#SciChallenge2017 Cloning

CLONING
By: RIDHA NAUSHAD, TANISHA LOHIA AND BLESSING
ECHEFU

WHAT IS CLONING?
• In biology, cloning is the process of producing
similar populations of genetically identical
individuals which occurs in nature when
organisms such as bacteria, insects or
plants reproduce asexually.
• Cloning, in biotechnology, refers to processes
used to create copies of DNA fragments
(molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or
organisms.
• The term clone, invented by J. B. S. Haldane,
is derived from the Ancient Greek word κλών
klōn, "twig", referring to the process whereby
a new plant can be created from a twig

WHAT ARE CLONES?
• Clones are genetically identical copies
of the original organism which means
that the sequence of their DNA is the
same.
• Bacteria, plants, and some animals can
reproduce asexually to form clones that
are identical to their parent.
• Identical twins can also be classified as
clones, as they come from a single
fertilised egg/zygote that splits in two.
• Not all clones are identical even though
they have the same genetic makeup.

TYPES OF CLONING
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL

ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION...
NATURAL CLONIN
G
• Asexual reproduction only requires
one parent. This means that there
is no mixing of genetic information
passed on, therefore the offspring
are genetically identical to the
parent and to each other. This
method of reproduction is mainly
used by bacteria, sometimes on
plants and, less commonly, on a
few animals. Its scientific name is
mitosis.

• Although some organisms reproduce
asexually naturally, the term "cloning"
today usually refers to artificial
techniques for achieving this result.
• The first cloning experiments conducted
by humans involved the growth of
plants that developed from grafts and
stem cuttings. Modern cloning practices
that involve complex laboratory
techniques is a relatively recent
scientific advance that is at the forefront
of modern biology. Among these
techniques is the ability to isolate and
make copies of (clone) individual genes
that direct an organism's development.
Cloning has many promising
applications in medicine, industry, and

• Gene cloning is the
process in which a gene of
interest is located and
copied (cloned) out of DNA
extracted from an
organism.
• When DNA is extracted
from an organism, all of its
genes are extracted at one
time. This DNA, which
contains thousands of
different genes.
• The genetic engineer
must find the one specific
gene that encodes the

REPRODUCTIV
E CLONING
• Reproductive cloning
means making an
identical copy of a person
- creating a new human
being with the same DNA
as an existing person.
This is what people
usually mean when they
talk about human clones.

THERAPEUTIC
CLONING
• Therapeutic cloning refers
to the removal of a
nucleus, which contains
the genetic material, from
virtually any cell of the
body (a somatic cell) and
its transfer by injection
into an unfertilised egg
from which the nucleus
has also been removed.
The newly reconstituted
entity then starts dividing.
After 4-5 days in culture,
embryonic stem cells can
then be removed and used
to create many embryonic
stem cells in culture.
These embryonic stem cell
‘lines’ are genetically

FIRST FEW
USES OF
CLONING
• Humans have used simple methods of
cloning such as grafting and stem cutting
for more than 2,000 years.
• The modern era of laboratory cloning
began in 1958 when the English-American
plant physiologist Frederick C. Steward
(1904–1993) cloned carrot plants from
mature single cells placed in a nutrient
culture containing hormones, chemicals
that play various and significant roles in
the body.

CLONING
IN
ANIMALS
• The first cloning of animal cells took place in
1964.
• In the first step of the experiment, biologist
John B. Gurdon first destroyed
with ultraviolet light the genetic information
stored in a group of unfertilized toad eggs. He
then removed the nuclei from intestinal cells
of toad tadpoles and injected them into those
eggs.
• When the eggs were incubated, Gurdon found
that 1 to 2 percent of the eggs developed into
fertile, adult toads.

CLONING
IN
MAMMALS
• The first successful cloning of mammals was
achieved nearly 20 years later.
• Scientists in both Switzerland and the United States
successfully cloned mice using a method similar to
that of Gurdon. However, the Swiss and American
methods required one extra step.
• After the nuclei were taken from the embryos of
one type of mouse, they were transferred into the
embryos of another type of mouse.
• The second type of mouse served as a surrogate
(substitute) mother that went through the birthing
process to create the cloned mice.
• The cloning of cattle livestock was achieved in 1988
when embryos from prize cows were transplanted
to unfertilized cow eggs whose own nuclei had
been removed.

DOLLY
• All of the above experiments had one characteristic in
common: they involved the use of embryonic cells, cells
at a very early stage of development. Biologists have
always believed that such cells have the ability to adapt
to new environments and are able to grow and develop in
a cell other than the one from which they are taken.
Adult cells, they have thought, do not retain the same
adaptability.
• A startling announcement in February 1997 showed the
error in this line of reasoning. The Scottish embryologist,
Ian Wilmut (1945– ), reported that he had cloned an
adult mammal for the first time. The product of the
experiment was a sheep named Dolly, seven months old
at the time of the announcement.
• In Wilmut's experiment, the nucleus from a normal
embryonic cell from an adult sheep was removed. A cell
from another adult sheep's mammary gland was then
removed and transferred to the empty cell from the first
sheep. The embryonic cell began to grow normally and a
young sheep (Dolly) was eventually born. A study of
Dolly's genetic make-up has shown that she is identical to
the second sheep, the adult female that supplied the
genetic material for the experiment.

MOLECULAR CLONING
• Molecular Cloning is one way of studying the specific proteins involved in
cell division. A gene contains the instructions for how to make a protein. By
mutating a gene, the protein’s shape, size and function could all be affected.
Mutating a gene changes its instructions. Once a mutated gene is created
and incorporated into a cell’s DNA, the cell replicates, creating many cells
containing the mutant gene. The cells with the changed gene can then be
compared to normal cells.

