Electrical Power Systems and Smart Grid Infrastructure
- 1. Dept. of EEE, CUET EEE 445 Smart Grid (Credit: 3.0) Prof. Dr. Nur Mohammad Email: nur.mohammad@cuet.ac.bd Website: https://www.cuet.ac.bd/members/191 Office: 2229,Academic Building-2, Dept. of EEE, CUET https://classroom.google.com/ Class code: 27rjdjk Smart Electrical Grids: Foundations and Features Subtitle: Insights from Power Generation, Operation, and Control Session-1 Joined in EEE CUET: September 2008 PhD from QUT Australia: February 2019 Promoted Professor: March: 2021
- 2. EEE 445 Smart Grid Introduction to smart grid: Network architecture, two-way communication,Application of IoT in smart grid, smart sensors network. Distributed generation: Distributed energy resources (DERs), distributed generation (DG) and grid scale energy storage (ES); high power density batteries, ElectricVehicles andVehicle- to-Grid systems, Microgrids. Demand Side Management: Energy management system (EMS), Demand side management (DSM), Demand Response (DR), demand response for load shaping, Dynamic pricing, controllable load models, consumption scheduling, energy and reserve markets. Communication and networking:Architectures, standards and adaptation of power line communication (PLC), ZigBee, GSM, and machine to machine communication models for the smart grid; Home area networks (HAN) and neighborhood area networks (NAN); reliability, redundancy and security aspects. Metering Infrastructure: Smart meters and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI); Load scheduling, Building energy management, energy management scheduler, real-time pricing and ancillary service; Reliability: Frequency and voltage control, energy efficiency, self-healing and restoration.
- 3. Course Prerequisites ➢ Prerequisites: ➢ Electrical Circuits ➢ Electrical Machines ➢ Power System Analysis ➢ Mathematical Programming ➢ Constrained Optimization ➢ Other related power system courses. 3
- 4. Syllabus Summary 4 Tentative contents: ➢Economic Dispatch, Power Flow, Sensitivity and contingency analysis ➢Unit Commitment Problems ➢Energy Markets, Restructure Power Systems ➢Communication Network:Architectures, standards, interoperability, security ➢Renewable Energy Sources, Energy Storage ➢Distributed Energy Resources, Microgrid ➢Demand Side Management, Demand Response ➢Advanced Metering Infrastructure. ➢FlexibleTransmission and Reliability
- 5. Course Scope ➢ This course provides a comprehensive introduction to smart grid systems covering: ➢ analysis and operation of the traditional power grid, the new challenges, and the emerging technologies and assets that make the “existing grid” become smart. ➢ This course is focused on both the supply and demand side. ➢ This course is focused on the electrical system rather than the communication system. ➢ The emphasis is on smart grid operation, energy analysis, management, control architecture, and software systems. 5 ➢ Software: ➢ MATPOWER, MATLAB, Python, PyPSA
- 6. Course Objectives ➢ Traditional Power Grid ➢ concepts, operations, reliability ➢ energy markets ➢ Next Generation Smart Grid ➢ understand smart grid features ➢ restructure energy markets ➢ Emerging technologies, metering ➢ grid interoperability 6
- 7. Suggested Reading ➢ Attendance 10% – 90% up Class Tests 20% – Assignment: 1, 2, 3,4 Final Exam 70% – Answer 6 questions out of 8 Total 100% Suggested Reading: 1) Allen J.Wood Bruce F.Wollenberg Gerald B. Sh, Power Generation Operation and Control, JohnWiley, 2013. 1) K. Bhattacharya,M. H. J. Bollen, and J. E. Daalder, Operation of Restructured Power Systems, Kluwer Academic, 2001 Evaluation Process 7
- 8. Overview of Power Systems 8
- 9. Power System ➢ What is a power system? ➢ an electrical grid, interconnected network ➢ for delivering electricity from producers (e.g., power plants) to consumers (e.g., residential houses) ➢ Alternative terms: ➢ power grid, electricity grid, electrical grid, electrical network, electric power system, electric power grid ➢ National Academy of Engineers (NAE) ➢ Electric power grid is the world’s largest “machine” and the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th century. 9 The North American Power Grid is considered by some to be the biggest machine humanity has ever created. The U.S. alone contains 600,000 miles of transmission lines and 5.5 million miles of distribution lines
- 10. Power System ➢ A power system is very complex ➢ Contains hundreds of thousands of components. ➢ Large-scale network connecting different areas ➢ Different voltage levels ➢ ac circuits including resistors, inductors and capacitors ➢ Power flows from generation plants to loading end over transmission and distribution networks. ➢ Instantaneous nodal power balancing Reference: By MBizon - Own work Originally derived from de:Datei:Stromversorgung.png, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9676556 A typical layout for Germany and other European systems. Three Gorges Dam hydroelectric power plant in China. It has a capacity of 22,500 MW. The largest nuclear plant is Kori, South Korea (7,489 MW) The largest solar farm is Gonghe Talatan, China (15,600 MW) and the largest wind farm is Gansu, China (7,965 MW).
