לא‬ ‫הלט״ין‬ ‫כי‬ ‫ארמי‬ ‫בלשון‬ ‫עשו‬
‫ויעשו‬ ‫השכילו‬ ‫ורבים‬ .‫בלט״ין‬ ‫ויעתיקום‬ ‫שריים‬ ‫משכיליים‬ ‫באו‬ ‫ואחריהם‬
‫ווייר״גילא׃‬ ‫הפלוסוף‬ ‫היה‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫לעשות‬ ‫הפליא‬ ‫ואשר‬ ‫תמהו‬ ‫רואים‬ ‫אותות‬
‫הפלוסוף‬ ‫בייר״גילא‬ ‫במופתי‬ ‫ח‬ ‫שער‬
‫מעלליו‬ ‫ונפלאו‬ ‫פעליו‬ ‫רבו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫ביירג״ילה‬ ‫היה‬ ‫מצרי‬ ‫דת‬
‫יקומוה‬ ‫מי‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫נחושתן‬ ‫זבוב‬ ‫עשה‬ ‫הוא‬ .‫התכונה‬ ‫בחכמת‬

‫המטבע‬
‫אליו‬ ‫ובהתקרבם‬ ‫קשת‬ ‫כמטחוי‬ ‫הרחק‬ ‫הזבובים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫מרגשת‬ ‫ישר‬ ‫במקום‬
‫כי‬ ‫והיה‬ ‫סוסים‬ ‫חלהי‬ ‫כל‬ ‫לרפאות‬ ‫נחשת‬ ‫סוס‬ ‫עשה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הוא‬ .‫ימותו‬ ‫מיד‬
‫על‬ ‫גדולה‬ ‫עיר‬ ‫יסד‬ ‫הוא‬ .‫נרפא‬ ‫מיד‬ ‫נחושת‬ ‫סוס‬ ‫אל‬ ‫ותביט‬ ‫סוס‬ ‫יחלה‬
‫והסוס‬ ‫הזבוב‬ ‫והנה‬ .‫הבירה‬ ‫כל‬ ‫מנענע‬ ‫הביצה‬ ‫מניע‬ ‫כל‬ ‫והיה‬ ‫ביצה‬
‫האפיס‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הוא‬ .‫נאפ״ש‬ ‫במדינה‬ ‫המה‬ ‫הלא‬ ‫עשה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הארי‬ ‫ומרבק‬
‫אשר‬ ‫הוא‬ .‫לרצונו‬ ‫והחזירו‬ ‫הקיסר‬ ‫בת‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫על‬ ‫רומא‬ ‫בעיר‬ ‫האש‬ ‫את‬
‫עץ‬ ‫חכמי‬ ‫כל‬ ‫עליו‬ ‫נפלאו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫המים‬ ‫בתוך‬ ‫המופלא‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫הגשר‬ ‫עשה‬
‫ואנה‬ ‫עמד‬ ‫מה‬ ‫ועל‬ ‫איכותו‬ ‫מצאו‬ ‫ולא‬ .‫הגשר‬ ‫איכות‬ ‫מצוא‬ ‫יגעו‬ ‫ואבן‬
‫וחומה‬ ‫קיר‬ ‫בלי‬ ‫אויר‬ ‫מוקף‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫גן‬ ‫עשה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הוא‬ .‫ואחריתו‬ ‫ראשיתו‬
‫תמיד‬ ‫דולקות‬ ‫נירות‬ ‫שתי‬ ‫בו‬ .‫דרך‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫יכנס‬ ‫בל‬ ‫אבן‬ ‫כחומות‬ ‫עב‬ ‫והאויר‬
‫ראש‬ ‫עשה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הוא‬ .‫באויר‬ ‫ותלויה‬ ‫תכבנה‬ ‫אחת‬ ‫ובמותו‬ ‫תכבינה‬ ‫לא‬
‫וישאל‬ ‫היום‬ ‫ויהי‬ .‫העתיד‬ ‫כל‬ ‫לו‬ ‫ומגיד‬ ‫ומשיב‬ ‫ועונה‬ ‫אליו‬ ‫מדברת‬ ‫מתכת‬
‫כי‬ ‫ובלבד‬ ‫יחפץ‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫ילך‬ ‫כי‬ ‫הראש‬ ‫ויען‬ .‫אחד‬ ‫בדרך‬ ‫הילך‬ ‫בראש‬
.‫מתכת‬ ‫של‬ ‫הראש‬ ‫לשמר‬ ‫בדעתו‬ ‫ודמה‬ ‫הבין‬ ‫לא‬ ‫והוא‬ .‫ראשו‬ ‫ישמור‬
.‫היה‬ ‫כן‬ ‫הראש‬ ‫פחד‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫ויהי‬ .‫ממש‬ ‫בראשו‬ ‫אם‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫כן‬ ‫לא‬ ‫והראש‬
.‫בו‬ ‫מת‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫מחליו‬ ‫ויחלה‬ ‫במוחו‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫חום‬ ‫נכנס‬ ‫הלך‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫בדרך‬
‫וישאוהו‬ ‫רומא‬ ‫מן‬ ‫לשאיתו‬ ‫לתלמידו‬ ‫ויצו‬ ‫ימות‬ ‫בחליו‬ ‫כי‬ ‫ווייר״גילא‬ ‫וירא‬
‫עצמותיו‬ ‫שם‬ ‫שומרים‬ ‫ועדין‬ .‫לים‬ ‫קרוב‬ ‫אחת‬ ‫מיל‬ ‫שזי״לא‬ ‫בארץ‬ ‫ויקברוהו‬
‫הים‬ ‫זעם‬ ‫התמלא‬ ‫למעלה‬ ‫ויעלום‬ ‫עצמותיו‬ ‫ינענע‬ ‫וכאשר‬ ‫אחרים‬ ‫מכל‬
‫הים‬ ‫נחה‬ ‫ואז‬ ‫למקום‬ ‫ישובון‬ ‫עד‬ ‫העצמות‬ ‫העלות‬ ‫לפי‬ ‫למעלה‬ ‫ותפל‬
‫כי‬ .‫מכוער‬ ‫בכלי‬ ‫מפוארה‬ ‫חכמה‬ ‫ותהי‬ ‫אדם‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫החכים‬ ‫מאד‬ ‫כי‬ .‫מזעפו‬
‫ולא‬ ‫מעלליו‬ ‫פלאי‬ ‫ורבו‬ ‫עקומה‬ ‫ושדרתו‬ ‫נמוך‬ ‫וראש‬ ‫היה‬ ‫קומה‬ ‫שפל‬
‫מהותו‬ ‫ידע‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫עליו‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫השומע‬ ‫כי‬ ‫יסופרו‬ ‫אם‬ ‫להם‬ ‫ילעגו‬ ‫להמון‬ ‫יאמנו‬
‫ואשר‬ ‫החכמה‬ ‫על‬ ‫מלעיגים‬ ‫השכל‬ ‫משפילי‬ ‫רבו‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫לו‬ ‫ילעג‬ ‫ואיכותו‬
‫להם‬ ‫יקל‬ ‫האיכות‬ ‫ידעו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫כי‬ ‫דברו‬ ‫הבינו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫והם‬ ‫הם‬ ‫ורוח‬ ‫שדים‬ ‫מעשה‬
‫לא‬ ‫ויאמרו‬ ‫בדרכיהם‬ ‫נוגה‬ ‫ואין‬ ‫בחשך‬ ‫ילך‬ ‫לכסיל‬ ‫יתרון‬ ‫ומה‬ ‫המעשה‬
‫לבן‬ ‫שרירות‬ ‫אחרי‬ ‫וילכו‬ ‫כל‬ ‫עשתה‬ ‫אלקים‬ ‫יד‬ ‫כי‬ ‫יבינו‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫יה‬ ‫יראה‬
‫השכל‬ ‫פרי‬ ‫ואת‬ .‫ומטבע‬ ‫הון‬ ‫לצבור‬ ‫הזונים‬ ‫עיניהם‬ ‫אחרי‬ ‫לתור‬ ‫הרע‬
‫הטבע‬ ‫הוסד‬ ‫מה‬ ‫ועל‬ ‫מי‬ ‫על‬ ‫ללבבם‬ ‫ישיתו‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫המטבע‬ ‫בבוסר‬ ‫המירו‬
‫מקדמונים׃‬ ‫קבלנו‬ ‫כמה‬ ‫בביאורו‬ ‫נמנע‬ ‫לא‬ ‫זאת‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ועל‬
‫המטבע‬ ‫הוסד‬ ‫מדוע‬ ‫ט‬ ‫שער‬
‫וכל‬ ‫והבגדים‬ ‫התבואה‬ ‫חסרון‬ ‫אל‬ ‫בעולם‬ ‫ופשט‬ ‫הוסד‬
‫את‬ .‫בגדים‬ ‫לו‬ ‫אין‬ ‫תבואה‬ ‫לו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫את‬ ‫לגוף‬ ‫צריך‬ ‫דבר‬

