Satyajeet

VOCATIONAL TRAINING
SOUTH EASTERN COALFIELD
LIMITED
BISHRAMPUR
BALRAMPUR 10&12 INCLINE
Submitted By:
SATYAJEET SINGH

…..INTRODUCTION…..
Balrampur 10 & 12 incline opened in the year 1990 as a part of
kumda 7 & 8 incline. On 16th May 1994 Balrampur became separate
mine by constructing explosion proof isolation stopping between 7 &
8 incline and Balrampur 10 & 12 incline. In 1994 Balrampur
Underground Project was proposed to convert into balrampur
extension block to add more number of S.D.L. But in 1995 Balrampur
extension block was introduce powered support longwall Machineries
with chines collaboration. In 1996 a third Incline namely longwall
incline was opened to reduce travelling length and underground coal
transportation circuit length from longwall. PSLW technology was
introduced in May 1998 and about 30 lakhs tons coal has been
extracted from this
technology. Total Nine PSLW panel has been extracted. For extraction
of developed B&P property shortwall equipment is also introduced in
December 2007 at the mine and about 12, 37,184 tons coal has been
extracted from shortwall technology.

GEOLOGICAL CONDITION
The mine is located 9 km north from the bishrampur
Railway Station & 30 km N-W from the district head quarter
Ambikapur(surajpur). The Topographical area consist of
undulated (both cultivated & barren) land the elevation in
the area ranges from 536 m to 560 m above MSL . The
dranage of the area is controlled by seasonal GOUR BAHRA
NULLAH discharge in “PASSANG” river flowing outside the
mine lease hold area.
Location:-
Latitude:- 23°12’16’’ to 23°15’16’’ [ N ]
Longitude:-82°68’58’’ to 83°02’53’’ [ E ]
THIS AREA IS FREE FROM MAJOR GEOLOGICAL
DISTURBANCE..

…..METHOD OF WORKiNG
…..This mine has experience a variety of workings. Initially
the mine was developed by using SDL Loading in to Belt conveyor and
L.D.C.C (light duty chain conveyor) and pony belt. Three panels 28L,32L,33L
have been depillared by SDL and loading into (L.D.C.C.) and pony belt. After
framing of project report to run Longwall , gate roads were developed by
SDL , loading to pony finally transported by belt conveyor . In the year 1995
longwall technology was introduced.
Total 9 nos. panels worked in which 37,77,936 ton’s of coal has been
extracted from longwall technology . Shortwall technology was introduced
in December 2007. Total 12,07,309 tons has been
extracted from Shortwall technology . On 03/08/2014 there was
heavy rain of the tune of 224 mm in a day. Two nos. of development panels
116L (W) and 118L (E) were submerged in water due to inrush of surface
water from pot holes that occurred in S6 Shortwall panel.
Due that working in the mine was kept stopped by DGMS Raigarh
Region . Mine resumed restricted working 6.00AM to 6.00PM from
22/05/2015 and three shift working resumed from 06/10/2015.
Presently two nos. development panels running with 02 nos. LHD in
each panel.

Shortwall Mining:-
A combination of longwall and Board and pillar technology.
Mechanized extraction of developed pillars by longwall equipment.
Geometric simplicity (Shorter face length i.e. 80 to 100m).
Effective strata control by powered supports it the face and it the
advanced galleries.
Face optimum obliquity =9° to 11° to keep area of exposure minimum it
time
Powered support + OC props at advanced galleries in additional roof
bolting and 3 meter length cable bolting : for better strata management .
Secl is pioneered in Introduction of shortwall technology at
Balrampur mine, in Bishrampur area. This technology is introduced in
December 7 for extraction of developed board and pillar property
using performance of the shortwall operation is highly encouraging at the
mine. Extracted shortwall panels were a 63L , 58L , 57L, 34L, S7, S6, S5, S4
& S3. Safe and smooth extraction of developed pillars at the mines has
been done. The output achieved is highly encouraging.

