Scholars Towards Open Access

1. Towards Open Access: the medical scholarly publishing ‘Open access will… enable scientists to begin transforming scientific literature into something far more useful than the electronic equivalent of millions of individual articles in rows of journals on library shelves. The ability to search, in an instant, an entire scientific library for particular terms or concepts, for methods, data, and images – and instantly retrieve the results – is only the beginning.’ Michael Elsen, Co-Founder, Public Library of Science ABSTRACT This paper reviews and analyzes the differences between traditional and “new models” of publication and the impact of Open Access (OA) publishing on medical research work. The aim is to establish, through literature review, how digital resources might provide an opportunity to house future medical scholarship outputs and the advantages or disadvantages versus traditional publishing. It examines how OA, free from all access barriers, would allow for the widest possible dissemination of scholarly work. In this scenario, learning to discern online publishing becomes crucial. Librarians can play major roles in connection with the OA movement. This paper outlines some of the myriad of Internet resources currently available to the medical field and the validity of those sources both to researchers and authors to acquire and disseminate knowledge without going through the traditional peer-review process. The criticism of the free, online models that lack quality control offered by traditional publishing is discussed and OA publishing is validated as a new way of delivering quality journals that are vital to scholarly research. Introduction As a source of subject-oriented information, the Internet is a powerful tool and currently, there is virtually no subject that cannot be found on the Internet in one form or another. Academic users are “special seekers and disseminators” of information. The use of electronic resources for scholarship flourishes and is becoming increasingly vital for education and training in academic environments. Scholars are experimenting with participation in new models of digital publishing. How can we value new forms of scholarship and compare it to the traditional model of monograph and journal? New forms are increasingly part of the everyday reality of research and scholarship. What kinds of quality control practices are used? How the medical scholars behave in relation to it? Some studies have been done and many undergoing. Some new models have become embedded in disciplinary communication practices. Regularity of use by a community of scholars will make those new models successful. Towards Open Access Scholars and researchers are prone to change their way of sharing new knowledge. In fact the use and contribution to new kinds of works in their field is increasing. Scholars themselves invented the scholarly journals, now they are taking the lead in inventing a new generation of scholarly outputs. The new forms of publications are accessible to end users directly, and many of these resources have become essential tools for scholars conducting research, building scholarly networks, and disseminating their ideas and work. In 2005, the Center for Studies in Higher Education embarked on a study about the future of scholarly communication. The report was published in 2010 “Assessing the Future Landscape of Scholarly Communication: An Exploration of Faculty Values and Needs in Seven Disciplines” (Harley, D., Akord, S. K., Earl-Novell, S., Lawrence, S., & King, C. J, 2010). One of the findings in relation to requirements needed for tenure and promotion the report states: “There are virtually no surprises here. As we found in the planning study, peer-reviewed prestige publications are the ‘coin of the realm’ in tenure and promotion decisions” (p. 7). On the other hand, the study revealed that scholars see the new publishing models as being needed for shorter “monographs” in some humanistic disciplines and longer articles in the sciences. Other constraints of traditional models are the exclusion of high quality images and other supporting materials. In addition there is a lack of linking final publications directly to data sets and/or primary source material. The urge to support OA comes from many organizations. “When departments evaluate scholarly publications for purposes of hiring, reappointment, tenure, and promotion, the standing of an electronic journal should be judged according to the same criteria used for a print journal” (MLA, 2003). Also the Statement of Scientists and Scientific Societies working group (2003) reports that, “Scientists agree to advocate changes in promotion and tenure evaluation in order to recognize the community contribution of open access publishing and to recognize the intrinsic merit of individual articles without regard to the titles of the journals in which they appear.” The American Philological Association Task Force on Electronic Publishing (2008) recognizes the importance of digital format as a valid alternative to communicate and access research and primary resources. Electronic publishing offers a new market in the dissemination of the Humanities scholarly work, in particular for housing the production of monographs that at present are neglected by university libraries because of budget constraints. The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) promotes the use of OA publishing because it offers “free and timely access to scientific literature.” Scientific research depends on the experiments of others and is informed by the results of others. The scientific community wants to ensure that research results are disseminated immediately. Electronic publication of research results offers the opportunity to share research results as well as ideas with the scientific community and the general public. The scientific research is taxpayer-funded and therefore should be made available immediately. ASBC also observes that publishers shouldn’t be afraid of OA as they would still make a profit, for example by giving a “short embargo period that protects subscription revenue.” Differences between traditional and “new models” of publication “Scholarly” resources are those authored by and for the scholarly community. This definition includes a wide variety of resources, from peer-reviewed publications like print journals and e-only journals, to websites where scholars would share casual information or thoughts-in-progress, including discussion forums or blogs. Perhaps studies should also take into consideration popular-interest resources, such as YouTube and Wikipedia. While scholarly society journals and university presses still the major form of scholarly publishing, many new digital scholarly resources have appeared. Blogs, Wikis, and other forms of online publishing and discussion now appear in every discipline. Some of these digital resources resemble their print predecessors such as the e-journals, others are very innovative and “original”, making use of the space, speed, and interactivity that the Internet allows. New formats: It is possible to identify eight principal types of digital scholarly resources: E-only journals

