Secondary Filtration of Closed Loop in DC Locomotive

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Secondary Filtration of Closed Loop in DC Locomotive
Dr. K Muthukumar1, V. Nagendra Kumar2
1Professor, 2PG Safety Student
1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology,
1,2Sathyamangalam Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
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ABSTRACT
The use of hydraulics has increased tremendously in the recent past due to the
various advantages it provides such as highpowerto weightratio,elimination of
complex components, ease of transportation andsafetyto nameafew.Moreover
the main advantage that hydraulic locomotives provide over conventional
locomotives is constant velocity. Though there are various advantages to using
hydraulics, contamination of working fluid poses a severe threattocomponents
such as premature wear of components, acorrosion of componentswhich would
require replacing them well before their life incurring significant loss.
Contamination of hydraulic fluids cannot be prevented or eliminated but can be
contained to a certain extent. The safe levels of contamination are arrived at by
comparing to recommended oil cleanliness values defined by NAS. Even though
hydraulic systems are provided with an in-built filter known as primary filterto
remove solid or particulate impurities at cleanliness value at recommended
levels. The controlling of contamination levelsin thehydraulicoilbyuseanother
filtration unit externally, will reduce the level of contamination significantlyand
increases the life of the hydraulic drive system. To monitor the level of
contamination of various sizes closely, a particle counteraddedtotheadditional
unit proves to be beneficial. This project investigates the change in level of
contamination in the working fluid after addition of thesecondaryfiltrationunit.
KEYWORDS: hydraulics locomotives, 5 & 12 micron filter setup, pumps, engine
INTRODUCTION
In Industrial and mobile applications at factories alloverthe
world, one can often see hydraulic circuits that don’tinclude
proper fluid filtration, or include it as an afterthought. Good
filtration needs to be an integral part of the hydraulic circuit
to ensure the long life proper orientation of the pumps,
valves and motors. The functionality of oils suffers when
contaminated with particles. Filtration can play a key role in
ensuring that hydraulic and lubricating systems arerunning
effectively. Fuels, hydraulic and lubricating oil are used in
different industries.Differentsourcesandprocessesproduce
this contamination. Even in a closed system, the oil contains
impurities due to sludge, abrasives and contaminationofthe
tubes, containers and seals. In an open system,theoperating
liquid can be contaminated by the same things aswellasdirt
and dust from outside. To avoid damage in engines with
operating liquids, the particle contamination should be
monitored to change the oil on timeor contamination should
be prevented through filtration. Oil of any kind is nolongera
cheap commodity, so cleaning and reclaiming oil from
industrial systems, where it has become contaminated, is an
important and necessary process, as well as a profitable
environmental investment. Of allof theutility applicationsof
filtration, the filtration of hydraulic systems is probably the
most important, because of the critical need to keep
hydraulic fluids free of solid contaminants, and because of
the very wide application of hydraulic systems themselves.
The general problem of separating solids from liquids may
be solved by a wide variety of operations depending upon
the character of the solid and the proportion of solid to
liquid in the mixture to be separated. When the amount of
solid is relatively small as compared to the liquid, the
process is usually called filtration.Filtrationistheremovalof
solid particles from a fluid by passing the fluid through the
filtering medium or the septum, on which the solids are
deposited. Commercial or Industrial filtrations cover a wide
range of applications. The suspended solid particles can be
very fine (in micrometre range) or much larger, veryrigid or
plastic particles, spherical or very irregular in shape,
aggregates of particles or individual particles.
Protection of Hydraulic Components
Fluid power circuits are designed in all shapes and sizes,
both simple and complex in design, and they all need
protection from damaging contamination. Abrasiveparticles
enter the system and, if unfiltered damage sensitive
components like pumps, valves and motors. It is the job of
the hydraulic filter to remove these particles from oilflowto
help prevent prematurecomponentwearand systemfailure.
As the sophistication of hydraulic systemincreases,theneed
for reliable filtration protection becomes ever more critical.
IJTSRD23220

