Sample design
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This document discusses various sampling designs and their characteristics. It describes probability sampling designs like simple random sampling which gives every unit an equal chance of selection. It also describes non-probability sampling designs like purposive sampling which involves deliberately choosing units. Specific probability designs discussed include systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, area sampling, and multi-stage sampling.
Sample design
- 1. QURATULAIN MUGHAL BATCH IV DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPY ISRA UNIVERSITY
- 2. SAMPLE DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SAMPLE DESIGN TYPES OF SAMPLING DESIGN TERMINOLOGIES
- 3. A definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample.
- 4. (a) Sample design must result in a truly representative sample. (b) Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error. (c) Sample design must be viable in the context of funds available for the research study. (d) Sample design must be such so that systematic bias can be controlled in a better way. (e) Sample should be such that the results of the sample study can be applied, in general, for the universe with a reasonable level of confidence.
- 6. PROBABILITY SAMPLING is based on the concept of random selection NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING is ‘non-random’ sampling When each sample element is drawn individually from the population at large, then the sample so drawn is known as ‘UNRESTRICTED SAMPLE whereas all other forms of sampling are covered under the term ‘RESTRICTED SAMPLING’.
- 7. Is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. Non-probability sampling is also known by different names such as: a. deliberate sampling b. purposive sampling c. judgement sampling.
- 8. In this type of sampling, items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the items remains supreme.
- 9. in small inquiries and researches by individuals, this design may be adopted because of the relative advantage of time and money inherent in this method of sampling
- 10. there is always the danger of bias entering into this type of sampling technique. Sampling error in this type of sampling cannot be estimated this sampling design in rarely adopted in large inquires of importance
- 11. Under quota sampling the interviewers are simply given quotas to be filled from the different strata, with some restrictions on how they are to be filled.
- 12. This type of sampling is very convenient and is relatively inexpensive.
- 13. also known as ‘random sampling’ or ‘chance sampling’. Under this sampling design, every item of the universe has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. a lottery method in which individual units are picked up from the whole group not deliberately but by some mechanical process.
- 14. we can measure the errors of estimation the sample will have the same composition and characteristics
- 15. refers to that method of sample selection which gives each possible sample combination an equal probability of being picked up and each item in the entire population to have an equal chance of being included in the sample. This applies to SAMPLING WITHOUT REPLACEMENT i.e., once an item is selected for the sample, it cannot appear in the sample again
- 16. is used less frequently in which procedure the element selected for the sample is returned to the population before the next element is selected. In such a situation the same element could appear twice in the same sample before the second element is chosen
- 17. Probability sampling under restricted sampling techniques, may result in complex random sampling designs. Such designs may as well be called ‘mixed sampling designs’ for many of such designs may represent a combination of probability and non- probability sampling procedures in selecting a sample.
- 18. 1. Systematic sampling 2. Stratified sampling 3. Cluster sampling 4. Area sampling 5. Multi-stage sampling 6. Sequential sampling
- 19. In systematic sampling only the first unit is selected randomly and the remaining units of the sample are selected at fixed intervals It is an easier and less costlier method of sampling can be conveniently used even in case of large populations systematic sampling is used when lists of population are available and they are of considerable length.
- 20. Under stratified sampling the population is divided into several sub-populations that are individually more homogeneous than the total population. the different sub-populations are called ‘strata’ and then we select items from each stratum to constitute a sample. stratified sampling results in more reliable and detailed information
- 21. cluster sampling the total population is divided into a number of relatively small subdivisions which are themselves clusters of still smaller units and then some of these clusters are randomly selected for inclusion in the overall sample. samples are usually more reliable per unit cost.
- 22. If clusters happen to be some geographic subdivisions, in that case cluster sampling is better known as area sampling. In other words, cluster designs, where the primary sampling unit represents a cluster of units based on geographic area, are distinguished as area sampling.
- 23. Multi-stage sampling is a further development of the principle of cluster sampling. EXAMPLE: Suppose we want to investigate the working efficiency of nationalised banks in PAKISTAN we want to take a sample of few banks for this purpose.
- 24. 1. The first stage is to select large primary sampling unit such as states in a country. Then we may select certain districts and interview all banks in the chosen districts. This would represent a two-stage sampling design with the ultimate sampling units being clusters of districts. If instead of taking a census of all banks within the selected districts, we select certain towns and interview all banks in the chosen towns. This would represent a three-stage sampling design. If instead of taking a census of all banks within the selected towns, we randomly sample banks from each selected town, then it is a case of using a four-stage sampling plan. If we select randomly at all stages, we will have what is known as ‘multi- stage random sampling design’
- 25. The ultimate size of the sample under this technique is not fixed in advance, but is determined according to mathematical decision rules on the basis of information yielded as survey progresses. This is usually adopted in case of acceptance sampling plan in context of statistical quality control. When a particular lot is to be accepted or rejected on the basis of a single sample, it is known as single sampling when the decision is to be taken on the basis of two samples, it is known as double sampling and in case the decision rests on the basis of more than two samples but the number of samples is certain and decided in advance, the sampling is known as multiple sampling.
- 26. But when the number of samples is more than two but it is neither certain nor decided in advance, this type of system is often referred to as sequential sampling.