SCR DRM

CLIMATE
SMART
DISASTER
RISK
MANAGEMENT

The Strengthening Climate Resilience (SCR) Programme, comprising the Institute of
Development Studies (IDS), Plan International and Christian Aid, would like to thank all those
who have contributed to this publication.
In particular, thanks go to the members of the expert group who met in the UK in February
2010 and who helped to shape the early iterations of the Climate Smart Disaster Risk
Management Approach; to Maarten Van Aalst, Roger Few, Lars Otto Naess and Frauke
Urban for their comments on parts of this document; and to Aditya Bahadur and Paula Silva
Villaneuva for their support in the research process. Thank you also to those who helped with
fieldwork in Sri Lanka, India and Cambodia, including Aziza Usoof, Daniel Vorbach, Mohan
Reddy and Ashok Singha; and to Patricia Curmi for her work liaising with designers and proof
readers. Thank you to Jack Campbell and Louise Daniel for copy editing the final report.
We would like to acknowledge the vital contributions from over 500 hundred researchers,
policymakers and practitioners who have shared their experiences and feedback on the Climate
Smart Disaster Risk Management Approach through ten national and three regional consultations
in East Africa, South and South-East Asia. In particular, our gratitude goes to national focal points
for all their hard work facilitating the national consultation process: Mohamed Osman Ali (Christian
Aid, Sudan), Alphonce Katunzi (Christian Aid, Tanzania), John Kioli (Christian Aid, Kenya), Gehendra
Gurung (Practical Action, Nepal), Arulappu Iruthayanathan (Christian Aid, Sri Lanka), Palash
Kanti Das (Christian Aid, Bangladesh), Ram Kishan (Christian Aid, India), Baltz Tribunalo (Plan,
Philippines), Vanda Lengkong (Plan, Indonesia) and Peuvchenda Bun (Cambodia, Plan).
The SCR Programme is funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID).
The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
the views of DFID, IDS, Christian Aid or Plan International.
—
For more information contact:
Strengthening Climate Resilience, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton BN1 9RE UK
+44 (0)1273 606261 info@csdrm.org www.csdrm.org
—
Institute of Development Studies: Maggie Ibrahim, Katie Harris, Merylyn Hedger, Tom Mitchell,
Emily Polack
N.B Tom Mitchell was Director of the Strengthening Climate Resilience programme at the
Institute of Development Studies from October 2009-August 2010. He now works at the
Overseas Development Institute.
—
Christian Aid: Katherine Nightingale, Maurice Onyango, Mohamed Adow, Sajjad Mohammad Sajid
—
Plan International : Atiq Kainan Ahmed, Nick Hall, Kelly Hawrylyshyn
—
Suggested Citation
Mitchell, T.; Ibrahim, M.; Harris, K.; Hedger, M.; Polack, E.; Ahmed, A.; Hall, N.;
Hawrylyshyn, K.; Nightingale, K.; Onyango, M.; Adow, M., and Sajjad Mohammed,
S. (2010), Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management, Strengthening Climate Resilience,
Brighton: IDS
—
Design: Giant Arc Design
—
Printers: Ashford Colour Press
Printed on a recycled paper containing 75% recycled waste
Acknowledgements

Strengthening Climate Resilience 01
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary 02
About The ‘Strengthening Climate Resilience’ Programme 05
1. Introduction
Time for Climate Smart Disaster
Risk Management 06
1.1 Making the case 07
1.2 Developing the approach 08
1.3 The CSDRM approach In a nutshell 09
2. Researching
the CSDRM approach in
complex environments 12
2.1 Integrating Climate Change into Regional Disaster Risk
Management at the Mekong River Commission 13
2.2 Building climate resilience at state level:
DRM and rural livelihoods in Orissa 16
2.3 Post-Disaster housing reconstruction in a conflict-affected
district, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka 19
2.4 Lessons from field research for CSDRM 21
3. Engaging
with DRM Practitioners
& PolicyMakers in Africa & Asia 22
3.1 Dialogue and exchange: co-constructing the CSDRM approach 23
3.2 What does climate smart disaster risk management look like
in Africa and Asia? 24
4. Common challenges,
Conclusions & next steps 36
4.1 Common challenges across Africa and South Asia and
initial conclusions 37
4.2 Next steps: the future of CSDRM 38
References 39
Contents

‘Adaptive capacity
issues are at the
centre of the Climate
Smart Disaster Risk
Management approach,
in a way that isn’t
captured by other
frameworks’
—
Participant at South Asia Consultation
02 / Strengthening Climate Resilience
Executive
Summary

Current efforts to reduce the impact of
disasters are falling short of the mark.
The climate is changing and weather
patterns are becoming increasingly
extreme and unpredictable (IPCC, 2007).
Coupled with other evolving threats to
human development, rising disaster
risks look set to outpace any progress
achieved in promoting resilience under
the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA).
A cruel illustration of this point is the
more than five million people who
have been left homeless as a result
of the unprecedented 2010 floods
in Pakistan1
. This is a country that is
fully signed up to the HFA and takes
seriously its commitment to manage
disaster risks better, particularly after
the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.
This report presents a new approach
to disaster risk managemen: ‘climate
smart disaster risk management’
(CSDRM) approach (Figure 1). It is
primarily for those working in disaster
risk management and climate change
adaptation. It will also be critical
reading for those working more
broadly on vulnerability and poverty
reduction programmes within or
outside government.
The CSDRM approach is the result of
the expert input of over five hundred
researchers, community leaders, non-
government organisation (NGO) workers
and government officials from ten
disaster-prone countries. It responds to
a clear call, from those working to build
resilience to disasters, for a practical,
evidence-based method of incorporating
climate change considerations into
existing DRM models.
Experience from across East Africa,
South and South East Asia underpins
12 components of CSDRM, which are
organised into three action-oriented pillars:
1. Tackle changing disaster risks
and uncertainties.
2. Enhance adaptive capacity.
3. Address poverty and vulnerability and
their structural causes.
Traditional strategies for DRM
understandably cluster in pillar one.
This approach invites the reader to
take a step back and consider wider
common objectives and opportunities
for collaboration across all three pillars
of CSDRM.
This report describes how, in Section 2.1, the
regional Mekong River Commission already
has elements of CSDRM embedded in its
work in the Mekong Delta, undeterred by
national boundaries and protecting millions
of people from changing patterns of flood
and drought. It is relatively easyto access
climate science in the Mekong Delta; the
challenge lies in interpreting the complexity
of impacts across a vast area, in terms of
geography and social demographics. The
case study demonstrates the critical role that
regional cooperation has to play in mediating
and coordinating DRM efforts that require
integrated action across an entire river basin.
In Section 2.2, the report describes two
programmes in Orissa which contribute
in different ways to the overall picture of
DRM. Downscaled climate projections
are not widely available or applied to DRM
strategy in Orissa. Yet, the joint efforts of
the Orissa State Disaster Management
Authority and the Livelihoods and Water
Resource Management Programme –
which encapsulate the idea of ‘Watershed
Plus’ – offer a rich environment to map
the potential of the CSDRM approach
and learn lessons for collaboration. In
particular, this case study highlights the
fact that there is more than one way to
achieve CSDRM and that the diversity and
independence of those involved is crucial.
Innovative participatory approaches to
housing reconstruction in Batticaloa district
in Sri Lanka, described in Section 2.3,
illustrate how environmental and climate
risk considerations can be integrated into
post-disaster reconstruction. Despite a
lack of available downscaled climate data,
this project shows how local knowledge
and expertise have been captured to make
‘climate-smart’ judgements.
Further consultations were carried out in
ten countries and three regions. Section
3 profiles three national projects and
sets out what CSDRM looks like on the
ground. The three projects illustrate the
extensive consultation process that fed
into and validated the new approach to
DRM presented in this report.
In conclusion, the report finds that
successful application of the CSDRM
approach will require systematic
investment in people skills, new
partnerships, technical collaboration
and innovation to achieve the shift
needed. A favourable environment for
CSDRM will only occur when access
to climate science, information and
decision-making is transparent and
democratic. Donors and governments
must encourage flexibility and innovation;
they need to demonstrate a commitment
to their collaborative approach to the
changing and increasing threat to human
development that disasters represent.
1
BBC News, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11095267, accessed 27 August 2010.

1. 2. 3.Tackle changing disaster
risks and uncertainties
Enhance adaptive capacity Address poverty vulnerability
and their structural causes
1a
Strengthen collaboration and integration
between diverse stakeholders working on
disasters, climate and development
To what extent are climate change
adaptation, disaster risk management and
development integrated across sectors and
scales? How are organisations working on
disasters, climate change and development
collaborating?
3a
Promote more socially just and
equitable economic systems
How are interventions challenging
injustice and exclusion and providing
equitable access to sustainable
livelihood opportunities? Have climate
change impacts been considered and
integrated into these interventions?
2a
Strengthen the ability of people,
organisations and networks to
experiment and innovate
How are the institutions, organisations
and communities involved in
tackling changing disaster risks and
uncertainties creating and strengthening
opportunities to innovate and
experiment?
1b
Periodically assess the effects of
climate change on current and future
disaster risks and uncertainties
How is knowledge from meteorology,
climatology, social science, and
communities about hazards,
vulnerabilities and uncertainties being
collected, integrated and used at
different scales?
2b
Promote regular learning and reflection
to improve the implementation of
policies and practices
Have disaster risk management policies
and practices been changed as a result
of reflection and learning-by-doing? Is
there a process in place for information
and learning to flow from communities to
organisations and vice versa?
3b
Forge partnerships to ensure the rights
and entitlements of people to access
basic services, productive assets and
common property resources
What networks and alliance are in
place to advocate for the rights and
entitlements of people to access basic
services, productive assets and common
property resources?
1c
Integrate knowledge of changing risks
and uncertainties into planning, policy
and programme design to reduce the
vulnerability and exposure of people’s
lives and livelihoods
How is knowledge about changing
disaster risks being incorporated into
and acted upon within interventions?
How are measures to tackle uncertainty
being considered in these processes?
How are these processes strengthening
partnerships between communities,
governments and other stakeholders?
2c
Ensure policies and practices to tackle
changing disaster risk are flexible,
integrated across sectors and scale and
have regular feedback loops
What are the links between people
and organisations working to reduce
changing disaster risks and uncertainties
at community, sub-national, national
and international levels? How flexible,
accountable and transparent are these
people and organisations?
3c
Empower communities and local
authorities to influence the decisions
of national governments, NGOs,
international and private sector
organisations and to promote
accountability and transparency
To what extent are decision-making
structures de-centralised, participatory
and inclusive? How do communities,
including women, children and other
marginalised groups, influence decisions?
How do they hold government and other
organisations to account?
1d
Increase access of all stakeholders
to information and support services
concerning changing disaster
risks, uncertainties and broader
climate impacts
How are varied educational approaches,
early warning systems, media and
community-led public awareness
programmes supporting increased
access to information and related
support services?
2d
Use tools and methods to plan for
uncertainty and unexpected events
What processes are in place to support
governments, communities and other
stakeholders to effectively manage
the uncertainties related to climate
change? How are findings from scenario
planning exercises and climate-sensitive
vulnerability assessments being
integrated into existing strategies?
3d
Promote environmentally sensitive
and climate smart development
How are environmental impact
assessments including climate change?
How are development interventions,
including ecosystem-based approaches,
protecting and restoring the environment
and addressing poverty and vulnerability?
To what extent are the mitigation of
greenhouse gases and low emissions
strategies being integrated within
development plans?
The Climate Smart Disaster
Risk Management Approach
Strengthening Climate Resilience
The questions in the approach are suggestions only and
there may well be others
Figure 1: The Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management Approach

‘Strengthening Climate Resilience (SCR) through Climate
Smart Disaster Risk Management’ is a UK Department for
International Development-funded programme that aims
to enhance the ability of developing country governments
and civil society organisations to build the resilience
of communities to disasters and climate change. It is
coordinated by the Institute of Development Studies (UK),
Plan International and Christian Aid, who are working
with a variety of organisations across ten countries
(Kenya, Tanzania and Sudan in East Africa; Nepal, India,
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in South Asia and Philippines,
Indonesia and Cambodia in South-East Asia).
The programme included national consultations in each
of the ten countries and three regional consultations on
Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management (CSDRM). Reports,
presentations and videos from each of these consultations
can be found on the SCR website. The website also includes
contact details for members of the SCR programme and
highlights ways to become involved in the programme.
If you would like to be involved in SCR meetings or work
with the programme to trial the Climate Smart Disaster Risk
Management Approach with your organisation, please either
visit the SCR website: www.csdrm.org or send an email to
info@csdrm.org
About the ‘Strengthening Climate Resilience’
Programme
Acronyms
ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre
CCAI Climate Change Adaptation Initiative
CRED Centre for Research on the
Epidemiology of Disasters
CSDRM Climate-Smart Disaster Risk Management
DESMiO District Economic Social Mobilisation Organisation
DMC Disaster Management Centre
DRM Disaster Risk Management
DFID Department for International Development
FMMP Flood Mitigation and Management Programme
GEAG Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group
GIS Geographic Information System
GTZ German Technical Cooperation Agency
(Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit)
HFA Hyogo Framework for Action
IDS Institute of Development Studies
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
IFTZ Inades Formation Tanzania
IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
LGU Local Government Unit
MRC Mekong River Commission
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
OSDMA Orissa State Disaster Management Authority
SCR Strengthening Climate Resilience
SLA Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
WORLP Western Orissa Rural Livelihoods Project