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Closed Loop Filtration
One very effective way of ensuring thorough fluid
conditioning is with a dedicated off-line circulation loop, or
“kidney” loop or Closed loop filtration. This system uses a
separate circulation pump that runs continuously,
circulating and conditioning the fluid. Multiple stages and
types of filters can be included in the circuit.
OIL CONTAMINATION
It is highly important to use clean oil for hydraulic systems.
Oil that contains contaminants can shorten the life of a
component. The primary cause of hydraulic systemfailureis
contamination. At least 75 percent of all hydraulic systems
fail due to contaminated or aging hydraulic fluid.1
Contamination causes aging/degradation of fluids and
hydraulic systems failure for numerous reasons. In addition
to increasing internal leakage (which lowersthe efficiencyof
pumps, motors and cylinders), contamination decreases the
ability of valves to control flow and pressure, thus wasting
horsepower and generating excess heat. Furthermore, it
causes parts to stick due to sludge or silting, or seize when
large amounts of contaminantsaccumulateintheclearances.
Sources of contamination can include the manufacturing
process, hydraulic fluids, environmental exposure, system
wear and servicing. Contamination of a fluid can have
various sources and modes. Contamination could be solids
and/or liquids.
3.1 Contaminants
While hydraulic system contaminants can be either solid
particles or liquids, water is the most common. Solid
particles contaminate by chemically reacting with the fluid,
or fouling the system through accumulation.Thepresenceof
both water and particulate contamination can lead to the
formation of insoluble precipitates, and viscous sludge and
gels. These materials induce excessive stress on system
components especially pumps and can clog orifices, nozzles,
and jets.
3.2.1 Water
The behaviour of water as a contaminant variesfromsystem
to system. Water can form an emulsion with the fluid, or it
may be partially immiscible, floating on the surface or
settling to the bottom of the fluid depending on the relative
density. The presence of water ultimately results in
corrosion of the system components and resultant
contamination of the fluid by corrosion products. Water
ingress may be caused by design flaws,serviceenvironment,
maintenance activities, internal generation and various
methods of fluid servicing. Water is a poor lubricant, and
significant concentrations of water in hydraulic fluids can
decrease their viscosity and load-carrying ability, as well as
hydrodynamic-film thickness. This can lead to greater
surface-to-surface contact at sliding and rolling dynamic
clearances, and hence, increased component wear.
Hydrolysis the alteration or decomposition of a chemical
substance due to the presence of water is another potential
problem in hydraulic fluids. The acidic compounds that may
form during hydrolysis can react with materials of the
hydraulic-system components, leading to corrosion and
insoluble corrosion products.
3.2.2 Oxidation
Oxidation of the fluid base stock is a primary chemical-
degradation process in many hydraulic fluids. The oxidation
process proceeds through a series of chemical chain
reactions and is self-propagating with the intermediate,
reactive chemical species regenerating themselves during
the process. The result is the formation of oxygenated
compounds and, eventually, high-molecular-weight
polymeric compounds. All of these compounds often are
insoluble; they settle out of the fluid as gums, resins, or
sludge.
3.3 Contamination effects
The effects of contamination typically begin with the
hydraulic fluid, then are carried into the system, and can
continuously worsen in a closed or sealed system.
Additionally, contaminants such as water, other liquids, and
even required chemicals(additives) cancausesolidsor slime
to accumulate in the system, gradually reducing the
performance of valves andothertighttolerance components.
These vicious cycles will continue to quietly rob a hydraulic
system's performance, longafter decontamination measures
are taken. Solid particles cause damage according to their
size. High concentrations of small particles form silt which
erodes the interior matingsurfacesofvalves, renderingthem
inoperable. Contaminating solid particles that are equal in
size to the clearance between twomovingsurfacescancause
both jamming and wear. Larger contaminating particles
block ports and orifices, and can causetransientmalfunction
(coincident jamming) whentrapped by amechanismmoving
from one position to the next (for example, a particle
trapped between a poppet and its seat prevents the closing
of a relief valve). The main result of contamination is system
malfunction. This is broadly classified into three categories
as Degradation (gradual changes over time in pump flow
rates, valve leakage and wear of cylinder barrels causing
cylinder speed decline, etc.), Transient (intermittent
failures) and Catastrophic (complete failure of a system or
component)
New Hydraulic Fluid
Adding new fluid can be a source; even though it is fresh
from the drum, new hydraulic fluid isn’t clean. Oil out of
shipping containers is usually contaminated to a level above
what is acceptable for most hydraulicsystems;typicallynew
fluid has a cleanliness about the same as ISO code23/21/19,
and water content 200 to 300ppm. Never assume your oil is
clean until it is filtered. One very effective way ensuring
thorough fluid conditioning is with a dedicated offline
circulation loop or “kidney” loop filtration
3.4.2 Built-In
Built-in contamination, also called primarycontamination,is
caused during the manufacture, assembly and testing of
hydraulic components. Metal filings, small burrs, pieces of
Teflon tape, sand and other contaminants are routinely
found in initial clean up filtration of newly manufactured
systems.
Figure 3.1 Wear due to Contamination

In the fig 3.1, an illustration for wear due to contaminationis
shown. If the contamination particle size is greater than the
clearance, then the wear occurs
Ingressed
Ingressed or external contamination comes from the
environment surrounding the system. Dirt can enter the
hydraulic fluid supply through leaking seals, reservoir
breather caps, and worn cylinder rod seals. Ingressed
moisture, particularly, can cause long-term problems. As a
hot system cools at night, cool moisture-laden air can be
drawn into the reservoir; as the air condenses, water is
released into the reservoir. Water in excess of 0.5% by
volume in a hydrocarbon-based fluid accelerates the
formation of acids, sludge and oxidation that can attack
internal components, cause rust, and adversely affect
lubrication properties. The severityof ingressionand typeof
contaminant are dictated by the applications and
environment.
In-Operation
The major source of contamination are the pump and
actuators, the hydraulic cylinder, or the hydraulic motor.
Wear-generated contaminants are a hazard during normal
hydraulic system operation. The circuit actually generates
additional particles as the fluid comes into contact with the
precision machined surfaces of valves, motors and pumps.
Contaminant levels can keep doubling with every new
particle generated. The result can be catastrophic if these
contaminants are not properly filtered out of the system.
Particulate Removal
Particulate removal is usuallydone withmechanicalfilters. A
well designed reservoir that allows settling will also help in
keeping particulates out of the mainstreamfluid.Forferrous
particulates and rust, reservoir magnets or strainer band
magnets can also be used. Other methods such as
centrifuging or electrostatic filtration units can also beused,
particularly in continuous batch processing and fluid
reclamation.
Removal of Silt
Silt, defined as very fine particulate under 5μm in size,
requires very fine filtration or “oil polishing.”
Air Removal
Getting air out of the system is best done by adding 100
mesh screen in the reservoir, approximately 30° from
horizontal to coalesce entrained air and allowlargerbubbles
to rise to the surface when reservoir velocities are low.
Water Removal
A number of techniques exist to prevent water or moisture
ingression or to remove water once it is present in a
hydraulic or lube oil system. The best choiceof technique for
removal is dependent on the whether or not the waterexists
as a separate phase (dissolved or free), and also on the
quantity of water present. For example, the presence of
water or moisture can be reduced or prevented from
entering a fluid reservoir through the use of absorptive
breathers or active venting systems. However once free
water is present in small quantities, water absorbing filters
or active venting systems usually provide adequate removal
means. For large quantities of water, vacuum dehydration,
coalescence, and centrifuges are appropriate techniques for
its removal. However, as each of these techniques operates
on different principles, they have various levels of water
removal effectiveness. The chart below provides
comparative information on these techniques and their
relative effectiveness. Care should be taken to applythebest
technique to a given situation and its demands for water
removal.
CONTAMINATION STANDARDS
Oil Cleanliness Standards
It is widely accepted that particle contaminationreducesthe
service life of hydraulic components. Fact is, some level of
particle contamination is always present in hydraulic fluid,
even in new fluid. The level of contamination or conversely,
the level of cleanliness considered acceptable, depends on
the type of hydraulic system. There are different standards
of measurement used such as ISO, SAE and NAS of which
International Organization for Standardization(ISO) is more
common and widely utilized.
ISO Cleanliness Standards
The International OrganizationforStandardization(ISO) has
developed a cleanliness code that is the primary piece of
data reviewed on most industrial oil analysis reports. The
value of this code can help determine the overall cleanliness
of the monitored system. Often times, an end user will
establish a target value to achieve, thus offering a level of
confidence so long as the used oil sample meets this
established target.
ISO 4406-1999 is the reporting standard for fluid
cleanliness. According to this standard, a code number is
assigned to particle count values derived at three different
micron levels: greater than 4 microns, greater than 6
microns and greater than 14 microns. The ISO code is
assigned based upon Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 ISO Codes
ISO code number
Number of particles per ml
More than Up to and including
22 20000 40000
21 10000 20000
20 5000 10000
19 2500 5000
18 1300 2500
17 640 1300
16 320 640
15 160 320
14 80 160
13 40 80
12 20 40
11 10 20
10 5 10
09 2.5 5
08 1.3 2.5
07 0.64 1.3
However, without seeing the raw data, the onlythingtheISO
code can positively identify is whether a sample has
achieved the desired target value. TheISO codedoesnothing
to help determine any type of real trend information unless
the value of the raw data at the given micron levels changes
enough to raise or lower the ISO code.
National Aerospace Standard
NAS stands for 'National Aerospace Standard of America.
NAS 1638 is the standard for oil cleanliness which indicates
the number of microscopic particles of different sizesay2-5,
5-15, 15-25, 25-50, 50-100 and above 100 micronpresentin
100 ml oil sample. NAS classes are described in the Table 4.2

