1. Ebusiness Technology Web and more
Computer- Mobile OS
Web
Email
Security- Encryption
Search
Cloud
Music- mp3
VOIP
2. 2
History of the Internet
Early 1960s US DoD Research Project
– Nuclear attack concerns (Control weapons systems)
– Computers connected using telephone lines
➢Single connection risk
• Communicate using
multiple paths
(packets)
1969- Packet network
connected four computers
– ARPANET: earliest
network (later Internet)
– Academic & Research use (1970s and 1980s) Business?
3. 3
New Uses for the Internet
1970s: Commercial uses
■ E-mail, Mailing lists
■ Remote file transfer and computer access
1979: Usenet- Read and post articles (topic areas)
❏ Game-playing software created
1979 – 1989- US DoD networking software improved
● Wider academic and research institution use, communities
● Security problems recognized/fixed
1980s: Personal computer use explosion
● Academic and research networks merged
5. 5
Commercial Use of the Internet
1989- Commercial e-mail providers
↲ Larger firms built networks (leased telephone lines)
1991- Easing of commercial Internet activity restrictions
1995: Privatization of the Internet
↲ Internet based on four Network Access Points (NAPs)
■Now we use Internet Exchanges (IX)
↲ Network access providers (Internet Providers)
■Sell Internet access to larger customers (B.) and ISPs
■ISPs Sell to smaller firms and individuals
7. The Web
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web,
↲ is an information system where
↲ documents and other web resources are
↲ identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as
https://example.com/), which may be
↲ interlinked by hypertext, and are accessible over the Internet.[1][2]
The
resources of the Web are
↲ transferred via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and may be
↲ accessed by users by a software application called a web browser and
↲ published by a software application called a web server.
↲ Internet hosts: directly connected computers
Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web
8. The Web ...
■Website: Largest single traffic category
■Key technologies
■Hypertext (HTML)
■Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
■Web servers
■Hyperlink
■Http protocol
■URL https://adeyl.com/iteach/outstanding-students.asp
Emergence of the World Wide Web
9. 9
HTML & The Web Browser
• Set of codes (tags) attached to text
– Describes relationships among text elements
– Hypertext link (hyperlink, Page-linking system)
Web browser Software with GUI
• Processes the HTML sent by host (server)
• Originally- Limited specification of text element appearance
• Newer technology- CSS, JS
• Static resources- Pictures, icons …
Emergence of the World Wide Web
Handout: Code Samples
HTML v5
10. 10
Growth of the World Wide Web
Emergence of the World Wide Web
Growth of the Internet
11. 11
Packet-Switched
Networks
• Circuit switching
– Combination of telephone lines and closed switches
connecting them to each other as in telephones
– Single path (electrical) between caller and receiver
– Sending data a large distance/internet
➢Connected circuit failure, data loss, resend, BW requirement
–Packet switching: move data between two points
• Disassemble/Reassemble data into packets
Connection
State?
13. 13
Internet Protocol Suite- TCP/IP ...
• IP Address
– IPv4: 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
– IPv6- We need more IP
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
• The Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
● Domain Names
➢Top-level domain (TLD): rightmost
● IANA Department- IP Address
● Domain Name Server
•Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
–Message (dis)assembly into packets for transmission
– Labels packet with origination and destination addresses
15. 15
Internet Protocols- TCP/IP ...
Internet Protocol (IP) Address
–IPv4~ Since 1970
• 32-bit number identifying host/node computers
• Four billion different addresses (232
= 4,294,967,296)
–Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)~ Since 1998
• 2128
, or approximately 3.4×1038
addresses
• Not interoperable with IPv4!
• 340 Billion Billion Billion Billion
16. 16
IPv4 Shortage and NAT as a rescue
↲ One Internet-routable IP address of a NAT gateway
can be used for an entire private network.
NAT translation table
Private IP
Public IP
Network Address Translation
LAN
22. 22
Routing Packets
• Router computers- routers, gateways, border
routers
– Gateways
– IP- Address
– TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
– UDP- User Datagram Protocol- connectionless
• Routing logic/algorithms (within Routers)
– Programs on routing computers
– Decide how best to forward each packet
24. 24
Routing Packets ...
