The Scrum process document outlines the key aspects of running a Scrum project. It includes preparation steps like establishing a business case and assembling the team. It then describes the daily Scrum cycle involving a daily standup meeting and updating the product backlog. Each sprint involves sprint planning and review meetings to demo completed work and refine the backlog for the next sprint. Key Scrum roles of product owner, Scrum master, and team are defined along with artifacts like the product and sprint backlogs.