Sampling And Non Random Sampling Techniques Essay

Sampling And Non Random Sampling Techniques Essay
Sampling techniques
Consequently, managing to retain in addition to deciding on participants for a research project for
the duration of the study is a daunting task for many a researchers, they often therefore need to be
able to get data from a smaller group or subset of the total population in such a way that the
knowledge gained is representative of the total population (however defined) under study (Cohen,
Manion, & Morrison, 2007) Needless to say for the purpose of this study, a sample of 50–100 will
suffice. Indeed, there are numerous of techniques used in sampling. However, there are two
comprehensive types of sampling techniques. They are probability sampling and non–probability
sampling techniques correspondingly referred to as random and non–random sampling techniques
respectively (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2007). Probability sampling technique is ordinarily used
in large quantitative type research projects. Needless to say, where large sample size is needed from
across a broad spectrum of society, it becomes paramount therefore that random sampling technique
becomes optimal.
Subsequently Probability sampling techniques involve random selection of participants rather than
specifically being selected by the researcher. Thus inclusion or exclusion from the sample is a matter
of chance and nothing else (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2007). Moreover, the advantages of
Probability sampling techniques not only emanate its ability to measure reliability but by providing
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Gender Stereotyping And The Influence Of Race Essay
Hannon, J., Soohoo, S., Reel, J., & Ratliffe, T. (2009). Gender stereotyping and the influence of race
in sport among adolescents. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 80(3), 676–684. 1) James
Hannon utilized the stratified sampling method to conduct his study. This method allows you to
make the sample as representative as possible. For instance individuals would be divided into
groups or strata this allows the sample to show an accurate representation and reflection of the
population being studied. Hannon's method consisted of the involvement of 178 students who were
in 9th and 10th grade. 90 of the students were boys and 88 were girls, they all enrolled in six
physical education classes. Due to the method of this experiment and the diversity of race in this
urban southeastern high school, the students were divided in terms of their race. There were 47.84%
Caucasian, 46.44% African American, 2.96% Hispanic, 1.24% Asian, 1.10% Multicultural and
0.14% American Indian. Before conducting the study Hannon obtained permission from the
University Institutional Review Board, the school district, school administrations and the teachers.
Also the students and parents were provided with informed consent. The use of stratified sampling
was beneficial as it gives a more accurate finding and is more representative of the sample. This
allows the sample to picket against an unrepresentative sample. (Reserved and Version, 2016)
Having said that, a disadvantage of using this sampling

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Res/351 Essays
Preparing to Conduct Business RES/351 Preparing To Conduct Business In recent news, Bank of
America publically announced its plan to make changes to debit card customer accounts in 2012
(Chang, 2011, NBC San Diego). To date, Bank of America has a "fee–free" policy on these types of
accounts however; new regulations on debit card accounts are a hindrance to the Bank's ability to
maximize return on investments. As a result the bank is considering implementing a surcharge on
checking accounts. However, the bank must determine if this will affect the attitudes and behaviors
of customers. To achieve this, Bank of America must conduct business research. The ... Show more
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Surveying Bank of America customers to discover a linkage between attitude and behavior. |
Ethics and Sampling To ensure the results of the research are ethical and valid a proper sample
design is necessary. A sample design consists of methods, sample frame, and sample size. The
convenience sampling method will be most appropriate for Bank of America's research as it will
save time and money. The goal of the sample is to find what is most important to customers and if
they would be willing to pay increased fees. Bank of America will have access to every one of their
customers by way of banking or ATMs. Surveys can be assigned to ATMs, or handed out at Bank of
America locations as customers arrive for their day–to–day banking needs. These samplings will be
random. Probability sampling, based on random selection, ensures each population element is a
known nonzero chance of selection. This provides estimations of precision and offers an opportunity
for generalized findings to the population of interest from the sample population. Thus Bank of
America can both conveniently and randomly survey customers. In addition to improving the
validity of the sample, convenient randomized sampling promotes good

Advantages Of Cross Sectional Studies
Cross–sectional
Because cross–sectional surveys can be done using the mode of data collection questionnaires . The
survey was conducted by planning a single data collection in order to study population satisfaction
and to make a quick and easy analysis of the data.
The data is easy to collect and analyze, and is less time–consuming than case–control or cohort
studies.
Contains multiple variables at the time of the data snapshot.
Not costly to perform and does not require a lot of time.
Weaknesses:
Cannot examine change over time and cohort effect.
Difficult to determine whether the outcome followed exposure in time or exposure resulted from the
outcome.
Does not help determine cause and effect
Limitations:
For a limited time, making storage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because data are collected at a single point time, it is not possible to capture information about new
incidence.
The population use to service University of Phayao library around 1,448 people per day. I will bring
,samples, just 3% or 43 people of the total population per day . I will survey 1 week. It has number
of people around 304 people.
I have identified basic information for the respondents such as gender, age, status and education
degree.
The reason for selecting the sample was that they all had experience and sense of access with the
Phayao University library in the field of staffing services, building facility and the library
Information Resources.
Because the questionnaire is a very popular research tool, the data collection is convenient and can
be widely used, which is a good way to research the users' satisfaction. The service to measure from
the sample or the target population has the form of a series of questions. The system has been
compiled in a systematic and systematic way.
Strengths:
Large amounts of information can be collected from a large number of people in a short period of
time and in a relatively cost effective way. The results of the questionnaires can usually be quickly
and easily

The Potential Real World Impact Of Research
Introduction
In order to measure the potential real–world impact of research, it is important to measure validity.
Validity explores the degree to which evidence and theory support the researcher's interpretations of
the various data the researcher measures (Moss, 2010). A researcher can evaluate a study based on
many criteria including internal validity and external validity to determine whether the study is valid
(Hernon, 1991). Among various types of validity, in particular, external validity refers to the extent
to which study findings can be generalized to a population at large while internal validity relates to
whether a study correctly measures what it proposes to gauge (Hernon, 1991). While many types of
validity are helpful to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, a study that can be repeated with similar results is said to have external validity.
According to Thorkildsen (2010), the generalizability of external validity is guaranteed if a
researcher finds his or her results to be consistent even when the population studied changes, or the
time or place is altered. Connaway & Powell (2010) mention that there are studies that are
performed for the sole purpose of checking external validity of a study through replication studies.
By replicating a study, it is possible for researchers to determine whether a study has external
validity and, therefore, whether the study's results might be likely to occur in the real world. The
experiment itself might fail when it is repeated, thereby suggesting that the results will not be
generalizable.
The impact of the sample selected in particular cannot be underestimated. According to Zhang
(2014), researchers begin with subjects, and the subject selection affects the research design. The
sampling methods impact external validity because the results can tell the study's reader about the
population parameters through the results of the study (Sproull, 2012). As an example of a way that
the sample can affect the external validity, Hernon (1991) noted that a study might be drawn from a
list of all school media specialists in the Southwest and from that population, researchers could draw
a random selection.

