SMART GRID.pptx
- 1. SMART GRID Presented By NAQUI ANWER Department of Energy & Environment TERI University, New Delhi
- 2. Electrical Power is a little bit like the air we breathe: we don't really think about it until it is missing
- 3. 220 kV Power Plant Generation Residential Customer Commercial/ Industrial Customer Residential Customer Distribution Pole Urban Customers Primary Distribution 66 kV Transmission Distribution Transformer (11/0.415 kV) Secondary Grid (66/11 kV) Primary Grid (220/66 kV) Secondary Distribution Underground Cable To Other 66Kv Substations POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765KV) Secondary Transmission(66/132KV) CB X’mer (11/220kV) Bus-bar Bus-bar Steel Tower CB
- 4. CURRENT POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA Source: Ministry of Power, Govt. of India http://powermin.nic.in/power-sector-glance-all-india# Thermal Coal Gas Oil Hydro Nuclear Renewable Total 189,313.56 165,257.88 23,062.15 993.53 41,632.43 5,780.00 35,776.96 272,502.95 69.5% 60.6% 8.5% 0.4% 15.3% 2.1% 13.1% Installed Capacity in MW as on 31.05.2015
- 5. NR WR SR ER NER Ennore Kudankulam Kayamkulam Partabpur Talcher/Ib Valley Vindhyachal Korba LEGEND Coal Hydro Lignite Coastal Nuclear Vizag Simhadri Kaiga Tarapur Mangalore Krishnapatnam RAPP SIKKIM M Y A N M M A R CHICKEN NECK Cuddalore SRI LANKA COLOMBO NEPAL BHUTAN DESH BANGLA South Madras Pipavav Generation Load-Centre Kolkata Bhubaneswar Patna Lucknow Delhi Mumbai Chennai Bangalore Bhopal Guwahati Jammu Ludhiana Jaipur Gandhinagar Indore Raipur Thiruvananthapuram Kozhikode Hyderabad Coal Hydro • Hydro potential in North east and upper part of Northern Region • Coal reserves mainly in Eastern Region • Distribution of energy resources and consumption centres are extremely unbalanced • Necessitate power transfer over long distances ENERGY RESOURCE MAP OF INDIA
- 6. EVOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEM IN INDIA PRE INDEPENDENCE - SMALL ISOLATED SYSTEM PRIOR TO 60s - GENERATION/TRANSMISION BY SEBs DURING 60s - LIMITED INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN NEIGHBOURING STATES 70s - EMERGENCE OF CENTRAL SECTOR GENERATION ( NTPC/NHPC/NUCLEAR ETC.) PLANNING OF GENERATION/TRANSMISSION ON REGIONAL BASIS LATE 80s – INTEGRATED GRID OPERATION THROUGH 400kV SYSTEM LATE 90s - ASYNCHRONOUS INTER REGIONAL LINKS LONG DISTANCE HVDC LINKS / B2B STATIONS
- 7. STATE GRID SYSTEMS • The systems around urban and industrial areas grew into full fledged State Grid systems • The country was demarcated in to five Regions for the purpose of coordinated power sector planning • Regional Electricity Boards were established in each of the regions for facilitating integrated operation of state systems • Inter-state lines were planned which were treated as Centrally sponsored schemes.
- 8. REGIONAL GRID SYSTEM • 1975: Central Sector generation utilities created • Benefits of these to be shared by the states of the region. • Construction of associated transmission system for evacuation of power as well as delivery of power to the constituent states, also entrusted to these corporations • Focus of planning and development in the transmission system shifted from State Grid system to Regional Grid system • By the end of 1980's strong regional networks came into existence.
- 10. NEW Grid South Grid South West North East Northeast Five Regional Grids Five Frequencies October 1991 East and Northeast synchronized March 2003 West synchronized With East & Northeast August 2006 North synchronized With Central Grid Central Grid January 2014 South Synchronized One Nation One Grid One frequency
- 11. INTER REGION LINKS • 1989: Power Grid Corporation of India formed to give thrust to implementation of transmission system associated with Central generating stations • few inter-regional links were also planned and developed to facilitate exchange among the various regions (limited to emergency situations) • resource planning as well as grid operation and consequently the operational frequencies of various regions continued to be Region specific.