Table 4.2 NAS Classes for cleanliness
Size
Range
5-15
µm
15-
25
µm
25-
50µm
50-
100µm
>100
µm
NASclasses
(basedonmaximumcontaminationlimits,particlesper100ml) 00 125 22 4 1 0
0 250 44 8 2 0
1 500 89 16 3 1
2 1 000 178 32 6 1
3 2 000 356 63 11 2
4 4 000 712 126 22 4
5 8 000 1 425 253 45 8
6
16
000
2 850 506 90 16
7
32
000
5 700 1 012 180 32
8
64
000
11
400
2 025 360 64
9
128
000
22
800
4 050 720 128
10
256
000
45
600
8 100 1 440 256
11
512
000
91
000
16 200 2 880 512
12
102
4000
182
400
32 400 5 760 1 024
The NAS values of measurement are highly important as
they, to a large extent, determine the type of fluid and filter
that are to be used. Different hydraulic systems work under
different conditions and each system has different safe
contamination levels, hence NAS values are utilized to
determine the safety levels and the type of filter that needs
to be employed for safe working of the system.
SAE Cleanliness Standards
The Society of Automotive Engineers aerospace standard
AS4059 defines cleanliness classes for particulate
contamination of hydraulic fluids and includes methods of
reporting related data. The contamination classes selected
are based on the widely accepted older NAS cleanliness
classes. The table 4.3 shows the number of particles/100 mL
fluid based on differential particle count.
SAE (Cleanliness Classes for Differential Counts), (Particles
per 100 ml)
Table 4.3 SAE Codes for cleanliness
Code
6-14
µm
14-21
µm
21-38
µm
38-70
µm
>70
µm
0 125 22 4 1 0
0 250 44 8 2 0
1 500 89 16 3 1
2 1000 178 32 6 1
3 2000 356 63 11 2
4 4000 712 126 22 4
5 8000 1425 253 45 8
6 16000 2850 506 90 16
7 32000 5700 1012 190 32
8 64000 11400 2025 360 64
9 128000 22800 4050 720 128
10 256000 45600 8100 1440 256
Comparison Chart for ISO, NAS and SAE
Comparison between thevariousstandards of contamination
can be made based on the size and number of contaminants
measured. From the Table 4.4 the equivalent values of
cleanliness in various standards can be known
Table 4.4 Comparison between ISO, NAS and SAE
ISO NAS SAE
13/11/08 2
14/12/09 3 0
15/13/10 4 1
16/14/11 5 2
17/15/10 6 3
18/16/13 7 4
19/17/14 8 5
20/18/15 9 6
21/19/13 10
22/20/17 11
23/21/18 12
In the table 4.4, under ISO codes, the three values separated
by slashes represent the ISO code for impurities of the size
4µm, 6µm and 10µm.
PARTICLE COUNTERS
A particle counter is an instrument that detects and counts
particles. By its very nature a particle counter is a single
particle counter, meaning it detects and counts particlesone
at a time. The nature of particle counting is based upon
either light scattering, light obscuration, or directimaging. A
high intensity light source is used to illuminate the particle
as it passes through the detection chamber. The particle
passes through the light source (typically a laser or halogen
light) and if light scattering is used, then the redirected light
is detected by a photo detector. If direct imaging is used, a
halogen light illuminates particlesfromtheback within a cell
while a high definition, high magnification camera records
passing particles. Recorded video is then analysed by
computer software to measure particle attributes. If light
blocking (obscuration) is used the loss of light is detected.
Liquid Particle Counters
Liquid particle counters are used to determine the qualityof
the liquid passing through them. The size and number of
particles can determine if the liquid is clean enough to be
used for the designed application. Liquid particle counters
are also used to determine the cleanliness level of hydraulic
fluids, the reason being that 75-80% of hydraulic
breakdowns can be attributed to contamination. There are
various types, installed on the equipment, or portable units
that can be transported to site, e.g., a construction site, and
then used on the machine, e.g., a bulldozer, to determine
fluid cleanliness. By determining and monitoring these
levels, and following a proactive or predictive maintenance
program, the user can reduce hydraulic failures, increase
uptime and machine availability, and to reduce oil
consumption. They can also be used to assure that hydraulic
fluids have been cleaned using filtration, to acceptable or
target cleanliness levels. There are various standards in use
in the hydraulic industry, of which ISO4406:1999,NAS1638
and SAE AS 4059 are probably the most common.
Particle counting - Operating principle
The liquid that should be analysed flows through a
measuring cell. Every particle goes through the volume that
is illuminated with light as shown in figure 5.1.