Lean Six Sigma Reference Material Essay
QUESTION 1 Quality is primarily related to satisfaction viewpoint of
Customer Manufacturer Service provider General public all of above
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
QUESTION 2 BPR stands for
Business Process Restructuring Business Process Redefining Business Process Reengineering all of
the above none of the above
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
QUESTION 3 Six Sigma relates to
Radical redesign align, improve and maintain remove waste all of the above none of the above ...
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–––––––––––––––––––– QUESTION 15 CAP stands for
Change Acceleration Process Continous Acceleration Process Continous Action Process Change
Acceleration Project none of the above
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
QUESTION 16 Effectiveness of a solution is equal to
Quality of a Solution 20% (x) Acceptability of the Solution 80% Quality of a Solution 80% (x)
Acceptability of the Solution 20% Quality of a Solution 10% (x) Acceptability of the Solution 90%
Quality of a Solution 90% (x) Acceptability of the Solution 10% none of the above
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
QUESTION 17 SIPOC as a tool displays a cross–functional set of activities in a single and simple
diagram which
Helps us identify process inputs (Xs) and outputs (Ys) Helps us identify process owner, customers
& suppliers Helps us identify & establish boundaries for the process all of the above none of the
above

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
QUESTION 18 Flowchart which categorises the flow according to the departments/ people
performing it is
Deployment flowchart Alternate Path Flowchart Process Flowchart all of the above none of the
above
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
QUESTION 19

How Inmates Are Assessed During The Booking Process Essay
Karissa Coffey
Methods
Sampling The sample for this study is accumulated by individuals in the criminal justice system
including law enforcement, corrections officers, and mental health analysts that are involved with
individuals that are being booked or process in Ada County Jail. The individuals that are being
analyzed are mentally ill and homeless that has been booked into Ada County Jail in Boise, Idaho
that requires treatment for mental health issues. This research will be gathered from a probability
sampling technique. Since the individuals being questioned are typically homeless or continually
entered into the system, the data being analyzed will already be entered into the system. Therefor
this study will be conducted using a simple or systematic random sampling technique. The research
will analyze how inmates are assessed during the booking process. The study conducted will be
gathered from both the inmates and the corrections staff. The information that is assembled from the
questionnaires will help the researchers to analyze the mental health for inmates. This could
potentially help professionals to treat and diagnose the incoming individuals with mental health
issues. This research sampling method would be useful in this study because it takes the entire
population of homeless individuals with mental illnesses and are chosen randomly. This gives a
better chance of getting new information from individuals from both the staff perspectives and the
inmates.

Case Study On Competency Mapping
Title of the Study:
"Competency Mapping – Identify Training Needs Assessment for employees at SNic, India".
Background of the study :
High energetic people build big organizations and active employees work effectively and efficiently
in the organization. Therefore, Competency Mapping helps in the growth of employees and
organization. This study helps us to determine the competencies needed by the employees for their
own growth and the organization. It becomes necessary to find out if a difference exists between the
required competency level to the existing level of working in accordance to job competency
expectations held by SNic, India for their employees. Accurate job competencies need to be
communicated to all the employees in the organization. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sources and tools for data collection :
Primary data – Questionnaires, observations and personal interview.
Secondary data – Company records and other official documents, executive manuals, magazines,
journals and websites.
Plan of Analysis :
It is done with the help of statistical tools like Chi–square test and ANOVA. Results are interpreted
through tables, charts and graphs.
QUESTIONNARE ON COMPETENCY MAPPING Respected Sir/Madam,
I'm YASHASWINI .Y.V of final year MBA from Canara Bank School of Management Studies,
doing research in your esteemed organization on the topic "Competency Mapping". I would be
grateful if you would spare a few minutes to answer the questions mentioned below. This
information will be used purely for my academic purpose and would be kept confidential.
Thank You.
1. Are you aware of competency mapping ?
a. Yes
b. No
2. How do you know the concept of competency mapping ?

a. Through friends
b. Through organization
c. Through academics
d. Through internet
3. By which model will you access your competency ?
a. Job–match model
b. Strategy–based model
c. Strategy development model
4. Which method of competency mapping is used in your organization

The Research Approach And Strategies
The research method needs the research philosophy approach and strategies made use of to conduct
the research. The study will make use of a research onion put forward by Saunders, Lewis &
Thornhill (2007) to direct and help in the development of knowledge that will answer the research
questions. The figure below is an illustration of the Saunders et al. (2007) research onion. Figure 1:
Research Onion Source: (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2007) Research Philosophy Within the
research onion put forward by Saunders et al. (2007) the first layer of the research onion is
philosophy. The study will consequently use positivism and interpretivism realms of philosophies.
Because the study mainly deals with observing the relationships between the local Afghans and the
foreign contractors and predicting outcomes is, makes the study touch on law–like suppositions like
cause and effect; thereby reflecting the philosophy of positivism. The study will adopt a 'scientific
method' to suggest and test theories with information which is structured and assessable and in
which the research is not affected by the study researcher's values. Such a method normally involves
large samples of quantitative information and testing of statistical hypothesis. Because the study is
also concerned with collecting information regarding subjective meanings on top of providing law–
like suppositions brought about by positivism, the study will also make use of the philosophy of
interpretivism. The

Methodology Adopted for Study about Leasing Business in...
Chapter 4: Research Methodology This chapter is devoted to the methodology which will be
adopted in carrying out a study about leasing business in Mauritius. It will consider the methodology
of a study among the Mauritian population possessing a vehicle. 4.1 Research Process According to
Kotler (1996), research is the systematic collection, analysis, reporting of data and findings relevant
to a specific situation. This research has involved five steps:  Formulating the research problem 
Developing the research plan  Collecting the information  Analysis and interpretation of data 
Presentation of findings 4.2 Formulating research problem The goal with this research has been to
investigate about: i. the evolution of the leasing business among the individual of Mauritius ii. to see
all the factors affecting both the lessee and the lessor iii. to compare the benefits of leasing vis a vis
other sources of finance iv. to see if the leasing business is famous among Mauritian population. 4.3
Developing Research Plan 4.3.1 Data Sources Data has been retrieved from both primary and
secondary sources. Primary data has been obtained from questionnaires which were set for the
Mauritian people possessing a vehicle. Primary data was collected directly from firsthand
experience. Secondary data was acquired from books, internet, financial magazines and the statistics
from the Central Statistical Office (CSO). 4.3.2 Research approaches This is a descriptive

