SCADA User Group Presentation

Editor's Notes

• #5: Over-excited field produces VARs Local over-excitement of motors Hard vs. soft capacitance, caps have discrete steps Generators must be continuously turn on it turning gear Zion and SA, see diagram
• #6: High Voltage DC conversion stations, components $1,000,000 per MW Why HVDC? Stability of non-synchronous systems 50 / 60 frequency conversion South America & Japan Long distance – from island to island, or land mass to land mass, i.e. Italy to Corsica or Sicily Back-to-back – conserves land, local and state ordinances SA needed for substation control at both ends
• #7: Rocky Mountain crossing Texas vs. the rest of the USA New England to Canada
• #8: Back to back locations in Oklaunion, Texas and Miles City, Montana Controls for 12 pulse stack Controls for station Controls for plenum room (Six 500 HP fans)
• #9: Windmills are 100 to 300 meters high, Palm Springs vs. Wisconsin Distributed generation SA must monitor or control Power, Blade Position, Nacelle Position, Wind Speed & Wind Direction SA must calculate Available Power (Turbine, Substation, Farm) SA must calculate turbines available & stopped (low wind, high wind, & low temperature) Older style require batteries and inverters, more expensive but can be used when not needed Newer style direct connect to the utility AC, less expensive but must be shutdown during slow speeds
• #10: It takes about 10 mph wind velocity to start the blades spinning. Maximum blade pitch until to 0.4 PU power reached. Alter blade pitch until 1.0 PU power output reached. Reduce blade pitch to maintain 1.0 PU power output. Right y-axis is fraction of generator speed. System check – Initialization of rotor and blade pitch position Ready for operation – Apply parking brake, determine run duration Start and brake release – With sufficient wind speed, brake is release Grid connection – Generator and converter contactor is closed with speed matching Power production – Pitch regulation to control power production Grid disconnection – When wind is too low, disconnection is allowed Freewheeling – When wind speed remains too low Shutdown – Wind too low or too high, or diagnostics require a shutdown Emergency shutdown – Beyond critical operation limits
• #11: Operation of systems will be shared between central and distributed generators. SA will allow control of distributed generation, power flow, and aggregation of micro-grids. Review topology. Wind farms are different in configuration and in the amount of information necessary for operation. A 110 MW site may have 30,000 data points. Original designs required remote monitoring and control. Present designs allow for more intelligent local fundamental operation with a sampling rate of 200 msec. Statistical computations are performed on a 10 minute cycle. SA must manage the information and plan for non-continuous operation of their renewable energy production.
• #12: Many applications – thermal heating vs. photovoltaic. Heating is essentially independent from the grid and supplements the heating requirements Small independent stations are for off grid local operation Large sites connect to the grid through inverters potentially with battery backup. Solar farms allow for local disbursion of power generation, perhaps 10 MW
• #13: Micro Grids / Distributed generation – smaller generation sites from solar can be brought on line as needed for local power support potentially to sell power back to the grid. Islands of generation SA is required to monitor and control the configuration management of the grid as Generation Cells come on-line and as micro grids are able to back feed power back into local grids for local support and grid stability.
• #14: Topics to cover concerning Substation & Distribution Automation Fault Location, Isolation and supply Restoration (FLIR)
• #15: PF / KVAR control via regulator taps and cap control Breaker failure alarms with Sequence of Events SOE Logging Load and fault regulation results in load management decisions and sectionalizing MIS vs. Operational LAN requirements
• #16: Islands of information with data transfer Sectionalizing overloads vs. faults Sequential auto restoration in sections to maximize customer satisfaction
• #17: Unity power factor maintenance Multi-step regulators SOE, what’s first matters most Programmable logic controls, If, Then, Else 1.0 msec. SOE time precision with sync pulse
• #18: RTU with connections to IEDs (relays, meters, PLCs, cap controls, breaker & switchgear controls) HMI interfaces Global positioning satelite devices Interfaces to Masters and LANs / WANs
• #19: Master Station with HMIs Communications LAN / WAN RTUs connected to IEDs Cap Controls, Regulator Controls, Switch Controls, Meters, etc.
• #20: Demand-side management Voltage regulation / VAR control Real-time pricing, KWH, KVARH, PF penalty Dispersed generation and storage dispatch Fault diagnosis / location Power quality, peak shifting, valley filling System Reconfiguration Power restoration
• #21: SA provides relay programming and parametric setup Fault clearance is done automatically with subsequent reporting Load data is sent to SA for analysis as needed
• #22: Generator protection is critical – OF/UF, slipped pole, winding short, ground fault Transformer protection – winding fault, ground fault, transformer differential Line protection – line faults, directional, instantaneous, inverse curve, reach Bus protection – current summation, directional Distribution feeder protection – over-currents with sectionalizing
• #23: TCCs – Time-current curves C is fast, B is slow, A is never at I-fault Three shots to lockout Recloser, fuse, breaker co-orrdination
• #24: Typical ring bus with 3 radial lines and a source transformer Each feeder and transformer is protected by dual redundant systems Each breaker is protected by a single breaker relay panel Older processors and SA not able to perform line protection, breaker failure, and reclosing
• #25: Newer processor controls and SA systems Eliminate 5 breaker panels, shadow not double redundancy, reduction of wiring Reduction of long term maintenance, increases system reliability, and lowers cost up to 50%
• #26: All aspects of Automation, standard power generation, and alternate energy are to be employed. Coal, hydro, nuclear, city and industrial power production, local wind, local solar Smart IEDs Solar – clouds, weather, no sun Wind – storms or no wind House quiet but still producing power to the neighborhood Reprogram reclosers, IED, and relays SA Lower Level programming required for Micro-grids
• #27: Smart Grid combines energy and information technology to create a resilient network that links an increasingly clean and diverse supply of generation and storage with customers who are using electricity more wisely, and in more ways. Smart monitoring for SA updates Solar and Wind will take local and governmental intervention
• #28: FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission) – Static VAR Compensators Centralized remedial action scheme (CRAS), high speed fiber / microwave communications Advanced EMS with state estimation (condition based monitoring) Changes on immediate weather conditions, daily changes and seasonal cycles 5.3 M meters to incorporate appliances and thermostats Fault current limiting technology
• #29: Distribution feeders are typically uni-directional. With the appearance of “islands of generation”, system configuration must be adaptive with appropriate IED settings and fusing considerations.