‫הנה‬
‫הפלוסופיה‬
.‫בזה‬ ‫זה‬ ‫מחליפים‬ ‫היו‬ ‫בראשונה‬ ‫עשה‬ ‫מה‬ .‫תבואה‬ ‫לו‬ ‫אין‬ ‫בגדים‬ ‫לו‬ ‫אשר‬
‫ראו‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫ויהי‬ .‫לעשות‬ ‫יכול‬ ‫מה‬ ‫זה‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫זה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫לו‬ ‫היה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ואשר‬
‫עמנו‬ ‫בגדים‬ ‫משאת‬ ‫נישא‬ ‫איכה‬ ‫ויאמרו‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫רע‬ ‫כי‬ ‫הדבר‬ ‫את‬ ‫המשאים‬
‫לעשות‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫אדוני‬ ‫מאת‬ ‫ויבקשו‬ ‫ומשקה‬ ‫אוכל‬ ‫לא‬ ‫לקנות‬ ‫רחוקה‬ ‫בדרך‬
‫וקראו‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫ספוקו‬ ‫די‬ ‫עמו‬ ‫לשאת‬ ‫איש‬ ‫יכול‬ ‫למען‬ ‫וקל‬ ‫קטן‬ ‫מטבע‬
‫בלי‬ ‫מקום‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫המטבע‬ ‫פשט‬ ‫ואז‬ ‫בוטי״אה‬ ‫ובלע״ז‬ .‫מנהוג‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫שם‬ ‫לו‬
‫הקטנה‬ ‫ועדיין‬ .‫מטבעות‬ ‫רוב‬ ‫ונעשו‬ ‫דברים‬ ‫בה‬ ‫תדשו‬ ‫שוב‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫שנוי‬
‫הקדמונים׃‬ ‫המשאים‬ ‫יסדו‬ ‫כן‬ ‫כי‬ ‫לשאת‬ ‫ותקל‬ ‫טובה‬ ‫והקלה‬
‫ללמוד‬ ‫תמיד‬ ‫עברו‬ ‫במשאים‬ ‫י‬ ‫שער‬
‫והמדינות‬ ‫האיים‬ ‫עברו‬ ‫המשאים‬ ‫דרשו‬ ‫המטבע‬ ‫כי‬ ‫התבאר‬
‫חילו‬ ‫עזב‬ ‫אהלו‬ ‫נטש‬ ‫אפל״טון‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫הפלוסוף‬ ‫עשו‬ ‫כאשר‬
‫עזב‬ ‫אפי״לונן‬ ‫המלך‬ ‫גם‬ .‫החכמות‬ ‫כדור‬ ‫למצא‬ ‫ימצא‬ ‫באשר‬ ‫ללכת‬
‫וברוב‬ ‫ואביון‬ ‫דל‬ ‫כאיש‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫לבקש‬ ‫למקום‬ ‫ממקום‬ ‫ויעבור‬ ‫מלכותו‬
‫הקורות‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ללבו‬ ‫שת‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫ונמרט‬ ‫מוכה‬ ‫לזה‬ ‫מזה‬ ‫ונמסר‬ ‫נתפס‬ ‫מקומות‬
‫הפלוסוף‬ ‫תחנות‬ ‫מקום‬ ‫הגיע‬ ‫עד‬ ‫ויחתוך‬ .‫אין‬ ‫אם‬ ‫מנהיג‬ ‫היות‬ ‫דעת‬ ‫למען‬
‫בטבע‬ ‫דעת‬ ‫לאדם‬ ‫המלמד‬ ‫אר״קץ‬ ‫ושמו‬ ‫הזהב‬ ‫עמודי‬ ‫בין‬ ‫היושב‬
‫כמו‬ ‫ושולל‬ ‫הראוי‬ ‫כל‬ ‫מחייב‬ ‫בהכרח‬ ‫במפת‬ ‫חכמת‬ ‫מיני‬ ‫ובכל‬ ‫בככבים‬
‫שלחן‬ ‫מצא‬ ‫עד‬ ‫לדרכו‬ ‫הלך‬ ‫ומשם‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫שם‬ ‫לו‬ ‫ויצא‬ ‫כן‬
‫וכל‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫מהלך‬ ‫עליו‬ ‫נחקק‬ ‫לבעבור‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫שלחן‬ ‫הנקרא‬ ‫מופי‬ ‫זהב‬
‫ומשם‬ .‫כסף‬ ‫מסחר‬ ‫סחרו‬ ‫טוב‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫השכל‬ ‫סתרי‬ ‫הרבה‬ ‫למד‬ ‫ושם‬ ‫ההוה‬
‫ועמלו‬ ‫דרכיו‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫סופה‬ ‫עד‬ ‫אינד״יא‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫גאני״יץ‬ ‫נהר‬ ‫ומצא‬ ‫נסע‬
‫החכמה‬ ‫בבקשת‬ ‫למקום‬ ‫ממקום‬ ‫והלך‬ ‫יגע‬ ‫אלכסנדר‬ .‫השכל‬ ‫ביגיעת‬
‫לבקש‬ ‫הלך‬ ‫כמלך‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫ובחיל‬ ‫בכבוד‬ ‫בעושר‬ ‫היתה‬ ‫יגיעתו‬ ‫אמנם‬
‫המשאים‬ ‫עשו‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫לדעתה‬ ‫אלקים‬ ‫הפליטו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ע״כ‬ ‫החכמה‬
‫מגוריהם‬ ‫ארץ‬ ‫עכבו‬ ‫למות‬ ‫נפשם‬ ‫חרפו‬ ‫ובצמא‬ ‫ברעב‬ ‫במקלם‬ ‫העוברים‬
‫הזכרנו‬ ‫ואחרי‬ .‫הפלוסוף‬ ‫ולדרוש‬ ‫השכל‬ ‫לבקש‬ ‫ימצאו‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫וילכו‬
‫מהותה׃‬ ‫ונבאר‬ ‫בביאור׳‬ ‫נוסיף‬
‫פלוסופיה‬ ‫מהות‬ ‫יא‬ ‫שער‬
‫הוה‬ ‫מעשה‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ותכונה‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫כל‬ ‫הכרת‬ ‫היא‬
‫הוא‬ ‫ה׳‬ ‫כי‬ ‫דעת‬ ‫למען‬ ‫וימצא‬ ‫יתהוה‬ ‫ונמצא‬ ‫ונעשה‬