Teen Pregnancy And Teenage Pregnancy
Conceptual framework
It is hypothesized that there is a direct correlation between low socioeconomic status and teenage
pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy, for the purpose of this paper, is defined as a teenage girl between the
ages of 13–19 who are currently pregnant (UNICEF). Low socioeconomic status is defined as
families living at or below the poverty threshold. The independent variable for this study is teenage
pregnancy and the dependent variable is low socioeconomic status.
Research Methodology
The theoretical population for this study is teenage parents in New York State who became pregnant
between the ages of 13–19. The study population of this study comprised of teenage parents residing
in five low socioeconomic areas in Queens and five low socioeconomic areas in the Bronx who are
currently pregnant. The researcher visited the public health centers, in these low socioeconomic
communities from each borough and explained to the Clinical staff and Social Worker the purpose
of the study. The researchers were then given permission to hand out their survey.
The sampling method chosen for this study is probability sampling. Probability sampling is when
the participants get an equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample. This type of
sampling was chosen because it was convenient and inexpensive for the researchers. The sample
frame for this study is comprised of a random selection of 100 pregnant teenagers from Queens and
100 pregnant teenagers from the

Perceptions Of Literacy Policies And Procedures
The quantative study examined teachers' perceptions of literacy policies and procedures, and if
professional developments were made available and beneficial to teachers. The methodology used
was survey research. The authors kept an unbiased tone throughout the article, and used methods
such as sampling, a focus group, measurement and scaling, and statistical analysis. Based on the
information provided in the article, I concluded this is an objectivism epistemology.
They stated that their measurement instrument was reliable, since the test–retest (T1–T2) correlated
the coefficient of stability was 0.92. This is an excellent correlation produced by the pilot group of
100 K–6 teachers who completed the survey. I must note according to the authors there was a 4 mo.
span between T1 and T2, this short amount of time between the tests could explain the exceptional
results. The study itself contained around 400 participants and they used the same survey for both
the pilot group and study participants.
There was no hypothesis, and I'm not sure if I would call this a literature review, I would have gone
more in–depth with the multiple annotations used. At least providing some results from previous
studies. They provided a sufficient amount of statements. Thus, the authors do provide adequate
background knowledge of policies and information regarding the 21st century literacy initiative, and
the support required to insure teachers' have the tools and knowledge necessary to effectively

Inferential Statistics Basics
1) Define the following terms:
i) Inferential statistics is reasonable conclusions based on assumption of what one will have
observed. (Tucker 1988) It is restricted to one's environment for example one might say tall people
are fast runners or big women are associated with high blood pressure. (Chimedza, Muchengetwa,
Chinyemba 2010) ii) According to (Chimedza, Muchengetwa & Chinyemba 2010) data is a
collection of numbers or observations of things that are happening brought together for reference or
analysis for example hourly movement of a cyclone.(Tucker 1988) iii) Representative sample refers
to a particular group that will have been chosen to represent others that is a subset of a statistical
population that accurately reflects the members of the entire population (Tucker 1988) For example
in a class of six students three male and three female this is unbiased but well represented. iv)
Qualitative data is data that cannot be measured numerically and but describes (Tucker 1988) for
example sex or marital status.
v) Discrete data refers to specific separate and distinct variables. (Moore 1995, 2000) For example
colour of hair or eyes even number of books in a library.
b) Differentiate the following terms
i) Systematic sampling elements are chosen following a systematic procedure at evenly spaced
intervals after the first has been randomly selected for example a researcher can get opinions of
residents of a particular suburb by interviewing one house in each street

Sampling And Sampling Distribution Essay
Sampling and Sampling Distributions 7–1 Learning Objectives In this chapter, you learn: To
distinguish between different sampling methods The concept of the sampling distribution To
compute probabilities related to the sample mean and the sample proportion The importance of the
Central Limit Theorem 7–2 Why Sample? DCOVA Selecting a sample is less time–consuming
than selecting every item in the population (census). An analysis of a sample is less cumbersome
and more practical than an analysis of the entire population. 7–3 A Sampling Process Begins With
A Sampling Frame DCOVA The sampling frame is a listing of items that make up the population
Frames are data sources such as population lists, directories, or ... Show more content on
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Is the survey based on a probability sample? Coverage error – appropriate frame? Nonresponse error
– follow up Measurement error – good questions elicit good responses Sampling error – always
exists 7–14 Types of Survey Errors Coverage error or selection bias DCOVA Exists if some
groups are excluded from the frame and have no chance of being selected Non response error or bias
People who do not respond may be different from those who do respond Sampling error Variation
from sample to sample will always exist Measurement error Due to weaknesses in question design,
respondent error, and interviewer's effects on the respondent ("Hawthorne effect") 7–15 Types of
Survey Errors DCOVA (continued) Coverage error Non response error Sampling error Measurement
error Excluded from frame Follow up on nonresponses Random differences from sample to sample
Bad or leading question 7–16 Sampling Distributions DCOVAA sampling distribution is a
distribution of all of the possible values of a sample statistic for a given size sample selected from a
population. For example, suppose you sample 50 students from your college regarding their mean
GPA. If you obtained many different samples of 50,

A Neat Sampling Strategy Based On Purposive Sampling Essay
Sampling Davies initially planned to use a neat sampling strategy based on purposive sampling. The
complexity of the study however, affected this strategy. It was mainly by connections Davies was
able to expand her sample, some of the connections becoming participants in the study themselves,
some of them working as points of contact (REFERENCE).Therefore, Davies used instead snowball
and convenience sampling methods. When looking at sampling strength, the first thing that must be
asked is whether the sample is representative of the population (Clark, 2003). Davies attempts to
keep a balanced number of female/male proportion in the sample, however, the fact landmine work
is a male dominated field made this impossible. Therefore, although the majority of the landmine
action actors interviewed were male, this is in some way still representative of the studied
population. Nevertheless, when interviewing villagers, Davies does manage to keep the numbers
proportionate in terms of gender and age. Recruitment Davies selected a convenience sampling and,
although not acknowledging so, a snowball sampling method, as most of the new participants she
recruited were connections made by the previous participants (REFERENCE). One must therefore
ask: is this sampling strategy appropriate? (Clark, 2003). When looking into the landmine action
actors, the struggle finding potential participants within the research field is an understandable
barrier. It must therefore be

What Is The Advantage And Disadvantage Of Using...
Business idea: Luxury hotel
1.1 Describe what may be the advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative research approach
for your business plan.
Qualitative research approach is used in exploratory research designs. Conducting a primary
research will require the researcher to gather background information, clarify research problems,
and create hypotheses or establish research priorities. Collection of data in this kind of research is in
the form of text, or images using open–ended questions, and observation.
The advantages of using a qualitative research approach in conducting a primary research is the data
gathered will be rich. The amount of details needed for the research is contained in the information
gathered – may it be from text, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The advantage of using this kind of research approach is it allows the researcher to have broader
study which implicates more subjects. Thus, it enhances the generalization of the results. In
addition, the research can be duplicated or replicated. Similar data can be used to analyze and
compare with the similar studies in the past. Personal bias can also be limited and avoided by
researchers by means of employing subjects anonymous to them. The data collected for quantitative
approach is precise enough to identify even small differences because it uses numerical data – it is
quantifiable. It is also easier to administer and record answers to structured questions. The time
consumed to gather information is lesser than compared to gathering information for qualitative
research approach.
On the other hand, the downside of a quantitative research is that the results are limited because the
responses provided are numerical descriptions and not detailed narrative so as a result, it provides
less intricate interpretations of human perception. In–depth data will be difficult to