2. Reviews

3. Preprints and working papers

4. Repositories

5. Encyclopedias, dictionaries, and annotated content

6. Data

7. Discussion forums (Wikis, Blogs, Newsgroups)

8. Professional and scholarly hubsCopyright With the Open Access model authors are allowed to maintain copyright over their articles. Authors are often required to license the articles according to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows anyone to download, reuse, reprint, redistribute, or copy them, as long as the original authors and source are credited. Authors are encouraged to anticipate their future needs and to retain the rights they need in order to optimize dissemination of their research. Some of these rights include: use part of the work as a basis for a future publication send copies of the work to colleagues present the work at conference or meeting and give copies of the work to attendees use a different or extended version of the work for a future publication make copies of the work for personal use and educational use self-archive the work in an institutional repository Under the traditional academic publication model an author usually transfers all ownership and rights to a publisher. This way their ability to control their work decreases and lose the rights to use the work without permission from the publisher. Today things are changing, some publishers allow for unrestricted dissemination of the work to colleagues, unlimited copies for personal use, posting of the final published version on an institutional web site or subject repository.Access The digital environment offers many new kinds of works that are accessible to end users directly, and many of these resources have become essential tools for scholars conducting research, building scholarly networks, and disseminating their ideas and work. The new models provide access to the most current research, facilitate exchange among scholars as well as support co-location of works. Quality Control One of the most valued functions of a journal to ensure quality control is peer-review. Some concerns persist in the academy that publication in e-only journals will be perceived as less prestigious than publishing in print. One recurring question among researchers is if the publication will be considered legitimate by a tenure review board. Misperceptions about the level of peer-review of open access publications have contributed to these concerns, although leaders of the Open Access movement have continued to argue that quality and cost are not synonymous, and that notions of access and prestige can be separated. Online journal publishers take the same measures of legitimacy and excellence. Long-established scholarly publishers through longevity enjoy reputation. Publication cost This varies from journal to journal. For example PLOS costs more than (PLOS) US$2000.The amount is a concern when considering the cost of the research that led to the article. Publication fees are a small fraction of the costs of doing research, and it makes sense for funding agencies to include these fees in research grants. Many funding agencies now support this view. For a detailed view of Journals and their standard article-processing charge see table 1 at the end of this paper (Biomed Central website tracks journals cost. It is one of the best sources of up-to-date information: http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/apcfaq#howmuch). Publication speed The vast majority of journals never release their content. Furthermore, timeliness of publication is very important—to readers and to authors—and even a 6- to 12-month delay is detrimental to research, especially in the biomedical sciences. Open Access is a more efficient, and effective means to disseminate scientific and medical literature. As soon as it is published, a research paper can and should be available to all. Value in Academic world Although new digital publications emerge every year, many of the most popular and most robust resources have been in existence for years. Given the importance of longevity in establishing scholarly reputation, the necessity of building an audience to attract high-quality content, and the time it takes to fine-tune a digital resource, even excellent new digital publications may need years to establish their place in their scholarly community. Other Features Innovations relating to multimedia and Web 2.0 content and functionality are encouraging the emergence of new types of publications. Although many of the digital scholarly resources are primarily text-based, we also see examples that incorporated multimedia technology and networking tools to create new and innovative works. Challenges of searching for new models The decentralized distribution of these new digital resources can make it difficult to fully appreciate their range and number, even for university librarians tasked with being familiar with valuable resources across the disciplines. Scholars are both the producers of and the audience for digital scholarly communications. While many of the ways in which scholars contribute to print publications also exist in the digital world – writing and peer-reviewing articles, editing journals, reviewing books, etc. – electronic media also facilitates new forms of scholarly contributions. Examples of this include moderating a discussion list, contributing data to a shared repository, posting thoughts and annotations on a blog, or editing a Wiki. It is imperative to catalog and cite scholarly content in familiar ways while still facilitating more rapid dissemination of content. There is a need for databases that include OA resources and other intensive resource development. The Internet offers a vast amount of journals and books where the best sellers are on the surface. It would be nice if all web sites would be catalogued into ”one huge library database”. Web feeds are an important step for semantic web. The most common formats are RSS, ATOM and PodCast. Also FeedNavigator collects web feed-data and allows using this data in many ways (http://www.terkko.helsinki.fi/feednavigator/) Assessing the credibility of the resources Five basic elements often are required in the electronic resources that academic information seekers desire: accessibility, timeliness, readability, relevance, and authority. The Internet excels in the first three, but depending on how and from where the information is gathered, it may not be so reliable with regard to the last two elements.New models contribute to the area of interest. While many scholarly resources combine several types of formal and informal content, we found that most of the original scholarly resources in our sample featured one primary content type. Although e-only journals were well-represented across the disciplines, different content types stood out in each broad subject area (see appendix “current model report” ithaka ). The science, technical, and medical (STM) fields resources – data sites and e-journals were most often named – seemed to be valued for providing access to new research; Sites that enable access to and publication of data seem especially important in the STM field. Within the group of STM-focused sites, the largest group by far was of these data resources, followed by e-only journals and professional and scholarly hubs. Faculty members told librarians that other aspects they appreciated in these sites included news and alerts about publications, conferences, and other developments in the field; and access to different types of content including data, primary source material, reviews, and teaching materials. E-only journals Despite their relative infancy in the field, open access journals are ranking high in an impact factor studies done by ISI. Among the titles scoring high are Respiratory Research, PLoS Biology, Breast Cancer Research and Critical Care. This resource resembles their print forbearers, including credibility, prestige, tenure and promotion decisions. PLoS, a collection of online journals in the biological sciences, includes the option to comment on an article and encourages both peer commentary and responses by an article’s author. The digital environment allows to accelerate the speed of publication and the peer-review process, and to explore the possibilities of including new media formats. Often traditional journals may limit publication to research articles of 6,000 to 10,000 words. Experimentation with peer-review among e-journals has become more common. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine is the official journal of the California Chapter of the American Academy of Emergency Medicine and the California Chapter of the American College of Emergency Physicians. WestJEM is now indexed in PubMed with full text in PubMed Central (http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_westjem) and developed an online training module for reviewers. Many of e-only journals includes some form of multimedia content. In many journals, the digital environment enables the publication of data visualizations, large data sets, or audio and video clips that serve to illustrate the text of scholarly articles. A few publications, like JoVE: Journal of Visualized Experiments are making multimedia a more central element of the work. However, it is worth noting that the pressures of traditional scholarly publishing may affect the opportunities for an e-only journal to innovate in this way. Interviews with Moshe Pritsker, CEO, and Nikita Bernstein, CTO of JoVE: Journal of Visualized Experiments, August 15, 2008. Following our interview, JoVE was accepted for indexing in MEDLINE and PubMED, the official databases maintained by the National Library of Medicine. JoVE refers to its contributions as “video-articles.” JoVE seeks to speed knowledge transfer that takes place in laboratories. While the “methods and materials” section of a scientific article currently serves this function, it is difficult to re-create experiments, a critical aspect of the scientific process. As they point out on the Web site, “written word and static picture-based traditional print journals are no longer sufficient to accurately transmit the intricacies of modern research.” Independent titles usually tend to be Open Access. Even when editorial labor is donated, however, publications still need to generate revenue to support costs such as Web hosting and copy editing. Many of the e-only journals have in-kind support from their host institution, in the form of server space, technical support, or the contributed staff time of programmers. Other revenue-generating strategies included soliciting donations from readers, advertising, and (particularly in STM fields) author fees. A short list of e-Journals (via subscription) is given below: The BMJ (British Medical Journal - http://www.bmj.com/) is an international peer reviewed medical journal and a fully “online first” publication. Their publishing model—”continuous publication”— means that all articles appear on bmj.com before being included in an issue of the print journal. The website is updated daily with the BMJ’s latest original research, education, news, and comment articles, as well as podcasts, videos, and blogs. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment is a scientific journal available via subscription. Its focus is on the treatment of and investigations in breast cancer. It is targeted towards a wide audience of clinical researchers, epidemiologists, immunologists, or cell biologists interested in breast cancer. The types of articles in this journal include original research, invited reviews, discussions on controversial issues, book reviews, meeting reports, letters to the editors, and editorials. Manuscripts are peer reviewed by an international and multidisciplinary panel of advisory editors. The British Journal of Cancer (http://www.nature.com/bjc/index.html) a twice-monthly professional medical journal of Cancer Research UK (a registered charity in the United Kingdom). The British Journal of Cancer (BJC) provides a forum for clinicians and scientists to communicate original research findings that have relevance to understanding the etiology of cancer and to improving patient treatment and survival. Once accepted, papers are published in print and online. Critical Care Medicine (http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/pages/default.aspx) is a peer-reviewed medical journal in the field of critical care medicine. It is the official publication of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, and is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Society of Critical Care Medicine members can access the full content of Critical Care Medicine. The Journal also publishes Ahead-of-Print. The International Journal of Surgery is a peer-reviewed scientific journal available via subscription through Elsevier. It covers all aspects of clinical surgery, experimental surgery, surgical education, and history. It appears four times a year and contains research papers, editorials, and review articles, as well as a forum for the exchange of ideas through a correspondence section. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), available via subscription, is an international peer-reviewed general medical journal, published 48 times per year by the American Medical Association. JAMA is the most widely circulated medical journal in the world. BioMed Central BioMed central is an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher which has pioneered the open access publishing model. All original research articles published by BioMed Central are made freely and permanently accessible online immediately upon publication. BioMed Central views open access to research as essential in order to ensure the rapid and efficient communication of research findings. It publishes 208 peer-reviewed open access journals. A list of OA (free) journals published by Biomed Central can be found at http://www.biomedcentral.com/browse/journals/ Repository Model Repositories range from those hosted by an institution to house the intellectual property created by that institution or repositories that are subject based such as biomedicine or physics. While some repositories perform peer review functions, most serve simply as a repository for materials (published and unpublished) such as manuscripts, theses, supplemental data, conference proceedings, student posters, faculty notes, newsletters, to name a few examples. There is a tendency towards \" federated\" institutional repositories but this idea still in embryo. There are visible outcomes such as cross-institutional repository search, augmentation of geographic and systems diversity, and other capabilities. In addition to this “federation” allows faculty to collaborate with other scholars and easily move among institutions without boundaries. OAIster was a project of the Digital Library Production Service and the University of Michigan University Library. It has a search function that permits the user to search all repositories at once. Though I don’t think couldn’t find a way to limit search to just the bioscience or health fields. Its goal is to create a collection of freely available, previously difficult-to-access, academically-oriented digital resources that are easily searchable by anyone. OAIster harvests from Open Archives Initiative (OAI)-compliant Digital Libraries, Institutional Repositories, and Online Journals using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) protocol. In early 2009, OCLC formed a partnership with the University of Michigan in order to provide continued access to open-archive collections through OAIster. OAIster records are indexed in WorldCat.org, and is integrated in WorldCat.org search results along with records from thousands of libraries worldwide. OAIster has a very broad scope but does cover the medical field. To locate a repository use the HYPERLINK \" http://roar.eprints.org/\" \t \" _blank\" Registry of Open Access Repositories (http://.roar.eprints.org). Institutional Repository HYPERLINK \" http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/\" \t \" _blank\" Digital Commons@Becker Digital Commons@Becker is a digital repository for hosting the scholarly work created at Washington University School of Medicine and enhancing its visibility and accessibility to scholars, researchers, and the public. Administered and maintained by the Bernard Becker Medical Library, Digital Commons@Becker provides groups, departments, centers, divisions, or programs at the School of Medicine with a platform for creating customized collections that reflect the wide range of their scholarly output. Collections can include journal articles, meeting abstracts, capstones, research papers, poster presentations, newsletters, videos, sound files, and more. The Digital Commons at the Texas Medical Center is another exemplary repository (http://digitalcommon s.library.tmc.edu/about.html). The IR includes useful resources on copyright and self-archiving to educate novice in the field of Open Access and IR. “The collection brings together all of the scholarly work from TMC faculty, researchers, and students into one central location. It contains journal articles, conference presentations, dissertations and theses, teaching materials, datasets, unpublished reports, and more. The repository also contains newsletters, annual reports, statistics, and other administrative documents from schools, departments, and programs.” Subject-Based Repository HYPERLINK \" http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/\" \t \" _blank\" PubMed Central PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature. PMC was started in 2000 and contains over half a million articles, including supplemental data, most of which have a corresponding entry in PubMed. Authors who publish manuscripts based on research funded by NIH are strongly encouraged to deposit their work in PMC. Blogs: A blog is a regularly-updated site of entries arranged in chronological order. Blogs have been central to the rise of web 2.0 and form the basis of a lot of social activity and knowledge exchange on the current web. Blogs can be thought of as virtual office spaces for health librarians and help to collect and share stories, pictures and interesting ideas. Internationally, there is a growing community of health librarian and medical blogs. Life in the Fast Lane. This Medical Blog was born out of passionate (and usually unresolved) debate pertaining to the elements of eLearning; clinical cases; ECG interpretation; medical education; toxicology; medical history and information sharing strategies in the open source era. (http://lifeinthefastlane.com/)

