![Smart Grid Definitions
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)[1]
“Grid 2030 envisions a fully automated power delivery network that monitors
and controls every customer and node, ensuring two-way flow of information and
electricity between the power plant and the appliance, and all points in between”
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [2]:
“The Smart Grid is a developing network of transmission lines, equipment,
controls and new technologies working together to respond immediately to our
21st Century demand for electricity”
Source: [1] GRID 2030; A National Vision for Electricity’s Second 100 Years, United States Department of Energy, Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution, 2003.
[2] International Electrotechnical Commission
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lec1.pptx smartgrid fundamental datas presentation
- 1. Back Ground What is Electrical Grid An electric grid is a network of synchronized power providers and consumers that are connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated by one or more control centers. EHVAC: 800/765kV, 400kV, 220kV & 132kV HVDC : 500kV 33 kV 11 kV /6kV 400 V 1
- 2. Transmission Distribution Consumers Generation • Electrical Grid Components • Vertical structure • Thermal, Hydro, Nuclear, RES Generation • HVAC • HVDC Transmission • AC • DC Distribution • Industrial • Commercial • Domestic Consumers 2
- 3. History of Power Grid Thomas Edison – the father of Direct Current (DC) Distribution Nicola Tesla – the father of Alternating Current (AC) Distribution Tesla’s inventions for long distance AC distribution were commercialized in competition against Thomas Edison’s short distance DC distribution system. Eventually AC won the day due to its lower cost and higher efficiency in distributing electricity over long distances. 3
- 4. Sir Adam Beck – the father of Ontario’s electrical power system. Beck believed in “publically owned power at cost to the people”. Beck built the power system with government debt which was paid back in user fees over the lifetime of the assets 4
- 5. Evolution of Indian National Grid Early Sixties Grid management on regional basis started. • State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid • India was demarcated into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region. October 1991 • North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected. March 2003 • WR and ER-NER were interconnected . 5
- 6. August 2006 • North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional grids Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming central grid operating at one frequency. 31st December 2013 • Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in Synchronous mode with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur- Solapur Transmission line thereby achieving 'ONE NATION'- 'ONE GRID'-'ONE FREQUENCY'. 6
- 7. Regulatory authorities in Indian Power Sector Deals with planning, policy formulation, processing and implementation of projects, enactment of legislation in regards to power generation, transmission and distribution. Ministry of Power Responsible for national and regional power transmission planning PGCIL 7
- 8. Advises on matters related to National Electricity policy and formulation of short term and perspective plans for development of power system. CEA Regulates tariff, formulates policies regarding subsidies and promotion of efficient and environmental policies at central and state level respectively. CERC & SERC Development of efficient, coordinated and economical system of interstate and intrastate transmission lines. CTU & STU 8
- 9. Impact of Electrical Grid Global demand for energy is expected to climb about 25 percent by 2040 India contributes for about 45 percent of world energy demand growth to 2040. India and China has shown the highest demand growth with each reaching more than 1 billion middle-class citizens India will grow strongly with its share of global GDP doubling 9
- 10. Key Figures of India by 2016-17 10 Population 1,326,801,576 Total area (in km2) 3.287 million km² Energy mix (in ton SCE) Oil, coal, gas, nuclear power, hydro power, rest of energy 1Electricity consumption (in TWh) 1114.41 1Electricity generation capacity (in GW ) 326.8* 2Overall network losses (in %) 22.7# *- up to March2017 #- for the year 2015 1 "All India Installed Capacity (In Mw) Of Power Stations" (Pdf). Central Electricity Authority. 31/03/2017. 2 Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority New Delhi, 31/03/2017.