Introduction to the Practice of Statistics Essay
Section 1.1 – Introduction to the Practice of Statistics
1. Explain the difference between a population and a sample.
A population is the entire group to be studied and a sample is a portion of the population.
2. Explain the difference between a parameter and a statistic.
A statistic is a numerical summary of a sample and a parameter is a numerical summary of a
population.
3. What is Descriptive Statistics and how is it used?
Descriptive statistics describes the results of a sample without making conclusions of the population.
4. What is Inferential Statistics and how is it used?
Inferential statistics uses the result of a sample to apply to a population.
5. Determine whether the following variables are qualitative or ... Show more content on
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The sample is the 50,000 households that were surveyed.
12. The information in the table below refers to the 2008 model year product line of BMW
automobiles. Identify the Individuals, variables, and data corresponding to the variables in the table
below. Determine whether each variable is qualitative, continuous, or, discrete. Please refer to
problems #51 and #53 on page 13 for examples.
BMW Car Model Body Style Weight (lb) Number of Seats
3 Series Coupe 3,350 4
5 Series Sedan 3,500 5
6 Series Convertible 4,275 4
7 Series Sedan 4,490 5
X3 Sport Utility 4,015 5
Z4 Roadster Coupe 3,100 2
a) Individuals: 3 series, 5 series, 6 series, 7 series, X3, Z4 Roadster
b) Variable names, data, and types of variables:

Variable names: Body Style, Weight, Number of Seats
Body Style data: Coupe, Sedan, Convertible, Sedan, Sport Utility, Coupe
Weight data: 3,350; 3,500; 4,275; 4,490; 4,015; 3,100
Number of Seats data: 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 2
Variable Body Style is qualitative, variable Weight is continuous, variable Number of Seats is
discrete
13. A study conducted by researchers was designed to "determine if application of duct tape is as
effective as cryotherapy in the treatment of common warts." The researchers randomly divided 51
patients into two groups. The 26 patients in Group 1 had their warts treated by applying duct tape to
the wart for 6.5 days and then removing the tape for 12 hours, at which point the cycle was repeated
for a

Importance of Management Research
1. Discuss the importance of Management Research?
Today's managers have a growing need to understand scientific findings and incorporate them into
decision making. Research always facilitates effective management. At many government
organizations research drives every aspect of major decision making. In some organizations,
research is so fundamental that management makes hardly any significant decision without the
benefit of some kind of research.
The prime managerial value of management research is that it reduces uncertainty by providing
information that improves the decision–making process. The decision –making process associated
with the development and implementation of a strategy involves four interrelated stages.
1) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In effect this is the process of determining what evidence must be collected to test the major
hypotheses or answer the questions.
3. At this point the general direction of the research has probably made clear which of the various
research or design types is most appropriate. For example, it may be decided that a survey, or an
experiment, or some other design should be used.
4. A fourth task is the construction of the specific measurement instruments. For a survey the
interview guide or questionnaire is written, and the way in which the survey is to be carried out is
specified. For an observational study the specific form and conditions of the observation and the
types of recording processes to be used must be determined.
5. When both the design and the measurement specifics have been determined, a test is needed to
assure that they are feasible for the purposes intended. Almost certainly deficiencies requiring
revisions and additional testing will be found at this stage.
6. At this point, a plan for the analysis of the data is required. Planning may go as far as the
development of a set of dummy tables for the expected statistical data. Such detailed planning is not
always found in research projects, but it does help assure that data relevant to the hypotheses or
questions will be secured.

7. The final stage of project development is preparation of specific instructions and other
arrangements (such as training sessions) to assure that

Response Bias
There are multiple types of survey methods utilized in research. Three of the main survey methods
include interviews, electronic surveys, and written surveys. In interviews, the assessor works
directly with the respondent to obtain responses to the survey. Utilizing interviews allow researchers
to obtain comprehensive and thorough responses. Moreover, the interviewer is able to follow–up on
certain responses if more information is needed. Despite these benefits, interviews have some
potential disadvantages. It is difficult to obtain a representative sample of a population willing to
participate in an interview. Additionally, this type of survey is often costly in time and money.
Furthermore, there is potential for interviewer bias to affect ... Show more content on
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There are several types of response biases that can impact the outcome of a study. Social desirability
bias is a type of response bias that occurs when an individual's response is chosen because of their
desire to look favorable, rather than their true feelings (Fisher, 1993). One way to decrease the
effects of the social desirability bias is to use electronic surveys; individuals are more likely to
respond honestly to electronic surveys due to their anonymity (Chamberlain, 2016). Another type of
bias that can alter the results of a study is known as acquiescent response bias. Acquiescence bias,
also known as yea–saying, refers to the tendency of respondents to agree to questions regardless of
the content (Wright, 1975). The use of both negative and positive questions reduces the likelihood of
this bias occurring (Wright, 1975). Nonresponse bias is another type of bias that may occur when
using a survey. This type of bias occurs when the responses from the individuals who respond to the
survey differ from those who did not respond (Armstrong & Overton, 1977). Nonresponse bias often
occurs in written surveys, particularly in mail surveys (Armstrong & Overton, 1977). In addition,
using questions that favor one response or another can cause a response bias to occur. Researchers
can avoid leading questions by using neutral words to formulate their survey. Anytime response bias
occurs the validity of the results may be compromised (Chamberlain, 2016). It is imperative
researchers utilize procedures to check for response bias to avoid making false conclusions based on
a systematic response bias rather than the hypothesized

The Rates Of Young Women Under The Age Of 21
North Carolina Central University
Graduate Studies– Department of Criminal Justice
Research Methods Paper
Olivia Simone McDonald
Purpose/ Background
The purpose of this research is to identify and determine if The Rates of Young Women Under the
Age of 21 Who Are Taken for Involuntarily Prostitution by Human Traffickers in the United States
is Rapidly Increasing. This methodology will include the Purpose/Background, Research
Hypotheses, Research design, Sampling, Mode of Data Collection, and Measures. The purpose and
background will describe and elaborate on the theory and crime. The research hypothesis will give a
strong connection between the theory/crime and study through variables and research. The research
design will identify a specific sampling technique and the target population by establishing a
relationship between the variables and hypothesis. The sampling section in this research will consist
of a specific population using a designated technique. Within the mode of data collection, the data
will be articulated and the best approach will be giving based off the population and all variables
that will be computed. The measures of this research will identify and a brief description of the
independent and dependent variables to answer all research questions pertaining to the study. There
are three statistical techniques; univariate, bivariate, and multivariate tests, all will be utilized for
this specific study. The limitations in this study will

