Sampling Techniques and Data Collection
Download as PPTX, PDF11 likes2,688 views
The document outlines various data collection methods, particularly focusing on observation and interviews. It highlights types of observation including overt, covert, structured, and non-structured, as well as participant and non-participant observations, detailing their benefits and ethical considerations. Additionally, it describes different interview types based on formality, number of participants, purpose, duration, and subject matter, emphasizing their functions in gathering qualitative and quantitative data.
Sampling Techniques and Data Collection
- 1. 11. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND DATA COLLECTION C. THE OBSERVATION METHODS AND TOOLS (TYPES, RATING SCALES) D. THE INTERVIEW (TYPES, QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES) E. THE QUESTIONNAIRE (TYPES, RESPONSE FORMATS, MAXIMIZING RETURNS)
- 2. C. THE OBSERVATION METHODS AND TOOLS (TYPES, RATING SCALES) OBSERVATION IS WAY OF GATHERING DATA BY WATCHING BEHAVIOR, EVENTS, OR NOTING PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THEIR NATURAL SETTING.
- 3. TYPES OF OBSERVATION NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION NATURAL OBSERVATION INVOLVES OBSERVING BEHAVIOR AS IT TAKES PLACE IN THE ENVIRONMENT,
- 4. TYPES OF NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION •OVERT (EVERYONE KNOWS THEY ARE BEING OBSERVED) •COVERT (NO ONE KNOWS THEY ARE BEING OBSERVED AND THE OBSERVER IS CONCEALED).
- 5. THE BENEFIT OF COVERT OBSERVATION IS THAT PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO BEHAVE NATURALLY IF THEY DO NOT KNOW THEY ARE BEING OBSERVED. HOWEVER, YOU WILL TYPICALLY NEED TO CONDUCT OVERT OBSERVATIONS BECAUSE OF ETHICAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO CONCEALING YOUR OBSERVATION.
- 6. EXAMPLES AN EXAMPLE OF AN OVERT OBSERVATION WOULD BE WILLIAMS, 1986 STUDY ON THE MEDIA EFFECTS ON ANTI- SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN. IN THIS STUDY 6-11 YEAR OLD CHILDREN FROM AN ISOLATED SOCIETY WERE ASSESSED ON THEIR LEVELS OF AGGRESSION AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF TV. THE CHILDREN KNEW THEY WERE BEING STUDIED AND SO THEY MAY HAVE SHOWN DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS OR SOCIAL DESIRABILITY EFFECTS. OVERT OBSERVATION
- 7. EXAMPLESCOVERT OBSERVATION AN EXAMPLE OF A COVERT OBSERVATION WOULD BE THE FAMOUS BANDURA’S 1961 BOBO DOLL STUDY. IN THIS STUDY, AFTER WATCHING A MODEL ACT VIOLENTLY THE CHILDREN WERE UNKNOWINGLY OBSERVED AS THEY PLAYED WITH TOYS, SO THE RESEARCHER COULD MEASURE THE CHILDREN'S LEVEL OF AGGRESSION AFTER WATCHING A MODEL ACTING AGGRESSIVELY. THE CHILDREN WERE UNAWARE THAT THEY WERE BEING OBSERVED AND THE REASONS WHY THEY WERE INVOLVED IN THIS STUDY AND THEREFORE THEY WOULD MORE LIKELY TO SHOW NATURAL DISPLAYS OF BEHAVIOR.
- 8. A CONTRIVED SETTING IS ONE WHERE THE SPECIFIC SITUATION BEING STUDIED IS CREATED BY THE OBSERVER (AN ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENT). THE CONTRIVED SETTING OFFERS YOU, THE OBSERVER, GREATER CONTROL OVER THE GATHERING OF DATA AND SPECIFICALLY WILL ENABLE YOU TO GATHER THE INFORMATION MORE QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY. HOWEVER, IT MAY BE QUESTIONABLE AS TO WHETHER OR NOT THE DATA COLLECTED DOES TRULY REFLECT A "REAL LIFE" SITUATION. EXAMPLE: A FOOD TASTING SESSION. TYPES OF OBSERVATION CONTRIVED OBSERVATION
- 9. TYPES OF OBSERVATION STRUCTURED OBSERVATION STRUCTURED OBSERVATIONS ARE MADE WHEN THE DATA THAT IS BEING COLLECTED CAN BE ORGANIZED INTO CLEAR CATEGORIES OR GROUPS SO THAT THE OBSERVER CAN RECORD THE DATA BY SIMPLY MARKING OFF OR CHECKING A CATEGORY ON AN OBSERVATION FORM. THIS IS MORE LIKE A SURVEY, WHERE EVERY RESPONDENT IS ASKED THE SAME SET OF QUESTIONS. BUT IN THIS CASE, QUESTIONS ARE NOT ASKED. INSTEAD, PARTICULAR TYPES OF BEHAVIOR ARE LOOKED FOR AND COUNTED.