- 11. Electricity Generation and Capacity Data (FY 2022-23) Type of Plant Capacity (MW) Percentage (%) Hydro 230 0.92% Steam Turbine 3,742 15.02% Gas Turbine 1,438 5.77% Combined Cycle 8,363 33.57% Reciprocating Engine 8,023 32.21% Solar PV 459 1.84% Power Import 2,656 10.66% Total 24,911 100% Type of Fuel Capacity (MW) Percentage (%) Hydro 230 0.92% Gas 11,372 45.65% Furnace Oil 6,492 26.06% Diesel 1,010 4.05% Coal 2,692 10.81% Solar PV 459 1.84% Power Import 2,656 10.66% Total 24,911 100% Sector Entity Net Generation (MkWh) Public Sector BPDB 17,433 Public Sector APSCL 6,983 Public Sector EGCB 4,153 Public Sector RPCL 941 Public Sector NWPGCL 4,700 Public Sector B-R Powergen Ltd. (BRPL) 506 Public Sector CPGCBL -17 Public Sector Subtotal 34,698 Joint Venture All JV 7,647 Private Sector IPP 30,447 Private Sector SIPP/Rental/Q.Re ntal/NENP 3,806 Private Sector REB (for PBSs only) 1,426 Private Sector Subtotal 35,679 Power Import 10,425 System Total 88,450 Capacity byType of Plant Net Electricity Generation Capacity byType of Fuel
- 12. Primary Grid https://bpdb.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bpdb.portal.gov.bd/ Transmission Infrastructure Information Transmission Line as on: March, 2025 400kV 2732 Circuit km 27.8 Circuit km (Others) 230kV 4,724 Circuit km 27.3 Circuit km (Others) 132kV 8879 Circuit km 236 Circuit km (Others) Total Line 16627 Circuit km Substation as on: March, 2025 400kV 1 Nos. 2x500MW HVDC 400/230kV 9 Nos. 12,505 MVA 2 Nos. 1,690 MVA (Others) 400/132 kV 4 Nos. 3,615 MVA 230/132kV 29 Nos. 18,625 MVA 2 Nos. 850 MVA (Others) 230/33KV 2 Nos. 420 MVA 4 Nos. 1100 MVA (Others) 132/33kV 136 Nos. 28,862 MVA 44 Nos. 7,211 MVA (Others) Overall Capacity 234 Nos. 75,256 MVA Dispatch Capacity at 33kV level 34,173 MW
- 13. 13 Power System Diagram • High-voltage transmission subsystem • Low-voltage distribution subsystem Meshed network Radial network (Tree structure) Suppliers: generators (units) Customers: demands (loads) Electrical network http://emgsolutions.co/power-system-schematics.html 70 percent of the power grid is over 25 years old, and the grid needs to increase current capacity to keep up with energy needs.
- 14. Smart Grid 14 What is a Smart Grid? A smart grid is an upgraded version of the traditional electrical grid that uses cutting-edge digital technology, advanced sensors, and communication systems to better manage the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electricity. Core Pillars: Digital Communication. Real-time Monitoring. Automated Control. IT, Power Systems, Consumer Engagement. Energy management System (EMS)
- 16. Defining the Smart Grid 16 ➢ A smart grid is an intelligent electricity distribution system that uses digital technology, communication networks, automation, and Internet of Things (IoT) to manage the flow of electricity more efficiently, reliably, and sustainably. ➢ The term “smart” refers to the system’s ability to automatically monitor energy flows, adjust to changes in supply and demand in real-time, and facilitate two-way communication between utilities and consumers. https://iotdunia.com/what-is-smart-grid-technology/
- 17. Smart Grid Features ➢ What makes a grid “smart”? Smart features: ➢ Two-way communication (customer and provider) ➢ Smart meter, advanced metering infrastructure ➢ Flexibility in network topology and parameters ➢ Demand side management, Demand response ➢ Peak curtailment ➢ Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) ➢ Integration of distributed energy resources (DER) ➢ Distributed control 17
- 18. Smart Grid Features ➢ A smart grid is more complex ➢ Integration of utility-scale renewable power plants ➢ availability, variable generation ➢ Integration of distributed energy resources (DER) ➢ widespread among the network, intermittent renewables ➢ behind-the-meter DERs ➢ Integration of electric vehicles (EV) ➢ frequent fast battery charging, roaming feature ➢ change electric demand profile geographically and temporally ➢ More power electronic devices connected to the grid ➢ Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. ➢ Smart meters 18
- 19. Communication Networks Data Highway for the Grid Smart grids require robust communication protocols to protect the integrity and reliability of grid operations. The framework utilizes smart meters for real-time data acquisition, phasor measurement units (PMUs) for accurate monitoring of electrical waveforms The phasor data concentrators (PDCs) aggregate data from PMUs and to facilitate data sharing with SCADA There are standards for smart grid communication, including IEEE C37.118.2 and IEC 61850-90-5. 19
- 20. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) Beyond Centralized Generation Types: Rooftop solar, microturbines, EVs, battery storage. Challenge: Bidirectional power flow → grid stability risks. Graphic: Centralized vs. decentralized generation contrast. 20