‘The DRM community hasn’t
been good at looking at long
term timeframes or capacities
to enhance people’s ability to
progress over longer terms -
this approach encourages us
to do this’
—
1. Introduction
Time for
climate smart
disaster risk
management

1.1. Making the case
Since the world signed up in 2005 to a ten-year commitment to
reduce the global impact of disasters – the Hyogo Framework
for Action (HFA) – a significant shift has taken place in how we
approach disaster management. Whilst the vital focus on rapid
life-saving responses has not been lost, increasing resources
are now rightly being spent on the proactive assessment and
management of disaster risks. But it is becoming increasingly
evident that these efforts are not enough.
As this report goes to press, Pakistan is facing the biggest
humanitarian disaster of recent years caused by unprecedented
floods that have submerged great swathes of the country,
following unusually intense Monsoon rains. Over 20 million
people have been affected, 5 million have lost their homes, and
the disaster is not yet over. The cost of the response continues
to shoot upwards. While Pakistan has made significant efforts to
improve its own disaster management capacity in recent years
under its HFA commitments, notably since the 2005 Kashmir
earthquake, the scale of this disaster would humble any nation.
Elsewhere, similarly intense rainfall has triggered a series of
deadly landslides across China and Russia is finally cooling
down after a record-breaking heat wave2
.
The link between climate change and disasters is now widely
recognised (see Box 1). Trends in economic and livelihoods-
related disaster losses are on an upward curve, and the vast
majority result from climate-related, hydro-meteorological
hazards (IPCC 2007). Despite this reality, there is little collective
understanding of how we can scale up DRM and adapt our
disaster management practice to cope with changing needs
and realities (GFDRR 2009). A focus on the short-term has
prevented meaningful global investment in DRM – even when our
expenditure on humanitarian response is spiralling out of control.
And a difficult truth is emerging: the way we approach
disaster risks today may not be good enough for tomorrow’s
challenges. ‘Business-as-usual’ DRM will fail without a
significant shift in how risk calculation and intervention design
incorporate climate modelling and associated uncertainty.
Box 1
What are the impacts of climate change on disaster risk?
Climate Change is …
Increasing the frequency and severity of some,
but not all, hazards
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC, 2007) concluded that the frequency and
severity of hot and cold extremes and heavy
precipitation events is increasing and this trend will
continue. At the moment no clear patterns are seen
with tropical cyclones. Confidence in understanding
or projecting changes in hazards and extreme events
depends on the type of extreme event, as well as on
the region and season.
Increasing people’s vulnerability and exposure
to regularly experienced shocks and stresses
Climate change is decreasing crop yields, increasing
water scarcity, leading to a loss of biodiversity and
natural assets provided by ecosystems, causing
new patterns of disease and increasing respiratory
illnesses, and possibly has become one of the triggers
of migration and new patterns of conflict. These
trends are projected to worsen (IPCC, 2007). This
means vulnerability is increasing and disaster losses
may worsen even without any discernable change to
the severity or frequency of hazards.
Increasing uncertainty and unexpected events
The complexity of the physical and human system
and their interactions dictate that scientific models
about future climate change impacts remain
uncertain. Accordingly, the inability to predict the
exact magnitude or timing of extreme climate-related
events means that people must be prepared for the
unexpected, whether related to the type or severity of
the hazard or in the way in which the human system
responds to it.
2
See World Meteorological Organization extreme weather sequence update, accessed on 31st August 2010, available online: www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/
extremeweathersequence_en.html

As we pass the mid point of the HFA4
, countries striving to
meet these commitments are calling for a smarter, more
integrated approach to DRM. The scale of the challenge is
forcing the world to tackle changing disaster risks, to learn
to adapt and address the causes of vulnerability in a more
coherent and effective way. A climate-smart approach
to disaster risk management presents considerable
opportunities: it is a legitimate first step in adapting to
climate change and climate variability. CSDRM offers
policymakers and practitioners a practical way to consider
the allocation of resources to reduce risk and adapt
to new threats, at both a national and local scale.
Governments and civil societies in many countries are
already investing in their DRM capacity – a foundation for
effective climate-smart development strategies.
The need for a holistic approach to improve DRM policy and
practice in response to a changing climate was the subject of
the 2009 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
(GFDRR) ‘Stockholm Policy Forum on Climate Smart Disaster
Risk Management’. The forum brought together global climate
and disaster experts in Stockholm to tackle the challenge of
getting ‘climate-smart’ in DRM efforts. They concluded that the
world needs a more coherent, integrated approach to managing
and adapting to disaster and climate risks. This can only be
achieved through greater co-ordination and learning between
sectors. Environmental management practice, for example, has
much to contribute to DRM efforts. What is also lacking is more
meaningful engagement with grassroots groups and networks,
which, if harnessed and strengthened, will provide a front line
defence against growing threats (GFDRR 2009).
In adopting the CSDRM approach, these challenges can
be met head on. DRM professionals have significant
experience of building grassroots resilience and influencing
comprehensive policy change in line with the HFA.
CSDRM builds on this expertise and also offers:
a) A conceptual route towards increased coherence and
complementarity with climate change adaptation goals.
b) A call to refocus efforts on tackling poverty and other root
causes of vulnerability (an area considered as lagging in
the mid-term review of the Hyogo Framework
for Action).
c) Evidence of the benefits of promoting longer-term
adaptive capacity that enables people to create their
own sustainable solutions to changing threats.
d) Lessons in forming innovative partnerships to better
equip ourselves to manage uncertainty.
1.2 Developing the approach
The CSDRM approach has been developed through
extensive consultation with more than 500 practitioners,
policymakers, scientists and academics drawn from
climate change, disasters and development communities in
‘at-risk’ countries in Africa and Asia. An initial conceptual
framework for these consultations was developed at an
experts’ workshop hosted in the UK in February 2010.
Climate-smart DRM experience in ten countries was
investigated through national consultations (Bangladesh,
India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan, Cambodia,
Indonesia and the Philippines). Three regional consultations
in Kenya, India and Thailand offered further opportunities
to refine the approach with leading experts in South Asia,
South East Asia and East Africa. Section 3 provides
summaries of these consultations.
More intensive fieldwork was conducted in Cambodia, India
and Sri Lanka to test the utility and applicability of the emerging
approach at different levels and contexts (see Section 2).
3
There are explanations for this increased trend. It is more likely that the increase is linked to people living in areas exposed to natural hazards rather than to
changes related to impacts of climate change. Whereas the economic losses and number of people affected by disasters is also rapidly increasing, it should be noted
that overall disaster mortality is decreasing (UNISDR, 2009).
4
See, for example, the HFA mid-term review http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-mtr
Trends in number of reported events
Source: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)
Much of the increase in the number of hazardous events reported is probably due
to significant improvements in information access and also to population growth,
but the number off floods and cyclones being reported is still rising compared
to earthquakes. How, we must ask, is global warming affecting the frequency of
natural hazards?
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
200
150
100
50
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Numberofeventsperyear
All disasters include:
drought, earthquake,
extreme temperatures,
famine, flood, insect
infestation, slides,
volcanic eruption,
wave/surge, wild fires,
wind storm
Earthquakes versus climatic disasters
All disasters
Earthquakes
Floods
Cyclones
Earthquakes
Figure 2: Trends in Disaster Risk3

The SCR Programme also commissioned studies (see
box below) looking at (a) the applications of the concept
of resilience to DRM and adaptation, (b) the convergence
between DRM and adaptation in funding, policy and practice
and (c) the extent to which environmental and low carbon
considerations are included in DRM interventions.
Box 2
Wider research commissioned by the SCR Programme
• The Resilience Renaissance? Unpacking of
Resilience for Tackling Climate Change and
Disasters. Bahadur, A.; Ibrahim, M. and Tanner,
T. (2010) Strengthening Climate Resilience
Discussion Paper 1, Brighton: IDS
• Assessing Progress on Integrating Disaster Risk
Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in
Development Processes. Mitchell, T., Van Aalst, M.
and Silva Villanueva, P. (2010) Strengthening
Climate Resilience Discussion Paper 2, Brighton: IDS
• Greening Disaster Risk Management: Issues at the
Interface of Disaster Risk Management and Low
Carbon Development. Urban, F., Mitchell, T. and
Silva Villanueva, P (2010) Strengthening Climate
Resilience Discussion Paper 3, Brighton: IDS
• Integrating Climate Change into Regional
Disaster Risk Management at the Mekong River
Commission. Polack, E. (2010) Strengthening
• Building Climate Resilience at State Level: DRM
and Rural Livelihoods in Orissa. Hedger, M., Singha,
A. and Reddy, M. (2010) Strengthening Climate
• Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction in a Conflict-
affected District, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka: Reflecting
on the Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management
Approach. Ibrahim, M. (2010) Strengthening Climate
5
The term ‘resilience’ is increasingly used in climate change and disaster discourses and in policies and programming related to these issues. It has become common
to describe the intersection between these two fields and those of poverty and development as ‘climate resilient development’. The SCR Programme recognises
the difficulty in operationalising the concept of resilience and its multiple meanings and as such has chosen to focus on more tangible and practical dimensions of
‘adaptive capacity’. Carpenter et al highlight that little attention has been paid to the operational indicators of resilience (2001).
The report begins in Section 1 with the conceptual background
to the CSDRM approach. Section 2 presents the case studies,
which reflect on particular applications of the approach and
how learning from these cases helped to shape its architecture.
Section 3 reflects on the outcomes from national and regional
consultations and provides examples of projects that reflect
elements of CSDRM. These examples represent the first
iteration of a comprehensive evidence base of CSDRM actions
and activities, which will provide a rich repository of information
for those looking to apply the CSDRM approach to their own
work. Section 4 highlights challenges, conclusions and sets out
next steps in developing and applying the approach.
1.3 The CSDRM Approach
in a Nutshell
CSDRM is: an integrated social development and disaster
risk management approach that aims simultaneously
to tackle changing disaster risks, enhance adaptive
capacity, address poverty, exposure, vulnerability and
their structural causes and promote environmentally
sustainable development in a changing climate.
CSDRM provides a guide to strategic planning, programme
development and policymaking and should be used to
assess the effectiveness of existing DRM policies, projects
and programmes in the context of a changing climate. It
is an approach to help cross-check DRM interventions
for their responsiveness to current and future climate
variability. The three pillars within the approach are
founded on long standing concepts – mainly related to the
progression of vulnerability from root causes to unsafe
conditions (Wisner et al 2004) and to those associated with
resilience, adaptive capacity and uncertainty (e.g. Holling
1973, Folke 2006). The three pillars of action include:
1. Tackle changing disaster risk and uncertainties.
2. Enhance adaptive capacity.
3. Address poverty, vulnerability and their structural causes.
Pillar one:
Tackle changing disaster risk and uncertainties
Pillar one supports the priority areas of the Hyogo
Framework of Action (HFA), highlighting the importance
of collaboration between multiple actors. It calls for
integrating information on risks by conducting detailed risk
assessments which recognise the value of multiple sources
of knowledge. It highlights the importance of increasing
access to information by all stakeholders through education,
early warning and the media while highlighting measures
to understand and address vulnerability and the conditions
creating risks. The CSDRM approach treats climate change
as a key consideration and attempts to insert climate
change into the most critical, climate-sensitive elements
of the HFA given that climate change did not feature so
strongly in the original HFA agreement.
Pillar two:
Enhance adaptive capacity
Adaptive capacity refers to our ability to manage change
sustainably by strengthening resilience5
. Promoting adaptive
capacity means that institutions and networks learn and use
knowledge and experience and create flexibility in problem
solving (Scheffer et al, 2000 and Berkes et al, 2003). The
main characteristics which enhance adaptive capacity
have been identified as: promoting diversity; creating
flexible, effective institutions; accepting non-equilibrium;

