Securities anaysis and valuation
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The document discusses various innovations being used in designing equity and debt instruments in India. It describes several new types of equity instruments such as arbitrage funds, shares with differential voting rights, and Indian depository receipts. It also outlines innovations in debt instruments like zero coupon curves, inflation-linked bonds, and triple option convertible debentures. While financial innovations are transforming the capital markets, the Indian market still lacks depth compared to more developed economies. Further reforms are needed to develop new instruments and deepen the markets.
Securities anaysis and valuation
- 1. VARIOUS INNOVATIONS BEING USED TO DESIGN EQUITY & DEBT INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA Securities Analysis & Valuation Group 2 Parth Kushwaha Shivam Gupta Shubham Randhar Aditya Kondawar NVR Sandeep NVR Pradeep
- 2. Introduction Debt instruments are typically agreements where a financial institution agrees to loan a borrower money in exchange for set payments of principal and interest over a set period of time. Debt instruments typically involve loans, mortgages, leases, notes and bonds. Basically, anything that obliges a borrower to make payments based on a contractual arrangement is a debt instrument. Debt instruments can be secured or unsecured. Secured debt involves placing an underlying asset (like property) as security for the loan where, through legal process, the lender can take possession of the underlying asset if the borrower stops making payments. Unsecured debt is based only on the borrower's promise to pay. If a business files for bankruptcy, creditors take priority over investors. Within the creditors, secured creditors take priority over unsecured creditors. Equity instruments are papers that demonstrate an ownership interest in a business. Unlike debt instruments, equity instruments cede ownership, and some control, of a business to investors who provide private capital to a business. Stocks are equity instruments. Two main types of stocks exist. The first type is preferred stock. The second type is common stock. Businesses issue stock in shares and, typically, the greater the amount of shares a single investor possesses, the greater the ownership interest in the company. Equity holders incur greater risk than debt holders because equity holders do not enjoy priority in a bankruptcy proceeding. However, equity holders earn greater returns if the business succeeds. Where credit instruments provide set payments over a set time period, equity instruments typically provide a variable return based on the business' success. Innovations in equity instruments Arbitrage Fund Arbitrage Funds are equity and derivative funds providing an ideal way of realizing reasonable returns from equities with risk hedged by derivatives. The Arbitrage Fund capitalize on the stock price differences between the spot market (cash segment) and the derivative market (F & O segment). The fund generates returns by availing the arbitrage opportunities that arise in case there are mispricing between the spot and derivative market. The returns can be generated irrespective of the overall market movement. Empirically they have shown better results then debt or income funds. They provide good returns during volatile periods.
- 3. Equity With Differential Voting Rights Issued by Tata Motors, in which the shares were classified as “Ordinary Shares” and “A Ordinary Shares”. The ordinary shares were issued at Rs. 340 per share, had a voting right of one vote per share. On the other hand, the A ordinary shares were issued at Rs. 305 per share but the voting rights were limited to one vote for every 10 shares. In addition, they were paid extra dividend of five percentage points. Indian Depository Receipts (IDR) After the success of American Depository Receipts and Global Depository Receipts the Indian regulatory body, SEBI also allowed foreign companies to raise capital in India through INDIAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS (IDRs). IDRs can be understood as a mirror image of well-known ADRs/GDRs. In an IDR, foreign companies issue the shares to an Indian Depository, which would, issue Depository Receipts to investors in India. The Depository Receipts would be listed in Indian stock exchanges and would be freely transferable. The actual shares of the IDRs would be held by an Overseas Custodian, who shall authorize the Indian Depository to issue the IDRs. The Overseas Custodian must be a foreign bank having business in India and needs approval from the Finance Ministry for acting as a custodian while the Indian Depository needs to be registered with the SEBI. Debt For Equity And Equity For Debt Swaps A debt for equity swap is not an instrument but a situation where a company offers its shareholders and creditors debt in exchange for equity or stock. The value of the stock is determined on current market rates. The company may, however, offer a higher value to attract more shareholders and debt holders to participate in the swap. Equity for debt swap is the opposite of the above process. In this swap, the creditors to the company agree to exchange the debt for equity in the business. Innovations in Debt Instruments Zero Coupon Curve For Pricing To bring further improvements in the pricing mechanism in debt market, a need was felt to promote a zero coupon yield curve (ZCYC). As indicated earlier, STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered
