Smart Grid & SCADA Systems

Presented by-
PRATIM
CHAKRABORTTY
(PDC- 16TH BATCH)
ROLL NO.- 45

What is ‘Power Grid’?
This is a Network
of Electrical
Transmission
Lines, connecting
multiple of
Generating
Stations to loads
throughout India.

NEW Grid
South
Grid
South
West
North
East
Northeast
Five Regional Grids
Five Frequencies
October 1991
East and Northeast
synchronized
March 2003
West synchronized
With East & Northeast
August 2006
North synchronized
With Central Grid
Central Grid
Five Regional Grids
Two Frequencies
MERGING
OF
MARKETS
Renewable: 25 GW
Installed Capacity: 200 GW
SR Synch
By 2013-14
Inter – Regional
Capacity:
28 GW

What is ‘Smart Grid’?
A ‘Smart Grid’ is a form of Electricity Network,
utilizing Digital Technology. A Smart Grid delivers
Electricity from suppliers to the consumers by
using two-way digital communications to control
appliances at consumers' homes. It can save
energy, reduce costs and increase reliability and
transparency. The "Smart Grid" is envisioned to
overlay the ordinary electrical grid with an
information and net metering system that includes
Smart Meters.

Smart Grid & Digital Metering
with Smart Metering

Advantages of ‘Smart Grid’
Many Smart Grid features readily apparent to
consumers such as Smart Meters serve the energy
efficiency goal. The approach is to make it possible for
energy suppliers to charge variable electric rates so
that charges would reflect the large differences in cost
of generating electricity during peak or off peak
periods. Such capabilities allow load control switches
to control large energy consuming devices such as hot
water heaters so that they consume electricity when it
is cheaper to produce. The other advantages are as
follows--

1. Modernisation of both Transmission &
Distribution system
A smart grid is an umbrella, that covers
modernisation of both the Transmission and
Distribution. The modernization is directed at a
disparate set of goals including facilitating
greater competition between providers, enabling
greater use of variable energy sources,
establishing the automation and monitoring
capabilities needed for bulk transmission at
cross continent distances, and enabling the use
of market forces to drive energy conservation.

2. Platform for advanced services
As with the other industries, use of robust
two-way communications, advanced sensors,
and distributed computing technology will
improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of
power delivery and use. It also opens up the
potential for entirely new services or
improvements on existing ones, such as fire
monitoring and alarms that can shut off
power, make phone calls to emergency
services, etc.

3. Savings- Estimate & Assumptions
In the case of the telecoms aspect of Smart
Grids, this ignores the possibility of bringing
autonomy to a given appliance. Various
companies have developed low cost systems
which allow products to react to network
fluctuations (Usually Network Frequency).
This type of control is called “Dynamic
Demand Management” (DDM). A feature of
DDM being that-- It is low in cost, needed no
Telecom Network and are available now.

Characteristics of a ‘Smart Grid’
It will be able to heal itself (Self Healing).
Motivate Consumers to participate actively with the
Grid.
Resist Attack.
It will provide higher quality power that will save Money.
Accommodate all Generation and Storage options.
Enable Electricity markets to flourish.
It will run more efficiently.
It will be enable higher penetration of intermittent
Power generation sources.

Self Healing
Using real time information from
embedded sensors and automated
controls to anticipate, detect, and
respond to system problems, a smart
grid can automatically avoid or mitigate
power outages, power quality problems,
and service disruptions.

Consumer Participation
A smart grid is, in essence, an attempt to require
consumers to change their behavior around variable
electric rates or to pay vastly increased rates for the
privilege of reliable electrical service during high-
demand conditions. This enables consumers to better
control “Smart Appliances” and “Intelligent
Equipment” in homes and businesses, interconnecting
energy management systems in “Smart Buildings” and
enabling consumers to better manage energy use and
reduce energy costs.

Resist Attack
Smart Grid technologies can identify better
and respond to the man-made or natural
disruptions. Real-time information enables
Grid operators to isolate the affected areas
and redirect power flows around damaged
facilities.

High Quality Power
It is asserted that assuring more stable power
provided by smart grid technologies will reduce
downtime and prevent such high losses, but the
reliability of complex systems is very difficult to
analyze and guarantee. A more practical approach to
improving reliability and power quality is to simply
follow the well established and well documented
engineering principles.

Accommodate Generation Options
As smart grids continue to support traditional power
loads they also seamlessly interconnect fuel cells,
renewable, micro turbines, and other distributed
generation technologies at local and regional levels.
Integration of small-scale, localized, or on-site power
generation allows residential, commercial, and
industrial customers to self-generate and sell excess
power to the grid with minimal technical or
regulatory barriers.

