Scienceprocesses and scientific method
- 1. OBJECTIVES K- IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT SCIENTIFIC PROCESS SKILLS - IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION S- APPLY THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS A- RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF CONDUCTING A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.
- 3. THE PROCESS OF DOING SCIENCE THESE SKILLS MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE QUESTIONS ANSWERED AND PROBLEMS SOLVED.
- 5. The ability to use our five senses. Seeing Tasting Hearing Feeling Smelling
- 6. Observation: The plant is planted inside the bottle.
- 7. The ability to tell something about an object observed.
- 8. Looking into the similarities or differences of objects or organisms (color, size, shape)
- 9. Classifying Relating objects and events according to their attributes which may involve classifying… Places Objects Ideas Events
- 10. Foretelling or forecasting future events. Ex. It will rain.
- 11. A statement or an explanation of what one has observed. They are intelligent guesses.
- 12. Observation: The plant is planted inside the bottle. Inferences: 1.The plant’s leaves will turn yellow, and eventually, it will die. 2. The plant will grow healthy.
- 13. Measuring Expressing the amount of an object in quantitative terms, or comparing an object to a standard… Length in Meters Volume in Liters Mass in Grams Force in Newtons Temperature in Degrees Celsius
- 14. A temporary explanation for an observation that has to be tested. “If .....then....” statement
- 15. Observation: The plant is planted inside the bottle. Inferences: 1.The plant’s leaves will turn yellow, and eventually, it will die. 2. The plant will grow healthy. Hypotheses: 1. If plant is planted inside the bottle, the plant’s leaves will turn yellow and will die eventually. 2. If plant is planted inside the bottle, the plant will grow healthy.
- 16. A way to test a hypothesis.
- 17. Variables – any factor that can affect the end result of an experiment.
- 19. 1. Controlled Variable – the factorthat are the same 2. INDEPENDENT Variable – the factor that has to be tested 3. DEPENDENT Variable – the factor that affects the result in an experiment
- 20. No Water Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 20 mL Water every day 40 mL Water every day
- 21. 1. INDEPENDENT variable Amount of water that the plant receives each day.
- 22. 2. DEPENDENT variable Height of the plant
- 23. Things that might affect how tall the plant grows could include: 3. Controlled variables 1. the amount of light 2. the temperature of the air 3. the kind of soil
- 24. PLASTIC CUP OF HOT WATER STYROFOAM CUP OF HOT WATER What is the INDEPENDENT variable in this experiment on keeping water hot? What might be the DEPENDENT variable in this experiment? Remember you should measure.
- 25. What would the INDEPENDENT variable be in this experiment on how much heat different soils absorb? What could be the DEPENDENT variable in this experiment? Remember you should measure.
- 26. Look at the illustration at the right. Study how hypotheses are formed. e Observation: The plant is planted inside the bottle. Inferences: 1.The plant’s leaves will turn yellow, and eventually, it will die. 2. The plant will grow healthy. Hypotheses: 1. If plant is planted inside the bottle, th plant’s leaves will turn yellow and will die eventually. 2. If plant is planted inside the bottle, then the plant will grow healthy.
- 27. Communicating Process of describing, recording, and reporting experimental procedures and results to others… Oral, written, or mathematical Organizes ideas using appropriate vocabulary, graphs, other visual representations, and mathematical equations.
- 29. We introduced the variables used in the Scientific Method in a previous presentation. Let’s think back about what was covered in that presentation. Do you remember what the Scientific Method is?
- 30. 1. One way scientists find out about the world around us. The scientific method is: 2. A method that scientists use to answer specific questions.
- 31. If a cat always lands on its feet and... when you drop your toast it always lands butter-side down.... what happens when you tie a piece of buttered toast to a cat’s back. *No cats were harmed in this thought experiment. For example:
- 32. VARIABLE In order to understand the Scientific Method, we first need to know what a is.
- 33. Do you… remember… what a variable is?
- 34. Yes, a variable is anything in an experiment that can change. Remember there are three types of variables. What do you recall about these three variables?
- 35. … a change variable?…a responding variable?…a control variable?
- 36. … a change variable? Let’s start with:
- 37. Change variable—the thing the experimenter changes on purpose.
- 39. Responding variable-- what the experimenter observes or measures to see if the change variable is making an difference.
- 41. The control variable: all the other things that could cause the responding variable to change—must be kept the same.
- 42. One more thing to remember: The experimenter always starts with a that can be answered by changing a variable and observing the results. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? question
- 43. Now let’s look at the steps in the Scientific Method.
- 44. The first step in this and any experiment is coming up with a Problem
- 45. 1. Problem • Is a question • Is made up of the change and responding variable
- 46. Jane knows that plants need light to grow. But she wonders—what about seeds. Do seeds need light to sprout? She decides to design an experiment to answer her question.
- 47. So in Jane’s experiment with the seeds what will her change variable be? Yes, it will be whether or not the seeds receive light. What could her responding variable be?—what could she observe or measure to see whether or not seeds need light to sprout or grow?
