The Smart Power Grid

The Smart Power Grid Stephen Lee Senior Technical Executive Power Delivery & Utilization October 21, 2009 IEEE Power Electronics Society Santa Clara Valley Chapter

Outline Of Presentation Holistic Power Supply & Delivery Chain Smart Grid Standards (NIST) Smart Meters/Home Area Network Demand Response Electric / Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Highly Variable Renewable Wind and Solar Resources (Utility scale and distributed) Energy Storage Technologies Applications of Synchrophasors Conclusions

EPRI’s Smart Grid Leadership Common Information Model (CIM) for Energy Management Systems (EMS) Utility Communication Architecture (UCA) for Substation Automation IntelliGrid Architecture NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Roadmap Smart Grid Demonstration Projects 1990 1995 2000 2010 2005

Smart Grid: Focus on What is Possible Smart Grid Need an Objective Assessment of the Potential for Smart Transmission and the Path to Achieve it

What is The Smart Grid? Engaging Consumers Enhancing Efficiency Ensuring Reliability Enabling Renewables & Electric Transportation Many Definitions – But One VISION Highly Instrumented with Advanced Sensors and Computing Interconnected by a Communication Fabric that Reaches Every Device

Smart Grid Domains Source: EPRI Report to NIST on Smart Grid Interoperability, June 2009

Current State – Power Grid Operations 2-4 Sec scan rates Limited to info from lines and transformers at substations MW, MVAR, KV breaker status Limited Grid Visibility

Smart Transmission State – Power Grid Operations Higher speed scan rates Allows more frequent analysis of system state Enhanced Grid Visibility 750 +282j 250 +84j 100 +62j 20 + 8j 276 + 120j 130 + 8j 300 + 100j 750 + 262j 440 + 200j 120 + 11j 350 + 150j 227 + 420j 704 + 308j 2 3 4 5 7 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 176 +88j

End-to-End Power Delivery Chain Operation & Planning Data Communication Wide Area Control Sensors Monitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & Control End-uses & DR Distribution System Transmission System Energy Storage Fuel Supply System Fuel Source/Storage Power Plants Renewable Plants Controllers ZIP M Dynamic Load Models Dynamic Power Plant Models

North America Electricity Interconnections

Independent System Operators / Regional Transmission Operators (ISO/RTO)

North America Electricity Balancing Authorities

New Challenges for a Smart Grid Need to integrate: Large-scale stochastic (uncertain) renewable generation Electric energy storage Distributed generation Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Demand response (smart meters) Need to deploy and integrate: New Synchronized measurement technologies New sensors New System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)

Foundations Need Strengthening End-to-End Situational Awareness Alarm Management and Real-Time Root-Cause Diagnosis Dynamic Models of all Generators and Loads Faster System Restoration System Integrity Protection Schemes Faster reflex actions on wide-area problems Measurement-based safety nets to prevent cascading blackouts, e.g., load shedding, islanding/separation, damping

Effective System Restoration Can Reduce The Societal Impact Of Widespread Blackouts Source: NSF/EPRI Workshop on Understanding and Preventing Cascading Failures in Power Systems, Oct 28, 2005. Extensive (magnitude & duration) blackouts cost Billions of $ to the economy

New Solutions Are Needed Optimal end-to-end commitment and dispatch by ISO/RTO as backstop for system reliability Virtual Service Aggregators serving as Energy Balancing Authorities Dispatch and control stochastic renewable generation Dispatch and control (and own?) large scale energy storage plants Manage demand response proactively Manage smart electric vehicle charging

Role of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on Smart Grid Standards In cooperation with the DoE, NEMA, IEEE, GWAC, and other stakeholders, NIST has “primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems …” Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Title XIII, Section 1305 Smart Grid Interoperability Framework

Key Standards Organizations Involved in the Development of “Smart Grid” Infrastructure ISO IEC International standards- developing organizations National Organizations Trade, technical, and government Consortia and user groups JTC 1 ANSI(US) EIA/CEMA IEEE ASHRAE SAE UCA International Zigbee Alliance AEIC Meter Group BACnet ™ Users ITU IEC 61970/68 CIM Users IEC 61850 Users Open AMI AHAM Utility AMI Open HAN BACnet ™ Mfrs JTC 1 WG 25 *Representative Sample ASHRAE SSPC 135 UIWG ANSI C12 Series EPRI IWG ISA IETF CENELEC Other Projects NIST RD&D Projects EPRI Projects CEC Projects DOD Projects DOE Projects

NIST Phase 1 Plan March September 2009 Key Milestones: Stakeholder workshops April 28-29 & May 19-20 NIST Recognized Standards Release – May 08 EPRI delivers Interim roadmap to NIST – Wednesday, June 17 Standard Development Organizations workshop – August 3-4 NIST smart grid interoperability report – September 2009 EPRI Project Objectives: Develop an Interim Roadmap that describes the high-level Smart Grid architecture, principles and interface design. Describe the current status, issues, and priorities for interoperability standards development and harmonization including an action plan that addresses these issues. Rapidly build consensus for the Interim Roadmap among the various Smart Grid stakeholders.