Research Design And Methodology Of The Social Sciences
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction.
This chapter presents the methodology used in carrying out the research. It describes the type and
source of data, the study area, the target population, sampling methods and techniques used to select
the sample size. The chapter also describes data collection and analysis techniques.
3.1Research Method
There are two general methods in the social sciences: quantitative and qualitative research. Mouton
and Marais (1990) define the differences between quantitative and qualitative research on the basis
of the operational specificity of concepts, hypotheses and methods of observation. It is, however,
important to bear in mind that these approaches to research do not represent mutually distinct
components of a typology. It is better to conceive of them as representing relative points on a scale.
While a qualitative study concluded with tentative answers, these answers formed the basis of future
quantitative studies (Leedy, 1993).
In this study there was a blending of both approaches with a greater leaning towards the qualitative
method. Qualitative research is an umbrella term that covers a variety of styles of social research.
What actually separates qualitative research and gives it its distinctive identity is the fact that it has
its own approach to the collection and analysis of data that marks it as quite different from its
quantitative counterpart. According to Denscombe (2003), qualitative research is a

Men's Fairness Cream
Are Indian Consumer Ready For Family Pack Size Product
Authored By Guided By
Clifton Pereira Dr.Hanif Kanjer
Reuban Rebello
INTRODUCITION
In today's consumer world the concept of family pack size product is growing day by day .The
consumer want a product in such a manner that can save their money or which is cost effective .The
family pack is the product which can save the money of the customer. Most of the consumer prefer a
pack product rather than regular product. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is opposed to pure research which is not problem–oriented but for the increase in knowledge
which may or may not be used in future.
DATA COLLECTION
a. Primary Data: Primary data has been collected using questionnaire and interviews.
b. Secondary data: Secondary data has been obtained from the internet.
In primary data collection, you collect the data yourself using methods such as interviews and
questionnaires. The key point here is that the data you collect is unique to you and your research
and, until you publish, no one else has access to it.
There are many methods of collecting primary data and the main methods that have been used in
this research include: * questionnaires * interview
Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the user. Common sources of secondary data
for social science include censuses, surveys, organizational records and data collected through
qualitative methodologies or qualitative research. Primary data, by contrast, are collected by the
investigator conducting the research.
Secondary data analysis saves time that would otherwise be spent collecting data and, particularly in
the case of quantitative data, provides larger and higher–quality databases than would be unfeasible
for any individual researcher to collect on their own. In addition to that, analysts of social and
economic change consider secondary data essential, since it is impossible to conduct a new survey
that can adequately

Case 7 Quality Associates
CASE 7 – QUALITY ASSOCIATES INC.
BACKGROUND (CASE STUDY WRITE UP)
Quality Associates, Inc. is a consulting firm who advises its clients about statistical and sampling
methods that can be used to control their manufacturing procedures. In this particular case we
consider a production line designed to fill bottles of a shampoo with a mean weight of 12 ounces of
shampoo per bottle. Quality Associates, Inc. made a quality control testing of the manufacturing
machine of this client (Alibaba Machinery), to determine if the process is operating properly or if,
perhaps, a machine malfunction has caused the process to begin underfilling or overfilling the
bottles. The client picked a sample of 800 bottles taken during a time when the machine was ...
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and 12.10fl.oz.
LIMITATIONS
The quality control inspection in this case study does not consider the quality of the shampoo which
is being poured into the bottles; this is assumed to be constant. Moreover, the quality of the bottle
(i.e. no defect) and proper labeling are not considered in this study, but also assumed to be constant.
Another limitation may be the systematic sampling method used to collect each sample. One of the
conditions that should be satisfied when a random sample is selected from an infinite population is
that each element selected comes from the same population. To ensure that this condition is
satisfied, the bottles must be selected at approximately the same point in time (p. 270). This is so
that the inspector avoids the possibility of selecting some bottles when the machine is operating
properly, and other bottles when the machine is not operating properly and is underfilling or
overfilling the bottles. In the methodology assumed to be used for this case study, the 30 bottles
selected for each sample are selected within a period of one hour.
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS:
(OUR DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ––––– TABLES & GRAPHS
Analysis & Interpretation of table & graphs in relation to solving the issue raised at the
start.
Box plots (p. 112): (i) Sample 4 has the highest bottle weights. The lowest bottle weights are in
Sample 3. (ii) Sample 4 has the highest median weight, followed by Sample 2, and then Samples

The Bank Of New Zealand Essay
1 INTRODUCTION
This Research project proposal is a systematic layout which highlights the researchers plans to find
suitable location for the Bank of Baroda in central city of Christchurch with optimal size and
operating cost. The researchers plan to collect data by suitable research methodologies and analyse
the data with the operation management principles and implement the appropriate techniques to
achieve the goals of the research project.
1.1 BANKING SERVICE IN NEW ZEALAND
The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) is the national bank of New Zealand. It was built up in
1934 and is constituted under the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989. The Governor of the
Reserve Bank is in charge of New Zealand 's currency and operating monetary related strategy.
The Reserve Bank additionally acts to administer the New Zealand banking system to guarantee that
the framework stays solid, nonetheless it doesn 't promise that a bank won 't fail, or face issues. As
of January 2013 there are 22 enlisted banks.
1.2 BANK OF BARODA BACKGROUND
2 Research objectivise and questions
2.3 Research questions Outlined
The main Research questions of this project are listed below with the sub questions. The researchers
formed the research questions and categorized the questions based on the business problems.
1) Where are the perfect locations in Christchurch for Bank of Baroda to start their new branch?
Sub questions:
 Who will be the target market?
 What about traffic patterns,

Characteristics And Processes Of Gravel Bed Rivers
Gravel bed rivers are comprised of sediment particle sizes between 2–64mm, but may also include a
degree of sand as high as 50% (Bunte and Abt 2001). This wide array of particle sizes can affect the
rates of erosion, deposition, and overall morphology of a river. Understanding the rate and
likelihood of these processes is crucial in comprehending contemporary river environments, their
behaviour and surrounding ecology. Detailed characteristics and processes of gravel bed rivers is not
well understood as there are considerable variabilities at the bar, reach and river scales (Rice and
Church 2009). In an attempt to advance understanding of the processes and mechanisms involved,
analysis of the sediment is required. To quantify the size and distribution of sediment in a river, a
large sample set is needed in order to be fully representative of the area surveyed, but this is more
complex in gravel bedded rivers than sand as distribution can be either heterogeneous or
homogenous (Bunte and Abt 2001). Considering this, sampling methods must be chosen
appropriately and in accordance of objectives of the study in order to gain data specific and useful
enough to address them. This report aims to address the characterisation of grain size distribution of
both the bar–scale and reach–scale of the River Ashop, in the Peak District. To do this, two methods
have been utilised: Wolman sampling (1954), and advanced digital granulometry (Graham et al.
2005). Patterns and distribution

