![June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial
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Courtesy of Southwire Corp.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sag-tensioncalculationsatutorialdeve-201219093746/85/Sag-tension-calculations-a_tutorial_deve-22-320.jpg)
Sag tension calculations-a_tutorial_deve
- 1. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Sag-tension Calculations A Tutorial Developed for the IEEE TP&C Line Design Subcommittee Based on a CIGRE WG B2.12 Technical Brochure under Development Dale Douglass June, 2005
- 2. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial CIGRE & IEEE Websites • CIGRE WG B2.12 – Electrical Effects in Lines http://www.geocities.com/wg_12/index.htm – Technical Brochure 244 – Conductors for Uprating of Existing Lines – Probabilistic Ratings & Joints • IEEE Towers Poles & Conductors http://www.geocities.com/ieee_tpc/index.htm – IEEE Standard 738 – 1993 – Panel Sessions Jan 28 (Las Vegas) June 4 (SF)
- 3. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Sag-tension Envelope GROUND LEVEL Minimum Electrical Clearance Initial Installed Sag @15C Final Unloaded Sag @15C Sag @ Max Ice/Wind Load Sag @ Max Electrical Load, Tmax Span Length
- 4. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial SAG10 Calculation Table From Alcoa-Fujikura SAG10 program
- 5. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial A Bit of Perspective IPC measurements, 1997 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 measurement number degC Tcdr (IEEE) Tcdr (meas) Tcdr (H) - AW eq1 Tcdr (H) - AW eq2 Tcdr_measured is much higher than predicted with alumoweld model (H- based) or weather based model for these 3 points. Why? data_during_tempmeas.xls ? 10C-15C Uncertainty
- 6. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Some Questions • Why can we do calculations for a single span and use for an entire line section? • How are initial and final conditions defined? • Why not run the maximum tension to 60% as the NESC Code allows? • Why do I see negative tensions (compression) in aluminum at high temperature?
- 7. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial The Catenary Curve • HyperbolicFunctions & Parabolas • Sag vs weight & tension • Length between supports • What is Slack? • What if the span isn’t level?
- 8. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial The Catenary – Level Span H xw H xw w H xy ⋅ ⋅ ⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ −⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ⋅ ⋅= ≅ 2 2 1cosh)( H Sw H Sw w H D ⋅ ⋅ ≅ ⎭ ⎬ ⎫ ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ −⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅= 8 1 2 cosh 2 ⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ≅⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ H24 wS+1S 2H Sw sinh w 2H =L 2 22
- 9. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Catenary Sample Calcs for Drake ACSR m)(2.38ft7.8=D 731 63002 600094.1 cosh 094.1 6300 =⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ⋅ ⋅ m)(182.96ft600.27==L 32 6300*2 600*094.1 sinh 094.1 6300*2 ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ - 1.094 lbs/ft Bare Weight - 31,500 lbs Rated Breaking Strength - 600 ft span
- 10. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Catenary Calculations What Happens when the weight of the conductor changes
- 11. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Ice & Wind Loading • Radial ice (Quebec) • Wind Pressure (Florida) • Wind & Ice Combined (Illinois)
- 12. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial What about changes in loading?
- 13. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial NESC Loading District Heavy Medium Light Extreme wind loading Radial thickness of ice (in) (mm) 0.50 12.5 0.25 6.5 0 0 0 0 Horizontal wind pressure (lb/ft2) (Pa) 4 190 4 190 9 430 See Fig 2-4 Temperature (oF) (oC) 0 -20 +15 -10 +30 -1 +60 +15 NESC safety factors to be added to the resultant (lb/ft) (N/m) 0.30 4.40 0.20 2.50 0.05 0.70 0.0 0.0
- 14. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Iced Conductor Weight ACSR Conductor Dc, in wbare, lb/ft wice, lb/ft wbare + wice wbare #1/0 AWG -6/1 “Raven” 0.398 0.1452 0.559 4.8 477 kcmil-26/7 “Hawk” 0.858 0.6570 0.845 2.3 1590 kcmil-54/19 “Falcon" 1.545 2.044 1.272 1.6 )t+D(1.244t=w cice
- 15. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial What happens when the conductor weight changes? • Bare weight of Drake ACSR is 1.094 lb/ft • Iced weight is: – 1.094 + 1.244*1.0*(1.108+1.0) = 3.60 lb/ft • Tension increases by a factor of 3.6 unless the length of the conductor changes.
