Scaffolding safety training.ppt

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 To Improve Skills of participants on scaffolding safety requirements
 To Transfer Technical knowledge to participants and to make them
aware about Scaffolding Safety Practices
 To make participants familiar with International Scaffolding Standards /
practices
 To make them fully understand with types of scaffold , scaffolding
components / material
 To make participants familiar with hazards associated in erection /
dismantling and use of scaffolds
 Roles and responsibilities of Scaffold supervisor / Engineer
 Precautionary measure to be taken while erection / dismantling & use of
scaffold
Aim & Objectives of Trainings

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Scaffolding Disasters Cont.….

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Working at Heights accidents are usually serious
and often result in disabling injuries and even
death.
Many of us assume that working at heights injuries
and fatalities occur as a result of falls from high
buildings and structures, but they often occur from
falls of only two to four meters.
Cause?
Over confident / Smart

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Working at Heights or Elevated Works is considered when
any work area 1.8 meters (6ft.) and higher or you are dealing
with one or more of the following:
1. Steel Erections
2. Roof Tops
3. Catwalks
4. Stairs
5. Scaffolds
6. Ladders
7. Floor Openings
8. Excavations

Five Most Serious WAH / Scaffold Hazards
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 According to OSHA statistics 79 fatalities & 9,750 Injuries occurred in the year
from W@H / scaffolds,
 72% of workers affect in scaffold accidents due to erection & dismantling & use
of scaffolding
Scaffolding Facts
 Human Factor
88% of all accidents are caused by unsafe acts of people (Human error). Such as
improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical and
mental condition).
 Engineering Factor
10% by unsafe Action / Conditions (Brakes failure, Hydraulic failure, Equipment
failure & Over Heating,
 Un inevitable event
2% by “Acts of God” (flood, Earthquake, Strom, volcano)
Accident Causation Theory

OSHA SCAFFOLD FATALITIES
STATCISTICS
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SCAFFOLD FATALITIES HEIGHT
OF FALLS

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Elapsed
Time
Distance
Traveled
Velocity
ft per
second
Speed
MPH
Force of
Impact
0.61 6 ft 20 14 2,400 lbs
Working at Height / PFAS
European standards state impact force
must not exceed 6kN=611 Kilograms
European standards state that ¼ Sec
required worker to have protect his self
from falling
Fixed Anchor Point
6.75
metres
Safety Margin=1.0m
Body Height = 2.0m
Shock Absorber =1.75m
Lanyard = 2.0m
Rule of Thumb: 100kg person that falls
1mtr will generate 10kN (1,000kg) of
force on the body

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 Hard Hat / Safety Helmet
 Safety Glasses
 Safety Shoes
 Coverall / Overall
 Hand Gloves
 Safety Full body Harness
 Chin Strap
 Ear Plug
PPE,S (Personnel Protective
Equipments)
 Spanner
 Magnetic Level
 Measuring tape
 Tool Belt
 Material bag
 Manila rope
 Barricading tape
Tools / Equipments Requirement

Types of Scaffold
 Mobile Scaffolding
 Bracket Scaffold
Four basic types of scaffolds are following:
 Suspended / Hanging Scaffold
 Tower / Base Supported Scaffold
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 Uncompacted ground / Soil
 Poor Initial Design
 Inadequate Bracing
 Overloading
 Obstructions at platform and access / egress blockage
 Un authorize alteration
 Impact from passing vehicles
 Inadequate Construction of Scaffold
 Working at Height / Falls from Height
 Manual material handling
 Electrical / Power lines
 Substandard material used for scaffold erection
 Scaffolding material dropped / dropped objects
 Potential Injuries due to above hazards ( Pinch point , hand injury , head injury , face
injury etc.)
Hazards in Scaffolding ( Erection, Dismantling, Use

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Scaffolding Parts
1. Sole Board / Sill Sole Boards
2. Base Plates
3. Post Standards
4. Bearers ( Transoms)
5. Runner ( ledgers)
6. Base Lift ( Kicker Lift)
7. Scaffold Planks ( Boards)
8. Bracing Transverse
/diagonal
9. Top Rail
10. Mid Rail
11. Toe Board
12. Self Supporting Drop Bar
Scaffolds Terminology

Scaffolds Terminology
Of a minimum size 100 mm (4’’)high x 25 mm (1”) thick. (50 lbs)
General Note:
Top-rails, mid-rails and toe-boards are installed on the inside of support posts on
all open sides and ends of platforms.
The top horizontal rail of the
guard rail system to be
(38’’ – 45’’) above platform, it
should withstand 200 lbs of
horizontal force.
The horizontal rail installed midway
between the top rail and platform.
(150 lbs)
Guard Rail System
Top-
rail
Mid-
rail
Toe-board
Toe Board
Mid Rail
Top Rail
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20’
5’
Scaffolds Terminology Cont.….
The height of the
scaffold should not
be more than four
(4) times its
minimum base
dimension unless
guys, ties, Out
riggers or braces
are used
Scaffolding Height

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 The first vertical tie
must be
installed at a height
less than
4 times the minimum
base dimension.
 The tie must be
installed at a
horizontal member that
supports at every
30 ft.