Importance Of Crm For Any Organization Essay
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To know the importance of CRM for any organization especially for I.T.
To identify the basic problems of the customers to maintain relations with them.
To identify the needs and preferences of the customers.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
As I above say that Customer Relationship Management is the buzzword in present marketing
environment. All industries have to take care about their customers, because the present business
environment is more customer oriented rather than product oriented.
Fulfillment of customer requirements up to the possible extent is the core objective for each and
every business organization. CRM shows the path to organizations to achieve their core objective. It
helps them to raise more satisfaction of customer towards their products / services. Hence, we can
say that CRM is serving with flowers and greetings.
CRM has a huge scope after 10 years, because market is going to be more customer oriented and
companies has to fulfill their needs and wants up to extreme level otherwise they will collapse their
business.
CHAPTER–3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
Marketing research may be defined as "the systematic gathering, recording and analyzing of data
about problems relating to the marketing of products and services under non–recurring condition".
"Marketing research is the process of designing, gathering, analyzing and reporting information that
may be used to solve a specific

Res351 Final Exam Essay examples
RES 351 Final Exam
1) Northwest Airlines applied mathematical models to determine which customers in its database
were currently responsible for most of its profitability and which customers were not currently
profitable but had similar characteristics to the most profitable customers. Northwest Airlines
utilized ___data mining__ to identify these customers. A. computer programming B. data
warehousing C. customer relationships management D. data mining
2) Minute Maid sees research as the fundamental first step in any business decision, and it created
proprietary methods for conducting research. At what level of the hierarchy of business decision
makers does Minute Maid operate? A. A. Top tier B. Middle tier C. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A. provides for the manipulation of the independent variable B. serves as a comparison to assess the
manipulation C. minimizes the cost of experimentation D. allows for discovery of the average effect
of the independent variable in different situations
17) What is the first step in conducting an experiment? B. A. Specify the level(s) of the treatment B.
Choose the experimental design C. Control the experimental environment D. Select relevant
variables
18) Data originating from studies that are conducted by others and created for a purpose different
from the purpose of the study for which the data are being reviewed are called __secondary___ data.
A. primary B. secondary C. quantitative D. statistical
19) The goal of a formal study is to __test hypotheses___. A. discover future research tasks B.
expand understanding of a topic C. test hypotheses D. provide insight
20) A __rating___ scale is a scale that scores an object or property without making a direct
comparison to another object or property. A. ranking B. rating C. categorization D. sorting
21) What type of data is produced by simple category scales? A. A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval
D. Ratio
22) _Validity____ is the extent to which a measurement tool actually measures what we wish to
measure. A. Reliability B.

Correlation Between Sampling, Sampling Risk And...
Sampling means take one typical part of from the whole population, which is an essential method
for corporations to get the result of their new products or policies. When corporations test the
sample, they do not actually need the specific data and number. In addition, the total number of
comprising the population is usually large, so the corporations usually do not test the whole
population for reducing meaningless time and labor cost. Sampling is a good way to trade
effectiveness to efficiency. Thus, the results of sampling are always directly connected with and also
affected the applying or changing of products and polices of corporations.
There are two kinds of risk of sample, sampling risk and nonsampling risk, during the process of
sampling. Sample always causes risk because the sample does not include all of the information of
the whole population in the test. Thus, it is entirely possible that the sample does not show the
correct result of examination to the test engagement team. For example, in the case of Wilson
Corporation, the engagement team of Wilson tested 50 golfers as sample for calculating the
distances for the new golf to make sure whether that Wilson's golf balls provided an increase of
distance. The engagement team is interested in determining whether the increase in distance is more
than five yards. We assume that true average increase in distance is seven yards if the engagement
tests all of the golf players' data. So the team can get the correct

Two Types Of Interview
Question 1. 1.1 Types of interview: Telephone interview Face–to–face interview Panel interview
Group interview Sequential interview Lunch/dinner interview Formal/informal interview 
Telephone interview: Regularly companies ask for a phone interview before welcoming you in for a
face–to–face interview so as to show sign of improvement comprehension of the kind of applicant
you are.  Face–to–face interview: In face to face interview done by you and one of company
employee or two members.  Panel interview: These types of interview include various individuals
sitting as a board with one as director. This sort of meeting is prevalent inside of the general
population area.  Group interview: A few applicants are available at this kind of meeting. You will
be request that connect with one another by as a rule a gathering dialog. You may even be given an
undertaking to do as a group, so ensure you talk up and give your sentiment.  Sequential
interview: These are a few meeting thus with an alternate questioner every time. Typically, every
questioner makes inquires to test different type of abilities. On the other hand, on the off chance that
you are asked the same inquires, simply ensure you answer every one as completely as the past time.
 Lunch/dinner interview: This type of meeting allows the business to evaluate your
correspondence and interpersonal aptitude and also your social manner. So ensure you arrange
carefully and ensure you don't spill your drink.

Advantages Of Simple Sampling And Accuracy Of Representation
Advantages of simple sampling: a. Representative and Freedom from human bias b. Ease of
sampling and accuracy of representation (Andrews, 1999–2015). Disadvantages of simple sampling:
a. It is expensive and time consuming. b. Sample selection bias may occur (Horton, 2015).
Systematic random sampling: can be described as a most commonly used method in which after a
number has been allocated to an individual in the population frame, the first person is selected using
a random number table or out of a hat and subsequently those who take part in it are selected or
picked using a fixed sample interval (Mathers, Sampling for surveys, 2009, p. 11). Advantages of
systematic sampling: a. It is so simple to use. b. It is cheap and saves time. c. It examines bias in
subsequent selections of samples (community, 2015). Disadvantages of systematic sampling: a. It
cannot be good for periodic data. b. It is possible to lose important data from the population. c. It
cannot be possible to select the required sample size if the population is very small (community,
2015). Stratified random sampling: can be described as a way of making sure that specific strata or
categories of people are represented in the sampling process (Mathers, Sampling for surveys, 2009).
Advantages of stratified sampling: a. It minimizes sample selection bias. b. It makes sure that certain
segments of the population are neither overrepresented nor underrepresented (Investopedia, 2015).
Disadvantages of stratified

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Statistical...
Sampling:
"A sample is a finite part of a statistical population whose properties are studied to gain information
about the whole" (Webster, 1985). When dealing with people/population, it can be defined as a set
of respondents (people) selected from a larger population for the purpose of a survey or study.
Whereas population can be defined as larger group of individuals selected to participate in a survey
or study. Sampling Methods can be classified into two main categories:
Probability Sampling
Non–probability Sampling Further, main categories can be divided into their sub–categories as
mentioned in the diagram.
 Probability Sampling:
It is the best method to achieve representative sample in which sample has an acknowledge chance
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Systematic sampling: Selecting every Kth subject or item from the list of population is called
systematic sampling. Whereas value of k (the sampling interval) can be calculated as: k= N/n
("n" is the sample size, and "N" is the population size).
Advantages:
 very easily done
 This technique provides a degree of control and sense of process to researchers.
Disadvantages:
 Do not give equal chance of being selected to some members of population.
 There is a greater risk of data manipulation.
Example:
For example, if researcher want to sample 10 houses from a street of 140 houses. 140/10=14,
therefore every 14th house will be chosen after a random starting point between 1 and 14.
 Non–probability Sampling:
Sample does not has an acknowledge chance of being selected as in convenience or voluntary
response surveys. Most researchers may be bounded by time, and money. Such limitations do not
allows the researcher to randomly sample the entire population so they choose non–probability
sampling in which all the members in the population do not receive equal chances of being selected.
1. Convenience sampling: The process of including people who are very easy to reach or whoever
happens to be available in the study called accidental or convenience sampling. This type of
sampling is more useful for pilot