- 10. NON-STRUCTURED OBSERVATIONS ARE NOT LOOKING FOR SPECIFIC FACTS OR ACTIONS, BUT RATHER ARE CAPTURING EVERYTHING THAT OCCURS. THE RESEARCHER MONITORS ALL ASPECTS OF THE PHENOMENON THAT SEEM RELEVANT. IT IS APPROPRIATE WHEN THE PROBLEM HAS YET TO BE FORMULATED PRECISELY AND FLEXIBILITY IS NEEDED IN OBSERVATION TO IDENTIFY KEY COMPONENTS OF THE PROBLEM AND TO DEVELOP HYPOTHESES. THE POTENTIAL FOR BIAS IS HIGH. OBSERVATION FINDINGS SHOULD BE TREATED AS HYPOTHESES TO BE TESTED RATHER THAN AS CONCLUSIVE FINDINGS. TYPES OF OBSERVATION NON-STRUCTURED OBSERVATION
- 11. WHEN SUBJECTS DO NOT KNOW THEY ARE BEING OBSERVED, THIS IS CALLED A DISGUISED OBSERVATION. SUBJECTS IN DISGUISED OBSERVATIONS TEND TO ACT MORE NATURALLY AND THE DATA COLLECTED TENDS TO REFLECT THEIR TRUE REACTIONS. THE PRIMARY CONCERN WITH DISGUISED OBSERVATION IS THE ETHICAL CONCERN OVER RECORDING BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION THAT WOULD NORMALLY BE PRIVATE OR NOT VOLUNTARILY REVEALED TO A RESEARCHER. HOWEVER, IF YOU ARE SIMPLY OBSERVING A SUBJECT'S BEHAVIOR IN A PUBLIC SETTING THEN BY DEFINITION, THEIR BEHAVIOR IS NO LONGER PRIVATE. TYPES OF OBSERVATION DISGUISED OBSERVATION
- 12. WHEN SUBJECTS KNOW THEY ARE BEING OBSERVED, THIS IS CALLED A NON-DISGUISED OBSERVATION. USING THE NON-DISGUISED OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE ALONE ALLEVIATES ETHICAL CONCERNS, HOWEVER, SINCE THE SUBJECTS ARE AWARE THAT THEY ARE BEING WATCHED, THE ADVANTAGES OF USING THE OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUE ARE NEUTRALIZED AND A SURVEY TECHNIQUE WOULD BE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE. THERE IS ONE EXCEPTION: THE NON-DISGUISED APPROACH OFFERS THE ADVANTAGE OF ALLOWING THE RESEARCHER TO FOLLOW UP THE OBSERVATIONS WITH A QUESTIONNAIRE IN ORDER TO GET DEEPER INFORMATION ABOUT A SUBJECT'S BEHAVIOR. TYPES OF OBSERVATION NON-DISGUISED OBSERVATION
- 13. IN PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION, THE RESEARCHER BECOMES, OR IS, PART OF THE GROUP THAT IS BEING INVESTIGATED. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION HAS ITS ROOTS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES (STUDY OF MAN AND RACES) WHERE RESEARCHERS WOULD LIVE IN TRIBAL VILLAGES, ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND THE CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES OF THAT CULTURE. IT HAS A VERY EXTENSIVE LITERATURE, PARTICULARLY IN SOCIOLOGY (DEVELOPMENT, NATURE AND LAWS OF HUMAN SOCIETY) AND ANTHROPOLOGY (PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF MAN). ORGANIZATIONS CAN BE VIEWED AS ‘TRIBES’ WITH THEIR OWN CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES. TYPES OF OBSERVATION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
- 14. IN NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION, THE OBSERVER DOES NOT NORMALLY QUESTION OR COMMUNICATE WITH THE PEOPLE BEING OBSERVED. HE OR SHE DOES NOT PARTICIPATE. THE OBSERVER IS AN EAVESDROPPER, SOMEONE WHO ATTEMPTS TO OBSERVE PEOPLE WITHOUT INTERACTING WITH THEM WITHOUT THEIR KNOWLEDGE THAT THEY ARE BEING OBSERVED. THIS IS USED MOST ROUTINELY BY PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDYING CHILDREN AND ANIMALS. TYPES OF OBSERVATION NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
- 15. D. THE INTERVIEW (TYPES, QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES) THIS METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA INVOLVES PRESENTATION OR ORAL-VERBAL STIMULI AND REPLY IN TERMS OF ORAL-VERBAL RESPONSES. IT IS WHERE INTERVIEWER ASKS QUESTIONS (WHICH ARE AIMED TO GET INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR STUDY) TO RESPONDENT
- 16. TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD USED IN DATA COLLECTION A. ACCORDING TO THE FORMALITY a)FORMAL INTERVIEW SET OF WELL-DEFINED QUESTIONS ARE PRESENTED BY THE INTERVIEWER. ANSWERS ARE NOTED DOWN ACCORDING TO THE GIVEN RULES. b)INFORMATION INTERVIEW FULL AUTHORITY IS WITH THE INTERVIEWER FOR CARRYING OUT THE NEEDED ALTERATIONS IN THE VARIOUS QUESTIONS.