- 11. Small Hydro, 4.379 GW Biomass, 8.311 GW Solar, 12.288 GW Wind, 32.279 GW Total Installed Renewable* Capacity: 57.258 GW Indian Power Scenario 59% 17% 14% 2% 0.837% 8% Coal (194.4 GW) Renewable (57.258 GW) Hydro (44.594 GW) Nuclear (6.78 GW) Diesel (0.83 GW) Gas (25.32 GW) Total Installed Capacity * : 326.8 GW 11 * Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
- 12. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 0 0 7 2 Installed Capacity (in GW) past 10 years Wind (GW) PV (GW) Biomass (GW) Hydro (GW) 12
- 13. Energy mix in India by 2016 (April- Oct 2016) 13 Source- Wise All India Generation from Renewables For the Month of Cumulative for the period Oct, 2016 Oct, 2015 Apr, 2016- Oct, 2016 Apr, 2015- Oct, 2015 Wind 3607.68 2023.14 35217.57 25402.07 Solar 1211.08 739.08 7002.71 3930.30 Biomass 349.28 302.00 2421.72 2010.34 Bagasse 410.14 522.31 3211.44 4620.03 Small Hydro 687.92 747.37 5904.56 5902.73 Others 20.96 20.14 148.32 159.74 Total 6287.06 4354.04 53906.32 42025.21 ALL figures in Million Units (MU)
- 14. Factors affecting the performance of existing grid Increasing demand of electricity. Supply shortfalls of electricity. Need of reducing losses. Peak demand management. Integration of renewable energy generation systems. 14
- 15. Solution to global warming. Effective use of electric vehicles. Better customer satisfaction. Overcoming difficulties in meter reading. Poor efficiencies of conventional power generation systems. Potential of technological advancements and new business opportunities. 15
- 16. Factors affecting the performance of existing grid Ageing assets and lack of circuit capacity • Power network designed life in need of replacement. • The capital costs of like-for-like replacement will be very high. Security of supply • Need of reliable electricity supply as more and more critical loads are connected. 16
- 17. Thermal constraints • Transmission and Distribution lines at its limits. • Reduction in the life of the equipment . • Increasing incidence of faults. Operational constraints • Voltage and frequency limits. • Uncertainty of RES. 17
- 18. What makes the Grid ‘Smart’ The digital technology that allows for two-way communication between the utility and its customers, and the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart. Customer prospective • If you already manage activities such as personal banking from your home computer, imagine managing your electricity in a similar way. For examples • Customer will no longer have to wait for monthly statement to know how much electricity he use. With a smarter grid, he can have a clear and timely picture of it. "Smart meters,“ • Can able to see how much electricity you use, when you use it, and its cost. Combined with real-time pricing, this will allow you to save money by using less power when electricity is most expensive. • Smart Grid has the potential to help you save money by helping you to manage your electricity use and choose the best times to purchase electricity. And you can save even more by generating your own power. Source: http://www.smartgrids.gov , Department Of Energy(DOE) 18
- 19. Smart grid conceptual model (NIST) Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 20
- 20. Standard Smart Grid Definitions European Technology Platform for Smart Grids (2006) : “A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both– in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. A Smart Grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self healing technologies to: 20
- 21. • Better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies • Allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of the system • Provide consumers with greater information and options for choice of supply • Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system • Maintain or even improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality and security of supply • Maintain and improve the existing services efficiently • Foster market integration towards a European integrated market 21 Source: http://www.smartgrids.eu/ETPSmartGrids
- 22. Smart Grid Definitions U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)[1] “Grid 2030 envisions a fully automated power delivery network that monitors and controls every customer and node, ensuring two-way flow of information and electricity between the power plant and the appliance, and all points in between” International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [2]: “The Smart Grid is a developing network of transmission lines, equipment, controls and new technologies working together to respond immediately to our 21st Century demand for electricity” Source: [1] GRID 2030; A National Vision for Electricity’s Second 100 Years, United States Department of Energy, Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution, 2003. [2] International Electrotechnical Commission 22
- 23. Duties of smart grid More efficient transmission of electricity Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs for consumers 23
- 24. Reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity rates Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems Better integration of customer-owner power generation systems, including renewable energy systems Improved security 24
- 25. Existing Grid Electromechanical One-way communication Centralized generation Limited Sensors Manual Monitoring Failures and Blackouts Limited control Manual restoration Smart Grid Digital Two-Way Communication Distributed Generation Sensors throughout Self Monitoring Adaptive and Islanding Pervasive control Self Healing 25
- 27. Smart Grid Components Major components of smart grid are classified as follows • Smart Infrastructure • Smart Communication • Smart Management • Smart Protection The smart infrastructure system is further divided into two parts • Smart energy system • Smart information system 27
- 28. Smart energy system • Power Generation • Transmission • Distribution Smart information system • Smart metering • Sensors • Phasor measurement units(PMU) • Information management 28
- 29. Thank You 29