Consequently, no statistical approximation has to be done
and knowledge about how the particles flow through the
measuring cell is not necessary. If a particle is in the cell, the
light intensity at the detector decreases depending on the
diameter of the particle. The signal at the detector is
converted and amplified. So every particle is analysed and
the number of particles and the diameter is detected.
Figure 5.1 Operating principle of light extinction sensor
Detection Method
There are several methods usedfor detectingand measuring
particle size or size distribution lightblocking(obscuration),
light scattering, Coulter principle and direct imaging. The
light blocking optical particle counter method is typical
useful for detecting and sizing particles greater than 1
micrometre in size and is based upon the amount of light a
particle blocks when passing through the detection area of
the particle counter. This type of technique allows high
resolution and reliable measurement.
The light scattering method is capable of detecting smaller
sizing particles. This technique is based upon the amount of
light that is redirected by a particle passing through the
detection area of the particle counter. This redirection is
called light scattering. Typical detection sensitivity of the
light scattering method is 0.05 micrometre or larger.
However, employment of the condensation nuclei counter
(CNC) technique would allow a higher detection sensitivity
in particle sizes down to nanometre range. A typical
application is monitoring of ultrapure water in
semiconductor fabrication facilities.
The light blocking method is specified for particle counters
that are used for counting in hydraulic and lubricatingfluids.
Particle counters are used here to measurecontamination of
hydraulic oil, and therefore allow the user to maintain their
hydraulic system, reduce breakdowns, schedule
maintenance during no or slow work periods, monitor filter
performance, etc. Particle counters used for this purpose
typically use ISO Standard 4406:1999 as their reporting
standard, and ISO 11171 as the calibration standard. Others
also in use are NAS 1638 and its successor SAE AS4059D.
Direct imaging is a technique that uses the light emitted by a
laser as a source to illuminate a cell where particle are
passing through. The technique does not measures the light
blocked by the particles but rather measures the area of the
particles functioninglikean automatedmicroscope.Apulsed
laser diode freezes the particle motion.Thelighttransmitted
through the fluid is imaged onto an electronic camera with
macro focusing optics. The particles in the sample will block
the light and the resulting silhouettes will be imaged onto
the digital camera chip.
There are two systems of measuring contamination values.
One is called "On-line" and another is called "Off-line". In
"On-line" measurement system NAS value is measured in
operation site during filtration process is going on. On the
other hand, in "Off-line" filtration system a sample is
collected from the system and taken to the laboratory in a
sample bottle and tested. Off-line is more eroticthan On-line
measurement because the probability of particle
contamination is high in Off-line as particles may come from
sample bottle or containers.
5.4 HIAC ROC Online Counter
HIAC ROC remote particle counters are constructed for
harsh environments. The HIAC ROC excels in high pressure
and high temperature applications and offers carefree
maintenance. Serving a wide range of oilanalysisand mobile
applications, multi-point systemmonitoringas well aspoint-
of-use applications.
Figure 5.2 Particle Counter
Specifications of On-Line Particle Counter Used
Manufacturer – Beckman Coulter
Model – HIAC ROC
Table 5.1 Particle Counter Specification
Light Source Laser diode
Sizes 4, 6, 14, and 21μm (ISO)
Display
Optional local display presents ISO
codes, NAS or SAE codes, alarms, fluid
temperature and status
Power
9 to 33V DC, 150 mA (power must be
supplied to instrument for operation)
Output
Display cable ports, alarms, local and
remote displays
Reports
ISO 4406 and codes for 4, 6, 14, 21μm
(ISO), particles/mL
Sensor Flow
Rate
50 to 500 mL/min (0.01 to 0.1
gal/min) through view area
Fluid
Compatibility
Hydraulic and lubrication oils,
mineral, synthetic oils.
Environment
Operating Temperature -10 to 60°C (-
14 to 140°F)
Sample
Pressure
Upto 500bar

6. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
6.1 Definition of the Problem
Hydraulics plays a vital role in industries due its versatility
and ease of operation. Moreover, continuous research and
development is paving way to exploring its use in various
industries. Chettinad International Coal Terminal Private
Limited focuses on using hydraulic wagons for the transit of
coal due to the advantages it provides over other
conventional counterparts. The working fluid in these
wagons is prone to contamination which is inevitable.
Contamination is inherently presentinhydraulicfluids, even
in unused oils, can only be controlled and not completely
eliminated. The main problem posed by such inherent
contaminants is wear of the parts which results in the parts
becoming futile. At Chettinad coal terminal, this posed a
serious threat that required renewing the parts within a
short period of usage. The wearing tendency of the
contaminants was betterunderstoodbystudyingthe various
types of contaminants. It was understood that the size of the
contaminants plays a major role in wear, they tend to clog
the orifices and cause jams. Further analysis lead to the
conclusion that an additional filtration unitinadditiontothe
primary filtration unit was essential. A secondary filtration
unit placed externally would prove be effective in reducing
the contamination to significant and safe limits.
6.2 Objective of the project
This project aims at discovering additional methods to
reduce the level of contamination in hydraulic fluids. The
safety limits for hydraulic fluids are defined by the National
Aerospace Standards (NAS). The secondary filtration unit is
placed externally and acts as an additional unit, separate
from the inbuilt primary unit. This additional unit is
designed to be a closed loop hence the vulnerability to
contamination is further reduced. The external unit consists
of multiple filters working independently so that a
continuous operation can be achieved. The filters in the unit
are of varying sizes so a wide range of contaminants can be
filtered out making the fluid safer. The unit also consists of
particle counters that are used to monitorthequantityofthe
contaminants. Thus the levelofcontamination,thesizeofthe
contaminants and their quantity can be measured and
reduced to safe limits within a short duration of time.
Moreover, the fluid once filtered remains safe and can be
used without any further processing for a significantly long
duration.
6.3 Hydraulic Drive System used at the Company
The drive system consists of a tank, a primary filter, axial
piston pumps, manifolds and axial piston motors. The
hydraulic fluid is stored in the tank which has a capacity of
8oo litres, it is sent to the primary filtration unit. Primary
filtration unit is inbuilt and always present as a part of the
drive system and it has a filter of fineness 10µm. These
components excluding the primary filter and tank form the
“charge circuit”. Charge circuit alone can occupy oil of
volume 150litres. After the hydraulic fluid has gone through
a filter it is pumped into the motors by axial piston motorsto
400bar of pressure which is required to move the wagon
initially. The manifold unit is present in between the pumps
and motors. The purpose of the manifold is to branchoutthe
fluid coming in through the pumps. The axial piston motors
are coupled to the wagon’s wheels hence the hydraulic fluid
running the motors in turn runs the wheels, hence the
locomotive gets the power to run.Thehydraulicfluid coming
out of the motors still have a pressure of 30bar, passthrough
another manifold unit and are returned to the pumps. Thus,
the hydraulic fluid is circulated throughout the drivesystem
in the same sequence until the operation is manually
stopped. The hydraulic fluid passes through the primary
filter only once during the entire operation time and is
circulated within the charge circuit for the remainingperiod
of operation. The cleanliness of the oil can’t be accurately
maintained with this arrangement as the fluidflowsthrough
the filter only once and is prone to induced contamination
caused by wear of parts during operation. The circuit of the
hydraulic drive is shown in the Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1 Hydraulic Drive System
6.4 Closed Loop Filtration as Solution
In order to reduce the contamination level in the charge
circuit, we are introducing a very effective way of ensuring
thorough fluid conditioning with a dedicated off-line
circulation loop, or “kidney” loop or Closed loop filtration.
This system uses a separate circulation pump that runs
continuously, circulating and filtering the fluid. The outlets
from the motor containing oil at a pressure of 30bar are
connected to a manifold, which is further connected to the
external filtration unit. The filtered oil is sent to a manifold
which is connected to pumps. Oil taken from the charge
circuit is again sent back to it, thus a closed loop filtration is
achieved. The hydraulic drive when attachedtothefiltration
unit is shown in figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2 Hydraulic Drive with External Filtration unit
7. LITERATURE REVIEW
7.1 Review on Oil Contamination and its Filtration
C.C.S. Le Clair (1997) has explained that gettingtherequisite
amount of oil through the filter element is facilitated if a
sharp circulation over the filter surface can be maintained
and is further facilitated if the temperature of the oil can be
raised even though it may be only locally and not
immediately throughout the whole system.
Eric Springston (1994) claims a breather cap for an oil
reservoir, said breather cap being positioned over an oil
reservoir outlet having the shape of a cylindrical bore, said
breather cap receiving high-velocity air containing
suspended droplets of oil, said breather cap separating the
oil from said air, which is then vented to the atmosphere.