…….MINE AT A GLANCE…..
a) Name of Project : Balrampur 10&12 Incline
b) Mining lease area : 591.50 Hectare
c) Name of seam : Passang
d) Nature of roof : Shale roof/Sandstone 0.3m thick
e) Nature of floor : Sandstone floor
f) Cover below surface: 20m to 110m
g) Coal reserve (ext.) : 4.63 M T
h) Dip of seam : 1 in 51
i) Thickness of seam : 1.80m to 3.0m
j) RMR of roof : 56.52
k) Degree of gassiness : 1st degree
l) Incubation period : 15 month
m)Grade of coal : G6
n) Existing man power : 814
o) DGMS code : 10547

…..VeNtiLatiON SYSteM…..
The return airshaft is situated at 2 dip south 1L. The airshaft hass two fans
drift. The old drift is equipped with PV-200 mechanical ventilator while the new
drift is equipped with AF-100 fan of MMM make the AF-100 fan is in operation
and PV-200 is stand by.
In operation Stand by
Model AF-100 PV-200
Make MMM Sub Urban
Capacity 144 m3/sec. 83.3 m3/sec.
Water Gauge(daily) 110 m.m. 80m.m.
Actual 45mm 35mm
Installed Motor Power 275 KW/3300 V 100 KW/550 V

EXHAUST FAN [ PV-
200 ]Introduction:-
Ventilation of mines is executed in the pressure
method.
Supply of fresh air is provided via ventilating and
shaft pits.
Outgoing air flow is exhausted via a skip pit.
Supply of fresh air is provided by fans of the
central ventilation.
In winter season in case of need, the air being
supplied to the mine is heated in the warm-air
furnace (air heater).

Classification of
Fan:-Mine fans classified in terms of their
location:-
Main fans, which create the primary ventilating
pressure, either forcing or exhausting, that
generates the ventilation circuit around the mine.
Auxiliary fans, which generate an air flow beyond
the circuit created
by the main and booster fans. These fans are used in
headings and
developments.
Booster fans, Booster fan is a large underground
fan which is installed in series with main fan to boost
the pressure.
Scrubber fans, which remove dust by passing air
through a filter.

….Stopping….
1)Temporary Stopping:-
a)Betties Cloth.
b)Conveyor belt.
c)Waste material (rocks/sand stone)
2)Permanent Stopping:-
a)Explosion proof Stopping.
b)Ventilation Stopping.
c)Isolation Stopping.
a)Explosion proof stopping is made with a bricks of
2 wall which is 1m in thickness and in between both
the wall is 4.5m distance which is filled with a
incombustible material.
b)Ventilation Stopping is made up of a bricks which
is 15’ in thickness.
c)Isolation stopping is made with 2 material one is
RCC and BRICKS. In RCC the thickness is 1ft and In
BRICKS the thickness is 1m.

Instrument used in Air
Measurement:-1)Hygrometer.
2)Anemometer.
3)Multi gas detector.
1)Hygrometer is an instrument for measuring relative
humadity of air. The hygrometer commonly used in mines . It
consist of two thermometers ( 15 cm long) mounted side by
side on a wooden frame and fitted with a loose handle so that it
can be (whirled rotated 360) in the atmosphere to be tested.
2)Anemometer is an instrument which determines the
distance travelled by air in a given time , andis used to find out
velocity of air in a mine roadways . Velocity multiplied by area of
cross section of the roadways gives the quantity of air flowing.

a) CO2 :- 5000 ppm (0.5%)
b) CO :- 50 ppm ( 0.005 %)
c) H2S :- 5 ppm (0.0005 %)
d) CH4 :- 1.25 % in general body
& 1.75 % in return
c) O2 :- 19 %
3)Multigas detector is a device which is used to determine
unknown gas percentage in Underground mines. In
multigas detector we can find find the 5 gas like O2 , CH4
,CO2 , H2S & CO and the permissible limit

…..DRILLING AND BLASTING…..
Introduction
specially designed explosives and detonators are required for use in
underground coal mines. Such products come under the ‘Permitted’
category and have to pass critical tests in simulated conditions of field
usage. Explosives and detonators are tested in both methane-air and coal
dust-air mixtures before being certified fit for use in underground coal
mines/seams of various degree of gassiness.
Permitted Explosives
those explosives, which are included in the official list of authorised
explosives issued by the Chief Controller of Explosives in India, may be used
for blasting in mines. Chemical and physical stability and reliable
performance are the pre-requisites for inclusion in this list. Further testing
and approval of the Director General of Mines Safety is required for an
authorized explosive to be classified as a permitted explosive suitable for
use in underground coal mines.
Explosive to be used in coal seams must be safe for use in methane-air
mixtures or coal-dust mixtures encountered in underground coal mines.
To meet these requirements stipulated official tests are carried out to
assess the safety of the explosives under these conditions. Only on passing
these tests in an explosive approved as a ‘permitted’ explosive.