NIST Phase 2 and Phase 3 Plan March September 2009 2010 PHASE 1 Recognize a set of initial existing consensus standards and develop a roadmap to fill gaps PHASE 2 Establish public/private Standards Panel to provide ongoing recommendations for new/revised standards to be recognized by NIST PHASE 3 Conformity Framework (including Testing and Certification)

Smart Grid Enabling Consumers to be More Efficient Numerous studies have been conducted to quantify the impact of information on electricity consumption Making Consumers Energy Aware

Prices to Devices Tomorrow’s Smart Pricing Efficient Building Systems Utility Communications Dynamic Systems Control Data Management Distribution Operations Distributed Generation and Storage Plug-In Hybrids Smart End-Use Devices Control Interface Advanced Metering Consumer Portal and Building EMS Internet Renewables PV Thermostat receives day-ahead hourly prices Consumer sets upper and lower limits Thermostat “learns” thermal, consumer and weather impacts

Future HAN Applications for Energy Management Smart Energy Application Profile 2.0 Air Conditioner Pool Pump Water Heater Refrigerator Computer/Laptop Flat Screen TV Washer/Dryer Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Wind Turbine Solar Panels Zigbee HomePlug Wi-Fi

What is Demand Response? Voluntary , temporary adjustment of power demand by end-user or counter-party in response to market signal (e.g. price, emergency, etc.) Three basic forms Direct Load Control Price Response Interruptible Tariff Enabling technology  automation  ubiquity  DR magnitude & reliability Still subject to human behavior Even with automation, overrides possible Persistence a question Image source: GDF Suez

…and DR will be needed to help balance increasing intermittent resources on the Grid… V f High Low Supply Demand But a Smarter Grid isn’t a panacea for DR… lack of Measurement &Verification standards still a key barrier

Smart Grid Enabling PHEV Through Smart Charging Utility – Auto industry collaboration Standardize interface vehicle-to-grid Open systems Plug-In Vehicle AMI Path Smart Charging Back End Energy Management, Cust ID, Billing Non-AMI Path Standard Interface

Variability of Wind Generation

Solar Thermal (CSP) vs Photovoltaic (PV) Output Source: Larry Stoddard, Black & Veatch Sunny Day Cloudy Day

Load, Wind Output, Solar Output Time of Day MW Load Solar Wind

Net Load Time of Day MW Net Load Load Faster Ramp Sudden V-turn

Typical Spring Week Generation by Fuel Type [ACTUAL] PUCT Project 37339 Workshop 08/20/2009

Positioning of Energy Storage Options Flow Batteries: Zn/Cl Zn-Air ZrBr VRB PSB Novel Systems NaS Battery Li-Ion Battery NiCd NiMH High Power Fly Wheels SMES High Power Super Caps 1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW Lead Acid Battery High Energy Super Caps ZEBRA Battery System Power Ratings Discharge Time at Rated Power Seconds Minutes Hours UPS Grid Support Energy Management Power Quality Load Shifting Bridging Power Bulk Power Mgt Pumped Hydro CAES © 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Advanced Lead Acid Battery Metal-Air Batteries Nano-cap hybrids?

Compressed Air Energy Storage AEC CAES Plant (McIntosh, Alabama): - - Arial View - - First US CAES Plant: Alabama Electric Cooperative McIntosh Plant (110MW – 26 Hr) Started commercial operation: midnight May 31, 1991 Due to excellent part load efficiency, regulation ramping, and/or spinning reserve duty are often used AEC McIntosh Site: CAES Plant On Right and Two Combustion Turbines On Left

Advanced CAES Plant: Schematic - - - Second Generation “Chiller” Design- - - CT Module Exhaust Air Compressor Combustion Turbine Motor Storage Air Intercoolers Recuperator Fuel Expander Storage Estimated Cap. Cost (2008 $) ~ $600/kW to $750/kW + Substation, Permits & Contingencies Constant Output Pressure Regulation Valve (For Salt Geology) The CAES plant design and technology presented above is described in U.S. Patent Numbers 7389644 and 4872307, invented by Dr. Michael Nakhamkin, Chief Technology Officer, Energy Storage and Power LLC. Use of this technology may require a license. Heat Rate Energy Ratio 3810 0.70

Online Stability Monitoring & Analysis Wide Area Visualization Model Validation & Adjustment Controlled Separation & Restoration PMU Applications Improve situational awareness Increase transfer capabilities Prevent cascading failures & reduce wide-area blackouts Reduce system restoration time and outage durations Improve accuracy of models Research Development Application Demonstration

Wide Area Visualization using PMU and EMS Data Industry Issues How to use PMUs to improve system operators situational awareness? How to handle large volume of PMU data? EPRI Solutions: Developed wide area visualization tool using PMU and EMS data Developed event-replay function to assist post-event analysis Developed real-time security monitoring function Developed disturbance location determination function

Measurement-based Voltage Stability Analysis Industry Issues Need online voltage stability monitoring and analysis capabilities Simulation-based voltage stability analysis approach has limitations. EPRI Solutions: Developed three-level voltage stability monitoring and analysis framework Developed Voltage Instability Load Shedding to calculate voltage stability margin at substation level Developed Measurement-based Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control algorithm to calculate voltage stability margin at Voltage Control Area level Developing visualization tool to help system operators monitor system-wide voltage stability condition

PMU-based Controlled Separation Scheme Industry Issues Where to separate? When to separate? How to separate? EPRI Solutions: Developed PMU-based Controlled Separation Framework Study cascading scenarios offline and determine potential separation interfaces Use PMU to monitor oscillation and developed algorithm to quickly identify the dominate oscillation mode. Developed PMU-based Out-of-Step Relay scheme to determine the separation timing

Application of Synchrophasor Measurements for Validating System Planning Models Industry Issues Having accurate models is important for system planning studies Validation of models is challenging EPRI Solutions: Developed measurement-based load modeling methods and tools that can use measured disturbance data to validate load models. Developed methods and tools that can use measured disturbance data to validate generator dyanmic models

Conclusions Need to Make the Bulk Power System Smarter Interest in Smart Grid could modernize the Electric Power System Key Messages: Focus on Benefits to Cost Payback Consider all parts together (Holistic approach) Remove deficiencies in foundations Implement new solutions THANK YOU!

The Smart Power Grid

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The Smart Power Grid