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SMART GRIDS: FULL
POTENTIAL OF
ELECTRICITY SYSTEMS
PRESENTED BY,
ANJUMOL ANNIE VARGHESE
COLLEGE OF ENGG. KIDANGOOR

OUTLINES
Introduction
Smart grids
Goals, Challenges And Barriers
Integrating variable Generation
Consumer Engagement
Distribution Automation
Transmission Automation
Future evolution of smart grid
Conclusion
Reference
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INTRODUCTION
o Traditional electrical grids mainly consisted of power stations,
transmission lines and transformers.
o Several new trends are already shaping changes in the electricity
infrastructure including the expansion of the existing grid with micro
grids.
o Challenges faced by existing grid is leading to Smart grid concepts that
primarily explore the integration issues between new and legacy
solutions and infrastructures.
o The most prominent integration issue is the full use of variable
renewable generation, the electrification of the transportation sector,
and interaction with the electricity grid etc.
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Cont..
o The challenge of future grid development is to spur innovation and
provide a framework for how global issues affect local developments
and vice versa.
o Another challenge is the environmental concern that is not equally
shared around the world now.
o Other issue is customer engagement.
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SMART GRID
A smart grid is an electrical network that uses
digital and other advanced technologies to
monitor and manage the transport of
electricity from all generation sources to meet
the varying demand of end users.
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GOALS, CHALLENGES AND
BARRIERS
 Self-healing
 Enabling active participation by consumers in demand
response.
 Operating resiliently against physical and cyber attacks.
 Providing power quality.
 Accommodating all generation and storage options.
 Enabling new products, services and markets.
 Optimizing assets and operating efficiently.
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•GOALS

•CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS
 Integrating variable generation
 Consumer engagement
 Distribution automation
 Transmission automation
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INTEGRATING VARIABLE
GENERATION
 CONTROL OF POWER PRODUTION
 GENERATION VARIABILITY
 GENERATION UNCERTAINTY
 FREQUENCY REGULATION
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 CONTROL OF POWER PRODUCTION
For conventional generation, megawatt (MW) output is
controlled at four levels:
 Local to each generator and regulates MW output in response to
transient deviations in shaft speed from its reference
(synchronous) speed.
 Automatic generation control (AGC)
 SCED
 SCUC
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 GENERATION VARIABILITY
Conventional generation must compensate for VG which has two
important implications for conventional generators.
1. Increased levels of conventional generation
2. Portfolio of generation
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 GENERATION UNCERTAINTY
• VGs that participate in both real time and day-ahead markets settle
deviations at real-time prices.
• VGs that participate in only real-time markets receive real-time prices
for energy provided.
• Day-ahead VG offers depend on the 24–48-h ahead VG resource
forecasts.
• Real-time VG offers depend on 5–60-min ahead VG resource forecasts.
• The error associated with these forecasts causes uncertainty in VG
schedules. Deviations in VG schedules affect scheduling of the
conventional generation, resulting in less efficient system economic
performance.
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 FREQUENCY REGULATION
 Frequency has been traditionally controlled tightly to avoid
activation of under frequency load shedding.
 Ability of wind turbine generators to emulate the inertia of
traditional generators is an interesting frequency regulation
impact to explore.
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CONSUMER ENGAGEMENT
 SMART HOMES, BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 OPTIONS FOR AGGREGATION
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 SMART HOMES, BUILDING ENERGY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 Smart grid development in the consumer domain is in full swing.
 Smart appliances, which are equipped with controllers to maximize
efficiency, are widely available.
 The use of smart appliances is reduced to the energy savings in a given
locality or premise.
 Building energy management systems have been in use but they are
complex and effective.
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 OPTIONS FOR AGGREGATION
 Typical utility aggregation programs were aimed at grouping customers
on a given feeder.
 Such programs are now becoming much more versatile and
sophisticated, where they may include a variety of options such as
advanced energy storage technologies.
 Electric cars charging is one of the aggregation program
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 ELECTRIC VEHICLES
We can say that the invention of electric
vehicles was a great Achievement, even
though it was Invented a long time ago,
its Importance is seen with the advent of
this great technology Smart Grid.
We can charge these vehicles whenever
we need electricity and discharge this
and give it back to the system whenever
the system needs it.
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Figure 1

DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION
 OWNERSHIP AND UTILIZATION OF CUSTOMER AND UTILITY
DATA
 ENHANCING INTERACTION BETWEEN DISTRIBUTION
AUTOMATION AND BULK ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
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 OWNERSHIP AND UTILISATION OF CUSTOMER AND
UTILITY DATA
 One of the major developments in distribution automation is
deployment of smart meters as a gateway between the utility and
customer.
 It not only a point of measurement of consumed kWh but also a
controller capable of bidirectional communications with both the
customer and utility.
 At the meter, the issue of data ownership and privacy becomes a focal
point.
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SMART METERS
Smart Meters are digital electric
meters that take the place of
traditional mechanical meters.
Like a traditional meter, a Smart
Meter measures electric current.
It also stores information and
receives and responds to commands
and status inquiries from the utility.
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Figure 2