In India there are 3 types of permitted explosives, each group being
designed for a particular type of operation to give maximum safety.
P-1 Type Permitted Explosives: These explosives can be used for drifting
or ripping and simultaneous firing in an undercut / middle cut / overcut
and in depillaring faces, in coal seams of first degree of gassiness.
P-3 Type Permitted Explosives: These are Equivalent-to-Sheathed
Explosives (which have replaced the earlier Group P-2 Sheathed Permitted
Explosives) used for drifting or ripping and simultaneous firing in an
undercut / middle cut / overcut and in depillaring faces, in all coal seams.
P-5 Type Permitted Explosives: These are special type of explosives with a
high degree of intrinsic safety against all types of likely hazards in delay
blasting in coal and specially designed for Solid Blasting in conjunction with
non-incentive copper short delay detonators.
All Indian coal seams have been classified according to their degree of
gassiness. This classification of coal seams and the explosives that can be
used in different seams are summarized below.

Degree of Gassiness of
coal seam
Classification of
Gassiness
Type of Permitted
Explosive
I
< 0.1% of gas in the
general body of air and
rate of emission of such
gas is less than 1cu. m/t
of coal production
P1 /P3 / P5
II
> 0.1% of gas in the
general body of air and
rate of emission of such
gas is grater than but
less than 10 cu. m/t of
coal production
P3 / P5
III
Rate of emission of gas
is grater than 10cu. m/t
pf coal production
P3 / P5

…..Detonators…..
In conjunction with Permitted explosives, only approved
detonators may be used for coal blasting. Only electric
detonators with copper tube are permitted for use in coal
blasting. These are of two types (both of N0.6 strength).
1.Instantaneous Copper Electric Detonators
(CED): These are Instantaneous Electric Detonators with
a copper shell. P1 and P3 Explosives can only be used in
conjunction with CEDs.
2. Copper Non-Incendive Short Delay Detonators
(CDD): These are copper tube detonators, used for delay
firing when solid blasting in coal is done. These are used
along with P5 explosives. These are specially designed to
meet the stringent safety requirements for solid blasting
in coal, for which they have to undergo statutory tests at
CMRI as stipulated by DGMS. The nominal delay of 25ms
between two successive delay intervals (from 0 to6) is
available to the maximum delay period of 150ms.

Principles of blasting in coal
From the point of view of blasting, underground coal mining
operations could be divided into two categories, namely,
Development and Depillaring. The techniques of blasting in
each case are widely different.
Both for bord-and-pillar as well as for longwall mining, driving
galleries through coal seams are done. There are two
techniques employed for blasting in development galleries.
a. Blasting on pre-cut face.
b. Solid blasting of coal.
Wedge Cut
In a 'Wedge Cut', two or more holes are drilled so as to
converge at the rear by not less than 0.3m. This arrangement
provides a concentration of charge at the back. With this
pattern, the
advance is limited. For deep pulls burden should be reduced by
providing steeply inclined hole at the centre, known as 'Stab
Hole' or by giving another shallow wedge cut known as 'Baby
Cut'. This relieving hole should be fired prior to the main
wedge cut pattern.

Fan Cut Pattern
In Fan Cut Pattern, the initial opening is created by
firing a hole drilled at an acute angle to the face. The
inclination generally varies from 30 to 60 degree. The
inclination of subsequent hole is gradually reduced. This
pattern suitable for medium hard to hard coal seams.

….SUPPORT SYSTEM….
INTRODUCTION
The estimation of rock load from the strata and its distribution over the underground mine working is of prime
importance. In indian coalmines, CMRI- RMR system are mostly used for formulating design of support in rock
engineering in this project work their estimation is been done and design of support system done by CMRI-
RMR system .support system are also designed with the help of numerical modelling by simulating the working
.study and analysis of the stress distribution around development working in coal mines is conducted through
numerical model
Present Support System
To design support, Systematic Support Rules (SSR) should be followed. Designing optimized support system
means we have given proper support not less or not more, it helps in cost control of supports. The following
are some of the design parameters:
a. Strata behaviour
b. Depth of cover
c. Method of extraction
d. Equipment selection for excavation
e. Span of area
f. Height of extraction
The present support system for different working places in development and depillaring workings are as
follows:

Working faces
1. At working faces props shall be set at a maximum interval of 1.2 m between
the rows of props or in the same row.
1. Cogs shall be set at all entrances to the areas under extraction & also at
interval of not more than 2.4m in the area under actual extraction.