- 21. Core Components of Smart Grids Architectural Layers Physical Layer:Wires, transformers, DERs (Distributed Energy Resources). Data Layer: Sensors, smart meters, PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units). Control Layer: SCADA, EMS (Energy Management Systems). Market Layer: Demand response, peer-to-peer trading. 21
- 22. Demand Response (DR) Engaging the Consumer Mechanisms: Price-based (e.g., time-of-use rates). Incentive-based (e.g., utility payments for load reduction). Impact: Flatten peak demand, defer grid upgrades. Case Study: PJM Interconnection’s DR market. 22
- 23. Key Drivers for Smart Grids Why Modernize? Aging Infrastructure: 70% of U.S. transformers >25 years old (DOE). Renewable Integration: Managing solar/wind intermittency. CyberThreats: Legacy systems vulnerable to attacks. Consumer Demand: Real-time data, dynamic pricing. Reliability: Self-healing (e.g., auto-reconfiguration). Efficiency: Reduced transmission losses (8% → 5%). Sustainability: 30% higher renewable hosting capacity. Economic: $2–6, per $1 invested (EPRI). 23
- 24. Fundamental Architecture 24 Classical Power System Smart Grid Centralized Generation: Large power plants (coal, nuclear, hydro) feed power downstream. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs): Solar, wind, storage, and microgrids inject power at distribution/transmission levels. Unidirectional Power Flow: Energy flows from generation → transmission → distribution → consumers. Bidirectional Power Flow: Consumers become "prosumers" (producers + consumers), pushing excess energy back to the grid. Hierarchical Control:Top-down commands (grid operators → substations). Decentralized Control:Autonomous decisions at local nodes (e.g., self-healing microgrids). Classical Grid vs. Smart Grid
- 25. Classical Grid vs. Smart Grid cont… Monitoring & Data Acquisition 25 Classical Smart Grid Manual/Static Monitoring: Limited sensors; SCADA updates every 2–4 seconds. Real-Time Dynamic Monitoring: Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) sample data at 30– 60 Hz (once every 16–33 ms). Reactive Response: Operators detect faults after outages occur. Predictive Analytics:AI forecasts faults (e.g., transformer failures) and triggers preemptive actions. Estimated Load Data: Monthly manual meter readings. Granular Consumption Data: Smart meters stream usage every 15–60 mins.
- 26. Operational Flexibility & Resilience 26 Classical Smart Grid Rigid Infrastructure: Fixed protection schemes; reconfiguration takes hours. Adaptive Protection: Relays adjust settings dynamically for DER integration. Passive Load Management: No consumer engagement; grid scales supply to meet demand. Active Demand Response (DR): Consumers reduce/shift usage during peaks via price signals. Slow Fault Recovery: Manual isolation and repair (e.g., hours-long outages). Self-Healing Capabilities:Automated rerouting (e.g., isolating faults in <1 second). Classical Grid vs. Smart Grid cont…
- 27. Technology & Security 27 Classical Smart Grid Analog/Electromechanical Devices: Relays, electromechanical meters. Digital/IoT Devices: Smart inverters, IP-connected sensors. Minimal Cybersecurity:Air- gapped networks; physical security focus. End-to-End Encryption: Zero-trust architecture for IT/OT convergence. Limited Interoperability: Proprietary vendor systems. Open Standards: IEC 61850, DNP3, IEEE 2030.5 for seamless integration. Classical Grid vs. Smart Grid cont…
- 28. Market & Consumer Interaction 28 Classical Smart Grid FlatTariffs: Fixed electricity prices. Dynamic Pricing:Time-of-Use (TOU), real-time pricing based on grid conditions. Opaque Operations: Consumers unaware of grid status. Transparency:Apps provide real-time usage/cost data and outage alerts. Centralized Markets: Utilities dominate generation/retail. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Trading: Blockchain-enabled energy exchanges between prosumers. Classical Grid vs. Smart Grid cont…
- 29. Why the Shift Matters Classical systems struggle with modern challenges: Aging infrastructure (70% of U.S. transformers >25 yrs old). Intermittent renewables causing voltage/frequency instability. Cyber-physical threats to legacy control systems. Smart grids address these via digitalization, decentralization, and consumer empowerment, enabling: Faster integration of renewables. Resilience against extreme weather/cyberattacks. Efficient asset utilization (e.g., deferred grid upgrades). 29
- 30. Smart Grid Resources Video: “What Is the Smart Grid?” by U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwRTpWZReJk Reference: https://iotdunia.com/what-is-smart-grid-technology/ https://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid/smart_grid.h tml 30
- 31. Questions? 31