adopting multi-level perspectives; integrating uncertainty;
ensuring community involvement; promoting learning;
advocating for equity; recognising the importance of social
values and structures and working towards preparedness,
planning and readiness6
. Enhancing adaptive capacity
is a key strategy for managing increasing uncertainty
associated with a changing climate and allows people and
organisations to respond to shocks and unexpected events
more effectively. The CSDRM approach weaves together
many of the characteristics of adaptive capacity highlighted
above and attempts to present these in a practical way.
Pillar three:
Address poverty, vulnerability and their structural causes
The third pillar is founded on the ‘pressure and release’
model (Wisner et al, 2004) and longstanding research that
attributes the causes of disasters to failures in development
(Bankoff et al, 2003). Wisner et al’s model treats root causes,
dynamic pressures, unsafe conditions and hazards as all
contributing to disaster risk. Root causes underline the
importance of access to power, structures and resources.
A lack of skills and institutions (markets and press freedom)
coupled with macro forces, such as urbanisation and
population growth, contribute to vulnerability.
The CSDRM approach recognises the complexities and
interdependencies of any one intervention and thus promotes
the interrelation of the three pillars. Guiding questions that
supplement the actions depicted in Figure 1 are examples
that are intended to stimulate discussion, planning and action
in a specific context. The CSDRM approach needs to be
tailored to local realities and specific challenges.
To ensure CSDRM, any project, programme or policy
manager should seek to integrate actions from each of the
pillars, rather than focus on just one. No single CSDRM
intervention could possibly integrate every element or
try to tackle all the drivers of poverty or vulnerability.
Nonetheless, actions across the three pillars provide a
way of reassuring those managing disaster risks that they
are not accentuating poverty or vulnerability or creating
new risks. Naturally, there are limits to what disaster risk
managers can achieve alone, so the CSDRM approach
highlights the importance of working in partnership with
6
For more details on the ten characteristics, see SCR Discussion Paper 1, The Resilience Renaissance? Unpacking of Resilience for Tackling Climate Change and
Disasters by Aditya V. Bahadur, Maggie Ibrahim and Thomas Tanner

7
Climate smart language may not appeal in particular cultural or organisational contexts, it is acceptable to replace ‘smart’ with ‘savvy’, ‘compatible’, ‘integrated’,
‘resilient’ or ‘sensitive’; options that have been suggested at national and regional meetings.
development and climate change stakeholders to ensure
DRM and development outcomes are more robust to
changing contexts.
How does CSDRM support and build on other
frameworks and approaches?
The CSDRM approach builds on DRM, climate change
adaptation and development concepts and approaches to
accelerate progress on the Hyogo Framework for Action
(HFA) and the Characteristics of a Disaster-Resilient
Community (Twigg, 2007). The five priority areas of the HFA
are embedded in the CSDRM approach. However, added
emphasis is placed on strategies to manage uncertainty,
particularly through enhancing adaptive capacity. This is
a key element of climate resilience that does not strongly
feature in either the HFA or community-based DRM
approaches to date. CSDRM is a holistic approach that
integrates uncertainty and highlights strategies for reducing
poverty and vulnerability. Together these must become core
priorities for reducing disaster risk.
Who is the CSDRM approach for?
The CSDRM approach is designed for those responsible
for managing disaster risks at regional, national, sub-
national or community levels. It has been developed through
extensive consultation with policymakers and practitioners
working at each of these scales. Feedback suggests that the
CSDRM approach can be used for strategic planning and as
part of programme and project design7
. It can also be used
to evaluate the effectiveness of existing initiatives as part of
monitoring and evaluation processes. The approach has not
been designed as a manual or a checklist against which to
rate DRM interventions. Rather it is intended to prompt in-
depth reviews and assessment to inform decision-making.
The CSDRM can be linked to specialised guides on how to
implement action points included in the approach such as
the vulnerability and capacity assessments (CARE, 2008)
or Climate Change Information for Effective Adaptation: a
practitioner’s manual (Postdam Institute for Climate Impact
Research and GTZ, 2009).

‘The CSDRM approach allows
the climate change community to
view DRM as part of the solution,
and a viable option for adaptation
[funding]’
—
2. Researching
The CSDRM
approach
in complex
environments

Research8
carried out in different complex environments
in Cambodia, India and Sri Lanka tested the CSDRM
approach at regional, sub-national and local levels
and in trans-boundary and post-conflict settings. Cases
were chosen because they reflected at least one of the
three pillars of the CSDRM approach in contexts of multiple,
changing hazards. First, in Cambodia, the climate-smart
DRM efforts of the Mekong River Commission (see right)
are investigated. Next, profiles of the Orissa State Disaster
Management Authority and the Western Orissa Rural
Livelihood Programme (WORLP) – ‘Watershed Plus’ –
provide learning on different ways to tackle CSDRM at the
state level. Finally, post-disaster housing reconstruction
in the conflict-affected District of Batticaloa, Sri Lanka,
provides inspiration on how it is possible to be ‘climate-
smart’ despite a climate information vacuum.
2.1 Integrating climate
change into regional
disaster risk management
at the Mekong River
Commission9
In 2000, the Mekong Delta saw the worst floods in 40
years. 800 people died, 9 million were affected, and
the costs of damages reached over USD 455 million10
.
Livelihoods in the Mekong Basin are dependent upon the
flood ‘pulse’ of the Mekong River. This cycle of flooding
makes the Tonle Sap – the largest lake in South East Asia
– among the most productive freshwater ecosystems in
the world. Yet large scale floods and flash flooding can
have devastating consequences, particularly for
agricultural livelihoods.
8
Researchers from the Institute of Development Studies worked in partnership with DRM practitioners/programme implementers and local researchers in order to
test the approach and identify lessons.
9
For the full case study see, Integrating Climate Change into Regional Disaster Risk Management at the Mekong River Commission. Polack, E. (2010) Strengthening
10
Reliefweb. 2001. Southeast Asia: Mekong Floods 2001 Information Bulletin No. 1. 27 August 2001 http://www2.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-
64BTCN?OpenDocument
Box 3
Organisation profile
Mekong River Commission
The Mekong River Commission (MRC) was established
as an inter-governmental management authority for the
river basin under the 1995 Mekong Agreement for the
Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong
River Basin. The Agreement was signed by the counties of
the lower Mekong basin: Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and
Vietnam. China and Burma are ‘dialogue partners’.
Following the floods in 2000, the MRC established a
permanent Flood Mitigation and Management Programme
(FMMP) under its Technical Support Division. It was
designed to prevent, mitigate and minimise economic losses
and suffering, whilst preserving the benefits of floods.
The programme was established with five components
of flood risk management to support the MRC:
• establish a regional flood management and
mitigation centre
• structural measures and flood proofing
• enhance cooperation in trans-boundary flood issues
• strengthen flood emergency management
• land use management.
In addition, the MRC Climate Change Adaptation
Initiative (CCAI) is responsible for:
• assessing vulnerability, future climate risks and
adaptive capacity
• scoping an adaptation framework and formulating
an adaptation plan.
The CCAI will implement demonstration sites in each countryto
developtoolsandmethodsforenhancingadaptive capacity. The
initiative will also establish a Mekong panel on climate change.
www.mrcmekong.org

A range of initiatives have been implemented under
the FMMP, including: flood forecasting capacities; best
practice guidelines for integrated flood risk management;
guidelines for integration of flood preparedness plans in
district and provincial planning processes; flood probability
mapping and land use zoning; and an annual Mekong flood
forum. Different international donors such as the German
Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ), the Government of
the Netherlands, the European Commission and the Asian
Development Bank fund discreet activities under each
component. The Programme is implemented in partnership
with designated national Mekong committees and
relevant line ministries and departments in each country.
A number of regional and international organisations –
the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre for example –
and international consulting firms lead implementation.
The projected impacts of climate change on the Mekong
basin are varied and complex, and multiple scenarios and
drivers of change are involved. However, climate change
could increase the frequency and intensity of extreme
floods in parts of the basin and the FMMP is seeking to
take this into account in its planning:
‘We are at a critical time for learning on integrating climate
change into disaster risk management. DRM is already
designed to reduce vulnerability to different hazards,
including the kind of risks and extremes that climate
change is already bringing. However we know there are
new trends. We need to consider what the surprises are
likely to be and how to incorporate these additionalities’.
Nicolaas Bakker, Chief Technical Advisor, FMMP
Whilst it is too early to identify climate-smart approaches
within individual initiatives of the FMMP, the evolution of
a parallel Climate Change Adaptation Initiative (CCAI) and
its linkages with the FMMP, provides important lessons
for the application of CSDRM in trans-boundary settings.
Particularly evident are the benefits and trade-offs of
separate initiatives versus integrated approaches. To
date, the FMMP and CCAI teams have agreed to base
vulnerability assessments upon the same set of downscaled
climate models and projections and to pool expertise
where relevant (for example, the CCAI’s social vulnerability
and capacity analysis tools and the FMMP’s flood risk
management approaches respectively).
CSDRM in Mekong flood risk management
The MRC has a basin-wide DRM mandate that reflects
several elements of the CSDRM approach.
Tackle changing disaster risks and uncertainties
Consider climate change in basin-wide planning
The MRC facilitates scenario-based planning for local
and national authorities. The Commission contributes
to assessments of the effects of climate change across
different topographical zones and categories of livelihoods
by integrating downscaled climate projections with
hydrodynamic modelling. The MRC compiles an annual
‘State of the Basin’ report as part of the integration of new
information into basin planning processes. As part of this
process, climate change scenarios and potential impacts
have been assessed and are already influencing regional
and national planning. Local perceptions of change are
presented in the State of the Basin report, but diverse local
realities are not always reflected in hydrological modelling
work. The FMMP’s 2009 Flood Report elaborated on the
implications of climate change specifically for flood risk.
The regional Flood Risk Management Centre is continually
seeking to improve flood forecasting capacities across the
region, backstopping national forecasting departments.
A flash-flood guidance system is also under development.
Climate change was a key theme at the FMMP’s 2010
annual Mekong Flood Forum. The Annual Forum promotes
learning across the Mekong basin. It provides a space
for governments and others involved in the programme
to gather data on changes in flow regimes and flood
risks at different scales and to explore implications and
responses by sharing experiences. For example, the
Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) is providing
lessons on integrating flood risk management at district
and provincial scales across countries with decentralised
disaster management systems facing similar challenges.
At a national level ADPC’s participation in the Cambodia
national DRR Forum, comprising national NGOs and the
Government Disaster Management Committee, has been
a source of learning on approaches to DRR for ADPC
and MRC, and has acted as a channel for linking local
level pilots to national DRM policy processes. The MRC
also hosts many regional summits and exchange visits to
promote information sharing and learning across the basin.
Increasingly, the programme is promoting dialogue with civil
society organisations and experts outside MRC. A Mekong
panel on climate change is due to be established under the
Climate Change Adaptation Initiative (CCAI) for continuous
learning and reflection on climate change in the region.
Integrate climate information into the development
of risk management standards
The development of flood risk management tools and
guidelines, for example on integrating flood risk into sub-
national development planning, relies first on implementing
pilot projects, usually at least one in each country.
Nationally-applicable flood risk management tools are being
developed to improve targeting of vulnerable populations,
planning for extremes and protection of infrastructure. The
FMMP will begin to integrate climate information into risk