• Routing table (configuration table)
– Includes lists of connections
– Routing algorithms applied to routing tables
– Includes rules for:
• Specifying connection to use first
• Handling heavy packet traffic and network congestion
• Variety of rules and standards for creating packets
• Hubs, switches, bridges (Networking Devices)
– Move packets
26. 26
Protocols ...
Request a Web Page from your Web browser
● Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
◆Internet Web page file delivery rules
● Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
● https://adeyl.com/iteach/index.asp
■ Combination: protocol name, domain name, file name
•Electronic mail (e-mail)
• Client/server structure
• Software- E-mail server, E-mail client (Often web based)
• Protocol: POP, IMAP, SMTP
• Binary file Handling: MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
SPAM
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/
kachchi
lbdidij
27. 27
Development of markup languages
HTML
XML
HTML v5
… Editors
.. Web browser
World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C)
EDI
CSS- Cascading Style Sheet
Communicating on the Internet
32. 32
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Strength of XML
– Users may define their own tags (weakness as well)
• Solution to user tag definitions- Standardization
– 2001: W3C released set of rules for XML documents
– XML vocabulary: set of XML tag definitions
– Common XML tags standards
• Data-type definitions (DTDs) or XML schemas
• XML files not intended to display in browser
– Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)
• Contains formatting instructions
– XML parsers: Software that format XML file for device screen
33. 33
Network across
Intranet Within organization.
Extranet Private network with …
Leased (phone) line! Own network.
Internet Public network
VPN Virtual Tunnel (Encrypted)
Encrypts packet content, places inside another packet
Extranets are manifested as virtual private networks (VPNs)
Organizational Boundaries
34. 34
Internet access providers (IAPs) or ISPs
• Common connection options
– Various broadband connections
– Wired, wireless
– Bandwidth
■Symmetric/Asymmetric connections-
Upstream/downstream bandwidth
Cost
Security
Scaling
Bandwidth
Capability
35. 35
Bandwidth History
• Plain old telephone service (POTS)
– Uses existing telephone lines, analog modem
• Bandwidth between 28 and 56 Kbps
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) protocol
– Use DSL modem (type of network switch)
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
– First technology developed using DSL protocol suite
•Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), High-speed HDSL
•Cable- Coaxial, fiber, Ethernet
•Wireless
Communication
Medium
39. 39
↲ Costs and accuracy improving
↲ Many wireless network types
↲ Bluetooth for Personal area networks (PANs)
■ Short distances, low bandwidth
■ Devices can discover one another
+ exchange information
↲ Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi)
■ Wireless access point (WAP)
■ Limited range ~ a floor
■ 802.11a (54 Mbps), 802.11g (54 Mbps)
■ 802.11n: (450 Mbps range), 802.11ac (2+Gbps)
Wireless Connections
• Roaming
• Hot-spots
• Repeaters
• Mesh routing
7
1
3
2
6
4
5
40. 40
Cellular telephone(?) networks
• BTS- base transceiver station
–Send/Receive signals using antennas
• Three miles apart in grid!
– Original design: Voice communications
– Third-generation (3G) cell phones
– 4G, 5G ...
– Short message service (SMS) protocol/software
– Mobile commerce or m-commerce
• Describes resources people might want to access (and
pay for) using wireless devices
Wireless Connections
41. 41
Internet Next and the Semantic Web
•Goal: blending technologies and
information
–Have words on Web pages
tagged (using XML) with their meanings
•Uses software agents (intelligent programs)
–Read XML tags, determine meaning of words in contexts
•Resource description framework (RDF) for Interchange
–Set of XML syntax standards
•Development of Semantic Web will take many years
–Start with ontologies/naming for specific subjects
43. Web Server Basics
• Basic technologies for Websites
●Server software and hardware
●Database Software
●Utility function software
• Client/server architectures
• Server Computer
– Have more memory
– Larger, faster disk drives
– Redundancy (Power, HDD, RAM ...)
43
Web Client- Web browser software
Web Server - Web Application Software
Email Server- Email Client (web based)
45. 45
Dynamic Content Generation
–Static page~ does not change
–Dynamic page~ changes based on user, ...