Hydraulic reservoir with a breather cap facilitates its
venting.
George Clough (1994) designed an Industrial filtration
apparatus for the separation of solids entrained in a fluid
stream comprising a flexible perforatefilteringsleeve closed
at one end such that fluid can pass through perforations in
the sleeve but entrained solids of a predetermined size are
retained within the closed end of the sleeve.
James Snyder (1991) has described a new method to reduce
the contamination of lubricating oil in gas turbines. In
pressurized lubrication systems, a lubricant flow is directed
through a network of conduits to specifed regions of a
machine to serve numerous functions, such as lubrication
and cooling. This lubricant flow may carry a residual
quantity of particulate matter, such as metallic filings,
sediments, or other undesirable solids generated by, for
example, the material wear occurring at slidingorimpacting
surfaces of numerous internal components.
Josef Thoma (2001) has presented a newdevicefor counting
suspended particles in liquids and more particularly to
devices for counting particulate contaminants in oil.
Joseph Marino (1998) has identified a method for
determining the contamination of a fluid system having a
fluid reservoir at one end of the system and suction pump at
the other end. A filter element is selected having a dirt
holding capacity equal to the maximum acceptable limit of
the system and placed between the pump and reservoir. The
fluid is then drawn through the filteratapredeterminedrate
and the differential pressure produced across the filter
element is recorded and indicatedasthecontaminationlevel
of the system.
Kim Hodgson (1998) has explained asystemfordetermining
the level of particulate contaminants in a fluid utilizes a
porous filtration element having filtration pores in fluid
series with a volume indicator. The filtration medium is
provided with filtration pores which have a generally
predetermined size such that oversized particles of the
particulate contaminants are accumulated on onesideofthe
filter medium.
M. Singh (2011) in his work has proved that Oil
contamination is the major source of failure and wear of
hydraulic system components. As per his literature survey,
approximately 70 % of hydraulic system failures are caused
by oil contamination. Hence, to operatethehydraulicsystem
reliably, the hydraulic oil should be of perfectcondition. This
requires a proper ‘Contamination Management System’
which involves monitoring of various parameters like oil
viscosity, oil temperature, contamination level etc. It is
observed that by proper monitoring of contamination level,
there is considerably increase in reliability, economy in
operation and long service life. This also prevents the
frequent failure of hydraulic system.
Verdegan B. (2001) has said that wear rates are related to
the contaminant size distribution in the oil and degree of
filtration. For engine protection the author has said that the
size and concentration of oil contaminants are as important
as their chemical composition.
W. Schneider (2005) has found that the range in the
measured filtration efficiencies decreases quite markedly
with finer porosity of filter system i.e. the reliability of the
filtration system increases as we move to finer pore filters.
8. SECONDARY FILTRATION UNIT
As we discussed earlier, to overcome the problem of wear
due to contamination a secondary closed loop filtration unit
was designed and its circuits are explained. The fabricated
unit is stored in safe environment and brought near the
locomotive with help of cranes and trained personalsduring
the time of filtration.
8.1 Filter Element
The filter element is the central part of industrial filters. The
actual filtration process takes part in the filter element. The
applied filter elements and the filter media used in the filter
elements determine the major filter characteristics such as
retention capacity, contamination retention and pressure
loss. Filter elements consist of a combination of radially
pleated filter media which are laid around a perforated
supporting tube. The filter element is vertically sealed by
means of an adhesive. A perforated protective cage is laid
around the filter mat. Supporting tube and filter mat are
glued to both end discs. The protective cage allows for a
continuous fluid flow around the filter mat and, at the same
time, provides mechanical protection against external
damage. Seal rings are provided between the filter element
and the filter housing as a sealing.
A ﬁlter medium is any material that, under the operating
conditions of the ﬁlter, is permeable to one or more
components of a mixture, solution or suspension, and is
impermeable to the remaining components.
Depending on the application and requirements, different
filter media in different filtration ratings are used for the
separation of particles. Various Filter media are listed in the
table 8.1 and their electron microscope images are shown in
figures 8.1(a) to 8.1(e).
Table 8.1 various filter media and their Applications
Filter medium Filter rating Application
Micro Glass
Depth filter, combination of inorganic micro glass filter
medium.
1 to 20μm
For highest pureness demands in hydraulic
fluids and lubricants.
Filter Paper
Inexpensive depth filter made of filter paper with
supporting tissue.
10 to 25μm. For coarse filtration and pre-filtration.
Metal Fibre Fabric Material
Depth filter made of stainless steel fibres with
supporting mesh.
5 to 15μm
For highest cleanliness requirements for
aggressive industrial and chemical fluids
subjected to high operating temperatures.
Fleece Material
Surface filter made of extremely solid fibre composite.
25 to 60μm
Surface, coarse and pre-filtration, in particular
recommended for cooling lubricants.
Water-absorbing
Depth filter, fleece material with water-absorbing
material, combined with micro glass filter media.
1 to 20μm
Dehumidification of hydraulic oil, lubricating
oil and air.

Electron microscope images of various filter media
Fig7.1 (a) Fabric Medium
Fig7.1 (b) Metal Fleece Medium
Fig7.1 (c) Micro glass Medium
Fig7.1 (d) Polypropylene Medium
Fig7.1 (e) Water Absorbing Medium
8.1.1 Filter medium employed in the unit
A filter medium should be strong (in tension at least),
flexible, resistant to corrosion and abrasion, easily
manipulated into the required shapes and capable of being
made with a range of porosities. The filter medium which is
been selected in the filtration unit is Fabric material. Fabrics
can be considered as a direct, and physically stronger,
alternative to papers and are employed in a similar manner
for pleated elements, etc.Fabricelementswereoriginallythe
most commonly used type of filter medium for fine filtration
and are generally comparable with modern paper media as
regards to the performance achievable.Untilthe appearance
of treated paper elements, they were regarded as a superior
type, although the two are now strictly competitive for
similar duties. Treated papers are now the more common
because of lower cost, but fabric elements are capable of
withstanding higher working pressures with similar
geometry. However, fabric elements have a lower specific
resistance than paper elements and, being thicker, can also
carry a heavier load of contaminant per unit area. This latter
advantage is normally offset by the fact that, for the same
overall size, the surface area of the fabric element is
reduced because of its greater thickness.
8.1.2 Perforated plate
Perforated metal sheets are more rigid and can be made
stronger than woven wire cloths and so they find particular
applications in strainers, coarse filters and screens.
Perforated metal strainers have a predictableand consistent
performance because the size of the screen openings is
controlled in the manufacturing process and is set to have
very fine pores. Stainless steel is preferred for perforated
plate material in the filtration unitasitiscorrosion resistant.
8.2 Circuitry
8.2.1 Circuit Description
Table 8.2 Circuit Description
Motor Power - 5HP
Pump Diaphragm pump
3 Way Ball valve Manually operated valves
Filter 1 12µm
Filter 2 5µm
Particle Counter HIAC ROC on-line
8.2.2 Secondary filtration unit when it is not in use
The secondary filtration unit consists of motors, valves,
filters and particle counters as shown in figure8.2. The
hydraulic oil can be allowed to flow through one of the two