assessment tools for use at different scales across the
region. Methodologies for flood risk and climate vulnerability
and adaptation capacities will be exchanged between the
FMMP and the CCAI.
Tackle specific trans-boundary flood risk
contexts through mediation, dialogue and learning
The programme has organised regional and international
exchange visits between officials responsible for trans-boundary
flood risk management in border zones. Whilst not yet
explicitly incorporating climate information, this collaborative
effort and drive for cross-border planning will foster
adaptive capacity in a context of changing risks.
There is both hope and scepticism around the MRC’s
current Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
approach and its potential to contribute to a democratisation
of water governance and pro-poor development. ‘Big is
beautiful’ is the prevailing mantra of energy generation and
distribution, and agricultural and industrial development
shape country development plans. National interests
trump regional decision-making and frequently gloss
over the potential for transfer of risk to marginalised and
downstream populations. The MRC is accountable to
member governments and this can pose challenges in
ensuring that their operations are in the interests of the
most vulnerable populations and their fragile livelihoods.
For CSDRM to be effective, national and regional
mechanisms of integration and learning across government
ministries and departments must be improved. This is
challenging in bureaucratic settings where technical
capacities are variable. One-off consultations, workshops
or trainings in new tools and approaches may limit adaptive
capacity where regular, ongoing and learning and reflection
is needed. One climate change adaptation expert from an
international development organisation commented ‘we
want to see the MRC succeed, but there needs to be a
more process-oriented approach to learning about climate
change adaptation. Then we would be happy to engage’.
The addition of climate science into regional debate and
decision-making only serves to highlight the need for truly
independent institutions and diverse partnerships. Equally
important is the recognition of the interrelationship between
multiple drivers of disaster risks and the political nature of
the decisions required to address those risks.
Box 4
Mekong basin: challenges and learning for the
development of CSDRM
CSDRM in the Mekong region benefits from an
availability of downscaled climate models and
projections. The challenge lies in how these forecasts
will impact dynamic systems in different parts of the
basin; how the levels of uncertainty and variability
can be considered alongside multiple drivers of
environmental change; and how diverse local solutions
are reflected and supported at different scales.
• A successful CSDRM approach is reliant upon the
systematic inclusion of social vulnerability data
in all analysis and methodological development
of risk management approaches. Currently
vulnerability assessment tools are based upon
historical damage data on costs to housing,
infrastructure and agriculture. In light of increased
recognition of social dynamics of vulnerability, the
FMMP will incorporate socio-economic data into
its planning and collaborate with the CCAI on the
development of tools for vulnerability and capacity
assessments for adaptation.
• A number of projects are already using household
level data when incorporating flood risk into local
sectoral planning, but are still not oriented towards
addressing underlying vulnerabilities. There is
little analysis of how to support governments
to target more vulnerable or marginalised
populations. People-centred approaches to
flood risk management are still marginalised in
regional dialogues, which have tended to focus on
modelling capacities.
• The space for recognising diversity, local
knowledge and approaches to risk management
and adaptation are still minimal. The FMMP
team sees broader partnerships with the social
development community as one approach to this
and the CCAI also hopes to address this imbalance.
• Decision-making must be responsive to technical
information, transparent and accountable.
• Regional CSDRM is reliant upon enhanced
trans-boundary information flows and early
warning systems – on tributaries as well – and
mechanisms for mediation and compliance with
the Mekong Agreement.
• Regional cooperation provides critical space for
dialogue between actors where national space
is limited. It is important that regional analysis,
capacity building and national guidelines foster
decision-making structures that empower
commonly excluded voices.

2.2 Building climate
resilience at the state level:
DRM and rural livelihoods
in Orissa11
Orissa offers important experience for the development
of CSDRM. Orissa is one of India’s most innovative
states in the fields of DRM, climate change and
livelihoods programming. This section considers two
separate programmes:
1. Orissa State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA),
with a focus on DRM and response to extreme weather
events and rapid onset disasters.
2. Western Orissa Rural Livelihood Programme (WORLP) –
‘Watershed Plus’, with a focus on poverty reduction through
livelihoods support, watershed management and response
to slow onset disasters.
Each programme has a complex organisational
structure linked to the state government, working
through multiple partnerships and supported by external
donors. Together they demonstrate how it is possible
to construct a CSDRM approach at the state level by
integrating different programmes, thereby reflecting
components across all three pillars of CSDRM. This also
helps highlight that there are still gaps to fill, particularly
on the generation and use of climate risk information and
major challenges in delivering an integrated, scaled up
and robust system.
11
For the full case study see, Building Climate Resilience at State Level: DRM and Rural Livelihoods in Orissa. Hedger, M., Singha, A. and Reddy, M. (2010)
Strengthening Climate Resilience Discussion Paper 5, Brighton: IDS
Box 5
Orissa State Disaster Management Authority
OSDMA was born out of the tragedy of the 1999
cyclone which killed 15,000 people and caused US$4.5
billion worth of damage. This galvanised action in to
prevent such a disaster happening again. The OSDMA
is an effective agency that now mobilises and leads
action on a range of disasters, and runs awareness
campaigns and preparatory activities on risks such as
heat waves and flooding.
www.osdma.org
Western Orissa Rural Livelihoods Programme
WORLP, the originator of ‘Watershed Plus’, is one
of around ten watershed management programmes
implemented under the Orissa State Department
of Agriculture. The programme started in 2000 in
four of the poorest districts of Orissa, where human
development indicators are comparable to those in sub-
Saharan Africa. WORLP is unique in its cross-sectoral
design and multi-disciplinary approach. ‘Watershed
Plus’ refers to the additional focus on people’s
livelihoods. Tackling the roots of poverty in Orissa has
included a range of physical water management and
social development approaches.
www.worlp.com

CSDRM in Orissa
OSDMA is at the centre of state policymaking and has an
operational mandate to cover management of disaster relief
and reconstruction. It coordinates with line departments
involved in reconstruction, with bilateral and multi-lateral
aid agencies, UN Agencies, international, national and
state-level NGOs. Stated principles of disaster management
policy in Orissa cover most tenets of the CSDRM approach,
but make little direct reference to issues of poverty
reduction and their structural causes. The stated policy
focus is:
‘Total risk management and vulnerability reduction by
strengthening the physical infrastructure as well as the bio-
physical, psychological, social and economic status of the
people and increasing their disaster resilience’.
OSDMA coordinates disaster risk management activities
centrally through a core full-time team of 65 professional
and support staff, who in turn work through a network
of district revenue departments and Rapid Action Forces
which can be activated as needed. District administrations
initiate disaster management mechanisms through
committees at different levels.
Village level disaster management planning is carried
out by Panchayat Disaster Management Committees.
Village headmen are instructed to initiate the constitution
of the village disaster management planning committees.
Community members and NGO volunteers support the
development of community contingency plans. This
way local knowledge is integrated in to local planning,
although indigenous knowledge about weather forecasting
has not been systematically integrated into all planning
processes. To date 16 district level disaster management
planning committees have been established, which reach out
to 155 block committees and 22,000 village committees.
OSDMA data and monitoring systems identify trends in
disaster losses, for example, in deaths caused by lightning.
For short-term early-warning information for cyclones
and floods, ocean-based and space-based observational
systems are linked in to international warning systems.
Land-based systems are linked to the Indian Meteorological
Department (IMD) and can give 48 hours early warning.
These systems have yet to factor in additional risks from
climate change for future planning. Having developed
know-how and preparedness for cyclones across the
state, OSDMA is developing preparedness and response
strategies for other extreme events. Recently it has
launched awareness campaigns on heat waves and flash
flooding. OSDMA is constantly developing its knowledge
base. In 2009 it conducted a hazard risk assessment and
vulnerability analysis and produced a state-wide composite
risk atlas to map forecasted disaster frequency by area.
This was based on historic data and did not build in any
factors of future climate variability.
WORLP focused on poverty reduction from the outset,
selecting the poorest, rain-fed western districts – amongst
the poorest in India – in which to work. The programme
was founded upon a sustainable livelihood approach
(SLA) integrated into traditional watershed and drought
management, and ‘Watershed Plus’ was born. The
Agriculture Department, under which the programme
sits, coordinates with the IMD on monsoon forecasting
and preparedness planning. Although it was not designed
with climate change considerations in mind, the SLA of
the programme is recognised as an important platform
through which people can adapt to increased levels of
climate-induced change and stress. In Orissa this is likely to
manifest itself as increased drought, and as a slow-onset
disaster this is outside the mandate of the OSDMA.
The creation of DRM institutions in India has drawn
momentum from disaster events, starting after the Orissa
cyclone and accelerating following the 2004 South Asian
tsunami. A Disaster Management Bill was tabled in
Parliament in 2005 and enacted structures at all levels –
national, state, district and block level – to prepare for and
reduce the effects of disasters. At the state level, OSDMA
is an autonomous nodal agency and has played a key role
in coordinating with various line ministries to integrate DRM
into ongoing flagship programmes. That said, DRM is not
yet mainstreamed into all development projects.
OSDMA also had the space to create stronger institutional
coordination with NGOs, developing its own database
on NGO initiatives and holding regular consultations.
It has established emergency coordination among
government departments, state headquarters and district
administration, and with NGOs; it has ensured a quick and
efficient response to floods. OSDMA has strengthened
community disaster preparedness, through mock drills,
training, contingency planning and the formation of village
taskforces, all of which have enabled people to cope better
with floods. Close collaboration with NGOs has enabled
OSDMA to assess capacity and training needs, prepare
action plans and help match government funding to NGO
rehabilitation activities in cyclone-hit areas.
The institutional set-up of WORLP has allowed a high level
of autonomy and flexibility. Activities focused on increasing
people’s ability to adapt to and cope with climate-related
stress have been implemented in a quick, effective and
participatory way, through a direct chain of command.
WORLP has achieved meaningful programmatic links and
training initiatives across natural resources management,
livelihoods, micro-enterprise and other related
developmental programmes. A pool of resource people has
been established at the ‘cluster level’ – a group of around
15 watersheds. New cluster livelihoods resource centres
have been set up that provide 20 thematic training kits and
best-practice guides. A critical capacity-building team has
been established in the district Project Director’s office.

The four-member team specialises in livelihoods, micro-
enterprise, natural resource management and monitoring
and evaluation. A three-member livelihood support team
comprising specialists from agriculture, microenterprise
and social development sectors support the implementation
and monitoring of ‘watershed plus’ activities on the front
line, in conjunction with ‘watershed development’ teams of
village volunteers. Through these interventions almost six
thousand self-help groups have been trained to cultivate
local action. Non-refundable grants, either for consumption
or assets, have been provided to those households deemed
by the community to be ‘very poor’, and a revolving fund
provides loans for microenterprises.
Address poverty, vulnerability and their
structural causes
OSDMA works indirectly to reduce poverty, helping to
ensure that social protection payments due in time of
disaster are paid out, and exploiting schemes such as
the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme to
push forward flood protection works. The performance
of OSDMA is officially measured (in annual reports for
example) against ‘classic’ DRM indicators: the number
of reconstruction works undertaken (embankments,
roads, water supply, schools rebuilt); the number of
preparedness measures implemented (cyclone shelters);
the improvement of early warning communications
(radio, mobile phone); and the procurement of
equipment and training provided to the rapid action
forces. However capacity building activities are listed
as another indication of progress and policy planning
initiatives, for example, the creation of a Geographic
Information System (GIS).
WORLP’s goal is to reduce the number of people living
below the official poverty line by 30 per cent by 2010.
The project has targeted poor households both by
defining poverty in terms of official poverty indicators
and on well-being indicators as perceived by the target
community. A recent impact assessment has calculated
that using both of these indicator sets, the project has
had a substantial impact on poverty, with a 28 per cent
reduction in the number of poor households ‘officially’
and 30 per cent as defined locally. In real terms this
means that around 72,000 households – or 360,000
people – have escaped poverty. Much of this can be
attributed to enhanced levels of livelihood assets,
resulting from programmes like WORLP. WORLP has
been periodically reviewed and the evidence base for
its outcomes in several areas is well-tested.
The adverse effects of climate variability may have been
lessened through natural resource interventions that have
increased groundwater tables, altered land use patterns,
diversified crops and increased production. In the farm,
off-farm and non-farm sectors, livelihoods have become
increasingly diversified and thus more resilient. Crucially,
much effort has gone into participatory planning and
capacity building, and into the establishment of increasing
numbers of community organisations and federated
self-help groups. The resulting increase in social capital has
seemingly gone a long way to ensuring quicker and more
appropriate responses to crisis situations.
Box 6
Orissa: Challenges and learning for the
The experiences of the OSDMA and the WORLP
programmes provide crucial lessons for adopting a
CSDRM approach, which are relevant as Orissa moves to
implement its state Climate Change Action Plan.
• There is more than one route to CSDRM. Both OSDMA
and WORLP make important contributions but neither
delivers everything that is needed. It makes sense to
construct CSDRM out of a range of existing institutions
and programmes, which many have taken years to
develop. Comprehensive CSDRM will need time to
establish outside of discreet funded projects. Such
an approach will need to support the development
of adaptive capacity and social resilience to address
different and changing risks associated with climate
change, as more knowledge becomes available.
• Strong leadership will be essential. Constraints
associated with the sectoral and departmental
organisation of policy will require bold and innovative
leaders to challenge the status quo. Approaches
to slow and rapid onset disasters are currently
institutionalised separately, and this exacerbates the
challenge. There is a proliferation of projects and pilots.
Climate change could provide the driver for real scale-
up of efforts and real collaboration across sectors,
institutions and scales.
• Institutional independence and mandate is key.
The emerging CSDRM in Orissa has flourished where
protagonist organisations have been flexible and able to
innovate, but have the legitimacy of official status within
government to provide authority and access to resources.
• Progress is limited by the lack of downscaling of climate
scenarios outside national science institutes in India. This
has meant that state-level institutions, like universities,
have their hands tied in applying models and researching
scenarios regionally. Once access to the science
improves, there are many ways that new knowledge and
information can be disseminated to Panchayat level (for
example through agricultural schools).
• Climate change is increasingly a driver for
development of cross-programme activities.
Orissa State is developing its Climate Change
Action Plan, which will hopefully overcome its initial
tendency towards fragmentation across sectors. A
comprehensive CSDRM approach would undoubtedly
drive improved integration across sectors.