- 16. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial SAG10 Calculation Table From Alcoa-Fujikura SAG10 program
- 17. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Conductor tension limits • Avoiding tension failure (Safety factor) • Limiting vibration (H/w, %RBS) • Designing with less sag
- 18. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Tension Limits and Sag Tension at 15C unloaded initial - %RTS Tension at max ice and wind load - %RTS Tension at max ice and wind load - kN Initial Sag at 100C - meters Final Sag at 100C - meters 10 22.6 31.6 14.6 14.6 15 31.7 44.4 10.9 11.0 20 38.4 53.8 9.0 9.4 25 43.5 61.0 7.8 8.4
- 19. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Conductor Elongation • Elastic elongation (springs) • Settlement & Short-term creep (before sagging) • Thermal elongation • Long term creep (After sagging, over the life of the line)
- 20. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Conductor Elongation Manufactured Length Thermal Strain Elastic Strain Long-time Creep Strain Settlement &1-hr creep Strain
- 21. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Thermal Elongation International Annealed Copper Standard Commercial Hard-Drawn Copper Wire Standard 1350-H19 Aluminum Wire Galv. Steel Core Wire Conductivity, % IACS @ 20o C 100.00 97.00 61.2 8.0 Coefficient of Linear Expansion 10-6 per o F 9.4 9.4 12.8 6.4
- 22. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 % Strain 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 100 200 300 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 Stress [MPa] % Strain Stress-Strain Test 30% RBS30% RBS 50% RBS50% RBS 70% RBS70% RBS One Hour Modulus Final Modulus Initial Modulus 0 Courtesy of Southwire Corp.
- 23. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Stress-strain & creep elongation curves for 37 strand A1 conductor 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 Percent Elongation Stress-kPa Initial "1-hour" Aluminum Final Alum after load to 122 MPa 6 mo creep 12 mo creep 10 yr creep Linear Modulus 70% RBS 50% RBS 30% RBS
- 24. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Conductor Elongation • Elastic elongation (reversible) • Settlement & Short-term creep (permanent) • Thermal elongation (reversible) • Long term creep (permanent after years or high loads)
- 25. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial 100 80 60 40 20 0 %ofTensileStrength % Increase in Length 0.10 0.30 0.40 0.500.200.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 Initial Settlement Creep for 1 year Plastic Elong at High Tension
- 26. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial SAG10 Calculation Table From Alcoa-Fujikura SAG10 program
- 27. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial What is a ruling span?
- 28. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Hspan1 Hspan2 Wspan1 Wspan2Winsul Pivot Attachment Point Insulator Length, Li Tilt Angle T Tension equalization at suspension points. The basis of the ruling span concept.
- 29. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial The “Ruling Span” S+----+S+S S+----+S+S =RS n21 3 n 3 2 3 1 • Based on Tension equalization • Used for Stringing sags • Sag = (w/8H)*S2 ft ++ ++ =RS 333 745 600900600 600900600 =
- 30. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Sag-tension Calculations - Deliverables • Maximum sag so that clearance to ground and other conductors can be maintained. • Maximum tension so that structures can be designed to withstand it. • Minimum sag to control structure uplift problems. • H/w during “coldest month” to limit aeolian vibration.
- 31. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial Summary of Some Key Points • Tension equalization between suspension spans allows use of the ruling span • Initial and final conditions occur at sagging and after high loads and multiple years • For large conductors, max tension is typically below 60% in order to limit wind vibration & uplift • Negative tensions (compression) in aluminum occur at high temperature for ACSR because of the 2:1 diff in thermal elongation between alum & steel
- 32. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial General Sag-Ten References • Aluminum Association Aluminum Electrical Conductor Handbook Publication No. ECH-56" • Southwire Company "Overhead Conductor Manual“ • Barrett, JS, Dutta S., and Nigol, O., A New Computer Model of A1/S1A (ACSR) Conductors, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-102, No. 3, March 1983, pp 614-621. • Varney T., Aluminum Company of America, “Graphic Method for Sag Tension Calculations for A1/S1A (ACSR) and Other Conductors.”, Pittsburg, 1927 • Winkelman, P.F., “Sag-Tension Computations and Field Measurements of Bonneville Power Administration, AIEE Paper 59-900, June 1959. • IEEE Working Group, “Limitations of the Ruling Span Method for Overhead Line Conductors at High Operating Temperatures”. Report of IEEE WG on Thermal Aspects of Conductors, IEEE WPM 1998, Tampa, FL, Feb. 3, 1998 • Thayer, E.S., “Computing tensions in transmission lines”, Electrical World, Vol.84, no.2, July 12, 1924 • Aluminum Association, “Stress-Strain-Creep Curves for Aluminum Overhead Electrical Conductors,” Published 7/15/74. • Barrett, JS, and Nigol, O., Characteristics of A1/S1A (ACSR) Conductors as High Temperatures and Stresses, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-100, No. 2, February 1981, pp 485-493 • Electrical Technical Committee of the Aluminum Association, “A Method of Stress-Strain Testing of Aluminum Conductor and ACSR” and “A Test Method for Determining the Long Time Tensile Creep of Aluminum Conductors in Overhead Lines”, January, 1999, The aluminum Association, Washington, DC 20006, USA. • Harvey, JR and Larson RE. Use of Elevated Temperature Creep Data in Sag-Tension Calculations. IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-89, No. 3, pp. 380-386, March 1970 • Rawlins, C.B., “Some Effects of Mill Practice on the Stress-Strain Behaviour of ACSR”, IEEE WPM 1998, Tampa, FL, Feb. 1998.
- 33. June 6/13/05 IEEE TP&C Tutorial The End A Sag-tension Tutorial Prepared for the IEEE TP&C Subcommittee by Dale Douglass