‫הפלוסופים‬
‫אחרי‬
‫כי‬ .‫פלוסופיה‬ ‫ישכיל‬ ‫ומהותו‬ .‫עצמו‬ ‫מעלת‬ ‫יכיר‬ ‫ואשר‬ ‫הﭏלקים‬
‫ימיך‬ ‫כל‬ ‫יגעה‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אפלט״ון‬ ‫ענה‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫מאד‬ ‫דקה‬ ‫הכרה‬ ‫לפלוסופים‬
‫ויהי‬ ‫בה‬ ‫ונלך‬ ‫תורינו‬ ‫הטוב‬ ‫דרך‬ ‫ואיזה‬ ‫לנו‬ ‫תאמר‬ ‫מה‬ ‫החכמה‬ ‫למצא‬
‫ולא‬ ‫יגעתי‬ ‫ולילה‬ ‫ויום‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫למדתי‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ויאמר‬ ‫לו‬ ‫ויען‬ ‫בעיניו‬ ‫כמתלוצץ‬
‫דבר‬ ‫ישמע‬ ‫פתי‬ ‫ויש‬ ‫השכל‬ ‫על‬ ‫מתלוצץ‬ ‫לץ‬ ‫מזיד‬ ‫התנצל‬ ‫ובכן‬ .‫מצאתי‬
‫מעט‬ ‫לכל‬ ‫וישמיע‬ ‫השכל‬ ‫תכונת‬ ‫מחקרי‬ ‫כל‬ ‫דעת‬ ‫ידמה‬ ‫בעיניו‬ ‫יישר‬
‫החכמה‬ ‫על‬ ‫לעז‬ ‫יוציא‬ ‫ממש‬ ‫בו‬ ‫אין‬ ‫נגרע‬ ‫בשכלו‬ ‫ובהודעו‬ .‫חכמתו‬
‫כי‬ ‫החזירים‬ ‫לפני‬ ‫הפנינים‬ ‫תשליכו‬ ‫אל‬ ‫באמרו‬ ‫החכם‬ ‫כיון‬ ‫ולזה‬ ‫ותתבזה‬
‫יגע‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫המלך‬ ‫כתלמי‬ .‫הקדמונים‬ ‫עשו‬ ‫כן‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫מעלתם‬ ‫יודעים‬ ‫אין‬
.‫הקדמנו‬ ‫כאשר‬ .‫מדותם‬ ‫ואת‬ ‫בגלגלים‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫תנועת‬ ‫ומצא‬
‫וירח‬ ‫השמים‬ ‫ואת‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫ומדת‬ ‫ורחבה‬ ‫לארכה‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מדת‬ ‫נבאר‬ ‫ועתה‬
‫מדדו‬ ‫ואחריו‬ .‫אל״מגסטי‬ ‫הנקרא‬ ‫בספרו‬ ‫במופת‬ ‫והוכיחם‬ ‫והככבים‬
‫לדבריו׃‬ ‫ויסכימו‬ ‫החכמים‬
‫הארץ‬ ‫במדידת‬ ‫יב‬ ‫שער‬
‫המחקר‬ ‫בחכמת‬ ‫צד‬ ‫לכל‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫כל‬ ‫מדדו‬ ‫בשכלם‬
‫כמו‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫הקף‬ ‫מצאו‬ ‫התשבורת‬ ‫חכמת‬ ‫עם‬
‫ארכה‬ ‫ומצאו‬ ‫ומדדוהו‬ ‫לארץ‬ ‫שטחוהו‬ ‫ואח״כ‬ ‫סביבה‬ ‫בסינר‬ ‫חגורה‬
‫ד׳‬ ‫ובפסיעה‬ .‫פסיעות‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫ובמיל‬ .‫מילין‬ ‫וכ״ח‬ ‫מאות‬ ‫וחמש‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫עשרים‬
‫כמה‬ ‫ועביה‬ .‫סביבה‬ ‫ארך‬ ‫בגודל‬ ‫אצבעות‬ ‫עשרה‬ ‫ארבע‬ ‫רגל‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫רגלים‬
‫ואת‬ ‫מאות‬ ‫וחמש‬ ‫ﭏף‬ ‫שש‬ ‫עביה‬ ‫ארך‬ ‫ומצאו‬ ‫מדדו‬ ‫חציה‬ ‫אל‬ ‫נחלקה‬
‫ויש׃‬ ‫ההוה‬ ‫כל‬ ‫להקיף‬ ‫מדדו‬ ‫הגלגל‬ ‫גובה‬
‫והירח‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫מדידת‬ ‫יג‬ ‫שער‬
‫והגלגל‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫מדת‬ ‫באור‬ ‫למו‬ ‫הקל‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מדת‬ ‫בארנו‬
‫בהקיפה‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מדת‬ ‫כי‬ ‫ונוכיח‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫במדת‬ ‫ונקל‬
‫כ״ד‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫על‬ ‫ונחלקה‬ ‫מעט‬ ‫ועוד‬ ‫פעמים‬ ‫ל״ט‬ ‫הלבנה‬ ‫מגוף‬ ‫גדול‬
‫פעמים‬ ‫קס״ו‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מגוף‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫וגוף‬ .‫הארץ‬ ‫בעובי‬ ‫וחצי‬ ‫פעמים‬
‫להם‬ ‫האמינו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫הקדמונים‬ ‫לדברי‬ ‫תמהו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫התשבורות‬ ‫חכמי‬ ‫נסו‬ ‫כך‬
‫ויקל‬ ‫ומהות‬ ‫בגבה‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫כן‬ ‫כדבריהם‬ ‫כי‬ ‫וימצאו‬ ‫החכמות‬ ‫בחנו‬ ‫עד‬
‫גבה‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אף‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫ממנה‬ ‫התרחקו‬ ‫לרב‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מן‬ ‫גדלו‬ ‫לרב‬ ‫להאמין‬