Sampling Design
SAMPLE DESIGN The way of selecting a sample from a population is known as sample design. It
describes various sampling techniques and sample size. It refers to the technique or procedure the
researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. STEPS IN SAMPLE DESIGN • Type of
universe • Sampling unit • Source List • Size of Sample • Parameters of Interest • Budgetary
Constraint • Sampling Procedure CRITERIA OF SELECTING A SAMPLING PROCEDURE •
Inappropriate sampling frame • Defective measuring device • Non–Respondents •
Indeterminancy principle • Natural bias in the reporting of data CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD SAMPLE DESIGN • Sample design must result in a truly representative sample. • Sample
design must be such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many reasons why one would choose a different type of probability sample in practice.
Example 1 Let's suppose your sampling frame is a large city's telephone book that has 2,000,000
entries. To take a SRS, you need to associate each entry with a number and choose n= 200 numbers
from N= 2,000,000. This could be quite an ordeal. Instead, you decide to take a random start
between 1 and N/n= 20,000 and then take every 20,000th name, etc. This is an example of
systematic sampling, a technique discussed more fully below. Example 2 Suppose you wanted to
study dance club and bar employees in MUMBAI with a sample of n = 600. Yet there is no list of
these employees from which to draw a simple random sample. Suppose you obtained a list of all
bars/clubs in MUMBAI. One way to get this would be to randomly sample 300 bars and then
randomly sample 2 employees within each bars/club. This is an example of cluster sampling. Here
the unit of analysis (employee) is different from the primary sampling unit (the bar/ club). In each of
these two examples, a probability sample is drawn, yet none is an example of simple random
sampling. Each of these methods is described in greater detail below. Although simple random
sampling is the ideal for social science and most of the statistics used are based on assumptions of
SRS, in practice, SRS are rarely seen. It can be terribly inefficient, and particularly difficult when
large samples are needed. Other probability methods

Mba
MBA TAKE HOME ESSAY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON RESEARCH METHODS 1.
Identify the most appropriate study design for the research proposal you are Planning to develop. A
study design is the procedure that guides a researcher on how to collect, analyze and interpret
observations. It is a logical model that guides the investigator while he navigates through the various
stages of the research. Study types can be classified severally depending on the research strategy
employed. A study type can be non–interventional that is 'observational' where a researcher just
observes and analyses researchable objects or situations without intervening. Non–interventional
study designs can be exploratory, descriptive or comparative. A study can also be ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having already identified the non–intervention study type as the most appropriate study type for my
research proposal, I will also employ the use of a descriptive study design to explore the current
patterns of policies and strategies concerning employee empowerment in Merchant Bank Ghana
Limited. 2. Describe the various data collection techniques and state their uses and limitations. Data
Collection is a vital aspect of any type of research study. Erroneous data collection can impact the
results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. Data collection methods for impact
evaluation vary along a scale. At the one end of this scale are quantitative methods and at the other
end of the scale are Qualitative methods for data collection. Choosing a particular data collection
method will depend on the accuracy of information they will yield and the practical considerations,
such as, the need for personnel, time, equipment and other facilities, in relation to what is available
Quantitative Collection Methods Quantitative data collection involves the use of numbers to assess
information. This information can then be evaluated using statistical analysis which offers
researchers the opportunity to dig deeper into the data and look for greater meaning. The
Quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection
instruments that fit varied experiences

Course 653 Lesson 17
Lesson 13 through 16 Course 653, Business Research Methods This lesson allows you to elaborate
on the work you did in Lesson 12. Using the research proposal you developed in Lesson 12 as a
foundation, choose a sampling methodology that compliments your original proposal. Do not
include specific questions in your proposal. Use the structure illustrated below. The proposal will be
evaluated using, in part, your use of the methodologies described in the text. Restate the Proposition
or a Hypothesis developed in Lesson 12 ~ From the example in Lesson 12: "banana quality is
falling" Restate the variables in the study ~ From the example above, the dependant variable is
banana quality and the independent variable is time Define the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Explain why the measurement used is valid, reliable and practical. ~ Petrina and Horace will rate the
bananas chosen for the sample on a scale from 1 to 5. The data collected will be ordinal. Using
Petrina and Horace is valid because they both have a keen sensibility for the quality of bananas.
Each of them has a broad experience in tasting bananas. They are capable of discerning many
gradations of banana quality. They are reliable because they are both accounting professionals and
can be trusted to accurately and precisely rate each banana they taste. Using Petrina and Horace is
practical because their office is next to the warehouse where all the bananas are stored. Explain how
the data collected will provide the data necessary to support or negate the hypothesis or proposition
~ Petrina and Horace will rate the bananas chosen for the sample. Of course, they will not be told
which group the bananas come from. The ratings will be averaged for each year's production and the
average ratings will be compared. If the average rating for last year's crop is more than 20% higher
than the average rating for this year's crop, this year's crop will be judged to be worse than last year's
crop Hypothesis In terms of a descriptive Hypothesis the: A reduction of 193 civilian personnel for
Robins AFB will result in a 15% longer lead time for requirements to be placed on contracts. This is
an AF initiative to meet a total reduction of 4,500 civilian positions, in response

ACCT 555 Week 6 HW KB Essay
Khalia Brewer
ACCT 555
Week 6
Homework
14–21
A. (2)– Occurrence
B. (1)– Accuracy
C. (3)– Monthly statements are sent to customers and any discrepancies are resolved by someone
independent of cash handling and accounting.
D. (4)– existing cash receipts are recorded.
14–22
A.(4)– Receiving reports are prepared for all materials received and such reports are accounted for
on a timely basis.
B.(3)– Employees involved in the credit–granting function are separated from the sales function
C.(1)– Prelistings and predetermined totals are used to control postings.
D.(2)– As goods leave the shipping dock, the system generates a bill of lading and associated sales
invoice, which is automatically recorded in the sales journal.
14–23
A. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7. a. Recorded sales are for the correct amounts (Accuracy).
b. Review a sample of sales transactions to determine if there is documentation of the independent
verification.
c. Sales could be misstated because they are recorded at inaccurate amounts.
d. For a sample of sales transactions, verify the accuracy of the sales amount.
8. a. All cash sales are recorded (Completeness).
b. Inquire about duties for individuals responsible for cash collections and observe whether they
have access to accounting or shipping functions.
c. The person handling cash collections may misappropriate cash and not record the cash sale in
accounting records.
d. Trace a sample of shipments to determine if they have been recorded as sales in the accounting

records.
9. a. Sales transactions are correctly included in the accounts receivable master file and are correctly
summarized (Posting and Summarization).
b. Examine evidence that the accounts receivable master file to the general ledger for accounts
receivable.
c. The accounts receivable master file does not reflect transactions that are included in the ending
accounts receivable general ledger balance.
d. Compare the dates of entry in the sales journal for a sample of sales transactions to the date the
transactions are posted in the accounts receivable master file.
15–22
A. (3)– decrease.
B .(1)– increase
C. (1)– Population size
D.