2.3 Post-disaster housing
reconstruction in Batticaloa,
Sri Lanka12
12
For the full case study see: Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction in a Conflict-affected District, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka: Reflecting on the Climate Smart Disaster
Risk Management Approach, Ibrahim, M. (2010) Strengthening Climate Resilience Discussion Paper 6, Brighton: IDS
13
The rat-trap bond technique is a cost effective housing technique which uses less cement and keeps structures cool. For more information on the technique see:
http://practicalaction.org/south-asia/docs/region_south_asia/cost-effective%20housing%20for%20rehabilitation.pdf
Box 7
Practical Action Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has been the scene of waves of resettlement
due to the conflict and the 2004 Tsunami. Practical
Action Sri Lanka, in partnership with DESMiO, a
local NGO, sought to facilitate the creation of a
housing project with people with disabilities and
other vulnerable people in Manmunipattu Division of
Batticaloa. Manmunipattu Division was chosen as it
faces numerous risks and hazards through violent
conflict, increased temperatures, drought, rainfall and
floods, and strong winds and cyclones.
www.practicalaction.org
The aim of the reconstruction project was to demonstrate
how a housing intervention could promote beneficiary
participation, disability access, cost effectiveness and
sustainable housing designs. Sixteen houses were built
between 2006 and 2007 alongside livelihoods support
activities and awareness campaigns for the rights of
people with disabilities. This project was administered in
the context of a newly emerging DRM and climate change
adaptation policy framework elaborated through Sri Lanka’s
Disaster Management Centre (DMC) and Climate Change
Secretariat. This case study highlights the extent to which
the intervention reflects a CSDRM approach and whether
this has led to an opening of inclusive spaces and citizen
engagement on DRM in a post-conflict setting.
CSDRM in Sri Lankan post-disaster housing
reconstruction
Tackle changing disaster risks and uncertainties
The participatory nature of the housing project meant
that beneficiaries were involved in hazard assessment,
identifying design features and the construction process
itself. The participatory housing design methodology
sought beneficiary knowledge through: structured and
semi-structured interviews; modified participatory and
vulnerability mapping and participatory rural appraisal;
field observations; focus group discussions and the
inclusion of building regulations, donor technical
specifications and beneficiary specifications as well as
hazard mapping of the individual sites.
The most common hazards identified were annual flooding,
droughts, gales, cyclones and increased temperatures.
Several design features were incorporated to protect
beneficiaries from identified hazards. The plinth levels
were raised on sites prone to flooding and fired clay bricks
were used to withstand floods. The 2004 flood was the
worst that beneficiaries had ever experienced and its levels
acted as the baseline to which a further six inches were
added to ensure flood waters would not enter their homes.
This six-inch leeway was not based on predicted future
rainfall patterns as these are not available through the
Meteorological Department.
Despite the lack of climate science predicting rainfall, none
of these houses have since been flooded despite intense
flooding in December 2007 which displaced many people
in the same district. Clay tiled roofs with required pitch and
anchoring have withstood moderate gales during south
west monsoon rains and the rat-trap bond technique13
has been used to keep houses cooler during hot
drought months.
Community members did not pro-actively seek
meteorological information regarding flood and
temperature trends, with a view to the sustainability of
the housing design. Under a new reconstruction project
in Vavuniya through Practical Action Sri Lanka, climate
trend information will be provided to the conflict-affected
population to be re-housed.
The participatory housing design process allowed
beneficiaries to learn the planning, design and construction
process, and this learning has been shared across the
community. Some design features have consequently been
incorporated into private housing. Practical Action Sri
Lanka also trained French Red Cross masons to use these
new technologies.
The design features were highlighted in the Post-Tsunami
Reconstruction Guidelines of the National Housing
Development Authority, which recommended, for example,
the use of tie beams and connectors for roof support to
protect against strong seasonal winds and localised gales.
Learning across projects has been possible through learning
mechanisms of Practical Action Sri Lanka. There is also
an exchange of knowledge across Practical Action country

offices and headquarters: Practical Action UK is collecting
experience from country offices to build their ‘Vulnerability
to Resilience Framework’ which seeks to integrate climate
change into their vulnerability reduction work.
Address poverty and vulnerability and their
structural causes
Practical Action’s strength lies in its commitment
to livelihoods promotion and vulnerability reduction.
Supporting the livelihoods of beneficiaries was a core
component of the participatory housing construction
adopted by Practical Action Sri Lanka and DESMiO.
A paper production plant was funded for part-time
employment opportunities and masonry training meant
beneficiaries could be part of housing construction.
Environmentally sustainable practices, such as the
rat-trap bond technique to keep houses cool, illustrates
the conscious effort of Practical Action Sri Lanka to
consider the environmental impact of the housing
reconstruction project.
Box 8
Batticaloa: Challenges and learning for the
Several challenges exist for the development of the
CSDRM approach at the local level in a post-disaster and
post-conflict setting.
• The lack of downscaled global climate scenarios for Sri
Lanka means that NGOs like Practical Action are unable
to share information with their beneficiaries and make
informed decisions on housing designs.
• Current housing projects in Vavuniya are struggling to
transfer learning from the demonstration project to scale
because of a lack of capacity, skills and time pressures
from donors. Time pressures mean that it is difficult to
train local masons to incorporate these technologies
and that homeowners may not be aware of the new
technologies available. Post-disaster is not the ideal time
to promote alternative technologies that require training
and new knowledge. A holistic approach to housing
requires a combination of skills and commitment, which
comes through long-term engagement. The CSDRM
approach is a process that may not be able to be
implemented quickly and deliver immediate results, but
requires a shift in practice through cumulative actions.
• Local participation and accountability is key. The divide
between those who make and implement DRM policies
and those living in marginalised and exposed areas is
vast. The project failed to influence government DRM
structures and policies. For example, some officials feel
that priorities are not right when resources are being
spent on cyclone and tsunami risk -mapping, rather than
on floods and drought risk mapping – the more common
and destructive local hazards. With better linkages
between the DMC structures and other government
structures, such as the divisional Secretariat and the
local authority, there could be increased representation
of local needs in budget allocation for DRM interventions.
• A lack of donor transparency, centralised government
and a lack of policy enforcement create little incentive to
focus efforts on advocacy for CSDRM.
• Simple practical tools are needed to help practitioners
identify and integrate climate data and weather trends
into project design. Practical Action’s ‘Vulnerability to
Resilience Framework’ is a step in the right direction at
the conceptual level, but tools for the frontline on how to
overlay local knowledge with climate and weather data
and undertake scenario planning and missing links.
• Up-scaling an integrated approach to housing requires
investment in capturing and sharing the process and
lessons. In this way Practical Action Sri Lanka would
have increased leverage to influence donor timeframes
for post-disaster reconstruction projects with
documented details of their approach and evidence of
positive outcomes at hand.

2.4 Lessons from field
research for CSDRM
Fieldwork in Cambodia, India and Sri Lanka demonstrates
that, despite challenges, government and non-government
actors are already making real efforts to manage disaster
risks with a ‘climate-smart’ approach. The institutional
basis is there. Making the final shift to CSDRM, it seems, is
largely reliant on an increasingly collaborative and strategic
approach to traditional DRM, both at an individual and
institutional level. The case studies highlight the flexibility
of CSDRM as an analytical and evaluative approach at
different scales:
• Integrating climate scenarios, whether at the regional,
sub-national or local level, requires access to
climatological information and data. This can be fraught
with challenges and can be highly political. Making
connections with independent intermediaries – such
as universities – that can process climate data and
interpret findings at various levels is a way to overcome
this challenge.
• There are numerous entry points for a CSDRM
approach. Building on existing programmes and policies
offers opportunities to identify champions for the
approach and to create tools and procedures that are
grounded in local realities.
• Promoting the integration of the three pillars of
CSDRM into policy and practice requires pro-activity
and a range of ‘soft’ skill-sets: connecting to others,
being flexible, adopting new practices and fostering
learning. This will require staff investment and must be
understood in terms of building people’s capabilities to
create change.
• A certain level of independence is required to be
flexible and innovate. Donors, governments and
business should support independence and ensure
accountability measures are in place and maintained.
• Dialogue and access to decision making are critical
at all levels – from the regional to the local. Creating
spaces for a range of stakeholders to access information
and participate in decision making – from resource
allocation to vulnerability mapping and policy/programme
design – is critical if positive development outcomes
are to be achieved in a changing climate. This requires
partnership and confidence between stakeholders
(government departments, business, advocacy
networks, faith groups and regional initiatives).
• Climate change can be a driver for greater integration
across sectors, institutions, policies and programmes.

‘Disaster risk managers cannot
be all things to all people, but we
do need to make more concerted
efforts to get back to our roots -
of addressing vulnerabilities’
—
Participant at UK Consultation
3. Engaging
With DRM
practitioners
policymakers in
Africa Asia

3.1 Dialogue and exchange:
co-constructing the CSDRM
approach
The CSDRM approach presented in this report responds to
the call from practitioners and policymakers to develop an
integrated approach to managing and adapting to disaster
risks, in a way that is meaningful and useful to their work.
To achieve this was only possible with the pragmatic and
technical input of those individuals and groups. This section
sets out a series of national and regional consultations that
gathered that input.
The consultations spearheaded by the SCR national
focal points and in collaboration with partner organisations
– the ‘friends of SCR’ – were careful to assess the
current environment and appetite for integration of
CSDRM in each of the ten focus counties. In Tanzania
for example, the consultations supported the relatively
new and emerging trend to bring together practitioners
and policymakers from the disasters and climate change
communities. In Cambodia, the consultations initiated
a discussion on integration climate change in the DRR
Forum Cambodia, convened by the National Committee
on Disaster Management. In other countries, such as the
Philippines, the consultations provided space to reflect on
existing practice and contribute to ongoing dialogue on the
challenge of integrating climate change into development
and disasters work.
Through dialogue and exchange, the consultations
were able to:
a) Showcase the work of those at the forefront of thinking
and acting on integrating disasters, climate change
and development. Participants included practitioners,
policymakers, donors, researchers, academics and
scientists from a range of disciplinary backgrounds.
In return, participants learnt from the work and
experiences of others, particularly those not within
their normal sphere of reference.
b) Harness learning from existing work that seeks to
integrate disasters, climate change and development,
to enable participants to interrogate the three pillars of
the CDSRM approach. By reflecting on the experiences
shared through projects, programmes and policies that
sought to achieve integrated practice, participants were
able to co-construct the CSDRM approach – bringing
the iterative process to life.
c) Learn from the way practitioners and policymakers
could apply the CSDRM approach to their work. By
reflecting on empirical projects, programmes and
policies that best demonstrate aspects of the CSDRM
approach, participants provided empirical evidence that
supports different elements of the approach. Examples
from East Africa, South Asia and South-East Asia are
explored further below.
Following the success of the national consultations, regional
consultations were held to meet demand in East Africa,
South Asia and South-East Asia. Projects, programmes
and policies from the national consultations which best
demonstrated integration were showcased and participants
presented how their work aligned with different aspects of
the CSDRM approach. The consultations provided opportunity
for debate, enriching discussions and enabling reflection and
learning across each region’s respective focus countries.
Perhaps most importantly, the regional consultations
enabled participants the space to shape the CSDRM
approach. Through a combination of ‘live-editing’ sessions
and feedback mechanisms, participants’ reflections and
comments were synthesised and integrated to create
subsequent versions of the approach.
The CSDRM approach incorporates the opinions of more
than 500 practitioners and policymakers from across
a range of disciplines. The process of developing the
approach has initiated – or in some cases reinforced –
dialogue and connections that would not have occurred
otherwise. This forms part of the continuum of learning and
exchange that the SCR Programme has fostered and will
continue to promote.