‫גובה‬
‫אמר‬
‫כעובי‬ ‫פעמים‬ ‫תקפ״ה‬ ‫גבהו‬ ‫במופת‬ ‫הביאו‬ ‫ותלמי‬ ‫הקדמונים‬ ‫מדדו‬ ‫מאד‬
‫הארץ׃‬
‫הככבים‬ ‫ובגובה‬ ‫בגודל‬ ‫יד‬ ‫שער‬
‫קטן‬ ‫ככב‬ ‫שום‬ ‫ואין‬ ‫ישתנה‬ ‫בכולם‬ ‫אמנם‬ .‫שוה‬ ‫הככבים‬
‫והגדול‬ ‫והימים‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫שלא‬ ‫להאיר‬ ‫נברא‬
‫עד‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫ומן‬ .‫הככבים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫מאיר‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫כי‬ ‫חמה‬ ‫ככב‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫שבכולם‬
‫ואשר‬ .‫הארץ‬ ‫כעובי‬ ‫פעמים‬ ‫וחמשים‬ ‫אלפים‬ ‫עשרת‬ ‫מרחק‬ ‫הככבים‬
‫ימים‬ ‫בכמה‬ ‫והמילים‬ ‫והרגלים‬ ‫האצבעות‬ ‫ערך‬ ‫יערך‬ ‫בתשבורת‬ ‫ישכיל‬
‫יום‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫מילין‬ ‫כ״ה‬ ‫וילך‬ ‫סביב‬ ‫בלי‬ ‫ישר‬ ‫דרך‬ ‫לעלות‬ ‫יוכל‬ ‫ואשר‬ .‫מהלכת‬
‫הנה‬ ‫עד‬ ‫הלך‬ ‫אלו‬ ‫הראשון‬ ‫אדם‬ .‫שנה‬ ‫וק״נ‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫בשבע‬ ‫לככבים‬ ‫יעלה‬
‫מהלך‬ ‫לכת‬ ‫לו‬ ‫ויחסר‬ ‫לככבים‬ ‫יגיע‬ ‫לא‬ ‫עדין‬ ‫יום‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫מילין‬ ‫כ״ה‬ ‫תמיד‬
‫וה׳‬ ‫ﭏלפי׳‬ ‫ה׳‬ ‫שנת‬ ‫זה‬ ‫ספר‬ ‫נעשה‬ ‫יום‬ ‫עד‬ ‫אדם‬ ‫נברא‬ ‫מיום‬ ‫שנה‬ ‫מ״ה‬ ‫ב״א‬
‫אז‬ ‫שנה‬ ‫במאה‬ ‫לפול‬ ‫יקל‬ ‫שם‬ ‫כדור‬ ‫היה‬ ‫אם‬ ‫דמיון‬ ‫ועוד‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫לבריאות‬
‫כי‬ ‫לארץ‬ ‫תפול‬ ‫עד‬ ‫וחצי‬ ‫מילין‬ ‫ס״ג‬ ‫היום‬ ‫שעות‬ ‫כ״ד‬ ‫מן‬ ‫שעה‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫תלך‬
‫ינוח‬ ‫בלי‬ ‫הסוס‬ ‫כמהלך‬ ‫פעמים‬ ‫ארבעים‬ ‫זה‬ ‫ספר‬ ‫יסד‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הוכיח‬ ‫כן‬
‫יותר׃‬ ‫לפרשו‬ ‫הדבר‬ ‫וארוך‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫כי‬ ‫יבין‬ ‫והמבין‬
‫הכוכבים‬ ‫סך‬ ‫טו‬ ‫שער‬
‫עם‬ ‫וי״ב‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫הם‬ ‫ברורים‬ ‫המאירים‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫כי‬ ‫המלך‬ ‫תלמי‬
‫לבני‬ ‫הנראים‬ ‫הם‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫כ״ט‬ ‫הידועים‬ ‫כלם‬ ‫וסך‬ ‫לכת‬ ‫ככבי‬
‫רק‬ ‫מספרם‬ ‫יודע‬ ‫איש‬ ‫ואין‬ ‫מספר‬ ‫להם‬ ‫אין‬ ‫נראים‬ ‫שאינם‬ ‫ואת‬ .‫אדם‬
‫ידי‬ ‫על‬ ‫מספרם‬ ‫גבלו‬ ‫הנראים‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫וסך‬ ‫ב״ה‬ ‫בראש‬ ‫מספרם‬ ‫מונה‬
‫כל‬ ‫ומרחק‬ ‫מספרם‬ ‫ידעו‬ ‫בו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫המלך‬ ‫תלמי‬ ‫עשה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הנכבד‬ ‫הכלי‬
‫בדמותם‬ ‫בצלמם‬ ‫בגלגל‬ ‫חקוקים‬ ‫הכוכבים‬ ‫ואלו‬ .‫מחבירו‬ ‫אחד‬
‫בגלגל‬ ‫ושבעה‬ ‫הארבעים‬ ‫מן‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫נכרו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ומהם‬ .‫בטירותם‬ ‫בחצריהם‬
‫מזלות‬ ‫עשר‬ ‫שנים‬ ‫וקראום‬ ‫וטבעיים‬ ‫נכבדים‬ ‫יותר‬ ‫עשר‬ ‫שנים‬ ‫בררו‬ ‫ומהם‬
‫גבהו‬ ‫ומה‬ ‫לבדם‬ ‫הככבים‬ ‫שבעת‬ ‫ואת‬ .‫לבדם‬ ‫בגלגל‬ ‫בעוגל‬ ‫הסבבים‬
‫ברגע‬ ‫שם‬ ‫עלות‬ ‫יזכה‬ ‫ואשר‬ ‫לחזות׳‬ ‫יזכה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ימות‬ ‫בחטאו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫נאוו‬ ‫ומה‬
‫גשמי‬ ‫לתענוג‬ ‫ידמה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫רוחני‬ ‫תענוג‬ ‫מיני‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫למעלה‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫אחד‬
‫תבל‬ ‫שכני‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ימלאו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫בעליונים‬ ‫מדורת‬ ‫רוחב‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫איש‬ ‫יוכל‬ ‫לא‬ ‫כי‬