- 17. a)PERSONAL INTERVIEW SINGLE PERSON IS INTERVIEWED. CLOSE PERSONAL CONTRACTS BETWEEN THE INTERVIEWER AND THE INTERVIEWEE CAN BE ESTABLISHED. UNECONOMICAL OF TIME AND MONEY. INTIMATE AND THE PERSONAL ASPECTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL b)GROUP INTERVIEW TWO OR MORE PERSONS ARE INTERVIEWED. HELPS IN GATHERING THE ROUTINE INFORMATION. ECONOMICAL OF TIME AND MONEY. INFORMATION OBTAINED IS VERY SUPERFICIAL IN NATURE. TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD USED IN DATA COLLECTION B. ACCORDING TO NUMBER
- 18. a) DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW HELPS IN KNOWING THE CAUSES OR THE CAUSE OF A MALADY. USEFUL IN THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ALSO IN THE PSYCHOANALYSIS. b) TREATMENT INTERVIEW ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE CAUSE OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MALADY FURTHER INTERVIEWS ARE CONDUCTED. BY THESE INTERVIEWS, PATIENT COMES TO KNOW ABOUT HIS LIFE STYLE. c) RESEARCH INTERVIEW HELPS TO COLLECT THE DATA ABOUT A PARTICULAR RESEARCH PROBLEM. QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED DURING THE INTERVIEW ARE PRE- DETERMINED. d) INTERVIEWS TO FULFILL CURIOSITY USED TO SATISFY SOME OF THE QUESTIONS THAT ARE LURKING IN THE MIND OF A SCIENTIST. TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD USED IN DATA COLLECTION C. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
- 19. a) SHORT CONTACT INTERVIEW HELPS IN FILLING UP THE SCHEDULES, TABLES ETC. A SHORT DURATION OF SUCH AN INTERVIEW IS SUFFICIENT. b) PROLONGED CONTACT INTERVIEW IN CONTACT WITH RESEARCH BY SCHEDULE, THE CASE HISTORY METHOD NEEDS TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD USED IN DATA COLLECTION D. ACCORDING TO THE PERIOD OF CONTACT
- 20. a)QUALITATIVE INTERVIEW INVOLVE NON QUANTIFIABLE SUBJECT MATTER. FOR E.G. INTERVIEWS HELD FOR THE CASE STUDIES. INTERVIEW CERTAIN FACTS FOR A LARGE NUMBER OF PERSONS ARE GATHERED. FOR E.G. CENSUS INTERVIEWS. INTERVIEW BOTH ROUTINE AND SPECIALIZED DATA IS SOUGHT. SOME OF IT MAY BE QUANTIFIABLE WHILE SOME OF IT MAY BE NON- QUANTIFIABLE. TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD USED IN DATA COLLECTION E. ACCORDING TO SUBJECT MANNER
- 21. a) NON – DIRECTIVE INTERVIEW ALSO CALLED FREE OR UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW. INTERVIEWER HAS NO CONTROL OVER THINGS IN SUCH AN INTERVIEW. INTERVIEWER PROVIDES NO DIRECTION. INTERVIEWER HAS NO PREDETERMINED SET OF QUESTIONS FOR ASKING. THE INFORMANT IS FREE TO EXPLAIN OR TELL HIS EXPERIENCE. EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENT AND ITS EFFECTS. INTERVIEWER KNOWS IN ADVANCE ABOUT THE ASPECTS OF THE QUESTION HE HAS TO COVER. USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS. c) REPEATED INTERVIEW HELPS IN UNDERSTANDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROCESSES. HELPS IN KNOWING THE ASPECTS AFFECTING THE BEHAVIOR PATTERN. TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD USED IN DATA COLLECTION E. ACCORDING TO ROLE