9. Open Medicine blog post. The mission of Open Medicine is to facilitate the equitable, global dissemination of high-quality health research; to promote international dialogue and collaboration on health issues; to improve clinical practice; and to expand and deepen the understanding of health and health care. (http://blog.openmedicine.ca/)Wikis: Wiki-like sites are often used internally among scholars, they are useful for project coordination and organization. It’s a place where scholars can hold discussions, and share and manage information. Medical wikis will play an important role in medical education (Dr. Meskó, B., 2007). “A wiki can serve as a preservation mechanism since drafts of scientific papers and research processes are archived and can be retrieved with relative ease” (Harley, D., et al, 2010). Some example are listed below: Wikisurgery is collaboratively building the most comprehensive and trusted free surgical encyclopaedia. With over 32,000 articles for surgeons and patients, including news, articles, operation scripts, biographies and images. (http://www.wikisurgery.com/index.php?title=Main_Page)

10. HYPERLINK "http://www.radiopaedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page" \t "_blank" Radiopaedia: a wiki for radiology. Radiopaedia.org is a rapidly growing open-edit radiology resource primarily complied by radiologists and radiology residents / registrars / fellows from across the globe. Our mission is to create the best radiology reference available, and to make it available for free, forever, for all. (http://radiopaedia.org/)

11. HYPERLINK "http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Main_Page" \t "_blank" Ganfyd.org: Ganfyd is a collaborative medical reference by medical professionals and invited non-medical experts. (http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Main_Page)

12. HYPERLINK "http://medgadget.com/wiki/wiki/Main_Page" \t "_blank" Medgadget Wiki: Medgadget’s wiki aiming to create a comprehensive database of medical technologies and devices, including specifications, methods of use, and commentary on efficacy and other issues. http://www.medgadget.com/

13. Podcasts:

14. Podcasting audio and video files can be played on handheld devices and personal computers via RSS and Atom. Podcasting is a powerful tool that can be used for outreach and training as it can offers current awareness and learning opportunities for end users at their fingertips. The use of audiovisual media increases as society moves into web 3.0 and physicians try to keep current with changes in evidence-based health care.