- 12. NATIONAL GRID • Focus of planning the generation and the transmission system shifted from the orientation of regional self-sufficiency to the concept of optimization of utilization of resources on All India basis • A strong National Grid system would enable such an all-India generation planning and development
- 13. Regional State National 1960’s 1970’s 1990’s Local 1950’s EVOLUTION OF GRID INTERCONNECTION IN INDIA
- 14. INDIA’S ENERGY SECTOR REALITIES AND EMERGING NEEDS National Priorities Current Situation Implications Meeting Demand Shortage • Chronic power shortages • Rapid demand growth • Inadequate energy access • Augmentation of generation capacity; efficiency improvement • Power evacuation and grid access Clean Energy Deployment • RE capacity increasing ~ 3000+ MW added each year • Require smarter systems for power balancing to deal with variability & unpredictability Operational Efficiency Improvement • Poor operational efficiency • High system losses • R-APDRP has provided much needed support • Need for ability to control and monitor power flow till customer level Enhancing Consumer Service Standards • Poor system visibility • Lack of reliability • Real time system to enable better system visibility and consumer participation Smart Grids can transform the existing grid into a more efficient, reliable, safe and enable address sector challenges.
- 15. What is Smart Grid?
- 16. SMART GRID: AN INTRODUCTION Modernization of the electricity delivery system so that it monitors, protects and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements – from the central and distributed generator through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to industrial users and building automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other household devices. The Smart Grid in large, sits at the intersection of Energy, IT and Telecommunication Technologies. In Smart Grid, there are two networks that co-exist. One is power network with energy flow, the other one is information network with sensing and control data flow. The information network can collect status of power network and can also control it.
- 17. SMART GRID: BASIC COMPONENTS Integrated Communications: Substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, SCADA, EMS, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, PLCC and fiber-optics. Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security. Sensing and measurement: Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Smart meters: Digital or μp based meters record usage in real time. It provides a communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets and other smart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times of peak demand.
- 18. SMART GRID: BASIC COMPONENTS Phasor measurement units: It is a GPS enabled measurement system allowing measurement of voltage magnitude and phase angle differences across wide distances having the ability to compare phase angles with time stamping, thus providing real time monitoring. Improved interfaces and decision support: Information systems that reduce complexity so that operators and managers have tools to effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of variables. Smart power generations: Smart power generation is a concept of matching electricity production with demand using multiple generators which can start, stop and operate efficiently at chosen load, independent of the others, making them suitable for base load and peaking power generation.
- 19. OVERVIEW OF SMART GRID
- 21. ARCHITECTURE OF POWER NETWORK
- 22. IPS can be connected to energy sources (including renewable energy and power grid), smart appliance, energy storage, power meter and also to more IPS. Above figure shows a distributed structure of power grid. The distributed power suppliers and consumers are connected to the cloud of IPS. By connecting to IPS, a new component can easily be added into the power grid. In this power network no centralized control is needed, rather it’s like a peer-to-peer network. IPS can be connected to current power grid system. IPS can also act like a microgrid. It can group the devices which are connected to it and can isolate from main power grid if any disturbance is detected. ARCHITECTURE OF POWER NETWORK
- 23. In smart grid, two-way communication will allow information exchange. A variety of communication media could be used in smart grid, including copper wiring, optical fiber, power line carrier and wireless. This information network is a kind of sensor network and the power grid is the object it would sense. This information network can be configured into a centralized network or a distributed network. For the centralized configuration, power meter can send their data to an Energy Management Center (EMC), EMC can compute the whole power grid status and send out control signal. In distributed configuration, each microcontroller on IPS will compute its own status based on the information it received from other IPS and power meter. ARCHITECTURE OF INFORMATION NETWORK