- 48. She plans to put 3 seeds in light and 3 seeds in the dark and then count the number of seeds that sprout when light is present and the number when light is not present. Now that we have the change variable (light and dark) and the responding variable (the number of seeds that sprout), let us write the problem—the question with the change and responding variable.
- 49. Will more seeds sprout in the light than in the dark? or Does light affect the number of seeds that sprout?
- 50. After you come up with a Problem, the next step in the Scientific Method is coming up with: The Hypothesis.
- 51. 2. Hypothesis • Answers the question • Predicts what will happen
- 52. experiment with light and sprouting seeds? What do you think? Will more seeds sprout in the light or in the dark? Because plants need light to grow, Jane thinks seeds will also need light to What will be the hypothesis for Jane’s sprout. So her hypothesis will be: More seeds will sprout in the light than in the dark.
- 53. This plan is called The Procedure After coming up with an Hypothesis, the experimenter writes out a plan to test the Hypothesis.
- 54. 3. Procedure • Steps to be taken to test the hypothesis • Includes control variables
- 55. What would be some of the control variables in Jane’s experiment. What besides light might affect how many seeds sprout? Jane thinks seeds need light to sprout. On the next slide, you will see the step by step plan that Jane came up with to test her hypothesis. Circle the change variable in red, the responding variable in green and underline the control variables in purple.
- 56. 1. Find 10 identical potting containers and fill them with the same type of potting soil. Place 3 pinto bean seeds in each potting container on top of the soil-- don’t cover the seeds with soil. 2. All ten of the pots are to be placed in the same area, getting the same amount of sunlight for two weeks, but: 3. Cover 5 of the pots with black paper bags so that the seeds receive no light except when watered.
- 57. 5. After two weeks count the number of seeds that have sprouted (started to grow) in each pot. 4. Each day pour 15 mL of tap water into each pot.
- 58. Did your product look like this?
- 59. 1. Find 10 identical potting containers and fill them with the same type of potting soil. Place 3 pinto bean seeds in each potting container on top of the soil-- don’t cover the seeds with soil. 2. All ten of the pots are to be placed in the same area, getting the same amount of sunlight for two weeks, but: 3. Cover 5 of the pots with black paper bags so that the seeds can receive light only when watered.
- 60. 5. After two weeks count the number of seeds that have sprouted (started to grow) in each pot. 4. Each day pour 15 mL of tap water into each pot.
- 61. Once the experimenter has come up with a step-by-step procedure, he or she gathers the materials and conducts the experiment.
- 62. As an experimenter conducts the experiment, he or she records the observations or measurements (data) in a data chart.
- 64. To make sure that the results did not occur due to chance, an experimenter repeats the experiment several times collecting data each time.
- 65. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Light 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds No Light 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds Here are the results of Jane’s experiment as shown in a data chart. The number of seeds that sprouted Sometimes the results are also shown in a graph.
- 66. After conducting the experiment and gathering the data using the steps in the Procedure, the experimenter 4. analyzes the data
- 68. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Light 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds No Light 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds 3 seeds The number of seeds that sprouted Let us analyze Jane’s data. We see that all seeds sprouted in both the light and in the dark.
- 69. 5. Conclusion After analyzing the data, the experimenter comes up with a • answers the question allowing the experimenter to decide if the hypothesis is right or wrong.
- 70. • answers the question. The conclusion •experimenter decides if the hypothesis is right or wrong.
- 71. So what can Jane conclude? From her data, Jane can conclude that seeds DO NOT need light to sprout.
- 72. and ask a question Scientific Method in review
- 73. Problem Make an observation and ask a question Is this good to eat?
- 74. Make an hypothesis. This will be good to eat and will be tasty.
- 75. Conduct the experiment and collect the data. Procedure
- 76. Analyze the data Does it taste good?
- 77. Draw a conclusion. It tastes awful! It is not good to eat.
- 78. Share your results and ask someone else to duplicate your experiment. Try this and see if you think it tastes good.
- 79. Steps in the Scientific Method • Problem • Hypothesis • Procedure • Analyze data • Conclusion
- 80. Let’s put our knowledge of the Scientific Method to a realistic example that includes some of the terms you’ll be needing to use and understand.
- 81. Problem/Question John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar. John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf
- 82. Observation/Research John researches the areas of baking and fermentation and tries to come up with a way to test his question. He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal.
- 83. A Little Practice with the Scientific Method The next slide is a Bart Simpson scenario. Read it carefully, and see whether you can answer the associated questions.
- 84. Bart Simpson believes that mice exposed to microwaves will become extra strong (maybe he’s been reading too much Radioactive Man). He decides to perform this experiment by placing 10 mice in a microwave for 10 seconds (do not do this at home, Bart is a misguided fictional character ). He compared these 10 mice to another 10 mice that had not been exposed. His test consisted of a heavy block of wood that blocked the mouse food. He found that 8 out of the 10 microwaved mice were able to push the block away. 7 out of 10 non-microwaved mice were able to do the same. 4. What was Bart’s hypothesis? 5. Identify the Control group. 6. Identify the independent and dependent variables 7. What might be some of the possible constants? 8. What should Bart’s conclusion be?