15. A short list of podcasts is listed below:

16. Harvard Center - Cancer News in Context and Prevention Radio offers Short commentaries on the latest news on cancer prevention and screening from the Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention. Includes Cancer News in Context and Prevention Radio. (http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/)Johns Hopkins Radiology Teaching Podcast: http://www.rad.jhmi.edu/residents/podcasts.htm Urology Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Podcasts: http://www.podcastdirectory.com/podcasts/44073 Videocasts: The Center for Information Technology (CIT) makes special NIH events, seminars, and lectures available to viewers on the NIH network and the Internet from the VideoCast web site (http://videocast.nih.gov/).

17. Webicina, founded by Dr. Bertalan Mesko, has a list of podcasts (http://www.webicina.com/emergency-medicine/emergency-medicine-videos-animations-and-videocasts/). In addition to videocasts the site futures podcasts, twitters, Wikis, etc.

18. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America: (http://www.anesthesiology.theclinics.com/content/mp3)Professional and Scholarly hubs: Until recently most types of the new models deliver one type of content, such as journal articles, but we are now assisting to resources that combine a wide range of content types in a single site. These “hubs,” often the digital portal for a scholarly society or professional membership organization, may offer e-only journals, access to preprints and conference papers, grey literature, blogs or newsletters, etc. These sites though combine content from the other formats described in this paper, are valuable because they are portals, or “one-stop shops” for information (Nancy L. Maron, L., Smith, K., 2008). Few example of scholarly hubs are given below: American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (http://www.aahpm.org/)

19. E-medicine (http://www.emedicine.com/)

20. Future medicine (http://www.futuremedicine.com/)Conference proceedings A short list of conference is given below: Internal Medicine: A Clinical Update Sarasota Florida

21. 4th International Conference on Health Informatics (HEALTHINF) Rome Italy

22. 3rd International Conference on Drug Discovery & Therapy Dubai United Arab Emirates

23. 29th Annual UC Davis Infectious Diseases Conference Sacramento CA

24. Emergency Medicine 2011: 34th Annual UC Davis Winter Conference Truckee, Lake Tahoe CA

25. For a more comprehensive list refer to the Medical and Medical Scientific Conferences Worldwide website (http://www.conferencealerts.com/med.htm)Special libraries “A health or medical library is designed to assist physicians, health professionals, students, patients, consumers and medical researchers in finding health and scientific information to improve, update, assess or evaluate health care. Medical libraries are typically found in hospitals, medical schools, private industry and in medical or health associations. A typical health or medical library has access to MEDLINE, a range of electronic resources, print and digital journal collections and print reference books” (Medical Library. Wikipedia, 2010). The number of medical special library is vast and a full list cannot be given in this paper. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) is the largest biomedical library in the world, and collects and provides access to some of the best health information in the world (due to its linkage to the National Institutes of Health). AA sample list of Special Libraries in Pittsburgh and vicinity is given below (a brief description is given for the first one): The Allegheny General Hospital - Health Sciences Library is part of the West Penn Allengheny Health system. Their mission is to improve the health of the people in the Western Pennsylvania region. It aims to educate and conduct research as an integrated team of physicians, nurses and support professionals who are committed to improving the health of our patients.

26. Allegheny University - Forbes Health System Library

27. Alleghenty Valley Hospital Medical Library

28. CCAC - Boyce Campus Library

29. CCAC - South Campus Library

30. Cullen Health Sciences Library

31. Marshall University - Health Science Libraries

32. Pittsburgh Mercy Health System Libraries

33. Pittsburgh Ohio Valley General Hospital Library

34. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center - Falk Library of the Health Sciences

35. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center - Northwest Medical Library

36. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Shadyside - Hopewood Library

37. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center - Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic Library

38. Washington Hospital Health Sciences Library

39. West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine Library

40. West Virginia University - Health Sciences Library

41. Westmoreland Regional Hospital - LibraryArkansas University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Library Louisiana LSU Health Science Center Library (New Orleans) LSU Health Science Center Library (Shreveport) Tulane University Medical Library New Mexico UNM Health Sciences Library Oklahoma OSU Center for Health Sciences Library OU Health Science Center Library (Oklahoma City) OU Health Science Center Library (Tulsa) Texas Texas A&M University Medical Sciences Library Texas Tech Health Sciences Center Libraries UNT Health Sciences Center Library UT Health Science Center at San Antonio Library UT Health Science Center at Tyler Library UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Library A list of medical libraries in Massachusetts can be found at The Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioner (http://mblc.state.ma.us/wikis/c2c/index.php/Special_Libraries_-_Medical)Scholarly societies Society journals are among the best in the world. The commitment of society members, their expertise in the scientific discipline, the access and closeness to the scientific community, all work together to ensure the quality of society journals.