- 24. – System (G, T, D) with an advanced two-way communications system – Enables real-time monitoring and control – Provide greater visibility and transparency – Consequently, enables cost reduction and efficiency improvement UNDERSTANDING SMART GRID
- 25. SEVERAL POTENTIAL APPLICATION AREAS EXIST • Electricity Distribution • Electricity Markets • Renewable Energy • Energy Storage • Transport • Industrial Energy Efficiency • Building Energy Efficiency Source: http://www.renesas.eu/ecology/eco_society/smart_grid/
- 26. SMART GRID – SENSORS, COMPUTING, COMMUNICATION The Entire Electrical Power System From Generation to End Use Highly Instrumented with Advanced Sensors and Computing Interconnected by a Communication Fabric that Reaches Every Device
- 27. BASIC POWER GRID Customer Premises Generation Transmission Distribution Meter MV to LV Transformer Substation HV to MV Step down transformer HV lines Power Plant Loads
- 28. ELECTRIC UTILITY COMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE Customer Premises Generation Transmission Distribution Meter Power Plant Communications Networks Control/Operations Centers Field Devices Field Devices Field Devices Loads
- 29. Electric Utility Communications Architecture: Smart Grid Perspective Customer Premises Generation Transmission Distribution Smart Meter Field Devices Power Plant Control/Operations Centers Regional Interconnection Wide Area Network Backhaul/WAN Neighborhood Area Network Distribution Access Point Grid Energy Resources Field Area Network Field Devices Field Devices Field Devices Consumer Electric Products Energy Management System Public Networks 3rd Party Services Workforce Mobile Network Home Area Network Communications Networks
- 30. Reducing Islanding through micro grids Smart Grid Operations
- 31. Microgrids and the grid interaction • Initial condition • Equipment and financial planning is done with all the load in the figure in mind.
- 32. Microgrids and the grid interaction •Initial normal power flow direction
- 33. Microgrids and the grid interaction • Example of microgrid development. Microgrid’s area • Planning issues. A microgrid is installed few years later.
- 34. Microgrids and the grid interaction Transformers and conductors can now be oversized Microgrid’s area
- 35. Microgrids and the grid interaction • The microgrid is fully operational • Power flow due to microgird in existence Microgrid’s area
- 36. Microgrids and the grid interaction Fault • A sudden faulty near the transformer • What next? •Will the continuity of the supply maintained •Let’s see Microgrid’s area
- 37. Microgrids and the grid interaction • In case there is no micro grid. • A large portion will be out of power. • Potential issues: • Utility crews safety. • Power quality at the energized portion could be poor. Loads could be damaged.
- 38. Microgrids and the grid interaction • New power flow with the microgrid in co-existence. • The microgrid’s power trips open the directional relay • Is it possible to change the grid’s state fast enough to prevent voltage collapse due to loss of stability caused by the sudden load changes introduced by the microgrid? • What microgrid’s control action follows? • Can the microgrid stop injecting power back into the grid (i.e. prevents islanding)? Microgrid’s area
- 39. Microgrids and the grid interaction • Example of microgrid operation. Islanding. • If islanding occurs the microgrid will continue to provide power to a portion of the grid even though the grid connection upstream has been interrupted. Microgrid’s area “Island”
- 40. Self healing Smart Grid Operations
- 53. Elementary Stage Evolutionary Stage Fully integrated smart grid Metring Transmission Grid Distribution network Integration • Largely manual • Some automated meter for large consumers • 100% smart meters with automated meter reading and real time displays • Ongoing automation of HV systems and substations • No automation in transmission lines, switches and substations • Fully, remotely automated distribution network with remote sensing and voltage control capability • Partly automated switches and CBs • Automatic fault location • No automation in transmission lines, switches and substations • Manual Fault Location • Online monitoring of flows in transmission grid and ability to balance system • Basic communication between grid components • Limited ability to control dispatch • Full automation of HV systems and substations • All switches and flows remotely controlled • Total integration of supply and usage of electricity • Ability to control dispatch and usage remotely • Advanced meters allowing real time rate changes and remote on/off capability Stages in evolution of Smart Grid
- 54. From Improved reliability to faster restoration, we can use smart grid technologies to better save our power needs
- 55. Thanks