Enable High Penetration of
Intermittent Generation Sources
Climate change and environmental concerns
will increase the amount of renewable energy
resources. These are for the most part
intermittent in nature. Smart Grid
technologies will enable power systems to
operate with larger amounts of such energy
resources since they enable both the suppliers
and consumers to compensate for such
intermittency.

Functions of a ‘Smart Grid’

Smart Grid Technologies
The bulk of ‘Smart Grid Technologies’ are
already used in other applications, such as
Manufacturing and Telecommunications and
are being adopted for use in Grid operations.
In general, ‘Smart Grid Technologies’ are
based on the following---

Integrated Communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform
because they have been developed in an incremental
fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is
being collected via modem rather than direct network
connection. Areas for improvement include: substation
automation, demand response, distribution automation,
‘Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition’ (SCADA),
energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and
other technologies, power-line carrier communications,
and fiber-optics. Integrated communications will allow for
real-time control, information and data exchange to
optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.

Sensing & Measurement
Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid
stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft
prevention, and control strategies support.
Technologies include ‘Advanced Microprocessor
Meters’ (Smart Meters) and meter reading
equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, Dynamic
Line Rating [Typically based on online readings by
Distributed temperature sensing combined with
‘Real Time Thermal Rating’ (RTTR) systems],
electromagnetic signature measurement/ analysis,
time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced
switches and cables, backscatter radio technology,
and Digital Protective Relays.

Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
High speed sensors, called PMU distributed
throughout their network can be used to monitor
power quality and in some cases respond automatically
to them. Phasors are the representations of the
waveforms of alternating current, which ideally in real-
time, are identical everywhere on the network and
conform to the most desirable shape.

Advanced Control
Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis of
and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or
outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to
each of the other four key areas. Three technology
categories for advanced control methods are--
Distributed Intelligent Agents (Control Systems),
Analytical Tools (Software Algorithms and high-speed
computers) and operational applications.

What is ‘SCADA System’?
SCADA is a concept that is used to refer to the
management of data that can be used in developing
process management criteria. The use of the term
SCADA varies, depending on location. In North
America, SCADA refers to a distributed measurement
and management system that operates on a large-scale
basis. For the rest of the world, SCADA refers to a
system that performs the same basic functions, but
operates in a number of different environments as well
as a multiplicity of scales.

Functions of ‘SCADA System’
The ‘SCADA System’ has the following functions:
1. Establishment of communications
Configure each RTU
Initialize each RTU with input/output parameters
Download control and data acquisition programs to the RTU
2. Operation of the communication Link
For master slave arrangement, poll each RTU for data and
write to each RTU
Log alarms and events to hard disk
Link input and outputs at different RTUs automatically

SCADA Hardware & Software
SCADA Hardware:
Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition Systems
usually have Distributed
Control System
components. PLCs or
RTUs are also commonly
used
SCADA Software:
Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition software
can be divided into
proprietary type or open
type. Proprietary software
are developed and
designed for the specific
hardware and are usually
sold together.

SCADA Communication
SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations
of radio and direct serial or modem connections to
meet communication requirements, although Ethernet
and IP over SONET / SDH is also frequently used at
large sites such as Railways and Power Stations. The
remote management or monitoring function of a
SCADA system is often referred to as telemetry.

SCADA & Human Machine
Interface (HMI)
SCADA system includes a user interface
which is usually called Human Machine
Interface (HMI). The HMI of a SCADA system
is where data is processed and presented to be
viewed and monitored by a Human Operator.
This interface usually includes controls where
the individual can interface with the SCADA
system.

Advantages of SCADA in ‘Smart Grid
System’
The Tolerant of attack – mitigates and stands resilient to physical and
cyber attacks.
Provides power quality needed by 21st century users.
Fully enables competitive energy markets – real-time information, lower
transaction costs, available to everyone.
Optimizes assets – uses IT and monitoring to continually optimize its
capital assets while minimizing operations and maintenance costs – more
throughput per $invested.
Accommodates a wide variety of generation options – central and
distributed, intermittent and dispatchable.
Empowers the consumer– interconnects with energy management
systems in smart buildings to enable customers to manage their energy use
and reduce their energy costs.
Self-healing– anticipates and instantly responds to system problems in
order to avoid or mitigate power outages and power quality problems.

Future of ‘Smart Grid in INDIA’
Market prospect for companies looking for smart
grid opportunities in India.
Key drivers for market growth for smart grids in
India.
Key pilot projects being undertaken in India.
Overview of smart grid policies and regulations in
India.

Smart Grid & SCADA Systems

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