42. Publishing journals is a way to fulfill a society’s mission and to raise its profile, but it can also be profitable, although rare are the societies that have a profit orientation per se.A good directory of scholarly societies can be found at the Scholarly Societies Project website (http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/subjects_soc.html#HEALTH) A starting point to explore the wide range of scientific societies whose members contribute to pharmaceutical research and development can be found at the Network Science website (http://www.netsci.org/Resources/Web/society_medical.html)Below are listed some scientific societies. A brief description of aims, contact information, size of membership, qualifications for membership is given. Association of American Physicians The Association of American Physicians is a nonprofit, professional organization founded in 1885 by seven physicians, including Dr. William Osler, for “the advancement of scientific and practical medicine.” Now the Association is composed of over 1300 active members and approximately 600 emeritus and honorary members from the United States, Canada and other countries. The Association of American Physicians is a nonprofit, professional organization founded in 1885 by seven physicians, including Dr. William Osler, for “the advancement of scientific and practical medicine.” Now the Association is composed of over 1300 active members and approximately 600 emeritus and honorary members from the United States, Canada and other countries. Lori Ennis, Executive Director.45685 Harmony LaneBelleville, MI 48111ph: 734-699-1217email: admin@aap-online.org Institute of Medicine The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is an independent, nonprofit organization that works outside of government to provide unbiased and authoritative advice to decision makers and the public. The IOM is renowned for its research program, but it is also an honorific organization with more than 1,700 members and foreign associates who donate their time to put their knowledge and expertise to work for the nation’s health. 500 5th Street, N.W.NAS 328Washington, DC 20001 Phone: 202-334-2174Fax: 202-334-1694E-mail: iommbr@nas.edu American Society for Clinical Investigation The ASCI is an honor society of physician-scientists, those who translate findings in the laboratory to the advancement of clinical practice. Founded in 1908, the Society is home to more than 3,000 members who are in the upper ranks of academic medicine and industrial healthcare. The ASCI represents active physician-scientists who are at the bedside, at the research bench, and at the blackboard. Many of its senior members are widely recognized leaders in academic medicine.15 Research DriveAnn Arbor, MI 48103Phone: 734-222-6050Fax: 734-222-6058E-mail: staff@the-asci.org American Association for Cancer Research The mission of the AACR is to prevent and cure cancer through research, education, communication, and collaboration. Through its programs and services, the AACR fosters research in cancer and related biomedical science; accelerates the dissemination of new research findings among scientists and others dedicated to the conquest of cancer; promotes science education and training; and advances the understanding of cancer etiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment throughout the world. 615 Chestnut St. 17th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19106 Philadelphia, PA 19106-4404 Telephone: (215) 440-9300 Toll Free Telephone: 1-866-423-3965Fax: (215) 440-9313 E-mail: aacr@aacr.org The American Public Health Association The American Public Health Association is the oldest and most diverse organization of public health professionals in the world and has been working to improve public health since 1872. APHA and its state affiliates represent over 50,000 health professionals and others who work to promote health, prevent disease and ensure conditions in which we all can be safe and healthy.Mailing Address 2215 Constitution Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20037-2985e-mail: comments@apha.org Main Phone Number(202) 777-2742 (APHA) Main FAX Number(202) 777-2534 American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC)(http://www.aacc.org) AACC is an international scientific/medical society of clinical laboratory professionals, physicians, research scientists and other individuals involved with clinical chemistry and other clinical laboratory science-related disciplines. Founded in 1948, the society has 11,000 members and is headquartered in Washington, DC. 2101 L Street NW, Suite 202 Washington, DC USA 20037-1558Tel: 800/892-1400 or 202/857-0717Fax: 202/887-5093 Society for Academy of Medical Sciences promotes advances in medical science and campaigns to ensure these are translated into healthcare benefits for society. The Academy responds to emerging and topical issues with printed reports, position papers, expert statements and consultation submissions.41 Portland PlaceLondonW1B 1QH 020 3176 2150 info@acmedsci.ac.uk The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) is dedicated to the improvement of care of the acutely ill and injured patient by improving research and education. To achieve this mission, SAEM influences health policy through forums, publications, inter-organizational collaboration, policy development, and consultation services for physicians, teachers, researchers, and students. SAEM is the sponsor of the monthly, peer-reviewed journal, Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM).

43. AEM publishes information relevant to the practice, educational advancements, and investigation of emergency medicine. The mission of the journal is to promote the advancement of emergency medicine research, education, and clinical practice.Society For Academic Emergency Medicine2340 S. River Road, Suite 200Des Plaines, IL 60018 Phone: 1-847-813-9823 Fax: 1-847-813-5450 Databases AccessMedicine is an online collection of key medical reference texts that provide authoritative and current medical data. Medical news, updates, patient education information, a diagnostic tool, and an integrated drug database with information about dosages, trade names, and pricing are also part of this resource. Searching is available across the entire suite of basic sciences and clinical texts. An A-Z index and QuickAccess search also provide easy access to material.

44. Health and Wellness Resource Center provides access to medical journal and magazine articles, a medical encyclopedia, and dictionary. Directories of medical organizations and drugs are provided along with a health assessment tool. Many medical, health, and alternative medicine topics are covered.

45. Global Health Provides abstracts and citations for 3500 international journals, books, theses, and more. Subjects covered are human nutrition, public health and veterinary public health, disease, and other health and medical topics.

46. CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health) Plus with Full Text 1937 – present

47. Cochrane LibraryA collection of databases, published on CD-ROM and the Internet and updated quarterly, containing the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, the Cochrane Methodology Register, the HTA Database, NHSEED, and information about The Cochrane Collaboration. Dates of coverage vary. (Wiley) The Cochrane Collaboration, established in 1993, is an international network of people helping healthcare providers, policy makers, patients, their advocates and carers, make well-informed decisions about human health care by preparing, updating and promoting the accessibility of Cochrane Reviews – over 4,000 so far, published online in The Cochrane Library. Health Reference Center (Academic)Dates of coverage vary. (Gale Cengage Learning) 1950 - present. (EBSCO) MEDLINE (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html) is the National Library of Medicine's premier bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences.MEDLINE is the largest component of PubMed (http://pubmed.gov/), the freely accessible online database of biomedical journal citations and abstracts created by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM®). Approximately 5,400 journals published in the United States and more than 80 other countries have been selected and are currently indexed for MEDLINE. A distinctive feature of MEDLINE is that the records are indexed with NLM's controlled vocabulary, the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH®). Directories and guides Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ) is one example of a quality directory of OA journals that disseminates scholarly results. The Directory increases visibility of researchers works and its use by others. The DOAJ is one example of answering to the BOAI (Budapest Open Access Initiative) “to accelerate progress in the international effort to make research articles in all academic fields freely available on the Internet” (BOAI, 2001). The criticized loss of quality of OA journals versus the subscription based peer-reviewed journals fails to be true. All the journals included in DOAJ are peer-reviewed and have editorial quality control. The primary audiences of DOAJ are researchers themselves that publish their work and use other researchers work. SPARC Europe and DOAJ are also establishing the introduction of a certification for which the journals can obtain a “Seal” by choosing the CC-BY license (Creative Commons license). DOAJ is OAI compliant which makes the articles harvestable. The journal articles in DOAJ are full text and there is no embargo period. The Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) promotes the development of Open Access. It provides timely information about the growth and status of repositories throughout the world. The main discovery searches are by country, and repository type. Library role There are several ways that university librarians can play a central role in sharing information about these digital resources with the campus community, and in guiding new projects toward success. “More understanding is needed about how scholars create knowledge and how libraries can participate in the process” (ACRL Scholarly Communications Committee, 2007). Cornwell University Library believes that libraries can take on publishing tasks and develop its own content management system. Libraries are developing their repositories as they have the major players available right there: the academics who can edit and review the works of the researchers. Information literacy is critical to student success. It is important to ensure that information literacy becomes part of students' courses of study. Students on all levels from high school through the university need to be taught how to be information literate. It has become necessary for librarians and teachers to redouble their efforts (Sugarman & Thaxton, 2008). The traditional one-session bibliographic instruction, even though still conducted, no longer meets the needs of providing information literacy to students (Li, 2007). More extensive collaboration between librarians and faculty is needed throughout the graduation period. This combination will arm the graduate student with the ability “to find, evaluate, analyze, communicate and use information to solve problems, create new ideas, make informed decisions, and turn data into meaning” (Sugarman & Thaxton, 2008). Conclusion Although is true that “Scholars emphasizing the importance of face-to-face contact for fostering dynamic and creative exchanges among collaborators. The sentiment that a handshake and eye contact provide the foundation of productive collaborations was near unanimous” (Harley, D. et al., 2010) technology doesn’t want to replace those elements, but rather function as an added value to the existing way of practicing research. Further research would be needed to better understand the factors motivating or discouraging faculty to participate in different forms of digital communication. Some funding agencies are moving to provide support for authors by paying this fee. HYPERLINK \" http://www.nih.gov/\" \t \" _blank\" NIH, HYPERLINK \" http://www.hhmi.org/\" \t \" _blank\" Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the HYPERLINK \" http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/\" \t \" _blank\" Wellcome Trust are examples of funding organizations for biomedical research that provide article processing funds for authors as part of the grant award. For more information on funding agencies and their policies on open access and funding of article processing fees please view the BioMed Central HYPERLINK \" http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/funderpolicies/\" \t \" _blank\" Summary of Funding Agency Policies on Open Access (http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/funderpolicies/). Table 1 Journals article-processing charge Journal nameAPC GBPAPC EURAPC USDGenome Biology £1525€1805US$2390Genome Medicine £1525€1805US$2390Respiratory Research £1395€1650US$2185Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair £1375€1630US$2155Annals of General Psychiatry £1355€1605US$2120Epigenetics & Chromatin £1355€1605US$2120Molecular Autism £1355€1605US$2120BMC Biology £1335€1580US$2090BMC Medicine £1335€1580US$2090BMC subject journals£1125€1330US$1760Molecular Neurodegeneration £1270€1505US$1990Molecular Pain £1270€1505US$1990Nutrition Journal £1260€1490US$1975Biotechnology for Biofuels £1255€1485US$1965EvoDevo £1255€1485US$1965Flavour £1255€1485US$1965Investigative Genetics £1255€1485US$1965Mobile DNA £1255€1485US$1965Neural Systems & Circuits £1255€1485US$1965Skeletal Muscle £1255€1485US$1965Biology of Sex Differences £1250€1480US$1955Implementation Science £1210€1430US$1895Neural Development £1205€1425US$1885Silence £1180€1395US$1850Annals of Surgical Innovation and Research £1160€1375US$1815BioMedical Engineering OnLine £1160€1375US$1815Head & Face Medicine £1160€1375US$1815Health and Quality of Life Outcomes £1160€1375US$1815Journal of Clinical Bioinformatics £1160€1375US$1815Journal of Nanobiotechnology £1160€1375US$1815Journal of Translational Medicine £1160€1375US$1815Molecular Cancer £1160€1375US$1815World Journal of Surgical Oncology £1160€1375US$1815Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica £1145€1355US$1795Gut Pathogens £1145€1355US$1795Alzheimer's Research & Therapy £1125€1330US$1760Arthritis Research & Therapy £1125€1330US$1760Breast Cancer Research £1125€1330US$1760Critical Care £1125€1330US$1760Stem Cell Research & Therapy £1125€1330US$1760Cardiovascular Diabetology £1120€1325US$1755Cell Division £1095€1295US$1715Frontiers in Zoology £1095€1295US$1715Cell Communication and Signaling £1070€1265US$1675Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery £1045€1235US$1635Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research £1045€1235US$1635Malaria Journal £1045€1235US$1635Nutrition & Metabolism £1045€1235US$1635Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology £1045€1235US$1635Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling £1045€1235US$1635Behavioral and Brain Functions £1020€1210US$1595Geochemical Transactions £1000€1185US$1565Plant Methods £900€1065US$1410Genetics Selection Evolution £850€1005US$1330BioPsychoSocial Medicine £825€975US$1290Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance £825€975US$1290Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases £825€975US$1290Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy £825€975US$1290Cell & Bioscience £675€800US$1055BMC Research Notes £595€705US$930Journal of Medical Case Reports £550€650US$860Chemistry Central Journal‡£475€560US$745Journal of Cheminformatics‡£475€560US$745 References Allely, P., Young, P., & Winton, J. (2010, November 1). Life in the Fast Lane. [Web log]. Retrieved from http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ ACRL Scholarly Communications Committee (2007). Establishing a research agenda for scholarly communication: A call for community engagement Retrieved on October 1, 2010 from http://www.acrl.ala.org/scresearchagenda/index.php?title=Main_Page American Society for Cellular Biology (January, 31 2007). “Timely free access to taxpayer-funded research does not threaten financial stability of scientific journals, says the American Society for Cell Biology”. Press release. Retrieved from http://www.ascb.org/index.cfm?navid=121&id=1967&tcode=nws3 Budapest Open Access Initiative, Open Society Institute, February 14, 2002. Retrieved on October 1st 2010 from http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml DOAJ Retrieved November 1, 2010 www.doaj.org Establishing a research agenda for scholarly communication: A call for community engagement (2007). ACRL Scholarly Communications Committee Retrieved on October 1, 2010 from http://www.acrl.ala.org/scresearchagenda/index.php?title=Main_Page Fink, J.L. (2007). Reinventing scholarly communication for the electronic age. CTWatch Quarterly3 (3). Ganfyd (2008). Retrieved from the Ganfyd Wiki: http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Main_Page Harley, D., Acord, S. K., Earl-Novell, S., Lawrence, S., & King, C. J., (2010). Assessing the Future Landscape of Scholarly Communication: An Exploration of Faculty Values and Needs in Seven Disciplines. Center for Studies in Higher Education UC Berkeley. Harnad, S., and Brody, T. (2004). Comparing the impact of open access (OA) vs. non-OA articles in the same journals. D-Lib Magazine, 10(6). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june04/harnad/06harnad.html Hendler, J. (2007). Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part 1. IEEE Intelligent Systems 22 (5). HYPERLINK \" http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1304510\" \t \" _blank\" http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1304510 MLA (2003). Statement on Publication in Electronic Journals, retrieved from www.arl.org/bm~doc/monser06.pdf Lynch, C. (2007). Shape of the scientific article in the developing cyberinfrastructure. CTWatch Quarterly, 3, 3. http://www/ctwatch.org/ quarterly/print.php?p=79 Maron, N. L., & Smith, K. K. (2008). Current Models of Digital Scholarly Communication: Results of an Investigation Conducted by Ithaka for the Association of Research Libraries. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries. Medgadget’s(2010). Retrieved from the Medgadget Wiki: http://www.medgadget.com/ Open Access Publishing Raises Questions. (2006). Neuroscience Quarterly. http://web.sfn.org/content/Publications/NeuroscienceNewsletter/index.htm Özek, Y.H. (2005). Lund Virtual Medical Journal Makes Self-Archiving Attractive and Easy for Authors. D-Lib Magazine, 11(10). Retrieved on December 3, 2010 from http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october05/ozek/10ozek.html Radiopaedia (2010). Retrieved from the radiopaedia Wiki: http://radiopaedia.org/ Skomal, S. (2005). Transformation of a scholarly society publishing program.” ARL: A Bimonthly Report 242 http://www.arl.org/newsltr/242/scholsociety.html Suber, P. An open access mandate for the NIH. SPARC Open Access Newsletter, 117 (2008, January) Retrieved from http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-08.htm Suber, P. Thinking about prestige, quality, and open access. SPARC Open Access Newsletter, 125 (2008, September) Retrieved from: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/09-02-08.htm Van de Sompel, H. et. al. (2004). Rethinking scholarly communication: Building the system that scholars deserve. D-Lib Magazine,10(9). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september04/vandesompel/09vandesompel.html Wikisurgery. (2010). Retrieved from the Wikisurgery Wiki: http://www.wikisurgery.com/index.php?title=Main_Page

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