ENHANCING INTERACTION BETWEEN DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION AND
BULK ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
 The nodal information about the voltage and frequency may have to be
accurately reflected for the entire system across both distribution and
transmission.
 They are already exploring the energy management system (EMS)
designs that will encompass both transmission and distribution
networks under one control solution.
 Various protection scheme and Synchrophasor technology aimed at
addressing the monitoring, control, and protection issues in the
transmission systems.
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• Synchronized phasors (synchrophasors) provide a real-time
measurement of electrical quantities from across the power
system.
• Applications include :
• The basic system building blocks are GPS satellite-synchronized
clocks, phasor measurement unit(PMUs), a phasor data
concentrator (PDC) etc.
• Wide-area control,
• Determining stability
• Maximizing stable system loading,
• System-wide disturbance recording,
 SYNCHROPHASOR

PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNITS
High speed sensors called PMUs
distributed throughout a
transmission network can be used
to monitor the state of the system.
PMUs can take measurement at
rates of up to 30 times per second,
which is much faster than the speed
of existing SCADA technology.
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Figure 3

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
The GPS is a space-based satellite
navigation system that provides
location and time information in all
weather conditions, anywhere on or
near the earth where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or
more GPS satellites. The system
provides critical capabilities to
military, civil, and commercial users
around the world
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Figure 4

TRANSMISSION AUTOMATION
 WIDE-AREA EFFECTS OF POWER OUTAGES
 LOCAL AND WIDE-AREA PROTECTION
 SCADA AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
 THE ROLE OF OPERATORS
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WIDE – AREA EFFECTS OF POWER OUTAGES
• In large-scale electric grids such as those in North America, Asia etc. the
transmission grid consists of many kilometres of wires that hold
thousands of generators and millions of individual loads together.
• This type of grid provides two benefits that are Reliability and
Economics.
• Its side effect is ,if something goes wrong the effects can quickly be felt
over a large area.
ex,. Blackout
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 LOCAL AND WIDE-AREA PROTECTION
 As transmission automation moves forward, relays will continue to play
an important role since they can respond far faster than any human
operator.
 Electro mechanical relays are replaced by digital relays.
 This could allow for more flexible system operation through introducing
adaptive digital protection.
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 SCADA
Figure 5
ISO new England

THE ROLE OF OPERATORS
 Normal generation control, switching etc. are rapidly
being automated.
 For emerging system operations such as when a blackout
threatens, the human operator is critical.
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FUTURE SCOPES
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Low - emission generation technologies that can be built
quickly, at relatively low cost.
The most promising technologies are onshore wind and natural
gas combined cycle plants.
Smart meter may become a key energy management
component of the future by interfacing the customer with the
utility.

CONCLUSION
 As surveyed in this paper, several grid developments are expected:
 Increased use of renewable variable generation
 Involvement of customers in electricity generation
 Automation
 New developments such as electric cars
 The transition towards a smart grid from the current electric grid is
one of the most important decisions to meet for electric reliability,
economy, efficiency and sustainability goals.
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REFERENCE
a. EPRI, Intelligrid Program 161, 2012Research Portfolio. [Online]. Available: PSerc, Challenges in
integrating renewable technologies into an electric power system,Power Syst. Eng. Res. Cntr.
Rep. 10-27,2010.
b. EPRI, Estimating the costs and benefits of smart grid: A preliminary estimate of the investment
requirements and the resultant benefits of a fully functioning smart grid,Tech. Rep., Mar. 2011.
c. L. L. Schiavo and R. Malaman, regulation and incentives for improving continuity of supply: The
experience of Italy and comparison with other EU countries,[ in Proc. CIGRE/IEEE PES Int.
Symp., Quality and Security of Electric Power Systems 2003, pp. 241–247, Oct. 9–10, 2003.
d. Y. Dong, V. Aravinthan, M. Kezunovic, and W. Jewell, Integration of asset and
outage management tasks for distribution systems, in Proc. Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting,
pp. 1–9, Jul. 26–30, 2009.
e. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook, 2007 NETL, Smart Grid Principal
Characteristics Enables New Products, Services, and Markets, DOE/NETL-2010/1401, Feb. 2010
f. National Science Foundation/Department of Energy Engineering Research Center for Ultra-
Wide-Area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT)
g. National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Future Renewable Electric Energy
Delivery and Management (FREEDM).
h. M. Begovic, D. Novosel, D. Karlsson, C. Henville, and G. Michel, Wide-area protection and
emergency control, Proc. IEEE, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 876–891, May 2005.
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