3.2 What does climate smart
disaster risk management
look like in Africa and Asia?
What follows is a snapshot of the debates, the excitement,
the challenges and the interactivity that went into
developing the CSDRM approach. The full selection of
consultation reports, photos and audiovisual material is
available at www.csdrm.org
Taking each region in turn, important highlights from each
regional consultation are outlined below, together with an
example of how one organisation from the consultation
process in that region felt their programme best
demonstrates aspects of the CSDRM approach.
East Africa: DRM and refocusing
on addressing vulnerabilities
Geographical scope
National consultations took place in Sudan, Kenya and
Tanzania; the regional consultation in Nairobi, Kenya.
Should DRM refocus on addressing vulnerabilities?
The disasters community from the East African
countries were more attuned to dealing with slow
onset disasters such as drought. However, as flooding
in parts of Sudan in July 2010 demonstrated, disaster
trends appear to be changing, and with this, recognition
that the impacts of climate change on disasters are
more varied than was perhaps anticipated. Whist
recognising the changes in the physical impacts of
climate change, practitioners, policymakers, researchers
and scientists highlighted that the challenging contexts
in which individuals and communities live are affected
by multiple factors beyond disasters and climate
change. Understanding and differentiating between the
multiple drivers of risk – changing root causes, dynamic
pressures, unsafe conditions and hazards – that result
in a changing environment (in the broadest sense)
remains a challenge. This issue was echoed in other
consultations, for example in the UK consultation a
participant argued that, ‘Disaster risk managers cannot
be all things to all people, but we do need to make
more concerted efforts to get back to our roots - of
addressing vulnerabilities’.
DRM in spite of a changing climate, is it enough?
One debate looked at the need to differentiate between
DRM happening in the context of a changing climate,
and DRM work that is proactively considering climate
change in its analysis of risks, and thus demonstrating
a CSDRM Approach. There are examples of the
integration of local knowledge, climatological and
meteorological information with social sciences.
However, efforts to synthesise that knowledge to inform
programming and policy in a proactive, systematic
and structured manner remains a goal to be achieved.
Practical limitations need to be addressed, such as the
lack of local level or downscaled meteorological data or
the fragmented nature of policy, which act as barriers
to a coherent way forward.
How can DRM overcome barriers to change?
Many practitioners felt that, in the East African context,
donors prefer, encourage and support short-term
programming on emergency response. There are
limited funds available for DRM practitioners to pursue
an integrated approach and this is cited as one of the
main barriers to a shift in approach. DRM practitioners
are still trying to decipher how to overcome the
predominantly sectoral focus of donors, who reinforce
clear divides between development, emergency
response, DRR and climate change. Moreover, gaining
access to finances that can address all the three pillars
of the CSDRM approach, without having to amalgamate
different budgets, remains a very practical challenge.
Tanzania
Kenya
SUDAN
1
2
3
1
2
3

INADES Formation
Tanzania
Enhancing risk management and
adaptation to climate change and
variability using local and scientific
knowledge and appropriate farming
technologies.
Project title:
Using local and scientific knowledge on seasonal climate
forecasting for enhancing community adaptation to climate
variability and change in drought-prone villages of Manyoni
and Chamwino districts, Tanzania
—
Project period:
The project began in December 2008; second project
cycle October 2009-April 2010
—
Illustrates pillars:
1b, 1c, 2d
—
For further information:
Alphonce Katunzi, INADES Formation Tanzania
inadesfo@yahoo.com
MANYONI
CHAMWINO
Tanzania:

Background to the project
Challenges it seeks to address
The unpredictability of rainfall resulting from
a changing climate is upsetting farming
cycles, making agriculture an increasingly
risky undertaking. Rainfall shortages
cause serious droughts and lead to crop
loss, food shortages and famines, as well
as competition and conflict over natural
resources. The changing seasons make
traditional farming calendars less reliable,
calling for interventions to help farmers
plan and prepare for the unexpected. This
includes reliable weather forecasts for
assessing when to sow and when to harvest,
and seasonal forecasts on what to sow and
how to manage the risks.
Recent observations, studies and research
suggest that many semi-arid farmers have
managed to cope with and even prepare for
climate change. They have minimised crop
failure through increased use of drought-
tolerant local varieties, water harvesting,
extensive planting, mixed cropping, agro-
forestry, opportunistic weeding and a
series of other traditional farming system
techniques, including using local knowledge
in weather and seasonal climate forecasting.
This project is responding to the call for more
action-research on the use of indigenous
technology as a key source of information
Key Lessons
Improved seasonal climate forecasting, use
of drought-resistant crops and moisture-
retention agronomic practices are risk
management options that can facilitate
improved adaptation to climate change.
If used effectively, such practices can
enhance decision-making and ownership of
adaptation strategies by the users. Other risk
management options, particularly concerning
livelihood diversification, such as casual
labour or cereal purchase and selling, are
critically important for reducing vulnerability
during seasons of low productivity.
Farmers attach particular importance to
the value of local knowledge for predicting
seasonal trends and variation. However,
understanding local perceptions of climate
change requires a more in-depth, shared
understanding of people’s knowledge and
perceptions of adaptation strategies.
on adaptive capacity, particularly in relation
to the inherent selective, experimental and
resilient capabilities of semi-arid farmers in
dealing with climate variability.
Activities
This project uses an action-research
method and seeks to combine strategies
for risk reduction with those for coping with
the impacts of drought. Activities include:
establishing demonstration plots and
testing options for improving soil moisture
retention capacity; innovative rain-water
harvesting methods; encouraging the use
of drought resistant crop varieties such as
sorghum, sunflower and maize; alternative
tillage practices (using tools such as the
spring jembe, magoye ripper and ox-ridger)
instead of local slash-and-burn practices;
simple rain gauges and meteorological
data to monitor rainfall and soil
moisture and compare this with local
forecasting knowledge.
Combining knowledge from different
sources involved collecting and analysing
meteorological information, identifying and
conducting participatory assessments of
local knowledge on climate and weather
forecasting, as well as climate risk
assessments of the likely impacts of climate
change on agriculture.
The right balance needs to be struck
between learning from other examples of
effective risk reduction and adaptation and
ensuring proper understanding of local
livelihood systems in the target communities,
to ensure viable and appropriate risk
reduction and adaptation options are
proposed and invested in.
Attention must be paid to the need to
conserve traditional forests and other
sources of local predictors for sustaining
local knowledge on weather forecasting.
These include forests used for traditional
ceremonies and those with abundance of
plants and trees species used for
forecasting purposes.
Communicating information on disasters,
risk and climate in a user-friendly way helps
to increase awareness, understanding and
Using this information, community-based
adaptation strategies are implemented
to address and respond to vulnerabilities
created by the changing climate. This
includes training to strengthen the capacity
of communities and local institutions to
respond to the future disaster scenarios
and supporting vulnerable communities to
influence and engage in decision-making
processes on adaptation strategies.
Partners
In order to facilitate a joint-learning
process the project brought together
various actors including: Trainers from
Inades Formation Tanzania (IFTZ);
extension officers from Manyoni
and Chamwino District Agriculture
Departments; Dodoma meteorological
station; regional meteorological staff and
researchers from Hombolo Research
Institute; and local communities from
four target villages (with an estimated
population of 12,000 people) and their
governance structures. The villages are:
Makoja and Ikowa in Chamwino district,
Dodoma region and Kitopeni and Mbwasa
villages in Manyino district, Singida region.
Funder
Christian Aid through DFID’s Innovative
Fund on Climate Change Adaptation.
responsiveness of communities and other
actors to make changes to deal with a
changing and uncertain climate.
Action research and learning processes,
particularly when involving rural
communities, requires experienced
facilitators who have a desire to ensure
a strong participatory learning process.
Moreover, to ensure strong buy-in and
increase the chances of success on the
ground, the project must support the
priorities identified by the communities
through action learning.
Facilitating interaction between communities
and other actors, particularly government
departments, helps to ensure buy-in and
scale-up of innovative ideas. Demonstration
farms provided an opportunity to influence
the government, which can adopt the lessons
and replicate them on a larger scale.

1b Periodically assess the effects of climate change on
current and future disaster risks and uncertainties
The project facilitated a process of analysing and assessing meteorological information,
data and trends on climate forecasts relevant to the project’s target villages, as well
as devising an inventory and participatory assessment of local knowledge of climate
and weather forecasting. This process involved gathering relevant scientific data from
meteorological and research institutes, which were then interpreted and presented
in plain local language understandable to community members. The process also
involved community members measuring local indicators of weather patterns and
establishing what type of information about rainfall and climate variability would be
most useful to inform risk reduction and adaptation planning.
An example of the complementarity of data from different sources is shown in the
prediction of rainfall patters and the seasonal migration pattern of birds. The predictors of
bird migration, known locally as Yobwa and Koronga, have been proved by meteorological
scientists to be perfectly correlated with the Inter Tropical Convergence zone – the dominant
cause of rainfall patterns in East Africa. This confirmed the reliability of local predictive
methods and strengthened the case for communities to continue applying their local
methods and indigenous knowledge for forecasting. However, more research is needed to
ascertain the potential of other local predictors of weather and climate forecast in order to
understand how local capacities for predicting can be supported by scientific sources.
1c Integrate knowledge of changing risks and
uncertainties into planning, policy and programme
design to reduce the vulnerability and exposure of
people’s lives and livelihoods
The process of information collation described above is a key component of participatory
climate risk assessments undertaken by communities at risk of increased vulnerability. The
project focuses on the agriculture sector and rural livelihoods and uses these climate risk
assessments to guide the development of adaptation options for managing potential drought
risk. The risk assessments then become the foundation on which participants develop
community-led adaptation strategies that seek to reduce and mitigate the risks identified.
2d Use tools and methods to plan for uncertainty and
unexpected events
Participatorytools and methods were used forclimate risk assessment and forecasting. For
example: open-ended interviews and focus group discussions with farmers, elders and local experts;
checklists to access the knowledge bank of local communities; andtools such astimelines, seasonal
calendars, Venn diagrammes and preference ranking. Checklists and interviews were also usedto
gatherinformation on how seasonal forecasts are actuallyused. These were supported byfieldwork
which employed ethnographic research methodsto collect and assess local methods and indicators
for climate forecasting used by farmers. Two guides were also used, with some tailoring and
modifications: the Community Risk Assessment Guide; and the facilitators’ training guide, Climate
Change and Variability: Adaptation to Drought (Ramamasy and Baas, 2007).
The use of participatory tools helped to mobilise an exchange of ideas and decisions
among different community members and others, and fostered a sense of mutual
commitment to addressing identified risks.
Working across the pillars
The intervention is working across the three pillars but best demonstrates
how to interlink aspects 1b, 1c and 2d.
• Communicating scientific
information and data on
adaptation options in a user-
friendly format is a challenge,
but is vital to increasing the
awareness, understanding and
responsiveness of communities
and other actors to the potential
risks exacerbated by a changing
climate. Overcoming this
challenge requires significant
time and attention to detail, to
ensure the data is relevant for
each particular local context.
• Using evidence gathered from
the project to influence the
development of government
policies on climate change
adaptation and disaster risk
management continues to be
a challenge. This is partly due
to the length of time it takes to
demonstrate impact and partly
due to the need for dedicated
expertise and skills in advocacy
and communication in order to
be able to use lessons learnt to
effect change at this level.
• A significant constraint
and on-going challenge for
the implementation and
monitoring of the project is a
lack of available, accessible
meteorological information
during the rainy season. Timely
availability of data, together
with indigenous knowledge,
helped farmers improve the
planning of their agricultural
activities. Weather stations
are needed in each village
to monitor temperature,
evaporation and rainfall and
their changing trends, due to
increased localised variability of
rainfall patterns, even between
neighbouring villages.
Challenges faced

South Asia: generating momentum
around integrated approaches
Geographical scope
National consultations took place in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
and Bangladesh, the regional consultation in Delhi, India.
Current DRM practices in much of South Asia are
influenced by the 2004 tsunami, which created a policy
window by highlighting the lack of disaster preparedness.
This dramatically reinforced calls for capacity building
and preparedness to become part of policy, programming
and institutional priorities. Efforts to make vulnerable
communities more aware and better prepared for disaster
events remains an important priority in South Asia; as does
the need to more proactively integrate climate concerns
into disaster policy and practice.
Participants were clear that compartmentalised,
sectoral approaches are not effective in meeting the
complexity of the realities and challenges on the ground.
Integrated approaches are needed to incorporate different
approaches to diverse drivers of vulnerability. Adopting
an integrated approach requires a commitment to deal
with new risks, to work in partnership, and recognise
the importance of getting the governance right. As one
participant from the South Asia consultation said, ‘A
major critique of other frameworks has been a failure to
incorporate institutional processes effectively – we can
use the CSDRM approach as an opportunity to open
space for discussion’.
In order to foster long-term support for coping and adapting
to the changing climate, local strategies must be linked to
the priorities of government institutions. This demands
the participation of local communities in decision-making
alongside other stakeholders at all levels. For many, the
CSDRM approach provides an entry point to move current
humanitarian practice and policy forward in a way that
reinforces development goals and principles. As a South Asia
consultation participant said, ‘Climate change gives us [disaster
risk managers] the opportunity to see if we’re getting our
work right - we’ve lost our focus on the drivers and causes
of vulnerability and what this means for disasters’.
1
2
3
INDIA
NEPAL
SRI LANKA
BANGLADESH
1
2
3
4
4

Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG)
INDIA
Innovative adaptive livelihoods for
small and marginal farmers in flood
affected areas
Project title:
Enhancing adaptive capacities and livelihood resilience
—
Project period:
Began 2005; second phase started 2008 and is ongoing
—
1b, 1c
—
Dr Shiraz Wajih
geag@vsnl.com
geag_india@yahoo.com
www.geagindia.org
INDIA:
GORAKHPUR
MAHARAJGANJ

Changes in climate-related hazards
such as increases in rainfall intensity,
shifts in monsoon and flooding patterns
and droughts have adversely affected
agricultural-based livelihoods upon which
the State of Uttar Pradesh is dependent.
Small and marginalised farmers constitute
more than 90 per cent of the farming
population, most of which is vulnerable
to increasing costs and reduced returns
resulting from climate variability. The
vulnerability of landless and women
farmers is particularly exacerbated by
increased uncertainty.
Activities
The project sought to combine local
and scientific knowledge on changing
climate-related hazards to encourage
adaptive agricultural practices, agricultural
models and farm sub-systems better
able to withstand the impacts of the
changing hazards. These measures are
supported by initiatives to enable farmers
to better manage their land and crop cycle.
The project also engages community
institutions to facilitate and sustain
Key Lessons
• Processes that encourage participatory
climate and disaster scenario planning
that combine knowledge from farmers
and meteorologists, create a more
favourable environment for adopting
adaptive agricultural practices and
infrastructure. Combining farmer and
meteorological information to create short
to medium range forecasts can help to
generate more accurate weather patterns,
identify areas of technical support needs
and gauge the suitability of specific crops.
• Directly involving communities and
raising awareness of the changing and
uncertain context provides more scope
for local mobilisation and advocacy
initiatives. Moreover, reaching beyond
the community to the Panchayat (local
government) and national government
helps generate momentum for
developing longer-term coping and
adaptive measures.
• New agricultural practices of layering
crops, varying the timing of planting and
these adaptive practices and link with
government programmes for integrated
farming practices. Advocacy has sought
to influence those with resources to
support small farmers to adopt more
resilient agricultural practices.
Partners
Community institutions such as self help
groups, farmer field schools, agro-service
centres and village resource centres.
Self-help groups are the primary institutions
helping farmers to unite around common
interests. Farmer field schools provide
a platform for sharing knowledge and
information, with the help of resource
farmers, scientists and other experts.
Agro-service centres provide external
agricultural inputs such as seeds, bio-
fertilisers and bio pesticides at cost price
and rent agricultural tools and equipment.
Village Resource Centres at the village level
provide early warnings, information and
lead the management of village activities.
They advise communities on how to engage
with schemes to address climate variability,
advice on adaptive livelihoods and access to
government officials at various levels.
combining different crop types can all
significantly reduce agricultural losses
resulting from climate variability. New
practices also provide opportunities
to recover from any losses in the next
cropping season.
• Enhancing the adaptive capacity of
farmers requires the involvement of
agricultural extension services and
government support for farmers to
adopt new methods at scale. Schemes
must have linkages to a range of
relevant government programmes and
initiatives, allowing farmers to decide
which programmes are most relevant
for their local geo-climatic conditions.
Funder
International Development Research
Centre (Canada), Oxfam, Novib.

1b Periodically assess the effects of climate change on
current and future disaster risks and uncertainties
The project has facilitated the collection of weekly weather forecasts and advice and
the dissemination of this information to farmer field schools, agro-service centres and
trainers in each village through SMS messaging. Alongside their existing knowledge,
farmers have used this information to develop coping and adaptive practices to better
prepare for, and manage, the impacts of disasters and climate variability. Farmers
and their households have also been able to judge the feasibility and environmental
sensitivity of future developments more effectively, such as those that fail to conform
to draining standards, which can exacerbate flood risk.
Participatory scenario planning in the project focuses on reducing the physical
exposure of farms, by strengthening infrastructure (roads, drainage, seed banks) and
promoting adaptive agricultural practices. GEAG has developed innovative models of
adaptive agriculture for small landholdings that experiment with seasonal and spatial
combinations of crops grown in specific patterns and at different heights. These models
are known as ‘multi-layered spatial combinations of crops’. Multi-layered crops might
combine a low layer of creeper plants such as bottle gourd, a middle layer of cereal
(ground nut, for example) and climber crops such as banana, maize or lentil on the
top layer.
A time management system has also been developed and widely adopted by small-
holder farmers, which alters the timings of the conventional cropping cycles to
ensure higher returns in the context of a hazard-prone and changing climate. Time
management techniques include sowing early so that crops are harvested before
flooding, to reduce the risk of loss from a specific hazard. Techniques also include
water resistant crops, which can grow even if a field is inundated with flood waters,
and sowing when water has receded from the field post-monsoon during rehabilitation
and recovery.
how to interlink aspects 1b and 1c.
• Establishing an environment
where adaptive agricultural
practices can flourish, with the
support of government and
agricultural extension services
is a major challenge.
• Access to the right information,
guidance and inputs at the
right time is a challenging
task. Ensuring all inputs work
coherently, to an effective
timescale and with enough
geographical reach is essential
to developing and maintaining
an efficient support system.
Without such a system, scaling-
up is virtually impossible.
• Supporting farmer-to-farmer
sharing and learning around the
use of locally appropriate agro-
climatic and ecological crop
varieties and practices is key to
ensuring sustainability. Through
supportive extension services,
innovations in crop varieties
can be shared (such as those
through the Indian Agriculture
Research Institute), up-scaled
and used by a wider range of
farmers. They can also help
to mobilise and facilitate local
learning networks, essential
for sustaining innovation and
adaptation in a changing
environment.
Challenges faced

South-East Asia: integration,
convergence or merger of approaches?
Geographical scope
National consultations took place in Indonesia, the Philippines
and Cambodia, the Regional Consultation in Thailand.
There is significant momentum in the region towards
integrating climate, disaster and development work. The
disasters arena has moved beyond a response focus,
towards management of disaster risk. For many, this
means improving the use of scientific and meteorological
information in the development of policies, regulations and
plans. Equally as exciting is the proliferation of initiatives
focusing on climate risk management, notably in urban,
coastal and small-island contexts.
‘At the end of the day, it does not matter what words people
use to describe integration, the important thing is that both
disasters and climate work are successful at integrating
into development processes and achieving effective change
in order to reduce vulnerabilities‘.
Consultation participant
In order to achieve a positive impact, it is necessary to improve
alliances with a broader range of stakeholders - this requires
practitioners to move beyond the comfort zone.
’It is the role and responsibility of different actors to work
together to create effective national systems. This means
we need to think about the role of the scientific community,
research and technology institutes, the private sector and
the media’.
Consultation participant.
1
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1 THaiLAND
CAMBODIA
PHILIPPINES
InDONESIA
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St. Bernard, Southern Leyte
PHILIPPINES
Proactive disaster risk management:
a role model for effective local
governance, St. Bernard, Philippines
Project title:
DRM Programme Strategy, Local Government Unit in
St. Bernard, Southern Leyte, Philippines
—
Project period:
2006 to present
—
1a, 1c, 1d, 3c
—
The Honorable Rico Rentuza, Municipal Mayor, Municipal
Disaster Coordinating Council, Municipality of St. Bernard,
Southern Leyte, Philippines
lgu_saintbernard@yahoo.com
www.saintbernard.gov.ph
PHILIPPINES:
ST BERNARD

Guinsaugon, in St. Bernard, Southern
Leyte made headlines around the world
on February 17, 2006. After two weeks of
heavy rains, a portion of Mount Kan-abag
collapsed, covering Guinsaugon village
with hundreds of tons of rocks, mud and
debris and burying alive over 1,000 people.
Heavy rainfall and a minor earthquake
of 2.6 Richter magnitude triggered the
Guinsaugon landslide. Southern Leyte
lies along the active Philippine fault line.
In addition to landslides and earthquakes,
geo-hazard maps produced by the
READY Project14
also indicate that St.
Bernard is vulnerable to climatic hazards
like typhoons, flood, drought and storm
surges. Faced with these multiple hazards,
the Local Government Unit (LGU) of St.
Bernard developed a comprehensive
programme to build local resilience to
climate and disaster risks and ensure the
wellbeing of its citizens.
Activities
Given its risk and vulnerability profile,
St. Bernard municipality has adopted
a pro-active approach to disaster risk
management, under the vision of a
‘resilient St. Bernard’. Despite facing
limited financial resources and tendency
towards a disaster response mindset,
Key Lessons
• Promoting multi-sectoral participation
works. To achieve local commitment
to adaptive capacity initiatives, the LGU
solicited the active participation of the
community during the formulation of
the Barangay development and land-
use plans. This included compulsory
representation in meetings of farmers,
business people, women and children’s
groups, seniors and faith-based groups.
• Consider incentives for accountability
and transparency in local governance. St.
Bernard has been recognised at national
level for successfully incorporating
disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaptation into its Executive-Legislative
the LGU has ensured that disaster risk
reduction and climate change adaptation
programs, trainings and activities are
incorporated in annual development
planning and budgets. To address
poor coordination between different
interventions supporting St. Bernard’s
at-risk communities, the LGU has taken
on a coordination role in which it fosters
strengthened inter-agency partnerships,
pilot climate-resilient livelihood and
resettlement projects and responsive and
accountable governance.
The LGU has developed contingency
planning and standards, guidelines and
protocols for emergency response. Regular
evacuation drills are now rehearsed,
supported by community-based early
warning systems. This includes flood early
warning, when rainfall and upstream water
levels are monitored and abnormal levels
are transmitted to an operations centre
via radio, which in turn triggers alerts for
those living in flood-prone areas.
The LGU has also facilitated the relocation
of communities from danger zones along
riverbanks and coastal areas prone to
storm surge and tsunami. Small-scale
mitigation projects are underway, including
the construction of gabion (large wire
agenda. Two years after the Guinsaugon
tragedy, in 2008, St. Bernard received
the prestigious Gawad Kalasag Award, an
annual Presidential Award for the most
exemplary disaster coordinating council,
contingency plan and DRM programme in
the country. This incentive to the LGU has
spurred neighbouring LGUs to replicate
this success.
• Overcome funding limitations through
enabling legislation. To ensure harmony
between the Executive and Legislative
departments in the municipality,
an enabling policy environment is
fundamental for Mayors to engage in
partnerships with CSOs on integrated
baskets, filled with rocks to stabilise
shorelines or slopes) and dredging of
the Lawigan River to mitigate flood risk and
coconet – tough netting made of coconut
husks to anchor soil on slopes – to
mitigate landslide risk.
Partners
The LGU of St. Bernard worked in
partnership with the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources,
the Municipal and Barangay Disaster
Coordinating Councils, CARE Philippines
(Accord Project), Plan Philippines, GTZ
and the Philippines National Red Cross,
among others.
Funder
LGU funds, GTZ, CARE Philippines,
Plan Philippines.
disaster and climate risk reduction
activities. St. Bernard faced the common
constraint of having limited funds yet
was able to institutionalise disaster risk
reduction and climate change adaptation
into the local development planning with
the support of appropriate legislation.
14
The READY Project is a hazard mapping and assessment for effective community- based Disaster Risk Management project.