…..Transportation
system…..Introduction:-
Rope haulage is the dominating mode of transport
Indian coal mines through belt and chain conveyors
where introduced on a large scale in mechanised
mines opened within the last two decades and
underground locomotive are used on a small scale
in coal mine, but metalliferous mines have adopted
them as a standard transporting medium.
There is different type of method of transportation: -
A. Rope haulage
i. Direct rope haulage.
Tail rope haulage.
ii. Endless rope haulage.
Over rope.
Under rope.
iii. Main and tail rope haulage.
iv. Gravity rope haulage.

B. Conveyor system of haulage
i. Belt conveyors.
ii. Cable Belt Conveyors.
iii. Chain Conveyors.
Scraper chain conveyors.
Armoured chain conveyors.
Gate end loader.
Mobile stage loader.
Pickaback conveyor.
iv. plate conveyor
v. Disc conveyor
C. Locomotive haulage
i. Diesel locomotive.
ii. Electric battery locomotive.
iii. Trolley wire locomotive.
iv. Cable real locomotive.
v. Compressed air locomotive.
vi. Electro-gyro locomotive.

D. Shuttle cars
Underground transport arrangements are
generally divided into 2 categories.
1. Main haulage.
2. Gathering haulage.
In coal mines and other mine of stratified deposits
where the underground mineral is won by longwall
method, the transport media which often consist of
conveyor are termed based on the location of the
transport arrangement.
The principle type of conveyor used in the mines are: -
i. Belt conveyor.
ii. Scraper chain conveyor.
iii. Shaker conveyor.

Belt conveyor:
The belt conveyour is basically an endless belt in a
straight line stretched between two drum, one
driving the system and the other acting as a return
drum.
The system of transport by belt conveyours consist
of the following:
1. A flat endless belt which continuously travels and
carries on its top surface the material to be coveyed.
2. The idlers which support the belt.
3. The structure of angle iron or channel iron on
which the idlers are mounted.
4. The tension arrangement for keeping the belt in
proper tension, including the loop take up
arrangement.
5.The drums at the discharge end and opposite end
(tail end) over which the belt passes.
6. The drive head comprising the electric motor,
coupling, gearing and snub pulleys.

…..PRESSURE BALANCING CHAMBER…..
1. INTRODUCTION:-
Spontaneous combustion of coal has been one of the most serious problems in coal
mining. If not prevented or controlled at an early stage, a spontaneous incident may
endanger life by generating a mine fire or explosion and may cause substantial loss in
coal resources. Early detection of spontaneous heating is very important in controlling
and minimizing fire and safety hazards, as well as
costs associated with these incidents. Coal mining companies operating in coal seams
susceptible to spontaneous combustion should develop methods for early detection of
spontaneous heating so that corrective measures may be taken before it is too late.
Some coal seams are considered more susceptible to
spontaneous combustion than others. Studies indicate that rank
of coal, friability of coal and mining methods are important
factors in this susceptibility (Koenning, 1989 and Mitchell 1990).
Lower-ranking coal tends to be more susceptible than higher
ranking coal to spontaneous cqmbustion. In ' general, lignite
coals are the most susceptible with sub-bituminous and
bituminuous coal being progressively less prone to self-heating.

Why we used pressure balancing
techniques ?
Air pressure balancing techniques can be used easily and
efficiently for controlling and preventing spontaneous
combustion of coal in gob areas. This paper provides
descriptions of and examples for the application of the
pressure chambers and pressure-adjusting fans, as well as
discussing techniques of changing air-leakage paths.
2. PRESSURE CHAMBERS :-
Pressure chambers are used to reduce the air pressure
difference between the two sides of a fire area. The chambers are
formed between the original stopping and the auxiliary stopping on
one or both sides of the fire area. For example, in Figure 1, the
original stoppings SI and S2 and the auxiliary stoppings Tl and T2
form the chambers CI and C2, respectively.

Satyajeet

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