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All platforms
should be at least
450mm wide
Platform width
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Brace: A tie that holds one
scaffold member in a fixed
position with respect to another
member. Brace also means a rigid
type of connection holding a
scaffold to a building or structure.
Type of Bracings
1-Diagonal Bracing
2-Transverse
3-Cross Bracing
4-Ledger Bracing
5-Zigzag Bracing
6-Longitudinal
7-Plan Bracing
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All time most unstable scaffold!
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Ø

Scaffold Components
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Coupler: A device for locking
together the component tubes
of a tube and coupler scaffold.
Right Angle (Double) Coupler
For Bearers & Runners
Adjustable (swivel) Coupler
for Braces only
Bearers (Putlog) Couplers
Typical end to end
(sleeve) couplers
Joint pins (expanding spigot
couplers)

Metal / Steel Plank & Deck Identification
 Must incorporate a slip
resistant surface
 Must not be less than 6-
inches wide
 Commonly 12-inches to
32-inches wide
 Load rating must have a
4:1 ratio
T-2” X W-12” X L-12’
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Electrical Clearance
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Electrical clearance
from power lines must
be considered while
erecting / dismantling
scaffold.
Insulated lines:
300 Volts to 50 KV – 10 feet
More than 50 KV- 10 feet
plus 4 inches for each 1 KV
over 50 KV

A. Standards not centred on the baseplate or sole board
B. Soleboard not fully bedded
C. Standard not evenly bearing on baseplate, soleboard
and baseplate not horizontal
Improper techniques for scaffolding erection
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Moving Mobile Scaffold
which could cause a person to fall
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Green Tag:
A green tag must be placed on or near
access when :
 After the scaffold has been approved to
use by a competent person /
Scaffolding Inspector
 The green tag remains on the scaffold
and it would be used for inspections /
records
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Yellow Tag:
A Yellow tag must be highlighted on or near
access when :
 After the scaffold has been approved to
use by a competent person /
Scaffolding Inspector
 While Yellow tag on scaffold full body
harness must be use for work at height
Red Tag:
The red tag must remain on the scaffold near
each access when:
 While the scaffold is under construction
 While the scaffold is under repair /
modification
 When a scaffold is incomplete
 At all times until the scaffold has been
inspected and approved for use officially

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• Shall ensure compliance with current site scaffold design, erection and dismantling
practices and procedures .
• To Ensure his own safety and his fellows safety .
• To ensure areas below elevated scaffolds are adequately barricaded to safeguard
people walking below.
• Use full body harness while working on height
• To maintain good housekeeping of scaffolding and formwork materials at all times.
• Shall ensure use of inspected / standard components / material, and ground
condition is sound before starts erection of scaffold.
• Shall report any defects / dangerous condition of scaffold to supervisor
Scaffolding Erector Responsibilities

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 Inspector have a responsibility to inspect scaffold as describe in company
procedure.
 If Scaffold meets the inspection criteria , inspector shall sign tag
authorizing continued to use scaffold for task.
 If Scaffold fails to meet inspection criteria , inspector shall remove
authorization tag , should notify to Supervisor / Engineer to fix the
problems , prior next inspection.
 Scaffolding Inspector should maintain log of scaffolds inspected in the
workplace.
Scaffolding Inspector Responsibilities

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1 metre extension
past the landing
platform
Ladder set at a
4 to 1 ratio
Stile feet resting
on a firm and level
surface
Clamped or lashed
with rope to
prevent movement
Ladder Safety Cont.….

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 Inspection of Ladder all time before use
 May be use for light tasks of low risk and short duration (in conjunction
with a safety harness); or access and egress to a work platform.
 Ladder should be on firm surface , must be secure with rope / clamps
 One person to climb at ladder one time
 Maintain three point contacts
 Ladder should be free from oil / grease / slipping agents
 Both hands should be free while climbing at ladder
FEET
ON THE RUNGS
OF LADDER
ONE HAND
HOLDING ON THE
RUNG OF LADDER
Ladder Safety Requirements:
Ladder Safety Cont.….

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 Use of mechanical aid during manual
material shifting such as gen wheel
 Use material shifting bag to shift material
 Always Barricade the area while shifting
the material
 Use hand gloves to prevent any hand
injury
 Load should not be lift maximum 50kg
 Use safety signs around material shifting
area
 Make drop zone always to ensure no body
will come in that area
 16 mm rope should be used
Manual Material Handling

 Ensure while working at height /
scaffold erection user / erector must
use Personnel fall arrest system to
avoid major injuries / death.
 Personnel fall arrest system must be
able to do following:
 Limit the arresting force to 1800 lbs.
 Allow neither a free fall of more than
6 feet nor contact with a lower level.
 Maximum deceleration distance of
3.5 feet.
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Shoulder
Strap
Adjustment element
Sit strap (Primary Strap)
Fall arrest attachment
element
Thigh strap
Marking

Personal Energy Absorbers
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 To reduce shock load from Fall Arrest.
 Will extend in length in operation.
 Up to 1.75 metres
 Starts to opening at 2 kN (200 kg) force
 Limits force to less than 6 kN (600 kg)
 Attach to rear “D” ONLY
2kN
6kN

Pendulum Effect
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• The anchor point should
be above and vertical to
the harness attachment
point.
• Consideration should be
given to the pendulum
effect known as ‘swing
back’.
• Keep within 30 deg of
vertical

Consider W@H when
excavation depth is more
than 6 feet
Provide hard barrication
(1 Mtr) away from edge
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SUSPENSION TRAUMA
• Suspension trauma will affect anyone
hanging motionless with his legs dangling
• Suspension trauma can start within 5
minutes.
• unconscious within 10 minutes and can
die within 15 minutes due to the stale
blood returning from their legs and
stopping the heart
• The brain is starved of oxygen and begins
to die
• Maximum Retrieval time of causality is
10 ~ 20 minutes .
• After Retrieval, keep the person in
Crouching Position at least 30 minutes.
So the blood circulation may not start
immediately which can cause an impact
on his heart.
SUSPENSION
TRAUMA
SYMPTOMS:
 Hot flushes,
sweating,
anxiety,
numbness
 Rapid pulse
and breathing
 Sudden loss of
consciousness
(fainting)
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Scaffolding safety training.ppt

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