‫אם‬
‫על‬
‫עדן‬ ‫גן‬ ‫מרחב‬ ‫בבאור‬ ‫נאריך‬ ‫ומעט‬ ‫בהם‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫וימים‬ ‫ארץ‬ ‫ויושבי‬
‫שמיימי׃‬ ‫רוחניי‬
‫עדן‬ ‫גן‬ ‫מרחיב‬ ‫יו‬ ‫שער‬
‫יושביה‬ ‫וירבו‬ ‫פעמים‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫מאה‬ ‫היא‬ ‫מאשר‬ ‫גדולה‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫היתה‬
‫ויחיו‬ ‫יום‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫מוליד‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫בה‬ ‫היו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫פעמים‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫ק׳‬
‫לא‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫מפואר‬ ‫כרך‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫ולכל‬ ‫עיר‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫הנולד‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫שנה‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫ק׳‬
‫וגנים‬ ‫פרדס‬ ‫הריחים‬ ‫בית‬ ‫וכירים‬ ‫תנור‬ ‫נהרות‬ ‫יערות‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫בו‬ ‫יחסר‬
‫לא‬ ‫תחתיו‬ ‫עשרה‬ ‫עבד‬ ‫ולכל‬ ‫עבדים‬ ‫מאה‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫ולכל‬ .‫כרכם‬ ‫סביבות‬
‫מה‬ ‫המושלי׳‬ ‫יאמרו‬ ‫ע״כ‬ .‫אוקינו׳‬ ‫בים‬ ‫מלח‬ ‫כגרגיר‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫בגלגל‬ ‫ידמו‬
‫הגדולים‬ ‫הבניינים‬ ‫יצר‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הכל‬ ‫יוצר‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫להאמין‬ ‫ונעים‬ ‫טוב‬
‫וירחקו‬ ‫בהבליהם‬ ‫יכעיסוהו‬ ‫לבלתי‬ ‫וחקותיו‬ ‫מצותיו‬ ‫לשמור‬ ‫והמפוארים‬
‫מעל‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הקדוש‬ ‫הנורא‬ ‫המקום‬ ‫יראו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫שאלה‬ ‫רשעים‬ ‫ישובו‬ ‫נדוד‬
‫יוצרו‬ ‫כבוד‬ ‫יקר‬ ‫אם‬ ‫כי‬ ‫דבר‬ ‫ימלאנו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫שמיימי‬ ‫עדן‬ ‫גן‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫לגלגל‬
‫והעול׳‬ ‫מתנגדים‬ ‫וגהינם‬ ‫ג״ע‬ ‫הם‬ ‫המקומות‬ ‫ושני‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ממלא‬ ‫השר‬ ‫ב״ה‬
‫הטובים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫אליו‬ ‫מושך‬ ‫וג״ע‬ .‫בנפשותם‬ ‫החטאים‬ ‫אליו‬ ‫מושך‬ ‫זה‬ ‫ביניהם‬
‫ימלא‬ ‫לא‬ ‫הנמצאי׳‬ ‫כל‬ ‫להחזיק‬ ‫בהם‬ ‫יש‬ ‫נודע‬ ‫גבול‬ ‫בלי‬ ‫ההם‬ ‫והמקומות‬
‫כבוד‬ ‫הארץ‬ ‫כל‬ ‫מלא‬ ‫כי‬ ‫תאמן‬ ‫אל‬ ‫מצאתי‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫יגעתי‬ ‫אמרתי‬ ‫ע״כ‬ .‫מהן‬
‫משכן‬ ‫מקום‬ ‫הגלגל‬ ‫גדול‬ ‫בארנו‬ ‫ואחרי‬ .‫לו‬ ‫מסייעין‬ ‫לטהר‬ ‫ובא‬ ‫השם‬
‫כאשר‬ ‫ישתנה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫ובו‬ ‫בו‬ ‫ינוע‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫הגלגל‬ ‫נבאר‬ ‫ותנועתו‬ ‫הככבים‬
‫הנע‬ ‫שוב‬ ‫עד‬ ‫ינוח‬ ‫והנהלך‬ ‫ינוע‬ ‫ההולך‬ ‫אחר‬ ‫למקום‬ ‫זה‬ ‫ממקום‬ ‫היש‬ ‫ילך‬
‫השמים‬ ‫והם‬ ‫וישתנה‬ ‫יזוז‬ ‫בל‬ ‫ינוח‬ ‫המקום‬ ‫ותמיד‬ ‫הראשון‬ ‫למקום‬
‫כאשר‬ ‫ודק‬ ‫זך‬ ‫האויר‬ ‫בהיות‬ ‫הצלול‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫זוהר‬ ‫את‬ ‫לנו‬ ‫המשפיעים‬
‫חידות‬ ‫נלאו‬ ‫ובו‬ ‫הגדול‬ ‫הגלגל‬ ‫מקיפים‬ ‫ההם‬ ‫והשמים‬ .‫בחזיון‬ ‫חכמי‬ ‫מצאו‬
‫במופת‬ ‫והוכחה‬ ‫הכרה‬ ‫בו‬ ‫נמצא‬ ‫לא‬ ‫לתמציתו‬ ‫להגיע‬ ‫אנושי‬ ‫שכל‬ ‫וקצרה‬
‫הקדמונים׃‬ ‫דברי‬ ‫לפי‬ ‫הקבלה‬ ‫דרך‬ ‫על‬ ‫אם‬ ‫כי‬
‫השמים‬ ‫ושמי‬ ‫השמים‬ ‫מן‬ ‫יז‬ ‫שער‬
‫בשמותם‬
‫כעין‬ ‫ועצם‬ ‫סביב‬ ‫להם‬ ‫המקיפים‬ ‫אחרים‬ ‫שמים‬ ‫יש‬ ‫ההם‬ ‫השמים‬
‫ועל‬ ‫הבדולח‬ ‫שמי‬ ‫ושמם‬ ‫הנורא‬ ‫כקרח‬ ‫וצלול‬ ‫לבן‬ ‫הבדולח‬