- 4. Interest and Principal of Securities) can facilitate a ZCYC. This curve is being used for pricing NSE's interest rate futures transactions. FIMMDA/PDAI, publishes a monthly ZCYC for the market participants to value their government securities portfolios. However, the ZCYC based pricing has not been popular with the Indian market participants Inflation Linked Bonds The recent Monetary Policy released by RBI laid its thrust on controlling the spiraling inflation, especially the food price inflation. One of the reasons behind the CRR hike was to "curtail the rising inflationary expectations (higher expected price trends)" In the past RBI has been concerned about the fact that a common man does not have any protection against rising prices, Vis No Inflation Hedge. The common man has to rely on traditional but inefficient methods to hedge the real inflation risks, such as Gold and real assets such as commodities or real estate or even excessive stocking of goods. In developed markets like US, the government has issues "Treasury Inflation Protected Securities" known as TIPS. Globally more than USD 1 trillion worth inflation linked bonds must be outstanding. Triple Option Convertible Debentures (TOCD) First Issued by Reliance Power Limited with an issue size of Rs. 2,172 Cr. There was no outflow of interest for first five years. Equity increase was in phases. No put option to investors and no takeover threat. Reduced dependence on the financial institutions. The expenses for floating the issue was just 2.62% of the issue size which was very less when compared to the 10-12% for a general public issue. Had reliance power limited gone for general public issue it would have incurred a cost on capital by Rs. 239 crores approx. whereas by issuing TOCD the company saved Rs.182 crores and incurred a cost of only Rs.57 crores. Equity With Differential Voting Rights Issued by Tata Motors, in which the shares were classified as “Ordinary Shares" and "A Ordinary Shares". The ordinary shares were issued at Rs. 340 per share, had a voting right of one vote per share. On the other hand, the A ordinary shares were issued at Rs. 305 per share but the voting rights were limited to one vote for every 10 shares. In addition, they were paid extra dividend of five percentage points.
- 5. Deep Discount Bonds A bond that sells at a significant discount from par value. A bond that is selling at a discount from par value and has a coupon rate significantly less than the prevailing rates of fixed-income securities with a similar risk profile. Typically, a deep-discount bond will have a market price of 20% or more below its face value. These bonds are perceived to be riskier than similar bonds and are thus priced accordingly. These low-coupon bonds are typically long term and issued with call provisions. Investors are attracted to these discounted bonds because of their high return or minimal chance of being called before maturity. The investor got a tax advantage and could eliminate the re-investment risk. From the issuer's point of view also, the issue cost was saved as it involved no immediate service cost and lower effective cost. The refinancing risk was also eliminated. Conclusion The pace of capital and credit reforms is rapid and is transforming the scenario. The existence of a variety of financial innovations with different terms and conditions, now provide a wide choice of instruments to suit the investment portfolio needs. They have led the growth of capital market and would continue to play their part, yet like other emerging market, Indian market is also evolving and maturing. It is in a favorable situation with regard to lesser complexity of instruments, adequate governance and risk management systems. Indian capital market innovations have the feature of investor protection, transparency, enhanced liquidity, reduced cost and mitigation of risk. However, when compared with other developed economies, Indian markets lack depth. Initiation of further reforms is necessary to develop innovative capital market instruments to match those of its peers in Asia and other developed nations. There are significant opportunities for productive and prudent financial innovation, especially for senior citizens, poor people, women and rural people as well as a large middle class. There remains scope for development of insurance exchanges, credit reinsurance market, carbon market, property future, weather derivatives, freight derivatives, inflation derivatives