Observe physical
changes
between the
cells with the
plasmid and
those
Over time, the
plasmid will be
incorporated
into the host cell
DNA and the
new gene will
change the
proteins
produced.
Put the plasmids
into human
cells. The type
of cell varies
depending on
the research.
Filter the
mixture of
broken E. coli
cells and collect
only the
plasmids
containing the
gene.
Once your E. coli
population has
reached your
desired number
of cells, break
apart the E. Coli
cells using a
chemical that
dissolves the
cell wall.
Grow a lot of E.
coli cells
Put the plasmid
into an E. coli
cell (or another
type of bacteria).
As each E. coli
cell divides,
each new cell
contains a copy
of the plasmid
containing the
gene.
Attach target
gene to a small,
circular piece of
DNA.Together,
this is called a
plasmid, which
serves as the
vehicle for
transporting the
gene.
Chemically "cut"
the gene you
want to study
from the DNA
strand
MOLECULAR CLONING METHOD

THE PROCESS OF
CLONING
• One method of cloning works by separating a
developing embryo into individual cells. These
cells are then left to divide and develop for a
short time in a petri dish. The separate embryos
are then placed into surrogate mothers where
they finish developing. Since all the embryos
came from the same fertilized egg, they are all
genetically identical. This makes them clones of
each other rather than a clone of their host
mothers or biological mother.
• Another method works by replacing the nucleus
of an unfertilised egg cell with the DNA from a
different cell. This creates an identical copy of
the organism that the DNA was taken from.

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
CLONING

ADVANTAGE: REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
• Reproductive cloning has a number of pros. Much of it relates to helping human
families gain children, but there is also a benefit for the animal world. Here’s a
brief list of the ways reproductive cloning can help:
• Parents with no eggs and sperm can create children that are genetically related.
• Same sex couples can have children without the use of donor sperm or donor eggs. The
men would only require a surrogate to carry the clone until birth.
• Parents that have lost a child can have that child returned to them with a clone.
• Endangered animals can be cloned to save the species.
• These all bring hope to people eager for children but unable to have their own
or adopt. It can also bring about the recreation of species that have long since
died, allowing scientists to fully study the species as a living creature instead of
simply looking at images or bones.

ADVANTAGE: ORGAN REPLACEMENT
• Cloning could prove helpful in the research of genetics. Using
cloning technologies, genetic researchers would have a better
understanding of the composition of genes and the effects of
genetic constituents on human traits. There is also the likely
ability to alter genetic constituents in cloned humans, and
cloning could help combat genetic diseases.

ADVANTAGE: OBTAINING DESIRED TRAITS
IN ORGANISMS
• With the use of cloning, organisms can be customized to suit
the needs of whatever research purposes being done. Using
genetic alteration in plants and animals, researchers can
replicate organisms needed for research. No longer would there
be the worry of scientists harming creatures because these
creatures would be cloned specifically for the purpose of
research.

ADVANTAGE: RECOVERY FROM TRAUMATIC
INJURY
• Healing and recovery times could be lowered because of
cloning. Using the person’s own cells, they will be able to
recover that much faster and that much easier. Using their own
cells, they would be given the chance to truly heal with less
complications.

DISADVANTAGE: REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
• There are a number of negatives involved with reproductive cloning, and they are listed below.
Some of the arguments are religious in nature.
• Cloning children could foster an understanding that children can be designed and
replicated to the parents’ wishes.
• There would be a lack of uniqueness and violate convictions regarding human individuality
and freedom. Clones could be seen as less than human compared with non-clones.
• Children created by cloning would live in the shadow of the genetic donor, always having
to live up to the expectations of a person they were created from. Imagine discovering that
you are the clone of a child your parents lost, and you live your life always being compared
to the dead child.
• 95% of animal cloning has ended in failure due to genetic defects, and cloning is
considered unsafe because of it.
• Many believe that cloning is against God’s wishes because the clones would be created by
man. Man would be playing God and create people that are unable to feel and empathize.
There is also the belief that these clones would be created without a soul.

DISADVANTAGE: INCREASED MALPRACTICE
• While the cloning of body organs can be a great asset to
extending human life, it could also cause a lot of malpractice.
Along with the ability to clone desired traits, there could be the
possibility of people deliberately reproducing undesired traits.
This could lead to a rise in malpractices within society.

DISADVANTAGE: LACK OF DIVERSITY
• Cloning involves a process of creating identical genes. As such,
there would be a lack of diversity in humankind. Scientists
believe this lack of diversity will lower the human race’s ability
to adapt. Plus, there would be a lack of diversity in the world
leading to everyone looking the same.

DISADVANTAGE: FASTER AGEING
• The idea behind cloning is to harvest cells from a donor, raise
them to embryonic stage in a petri dish, and then place them in
a surrogate to grow to term. However, there is a possibility that
the age of the donor could be imprinted on the growing
embryo. This would cause premature aging issues and
potentially lead to premature death.

DISADVANTAGE: SECURITY
• People shed millions of cells throughout their day as their skin
cells fall off. You can leave skin cells even on a computer
keyboard, and those cells could be used to clone you if cloning
becomes a reality. What laws would there be to defend your
rights as the true non-clone compared to the clone? Would
there be any defense against people collecting cells and cloning
random people?

CLONING IN FUTURE
In the future, cloning could lead to many benefits, such as:
• Resurrection of extinct species.
• Immortality: The science behind cloning could prove key in indefinitely
extending the life-span of an average organism.
• Solution for world hunger: Scientist might one day be able to end world
hunger by cloning meat. (We can do this now but not cheaply or on a wide-
scale basis.)
• No more degenerative diseases: 'Therapeutic cloning' could prove a cure for
degenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

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MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE!

#SciChallenge2017 Cloning

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