‫הנה‬
‫זהורו‬ ‫ועצמן‬ ‫סביב‬ ‫להם‬ ‫מקיפין‬ ‫אחרי׳‬ ‫שמים‬ ‫נוסדו‬ ‫ההם‬ ‫השמים‬
‫בדור‬ ‫המלאכים‬ ‫נפלו‬ ‫ומשם‬ ‫המראה‬ ‫שמי‬ ‫ושמם‬ ‫החמה‬ ‫כאו׳‬ ‫שבעתי׳‬
‫ההוא‬ ‫המקום‬ ‫נורא‬ ‫מה‬ ‫כי‬ ‫בחרו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫נשים‬ ‫להם‬ ‫ויקחו‬ ‫המבול‬
‫הקדושים׃‬ ‫השרת‬ ‫מלאכי‬ ‫זולת‬ ‫בלתי‬ ‫שם‬ ‫היות‬ ‫זכו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫המלאכים‬ ‫אשר‬
‫השמיימי‬ ‫עדן‬ ‫גן‬ ‫בתענוגי‬ ‫יח‬ ‫שער‬
‫התענוג‬ ‫מקום‬ ‫ושם‬ ‫הגלגלים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫למעלה‬ ‫ג״ע‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫התבאר‬
‫ראש‬ ‫לכל‬ ‫גלוי‬ ‫נגלה‬ ‫השם‬ ‫וכבוד‬ ‫וההדר‬ ‫ההוד‬ ‫והשמחה‬
‫נמצא‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אף‬ ‫ישראל‬ ‫אלקי‬ ‫כבוד‬ ‫משכן‬ ‫המובחר‬ ‫המקום‬ ‫והוא‬ ‫אוכלי׳‬
‫שומר‬ ‫כי‬ ‫וציפה‬ ‫כל‬ ‫רואה‬ ‫עיניו‬ ‫מנגד‬ ‫נסתר‬ ‫אין‬ ‫כי‬ ‫שם‬ ‫רק‬ ‫נגלה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫בכל‬
‫המשל‬ ‫כי‬ ‫הנמצאים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ב״ה‬ ‫השם‬ ‫יראה‬ ‫אם‬ ‫תתמהו‬ ‫ואם‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫הכל‬
‫יצא‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אף‬ ‫המאמר‬ ‫כל‬ ‫ישמעו‬ ‫שם‬ ‫העומדים‬ ‫וכל‬ ‫איש‬ ‫מפי‬ ‫היוצא‬ ‫בדבור‬
‫כי‬ ‫צופה‬ ‫כל‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫היוצר‬ ‫עין‬ ‫עא״כו‬ ‫השמע‬ ‫חוש‬ ‫משפט‬ ‫כן‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫מפי‬
‫אחד‬ ‫בפעם‬ ‫דברים‬ ‫כמה‬ ‫על‬ ‫תאיר‬ ‫כנר‬ ‫המשל‬ ‫ועוד‬ .‫נגדו‬ ‫כאין‬ ‫הגוים‬ ‫כל‬
‫הכל‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫ב״ה‬ ‫הפועל‬ ‫השם‬ ‫פלאי‬ ‫על‬ ‫יתמהו‬ ‫איך‬ ‫פעליו‬ ‫נפלאו‬ ‫וכאשר‬
‫והיראים‬ ‫הקדושים‬ ‫משכן‬ ‫מקום‬ ‫ובג״ע‬ .‫כל‬ ‫מלא‬ ‫וכבודו‬ ‫במאמרו‬ ‫נעשה‬
‫ואם‬ ‫תענוגו‬ ‫ואת‬ ‫מהותו‬ ‫לדעת‬ ‫מעשיו‬ ‫שכל‬ ‫יגיעו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫והמלאכים‬
‫לבבות‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫ומאה‬ ‫לשונות‬ ‫אלף‬ ‫מאות‬ ‫ולו‬ ‫לפניו‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫מכל‬ ‫איש‬ ‫יחכם‬
‫חלק‬ ‫בספר‬ ‫לחוק‬ ‫יוכלו‬ ‫לא‬ ‫לפניו‬ ‫היה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫בכל‬ ‫אחד‬ ‫כל‬ ‫מושכלים‬
‫יקרה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫והנוי‬ ‫וההוד‬ ‫והתענוג‬ ‫השמחה‬ ‫מן‬ ‫אלפים‬ ‫מאלף‬ ‫אחד‬
‫יום‬ ‫הרוחנית‬ ‫הנאתו‬ ‫יטוש‬ ‫לא‬ ‫שם‬ ‫הנמאס‬ ‫גם‬ ‫נבזה‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫שם‬ ‫לשכנים‬
‫העור‬ ‫ישיג‬ ‫לא‬ ‫כאשר‬ ‫כי‬ .‫לעולם‬ ‫כלו‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫כל‬ ‫על‬ ‫מלך‬ ‫להיות‬ ‫אחד‬
‫תענוג‬ ‫להשיג‬ ‫אפשר‬ ‫אי‬ ‫כך‬ .‫מעולם‬ ‫אותו‬ ‫ראה‬ ‫שלא‬ ‫מטעם‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫אור‬
‫כדאי‬ ‫העולם‬ ‫שאין‬ ‫ראה‬ ‫שא״ז״ל‬ ‫וכמו‬ ‫רוחניי‬ ‫אור‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫עדן‬ ‫גן‬
‫הוא‬ ‫השמש‬ ‫שאמרו‬ ‫וכמו‬ ‫לבא‬ ‫לעתיד‬ ‫לצדיקים‬ ‫וגנזו‬ ‫באור‬ ‫להשתמש‬
.‫דאתגניז‬ ‫נהורא‬ ‫מההוא‬ ‫חולקין‬ ‫ושבעין‬ ‫וחמש‬ ‫אלפין‬ ‫משתין‬ ‫אחד‬
‫כמו‬ ‫גשמים‬ ‫תענוגים‬ ‫כלם‬ ‫הם‬ ‫בתורה‬ ‫שנכתבו‬ ‫היעודים‬ ‫כל‬ ‫זה‬ ‫ומטעם‬
‫לדברים‬ ‫שרומזים‬ ‫הגם‬ .‫לשובע‬ ‫לחמיכם‬ ‫ואכלתם‬ ‫הכתוב‬ ‫שאמר‬
‫לא‬ ‫הנשמות‬ ‫תענוגי‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫רוחניים‬ ‫יעודים‬ ‫בתורה‬ ‫נכתב‬ ‫אלו‬ ‫כי‬ ‫רוחניים‬
‫שאי‬ ‫כיון‬ ‫בעבורם‬ ‫המצות‬ ‫הענינים‬ ‫אלו‬ ‫מבינים‬ ‫שאינם‬ ‫ההמון‬ ‫יעשו‬
‫בעניינים‬ ‫רוחניים‬ ‫הדברים‬ ‫רמוז‬ ‫לכן‬ .‫בשכלם‬ ‫לציירם‬ ‫להם‬ ‫אפשר‬
‫אשר‬ ‫איש‬ ‫כל‬ ‫מקום‬ ‫מכל‬ .‫אלף‬ ‫בהררי‬ ‫ובהמות‬ ‫הלויתן‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫גשמיים‬
‫לראות‬ ‫יזכנו‬ ‫כן‬ ‫בהיכלו‬ ‫ולבקר‬ ‫ה׳‬ ‫בנועם‬ ‫לחזות‬ ‫מצפה‬ ‫פניו‬ ‫על‬ ‫ה׳‬ ‫יראת‬
‫בטובו׃‬