input valves depending on the pressure of the fluid.
Unpressurized fluid is pumped in via the input valve 1 and
the fluid that is being circulated within the circuit enters the
filtration unit via input valve 2. The filtration unit consistsof
a set of two filters, one of 12micron size and the other of
5micron size. The fluid flowing in is allowed to flow through
one filter at once and the process can be repeated to allow
the flow through the other filter. Filtration
using both the filters simultaneously is not possible. The
fluid after passing through the filter is directing towards a
particle counter where the quantity of contamination is
determined. This is used to closely monitor the amount of
contamination in the given working fluid. From the particle
counter the fluid is sent via the output valveto continue with
the required operation. A pressure relief valveis placednear
the pump to monitor the pressure rise in the unit.Inorderto
ensure unidirectional flow of the working fluid, a set of flow
control valves are placed in position. Thissetup provestobe
a compact and highly efficient to reduce and maintain safe
levels of contamination.
8.2.3 When the unit is connected to locomotive
(Closed loop filtration)
The drive system with the primary or the inbuilt filtration
unit cannot prevent the hydraulic fluid from contamination
due to internal factors this leads to wear of the components
and in worst cases would require changing of components.
Changing the components frequently is time consumingand
not economical. Thus, the need for asecondaryfiltrationunit
arises. This secondary unit is externally placed and is
positioned such that the hydraulic fluid passed through this
secondary unit during very cycle of the operation as shown
in figure8.3. The hydraulic fluid flowing out of the motors
after completion of the operation is directed towards the
external filter instead of the pump as it is conventionally.
From the motors the fluid passes through the secondary
filtration unit from where it is allowed to flow to the pumps
and the cycle of operation continues. The secondary
filtration unit remains active throughout the operation
process and the fluid passes through the filter during every
cycle of operation. Thus unlike in the conventional case
where the fluid is left unmonitored once the operation cycle
starts, the fluid’s contamination level is strictly monitored
and the contamination levels are maintained within safe
limits throughout the operation.
8.2.4 When the unit is working in a circuit to fill a
tank:
The working of the circuit is similar to when it is used in a
locomotive. The only difference is that the incoming fluid is
unpressurised. The tank containing the fluid to be filtered is
connected via the inlet valve 1 where a pump is a tank from
used to draw the fluid inside the circuit under pressure as
shown in figure 8.4. The pressure relief valve is placed
across the pump motor set up to maintain a safe working
pressure within the circuit. The fluid pumped in flows
through the each of the filters as desired and then through
the particle counter. After completing the filtration process,
the fluid is stored in an external oil utility tank.
8.2.5 Normal flushing mode
The working of the circuit is similar to filling filtered oil to
tank process. The external oil tank containing the fluid to be
filtered is connected via the inlet valve 1 where a pump is
used to draw the fluid inside the circuit under pressure as
shown in figure 8.5. The pressure relief valve is placed
across the pump motor set up to maintain a safe working
pressure within the circuit. The fluid pumped in flows
through the each of the filters as desired and then through
the particle counter. After completing the filtration process,
the fluid is stored in an external oil utility tank.
The following circuit explains the unit when it is not in use:
Figure 8.2 Secondary Filtration Unit Circuit

When the unit is connected to a locomotive (Closed loop filtration):
Figure 8.3 Filtration Unit when Connected to Closed Loop
When the unit is wor king in a circuit to fill a tank:
Figure 8.4 Filtration Unit when filling a Tank

The next circuit depicts the unit during a normal flushing mode:
Figure 8.5 Filtration Circuit during regular flushing
The hydraulic symbols used in the circuits are explained in the table 8.3.
Table 8.3 Hydraulic Symbols Used in Circuit
The filtration unit which was fabricated is shown in the figure 8.6 to 8.10.

PHOTOS OF THE SECONDARY FILTRATION
Figure 8.6 Filtration unit (Front)
Figure 8.7 Filtration unit (Rear)
Figure 8.8 5micron and 12micron Filters in unit and
particle counter in the unit (fig 8.10)
9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In order to reduce theparticulate contaminationinhydraulic
oil being used in the charge circuit of the hydraulic drive
system of the locomotive, a closed loop external filtration
unit was designed andmanufactured.Itwasconnectedtothe
outlet of the oil tank and tested for open loop filtration and
also connected to charge circuit and tested for closed loop
filtration. The result of the filtration operation and the
change in contamination levels are explained.
9.1 Observation
9.1.1 Open Loop Filtration Results
The filtration setup was used to reduce the contamination of
oil to recommended level before filling it to tank. The
readings were tabulated and shown in Table 9.1
Table 9.1 Open loop Filtration Outcomes
S.
no
Impurity
Level
ISO Code
Time
taken
Tempe
rapture
(⁰c)
4
µm
6
µm
14
µm
1.
Initial
Impurity
Level
19.2 9.2 8.1
4hrs
45min
34.0
Final
Impurity
Level
15.1 0.0 0.0 38.3
The Table 9.1 shows the statistics indicated by On-line
particle counter installed in series to the filter collected
during the start and end of the filtration process. It clearly
shows the change in impurity levels at their respectivesizes.
A slight increase in temperature is noted which is within the
safe limit.