1a Strengthen collaboration and integration between
diverse stakeholders working on disasters, climate and
development
The LGU oversaw a comprehensive programme of CSDRM through reinvigorating
a number of dormant decision-making bodies and fostering collaboration between
agencies. This included the St. Bernard Emergency Response Unit and the Municipal
and Baranguay Disaster Coordinating councils. Efforts were also made to link with
national bodies, such as the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology,
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Administration, Mines and
Geosciences Bureau and the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
and the Office of Civil Defence. These new collaborations informed multi-hazard
mapping, participatory risk assessments and the training of LGUs and community
leaders on community-based DRM.
In addition, measures have been taken to integrate DRM in the development and
implementation of the Executive and Legislative Agenda, thereby disaster-proofing its
development priorities. For example, within the Annual Investment Plan, the LGU has
innovatively used local resources such as the Calamity Fund and Economic Development
Fund to support disaster preparedness, mitigation, and climate change adaptation projects.
The LGU has initiated a ‘ridge to reef’ approach to protecting and conserving natural
resources, especially for the Hinabian-Lawigan watershed. In upland areas the
municipality is running a programme for ecosystem restoration and conservation,
including reforestation and agro-forestry. This includes promoting alternative livelihoods
such as fruit-trees and similar crops and encouraging bamboo plantations as a measure
against soil erosion along riverbanks. This reduces the impact of strong water currents
and soil erosion during flooding, which traditionally causes major damage to farmlands
within the riparian zone. In addition, the LGU has established a mangrove greenbelt and is
promoting the rehabilitation of mangrove areas to mitigate typhoon surges.
3c Empower
communities and
local authorities
to influence the
decisions of national
governments,
NGOs, international
and private sector
organisations, and to
promote accountability
and transparency
With the premise that local people are
best-placed to inform decisions taken
to address risks to local wellbeing
and livelihoods, active participation
from across the community has
been sought for the formulation of
Barangay Development Plans.
1d Increase access of all stakeholders to information
and support services concerning changing disaster
risks, uncertainties and broader climate impacts
Since it reactivated its Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council, St. Bernard, in partnership
with several NGOs, has conducted training on CSDRM for municipal officials, community
leaders and others. Topics covered included disaster preparedness, mitigation and
emergency response. Drills on floods, tsunami, landslides and earthquakes are now
regularly conducted in villages and schools. The LGU has focussed particularly on
educating young people on climate change and increase awareness of its impact on local
vulnerability. Since 2006, over 800 children and youth leaders from Southern Leyte have
participated in climate change and disaster preparedness camps held in the province.
Children have proven to be effective risk communicators and have used of creative means
to promote action at household and community level to avert climate risks and minimise
global warming. These include child-led campaigns for mangrove and forest protection and
monitoring of early-warning systems.
how to interlink aspects 1b and 1c.
• The Mayor and municipal
officials had to demonstrate
commitment and political will to
implement and integrate DRM
and climate change adaptation
activities. One challenge that
arose, and continues, is in the
promotion of an integrated
CSDRM approach that
manages to avoid political bias
and affiliations along socio-
economic divisions.
• Restrictions in the use of
municipal funds acted as
a barrier. This includes
stipulations that restrict use
to disaster response and
recovery only. Here, the
persuasive evidence of the
costs and benefits of pro-active
adaptive activities had to be
demonstrated.
• Relocation away from risk-prone
areas, as an adaptive strategy, is
problematic where land use and
traditional livelihoods are closely
interdependent.
Challenges faced

‘When I first saw the CSDRM
approach I thought it was
a bit scary as it demands
multi-institutional approach
to implement it - but I want
to understand it further as it
has made me rethink the
way we work’
—
Participant at East Africa Consultation
4. Common challenges,
Conclusions
next steps

4.1 Common challenges
across Africa and South Asia
and initial conclusions
The extensive consultation outlined in this report leaves
no doubt that there is substantial appetite for a new,
climate-smart disaster risk management approach. As
one participant concluded, the real added value of this
approach is its potential to break down the artificial thematic
boundaries that are impeding current efforts to better
understand and manage disaster risks: ‘It is exciting to
have an approach that could be owned by all communities
of practice’.
The CSDRM approach will help make meaningful links
between humanitarian policy and practice and areas of
development which are seeking to deal with underlying
vulnerabilities and exposure to hazards: ‘Adaptive capacity
issues are at the centre of the CSDRM Approach, in a way
that isn’t captured by other [disasters] frameworks’.
(South Asia consultation participant)
DRM is not a new pursuit. People through generations
have developed coping strategies in the face of local
hazards. As one participant from the South Asia
Consultation commented, ‘The people we’re calling
vulnerable may be best suited to coping and most
adaptable’. Local experiences and lessons should be
recognised, adopted and integrated into ongoing and
future initiatives: ‘Disasters and development
organisations must see themselves as learning agents,
not change agents; our role is facilitation’.
(East Africa consultation participant)
The consultation process has highlighted challenges
in all three regions, from which the DRM, climate and
development community can all learn. For humanitarian
action to truly target the most vulnerable, DRM must
address the challenges set out.
From the initial testing and investigation of the CSDRM approach
set out in this report, a series of key challenges are evident, from
which we can draw initial conclusions, as follows.
• The integration of climate, disasters and development
interventions is occurring on an ad hoc basis. Guidance
is needed to aid practitioners to overcome institutional
constraints and foster collaboration.
• Adaptive capacity is central to improving ways of
working and will require systematic investment in skills
and innovation.
• Rights and access to services provide the foundation on
which DRM can be promoted.
• Dealing with changing risk and uncertainty requires new
knowledge that can be blended and brokered in a way
that aids effective implementation.
• Assessing and integrating new knowledge is a
challenge that requires partnerships, new technical
skills, tools and procedures and the inclusion of skilled
intermediaries in decision-making processes.
• Climate-smart DRM will bring benefits. Greater
awareness is needed around the potential for
environmental harm caused by DRM interventions and
the choice of climate-smart alternatives.
• Donors and governments must support flexibility and
innovation, and demonstrate their own commitment to a
joined-up, strategic, collaborative approach to CSDRM.
Box 9
Final thought
‘The DRM community hasn’t been good at looking at
long term timeframes or capacities to enhance people’s
ability to progress over longer terms; this approach
encourages us to do this. The CSDRM approach chal-
lenges us to have a forward thinking analysis’.
_
East Africa consultation participant

4.2 Next steps:
the future of CSDRM
The reality of climate change challenges the DRM
community to meet new challenges and plan in
different ways. CSDRM integrates key pillars of action
and provides guiding questions to identify gaps and
opportunities for new collaboration.
Climate change is a driver for the change and innovation
in the DRM sector. The SCR programme recognises this
opportunity and will focus on deepening the evidence
base for a CSDRM approach and advocating for its
uptake by practitioners, policymakers and academics.
Future outputs include:
a) Guidance on implementing the 12 actions of the
CSDRM approach, drawing on the rich existing
guidance already available.
b) A multi-media evidence base of CSDRM in policy
and practice, drawn from across the ten SCR
focus countries.
c) Reflections from organisations and policy
departments about their experiences of applying
CSDRM in their own work.
The above outputs will be achieved by working closely
with approximately one hundred organisations that have
already been involved in the consultation process.
This ‘friends of SCR’ network will also help to influence
other key initiatives that are attempting to integrate DRM,
climate change responses and development and
encourage them to explore the benefits of adopting
the CSDRM approach.
The SCR web platform will be a valuable source of
resources on the convergence of disasters, climate
change and development – through sharing field cases
that best demonstrate aspects of the CSDRM approach,
information about the latest and forthcoming evidence,
videos, audio material and presentations from SCR
consultations and spaces where the challenges
and ways of applying CSDRM in different contexts
are discussed.

Bankoff, G., Frerks, G., Hilhorst, D.
(eds.) (2003) Mapping Vulnerability:
Disasters, Development and People,
Earthscan: London
Berkes, F., Colding, J. and Folke, C.
(2003) Introduction in Navigating
Social-Ecological Systems—Building
Resilience for Complexity and Change,
Berkes, F., Colding, J., and Folke, C.
(eds.) Cambridge University Press:
Cambridge, UK, pp1–29
CARE International (2008) Climate
Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis
Handbook, CARE International
Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Anderies,
J. M. et al (2001) ‘From Metaphor to
Measurement: Resilience of What to
What?’ Ecosystems 4, pp765-781
Folke, C. (2006) ‘Resilience: The
Emergence of a Perspective for
Social–Ecological Systems Analyses,’
Global Environmental Change Volume
16, 253–267.
GFDRR (2009) Stockholm Policy
Forum on Climate Smart Disaster
Risk Reduction, Summary Report,
Global Facility for Disaster Reduction
and Recovery online at http://
gfdrr.org/gfdrr/sites/gfdrr.org/
files/documents/Stockholm%20
Policy%20Forum%20
summary%20final.pdf
(accessed August 3, 2010)
Hedger, M., Singha, A., Reddy, M.
(2010) Building Climate Resilience
at State Level: Disaster Risk
Management and Rural Livelihoods
in Orissa, Strengthening Climate
Resilience Discussion Paper 5,
Institute of Development Studies:
Brighton, UK
REFERENCES
Holling, C.S. (1973) ‘Resilience and
Stability of Ecological Systems’,
Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics, Volume 4, 1-23
Ibrahim, M. (2010) Post-Disaster
Housing Reconstruction in a
Conflict-affected District, Batticaloa,
Sri Lanka: Reflecting on the Climate
Smart Disaster Risk Management
Approach, Strengthening Climate
Brighton, UK
IPCC (2007) Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis,
Contribution of Working Group I to
the Fourth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [Solomon, S.,
Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z.,
Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M.
and Miller, H.L. (eds.)]. Cambridge
University Press: Cambridge,
UK and New York, NY, USA,
996pp
Lind, J., Ibrahim, M., Harris, K. (2010)
Climate Change and Conflict: Moving
Beyond the Impasse, Infocus Policy
Briefing, Institute of Development
Studies: Brighton, UK
Polack, E. (2010) Integrating Climate
Change into Regional Disaster Risk
Management at the Mekong River
Commission, Strengthening Climate
Brighton, UK
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact
Research and GTZ (2009) Climate
Change Information for Effective
Adaptation, A Practitioner’s Manual
(2009)
Ramamasy, S. and Baas, S. (2007)
Climate Change and Variability:
Adaptation to Drought in Bangladesh,
A Resource Book and Training Guide,
Case study
Scheffer, M., W.A. Brock and F.
Westley, ‘Mechanisms Preventing
Optimum Use of Ecosystem Services:
An Interdisciplinary Theoretical
Analysis’, Ecosystems 3 (2000),
pp451–471
Twigg, J. ( 2007) Characteristics of
a Disaster-resilient Community: A
Guidance Note, DFID: London, DRR
Interagency Coordination Group
UNISDR (2009) Risk and Poverty
in a Changing Climate, Invest Today
for a Safer Tomorrow, Global
Assessment Report on Disaster Risk
Reduction, UNISDR online at: www.
preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/
gar/report/index.php?id=9413
(accessed August 3, 2010)
Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon,T.
and Davis, I. (2004) At Risk: Natural
Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and
Disasters. 2nd edition. Routledge:
London

SHARE YOUR VIEWS
EXPERIENCE
We are eager to hear your thoughts and reflections on
how useful CSDRM has been for your work and how
you see the approach informing policy and practice.
If you would like to be involved in SCR meetings or
work with the programme to trial the CSDRM with
your organisation, please visit the
SCR website www.csdrm.org
or send an email to info@csdrm.org
—
Strengthening Climate Resilience
Institute of Development Studies
Brighton, BN1 9RE UK
+44 (0)1273 606261
info@csdrm.org
www.csdrm.org
—
Photo credits
G.M.B. Akash / Panos
Silva Ferretti
Katie Harris
Atul Loke / Panos
Mikkel Ostergaard / Panos
Espen Rasmussen / Panos
Dieter Telemans / Panos
Roberto Verzo

Giant Arc Design
This publication is part of the Strengthening Climate
Resilience Discussion Series which aims to elaborate
concepts and application of the Climate Smart Disaster
Risk Management approach. All papers are available free
to download through the Strengthening Climate Resilience
(SCR) website: www.csdrm.org
To date, the SCR discussion series includes:
• The Resilience Renaissance? Unpacking of Resilience for
Tackling Climate Change and Disasters. Bahadur, A.;
Ibrahim, M. and Tanner, T. (2010) Strengthening Climate
• Assessing Progress on Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction
and Climate Change Adaptation in Development Processes.
Mitchell, T., Van Aalst, M. and Silva Villanueva, P. (2010)
Strengthening Climate Resilience Discussion Paper 2,
Brighton: IDS
• Greening Disaster Risk Management: Issues at the Interface
of Disaster Risk Management and Low Carbon Development.
Urban, F., Mitchell, T. And Silva Villanueva, P. (2010)
Brighton: IDS
• Integrating Climate Change into Regional Disaster Risk
Management at the Mekong River Commission. Polack, E.
(2010) Strengthening Climate Resilience Discussion
Paper 4, Brighton: IDS
• Building Climate Resilience at State Level: DRM and Rural
Livelihoods in Orissa. Hedger, M., Singha, A. and
Reddy, M. (2010) Strengthening Climate Resilience
Discussion Paper 5, Brighton: IDS
• Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction in a Conflict-affected
District, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka: Reflecting on the Climate Smart
Disaster Risk Management Approach. Ibrahim, M. (2010)
Brighton: IDS
For other publications from SCR on the Climate Smart
Disaster Risk Management Approach:
• Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management in Brief. Mitchell, T.
and Ibrahim, M. (2010) Strengthening Climate Resilience,
Brighton: IDS

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