– Gives user an interactive experience
• Client-side scripting (javascript)
– Software operates on the Web client (browser)
– Software changes Web page display in response to a user’s actions
– Software examples: JavaScript or Adobe Flash
•Server-side scripting (php, asp, jsp)
– Software operates on a Web server
– Program creates Web page in response to request for specific information
from a Web client
Web Server
Web Application
49. E- Business, Ninth Edition 49
Summary
• Early development of Internet technology began in
the 1960s through research projects
– Commercial use began with e-mail
– Privatization of the Internet completed in 1995
• Packet-switched networks form the Internet
– Uses routing, IP addressing
• Technologies supporting the Internet, Web, and
electronic commerce
– Protocols, programs, languages, architectures
– TCP/IP
50. E- Business, Ninth Edition 50
Summary (cont’d.)
• HTML defines structure and content of Web pages
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
– Uses markup tags to describe the meaning or
semantics of text
• Networking technologies
– Internets, intranets, extranets
– Extranet types
• Public network, private network, virtual private network
51. E- Business, Ninth Edition 51
Summary (cont’d.)
• Internet service provider connection types
– Basic telephone connections, broadband cable,
satellite microwave transmission, DSL, wireless
(fixed-point, mobile)
• Internet2 experimental test bed
– Creating, perfecting future high-speed networking
technologies
• Semantic Web project
– Goal of making research data widely available
– May enable Web interaction using intelligent software
agents
51
52. E- Business, Ninth Edition 52
Processing requests for Web pages from an XML database
53. 53
53
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• The origin, growth, and current structure of the Internet
• How packet-switched networks are combined to form the Internet
• How Internet protocols and Internet addressing work
• The history and use of markup languages on the Web, including
SGML, HTML, and XML
• How HTML tags and links work on the World Wide Web
• The differences among internets, intranets, and extranets
• Options for connecting to the Internet, including cost and
bandwidth factors
• Internet2 and the Semantic Web
54. 54
54
Learning Objectives ...
• Computer network
○ Technology allowing people to connect computers
○ Internet
■ Interconnected global computer networks (large)
■ Type of internet (lowercase “i”)
• Basic technology structure
○ Supports networks, the Internet, and e-commerce
• World Wide Web (Web)
○ Subset of Internet computers
■ Contents easily accessible
○ Includes easy-to-use interfaces
#11:Circuit switching is a method of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit. Circuit switching contrasts with message switching and packet switching.
Packet Switching is connectionless whereas, circuit Switching is connection-oriented.
#12:Sending computer- Packets
Large data into small (labeled) packets
origin, sequence, destination address
Travel along interconnected networks (internet)
Can take different paths
May arrive out of order
Destination computer
Collects packets
Reassembles original file or e-mail message
#20:The Internet backbone may be defined by the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers of the Internet.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbone
#22:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)
Border router- It is a member of both the main backbone network and the specific areas to which it connects, so it stores and maintains separate routing information or routing tables regarding the backbone and the topologies of the area to which it is connected. When arriving, there is a designated route provided by the ABR to move traffic from other areas. When exiting, there is a need for the local area’s ABR to be able to reach a certain destination for the routing information. The main function of ABRs is to summarize sub networks found throughout the OSPF system. It stores many copies of its link-state database in memory when one of the stored copies shows an area where the actual router is connected.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24860/area-border-router-abr
#26:Two common protocols
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Specifies mail message format
Describes mail administration e-mail server
Describes mail transmission on the Internet
Post Office Protocol (POP)
Sends mail to user’s computer, deletes from server
Sends mail to user’s computer, does not delete
Asks if new mail arrived
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
Set of rules for handling binary files
Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
Newer e-mail protocol
Same basic POP functions
Includes additional features
![The Web
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web,
↲ is an information system where
↲ documents and other web resources are
↲ identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as
https://example.com/), which may be
↲ interlinked by hypertext, and are accessible over the Internet.[1][2]
The
resources of the Web are
↲ transferred via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and may be
↲ accessed by users by a software application called a web browser and
↲ published by a software application called a web server.
↲ Internet hosts: directly connected computers
Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/schneider2-250509171435-cf751358/85/Schneider-2-E-Business-Technology-pptx-file-7-320.jpg)