9.1.2 Closed Loop Filtration Results
The filtration unit was connected to the charge circuit of the
locomotive and the filtration process was carried out. The
readings were tabulated and shown in Table 9.2
Table 9.2 Closed Loop filtration Outcomes
S.
no
Impurity
level
ISO Code
Time
Taken
Temper
ature
(⁰c)
4
µm
6
µm
14
µm
1.
Initial
Impurity
Level
21 8 7
10hrs
30min
36
Final
Impurity
Level
16 0 0 40.5
The Table 9.2 shows the statistics indicated by On-line
particle counter installed in series to the filter collected
during the start and end of the filtration process. It clearly
shows the change in impurity levels at their respectivesizes.
A slight increase in temperature is noted which is within the
safe limit.
9.2 Challenges Faced after Filtration
Both open and closed loop filtration were carried out in the
locomotive. The locomotive was back to operation. After
certain hours of running the levels of contamination got
increased. In order to bring back the recommended levels of
contamination, filtration was carried out. The details of the
locomotive oil cleanliness with respect to running time are
shown in the table 9.2.
Table 9.3 Oil Cleanliness Value in the Locomotive
Time in hours NAS Value ISO code
1 Hour 19 29/29/19
10 Hours 8 19/6/0
332 Hours 11 22/10/8
500 Hours 7 18/6/0
A graphical representation to depict the change in impurity
level of the hydraulic fluid used during filtration and
operation are explained in the figure 9.1
Figure 9.1 Closed Loop Filtration Outcomes
The graph in figure 9.1 is plotted between the NAS value
(depicting the impurity level) on the y axis and the time
along x axis.
The starting point of the curve represents start of the
filtration operation. The contamination level is recorded in
terms NAS values. Before the filtration operation,thelevel of
contamination level is high, at 19. After filtration using the
closed loop filtration process for nearly ten hours, the level
of contamination has reduced significantly to a safer limit.
The NAS value 8 is the recommended safety limit. The
filtration process is done whenever the impurity level is
higher than safe limit, duringoperationofthelocomotive the
contamination levels rose again to NAS 11. The reason for
the rise of contamination level during operation isduetothe
type of breather used. A breather is an air filtering device fit
to the top of the oil tank, which helps in avoiding formation
of vacuum inside the tank when the oil inside the tank gets
used up. The locomotive uses a 10µm breather which is not
sufficient. The locomotive requires another round of
filtration after running for about four hundred hours. Thus,
the next round of filtration is carried out. This again reduces
the contamination level to NAS value of 7, which is within
safe limits thus making the fluid safe to use. In order to
reduce the inlet of air borne contaminants 3µm breather is
installed. The use of 3µm breather is believed to drastically
reduce the entry of air borne particulate contaminants into
the hydraulic oil tank.
CONCLUSION
From the experiment conducted, the results obtained are as
follows,
In open loop filtration process the contamination levels
have been reduced accordingly:
• There was a 21.35% reduction in 4µm particles
• A 100% reduction was observed in both 6µm and 14µm
particles in a duration of 5hours.
In closed loop filtration processthecontaminationlevels
have been modified accordingly:
• There was a 23.81% reduction in 4µm particles
• Both the 6µm and 14µm particles showed a 100%
reduction in a duration of 11 hours.
Hence it can be concluded that the secondary filtration
process is successful in reducing the particle contamination
in working fluids.
REFERENCES
[1] A. A. Chesnokov, N. A. Antipina, O. N. Nikolskaya and A.I.
Shachin (1984), “Filterability of oils for hydraulic
systems in industrial equipment”, Chemistry and
Technology of fuels and oils, Vol. 20(8), pp. 383-386.
[2] A. L. Price and B. J. Roylance (1988), “Detection and
diagnosis of wear through oil and wear debris analysis”,
Journal of Condition Monitoring, Vol. 1, pp. 377-419.
[3] D. R. Sperry (1996), “Oil Filtration”, Journal of Oil and
Fat Industries, Volume 3(2), pp. 43-47.
[4] I. M. Sorotskin and I.I. Fishman (2001), “Trends in
removable medium drum filter design”, Journal of
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering,Vol.5(5),pp.419-
423.
[5] M. Singh, G. S. Lathkar, and S. K. Basu (2012), “Failure
Prevention of Hydraulic System Based on Oil
Contamination”, Journal of the Institution Engineers,
Vol. 93(3), pp. 269-274.
[6] S. K. Basu, S. K. Sarkhel, S. K. Chakravorty (1992), “Oil
analysis-a tool for condition monitoring of diesel
engines”, Vol. 3(2), pp. 47-55.
[7] Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford and Wei-Yin Chen
(2004), “Fabric Filtration”, Journal of Environmental
Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 59-95.

[8] Martin Reik and Frank Oberli (2014), “Filter Design for
Lubricating Oil and Hydraulic Systems”, Journal of
Lubricants and Lubrication, Vol. 1, pp. 569-588.
[9] Martin Reik and Frank Oberli (2014), “Filtration of
Lubricating Oils and Hydraulic Fluids”, Journal of
Lubricants and Lubrication, Vol. 1, pp. 588-593.
[10] Martin Reik and Frank Oberli (2014), “Selection of
Filters for Lubricating Oil and Hydraulic Systems”,
Journal of Lubricants and Lubrication, Vol. 1, pp. 1710-
1720.
[11] Mohamed Rafik Sari, Ammar Haiahem and Louis
Flamand (2007), “Effect of LubricantContamination on
Gear Wear”, Journal of Tribology, Vol. 27(1), pp. 119-
126.
[12] P.J. Heney (1998), “Effective ﬁltration-breaking the
chain reaction of wear”, Hydraulics and Pneumatics,
Vol. 51, pp. 43–52.
[13] Terence Allen (1990), “On-line particle size analysis”,
Journal of Particle size measurement, Vol. 1, pp. 682-
737.
[14] V.M. Kornev and A.G. Demeshkin (2014), “Model of
stepwise propagation of the tip of a hydraulic fracture
in the absence of filtration”, Journal of applied
mechanics and technical physics, Vol. 55(3), pp. 515-
523
[15] W.D. Williamson (1979), “Hydraulic component
cleanliness testing method.

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Secondary Filtration of Closed Loop in DC Locomotive