Research Methodology: Research Methodology
Chapter 3– Research Methodology
This chapter will explain the key factors , variables and relationship among theories. It will also
present detailed idea about how the research will be done. This will include the Research design,
research strategy , data collection methods and data analysis. At the end of this chapter validity and
reliability issues will be discussed to follow the quality standards of the research. Research includes
any gathering data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.
3.2 Research Design
The research design is the knowledge acquire, strategies and method that will lead to the research
approach which are Qualitative, Quantitative research or Mixed (Creswell 2003). Each approach has
its benefits and detriments and is more suitable to answering certain kinds of questions.
Qualitative Research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is generally done in interviews, open–ended questions or focus groups. Generally, there is a small
number of participants that participate in this type of research because these type of research takes
time and need many resources. Interviews can vary from being highly structured and guided by
open–ended questions or be less structured and take the form of conversational interviews.
As there are few number of participants and as it costs so much for this type of research , the result
from a Qualitative Research cannot be generalized to the whole population. Nevertheless, these type
of research serves as a spring board for larger studies and deeper understanding that can inform
theory , practice and specific situations.
It also uses strategies of inquiry such as narratives, phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory
studies or case studies. The researcher collects open–ended , emerging data with the primary intent
of developing themes from the data (Creswell 2003).
Quantitative

Gender Equality: Women Serving Less Time Than Men for...
Running Head: GENDER EQUALITY
Gender Equality: Women Serving Less Time than Men for Identical Crimes
Abstract The Federal criminal sentencing guideline which was struck down by the U.S. Supreme
Court in 2005 required that males and females who commit the same crime and have the same prior
criminal history be sentenced equally (Oaxaca, Sarnikar, & Sorensen, 2007). By using data
obtained from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice records, we examine the existence of any
gender–based bias in criminal sentencing decisions (Oaxaca, Sarnikar, & Sorensen, 2007). We
treat the crime as the independent variable, and the time served as the dependent variable that will
determine these truths. Additionally, we control the variables ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another study which was conducted by psychologists Laurie Ragatz of West Virginia University and
Brenda Russell of Penn State Berks used internet surveys. They used 458 surveys which explored
ways of how prejudice shapes our views on criminal defendants, and how it is ingrained into our
minds throughout our lifetime.
Additionally, this study surrounded a trial that occurred in Texas in 2001, in order to research their
views. In the case in which the study surrounded a male lover who was thrown out the previous day,
and then returned and shot and killed his female lover, and wounded her new lover. All the
participants in the study were given a set of instructions and were told that he was getting charged
with second degree murder. In the study, they were given the option of convicting the defendant on
that charge, going with a less–serious charge of voluntary or involuntary manslaughter, or finding
the defendant not guilty by reason of insanity. In order to destruct levels of uncertainty the
researchers had the participants rank on a scale from 1 to 7, the extent in which they believe the
defendant was guilty. Then they were told to give an appropriate prison sentence from no time to
fifteen more years. For one–quarter of the participants,

Evaluating The Effectives Of Social Program
Practice evaluations are the systematic ways of evaluating the effectives of social program. It
involves using applied social research to find the extent to which social programs are carried out
effectively and efficiently. Practice of work can be evaluated by the application of quantitative or
qualitative research methods in order to answer questions about the social work practice. Social
workers engage in research for two primary reasons. The first reason is to evaluate their own
practice: interventions and programs. Social workers have a responsibility to provide high quality of
care to their clients. The second reason social workers engage in research is to add to the body of
knowledge in the field. Knowledge gained from the research ... Show more content on
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The whole purpose of using correlations in research is to figure out which variables are connected.
Descriptive research is conducted primarily to collect data about variables rather than to test
hypotheses about the relationships between variables. In another word a descriptive study is
conducted to describe 'how things are'.
The Basic Elements of Researches are as follows:
Variables and Constants
A variable is any character, behavior, event that is capable of varying or exiting in at least two
different states, conditions or levels. Examples are gender, anxiety (high, low), and therapy
(cognitive, client centered). Whereas a constant is when a character restricts to a single state or
condition.
Independent and dependent variables
A variable is an independent variable when it is believed to affect or alter status on another variable.
The independent variable is referred to as treatment or intervention and is symbolized with letter X.
Conversely, a variable is a dependent variable when status on the variable seems to depend on stats
on another variable. The dependent variable is considered as the outcome of treatment and is
symbolized with the letter Y.
Samples and sampling
A research design should clarify the population of interest and the method that will be used to select
a sample. The best way to make sure that a sample is representative of the population is to use one
of the following techniques.

perception on the functionality of the school library Essay
Chapter I Background of the Study A school library is a library within a school where students, staff,
and often, parents of a public (state) or private (fee paying) school have access to a variety of
resources. The goal of the school library is to ensure that all members of the school community have
equitable access "to books and reading, to information, and to information technology." A school
library "uses all types of media are automated, and utilize the Internet for information gathering."
School libraries are distinct from public libraries because they serve as "learner–oriented
laboratories which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A total of 400 usable responses were received. About 70% of the respondents were men and 50% of
responses were from Osmangazi University. About 75% of respondents had used the library more
than six times, and 51% of respondents indicated they relied on the library staff when using the
library. Moreover, about 35 of respondents said they intended to use the library in the future and
recommended others to use the library.
Sofi Zahoor Ahmad said that more than 89% rural and 90% urban schools claim existence of a
library with no standard physical requirements and specifications, She condected a survey entitled A
Survey of Senior Secondary School Libraries in Jammu and Kashmir India. This give her a
conclusion that 89.55% are housed in insufficiently spaced single rooms within the schools while
5.47% are accommodated in principal offices where students always have inhibitions to go.
However, a few schools 4.97% possess separate library blocks, though these also lack the basics of a
library design.
No significant difference is revealed while assessing the rural–urban statistics relating to the library
housing and location.
Jerome Idiegbeyan–Ose said that in Benin City, do not have a library period for the students, and as
a result students can never be taught how to make use of the library. He conducted a survey entitled
"A survey on the Present State of

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Sampling And Non Random Sampling Techniques Essay