‫עולם‬ ‫בורא‬ ‫לאל‬ ‫שבח‬ ‫ונשלם‬ ‫תם‬
‫אדר‬ ‫כ״ג‬ ‫טוב‬ ‫בכי‬ ‫בו‬ ‫שהוכפל‬ ‫יום‬ ‫השלמתו‬ ‫והיתה‬
‫לפק׃‬ ‫תצ״ג‬
‫בן‬ ‫זלמן‬ .‫נאם‬ ‫באמונה‬ ‫הקודש‬ ‫במלאכת‬ ‫המסדר‬ ‫הפועל‬ ‫ידי‬ ‫על‬
‫אמשטרדם׃‬ ‫מק״ק‬ ‫זעציר‬ ‫פ״פנר״ו׃‬ ‫משה‬ ‫כמהו״רר‬

‫המהדורה‬ ‫עורך‬ ‫הערת‬
:‫האלקטרונית‬
‫בהקשר‬ ‫לרוב‬ ,‫למקור‬ ‫נאמנים‬ ‫נשמרו‬ ‫והדיקדוק‬ ‫הכתיב‬ ‫צורת‬
,‫וי׳‬ ‫ו׳‬ ‫האותיות‬ ‫כמו‬ ‫קריאה‬ ‫אימות‬ ‫של‬ ‫להשמטה‬ ‫או‬ ‫להוספה‬
‫מילים‬ .‫הלועזיות‬ ‫במילים‬ ‫ולשיבושים‬ ‫משתנה‬ ‫לארתוגרפיה‬
‫הסר‬ ‫למען‬ .‫כבמקור‬ ‫נשמרו‬ )‫(ﭏ‬ ‫ל‬-‫א‬ ‫והצירוף‬ ,‫גרש‬ ‫בידי‬ ‫מקוצרות‬
‫מהוראדנה‬ ,‫(ווילנא‬ ‫הספר‬ ‫של‬ ‫נוספות‬ ‫במהדורות‬ ‫עיון‬ ‫נעשה‬ ‫ספק‬
‫קאהן‬ ‫עט‬ ‫בלייער‬ ,‫מונקאטש‬ ;1862 ‫ראטהער‬ ,‫וורשא‬ ;‫תקס״ב‬
.‫משלה‬ ‫שינוים‬ ‫מכניסה‬ ‫גם‬ ‫מהדורה‬ ‫כל‬ ‫כי‬ ‫אם‬ ,)‫תרנ״ז‬
:‫תוקנו‬ ‫הבאות‬ ‫דפוס‬ ‫השגיאות‬
‫האש‬ ‫מן‬ ← ‫מדלגי׳‬ ‫וסכבי׳‬ ‫האש‬ ‫מן‬ :10 ‫שורה‬ ,‫ב׳א‬ ‫עמוד‬
‫מדלגי׳‬ ‫וככבי׳‬
‫המטבע‬ ‫הוסד‬ ‫מדוע‬ ← ‫הטבע‬ ‫הוסד‬ ‫מדוע‬ :22 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ב׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫הפרחים‬ ‫התנינים‬ ‫מן‬ ← ‫הפרהים‬ ‫התנינים‬ ‫מן‬ :11 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ב׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫הטובה‬ ‫וטבע‬ ← ‫מתאחתת‬ ‫הטובה‬ ‫וטבע‬ :8 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ב׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫מתאחדת‬
‫ולייסרו‬ ‫ולהשכילו‬ ← ‫ולייסרו‬ ‫לו‬ ‫ולהשכ‬ :13 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ב׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫טובו‬ ‫ינחלו‬ ‫למען‬ ← ‫טובו‬ ‫ינחלו‬ ‫למע‬ :26 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ב׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫יראה‬ ‫זולתי‬ ← ‫יראה‬ ‫זלותי‬ :23 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ד׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫יתד‬ ‫ממנו‬ ‫פנה‬ ← ‫יתד‬ ‫ממנ‬ ‫פנה‬ :9 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ד׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫זקנתו‬ ‫לעת‬ ‫וישתטה‬ ← ‫זקנתו‬ ‫לעת‬ ‫וישטטה‬ :27 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ד׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫השגתינו‬ ‫קצר‬ ‫לפי‬ ← ‫השגחינו‬ ‫קצר‬ ‫לפי‬ :8 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ז׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫הרביעי‬ ‫ואבן‬ ← ‫הארביע‬ ‫ואבן‬ :17 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ז׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫יפרדו‬ ‫ומשם‬ ← ‫יכרדו‬ ‫ומשם‬ :13 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ז׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫בצפרניהם‬ ‫ונושאים‬ ← ‫בצרפניהם‬ ‫ונושאים‬ :25 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ז׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫יפילו‬ ‫בהם‬ ‫אשר‬ ← ‫יפילו‬ .‫בהם‬ ‫אשר‬ :24 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ט׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫גדול‬ ‫כח‬ ‫בה‬ ‫ויש‬ ← ‫גדול‬ ‫כה‬ ‫בה‬ ‫ויש‬ :30 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫ט׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫גר״יץ׃‬ ‫כתורת‬ ← ‫גר״יץ׃‬ ‫כתורץ‬ :26 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫י׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬

‫השנה‬ ‫ולאחר‬ ← ‫השנה‬ ‫ולחחר‬ :18 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫י׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫קאנ״ילאי‬ ‫קליפתן‬ ← ‫קאניילאי‬ ‫קליפתן‬ :20 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫י׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
.‫תניח‬ ‫והב׳‬ ← ‫תניח‬ ‫והב׳‬ :5 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫יב׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
.‫הים‬ ‫אל‬ ‫ותשובתה‬ ← .‫הים‬ ‫אל‬ ‫וחשובתה‬ :19 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫יג׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫חול‬ ‫יש‬ ‫עכו‬ ‫ובמדינות‬ ← ‫חול‬ ‫יש‬ ‫עכו‬ ‫ובתדינות‬ :19 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫יג׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
.‫עליה‬ ‫היושבים‬ ← .‫עליה‬ ‫ם‬ ‫היושב‬ :23 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫יד׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫מפצצם׃‬ ‫כאוי׳‬ ‫כי‬ ← ‫מפצצם‬ ‫כאוי׳‬ ‫כי‬ :18 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫טו׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫יום׃‬ ‫בכל‬ ← ‫יום‬ ‫בכל‬ :17 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫טז׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫רואים‬ ‫בשנתם‬ ← ‫רואם‬ ‫בשנתם‬ :2 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫יז׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫השמש‬ ‫יזרח‬ ‫עד‬ ← ‫השמש‬ ‫יזרח‬ ‫מד‬ :9 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫יז׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫השמש‬ ‫בלקות‬ ← ‫השמש‬ ‫בלוקת‬ :8 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫יח׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫השמים‬ ← ‫והככבם‬ ‫העליונים‬ ‫השמים‬ :‫אחרונה‬ ‫ש׳‬ ,‫יח׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫והככבים‬ ‫העליונים‬
‫גדול‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫שלא‬ ← ‫גודל‬ ‫יהיה‬ ‫שלא‬ :17 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫כא׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫עדן‬ ‫גן‬ ‫מרחיב‬ ← ‫עדם‬ ‫גן‬ ‫מרחיב‬ :15 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫כב׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫עדן‬ ‫גן‬ ‫בתענוגי‬ ← ‫עדן‬ ‫גן‬ ‫בתענוני‬ :16 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫כב׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫נפלאו‬ ‫וכאשר‬ ← ‫נפלעו‬ ‫וכאשר‬ :25 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫כב׳ב‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫בתורה‬ ‫שנכתבו‬ ← ‫בתורה‬ ‫שנכתבא‬ :8 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫כג׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬
‫גשמים‬ ‫תענוגים‬ ← ‫גשמים‬ ‫תענונים‬ :9 ‫ש׳‬ ,‫כג׳א‬ ‫ע׳‬

*** ‫העולם‬ ‫צל‬ END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions
.will be renamed
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.
copyright law means that no one owns a United States
copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy
and distribute it in the United States without permission and
without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the
General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
.commercial redistribution
START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the
free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
.online at www.gutenberg.org/license
Section 1. General Terms of Use and
Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™.1
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree
to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease
using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
.entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8
B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only.1
be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
.electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below

C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the.1
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the
work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement
by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full
Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
.with others
D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also.1
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
.status of any work in any country other than the United States
E. Unless you have removed all references to Project.1
:Gutenberg
E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other.1
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project

Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
:viewed, copied or distributed
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and
with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country
.where you are located before using this eBook
E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is.1
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of
the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
.in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9
E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is.1
posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
.holder found at the beginning of this work
E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project.1
Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files

containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
.™Project Gutenberg
E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute.1
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
.Project Gutenberg™ License
E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,.1
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
.Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1
E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,.1
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
.works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9
E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or.1
providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
:electronic works provided that
You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross •
profits you derive from the use of Project
Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable
taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has

agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph
to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should
be clearly marked as such and sent to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
at the address specified in Section 4,
“Information about donations to the Project
”.Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
You provide a full refund of any money paid by •
a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail)
within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not
agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a
user to return or destroy all copies of the works
possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
all use of and all access to other copies of
.Project Gutenberg™ works
You provide, in accordance with paragraph •
1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work
or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to
.you within 90 days of receipt of the work
You comply with all other terms of this •
agreement for free distribution of Project
.Gutenberg™ works
E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project.1
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary

Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
.below
.F.1
F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend.1
considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these
efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium
on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data,
transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property
infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be
.read by your equipment
F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except.1
for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
.NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE
F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you.1
discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of

receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
.in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem
F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set.1
forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
.MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE
F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied.1
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
.this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions
F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the.1
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you
do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project

Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
.you cause
Section 2. Information about the Mission
™of Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
.volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
.Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
Section 3. Information about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status
by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or
federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions
to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax

deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
.your state’s laws
The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500
West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
.important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws
regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine
the status of compliance for any particular state visit
.www.gutenberg.org/donate
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states
where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
.donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate

Welcome to Our Bookstore - The Ultimate Destination for Book Lovers
Are you passionate about books and eager to explore new worlds of
knowledge? At our website, we offer a vast collection of books that
cater to every interest and age group. From classic literature to
specialized publications, self-help books, and children’s stories, we
have it all! Each book is a gateway to new adventures, helping you
expand your knowledge and nourish your soul
Experience Convenient and Enjoyable Book Shopping Our website is more
than just an online bookstore—it’s a bridge connecting readers to the
timeless values of culture and wisdom. With a sleek and user-friendly
interface and a smart search system, you can find your favorite books
quickly and easily. Enjoy special promotions, fast home delivery, and
a seamless shopping experience that saves you time and enhances your
love for reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and
personal growth!
ebookgate.com

Safety Reliability and Risk Analysis Theory Methods and Applications 3rd Edition 4 Volumes Sebastián Martorell

More Related Content

Similar to Safety Reliability and Risk Analysis Theory Methods and Applications 3rd Edition 4 Volumes Sebastián Martorell (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Safety Reliability and Risk Analysis Theory Methods and Applications 3rd Edition 4 Volumes Sebastián Martorell