selecting and synthesizing info. from relevant literature

LESSON 1
SELECTING AND
SYNTHESIZING
INFORMATION FROM
RELEVANT LITERATURE

Guide in writing a literature review;
1.Choose a topic
• Your literature review should be guided by a central research
question. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies
in a field but instead represents background and research
developments related to a specific research question, interpreted
and analyzed by you in a synthesized way.
2. Decide on the scope of review
• How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive
should it be? How many years should it cover?

3. Select the databases you will use to conduct your
searches
• Make a list of the databases you will search.
4. Conduct your search and find the literature
• Review the abstracts of research studies carefully. This will save you
time. Write down the searches you conduct in each database so that
you may duplicate them if you need to later (or avoid dead-end
searches that you’d forgotten you’d already tried). Use the
bibliographies and references of research studies you find to locate
others.

5. Review the literature
• What was the reasearh question of the study you are reviewing?
What were the authors trying to discover? Was the research funded
funded by a source that could influence the findings? What were the
the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the
samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions. Does
the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted
more soundly? What further question does it raise? If there are
conflicting studies, why do you think that is? How are the authors
viewed in the field? Has this study been cited? If so, how has it been
been analyzed?

LESSON 2
CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING
STANDARD STYLES (American
Psychological Association (APA), Modern
Language Association (MLA) or CHICAGO
MANUAL STYLE)

• A citation is a formal reference to a published or
unpublished source that you consulted and obtained
informationfrom while writing your research paper.
The way in which you document your sources
depends on the writing style manual your professor
wants you to use for the [e.g.,(American
Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language
Association (MLA), Chicago, Turabian, etc.]. The act
bof citing sources is also your best defense against
allegations of plagiarism(Baraceros,2016).

According to this author, the following are the purpose of
citation:
1.To give importance and respect to other people for what they know
about the field
2.To give authority, validity and credibility to other people’s claim,
conclusions and
3. arguments
4.To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant
relevant materials about your topic
5.To help readers find contact the sources of ideas easily
6.To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work and
7.To save yourself from plagiarism

• Ballenger in 2012 also added more important reasons why citation is
important.
The following reasons are:
1.Citing other people’s words and ideas
- Indicates that you have conducted a through review of the literature on
your topic
and therefore, you are reporting your research form an informed and
critically
engaged perspective. This increases your credibility as the author of the
work.
2.Other researcher’s ideas cn be used to reinforce your arguments
- In many cases, another researchers’ argument can act as the primary
context from

3.The ideas of other researchers can be used to explain reasons for
alternative approaches.
If you disagree with researcher’s ideas or you believe there is a
gap
in understanding the research problem, your citation can serve as
sources from which to argue an alternative viewpoint or the need
to
pursue a different course of actions.
4.Just as the ideas of other researchers can boister your
arguments, they can al also detract from your credibility if
their research is challenged.
Properly citing sources prevents your reputation from being

Styles in Related Literature Citations or
References
• In reviewing related literature, you come to read varietes of
reading materials containing knowledge related to your
research. It is a fact that these ideas, including the language or
structures to express these ideas belong to other people. They
are not yours. Copying in the ideas of other authors and citing
them in your research is the good practice of being a researcher.
Doing thus practice signals not just honesty and courtesy to
learn people whose ideas lend information to your paper, but
also indicates
your appreciation for their contribution to the field
(Harmmersely, 2013).

The following are the three terms used to express your
appreciation for recognition of people’s ownership of
borrowed ideas (Sharp 2012) as cited by baraceros (2016).
1. Acknowledgement- the beginning portion of the work for
recognition of who have contributed something to produce
the paper.
2. Reference or Bibliography- a complete list of all reading
materials including books, jouirnals, periodical,etc. from
where the borrowed ideas came from.
3.Citation or in-Text-Citation-references within the main
body of the text,especialy in review of related Literature.

The third one, citation is the focus of this lesson. Citation is
also called “in-text citation”. It has many purpose and style
which are as follows:
Patterns of Citation.
- Citing authors, websites and other research materials have its own
own styles or patterns.
Read the styles/patterns of citation below and understand how they
they are distinct from each other.
This is needed in order for you to know what styles/ patterns of
citation are used by the researchers in writing their research an in
order for you to decide what styles /patterns you will adopt/ use in
your review of related literature.

1. Summary
- The citation in this case is shortened version of the
original text that is expressed in your own language. Making
Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most
important ideas or aspect of the text.
2. Paraphrase
- This is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead
instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what
what the text means to you using your own words. In doing
doing so. it is possible that your explanations may decrease
decrease or exceed the number of words of the original text
text (Baraceros,2016).

3.Short Direct quotation
Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence,or several
several sentence,not exceeding 40 words,is what you can quote or
or repeat in writing through this citation pattern.Since this make
you copy the exact words of the writer,it is necessary that you give
give the number of the page where the readers can find the copied
copied words.
4.Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation or Extract
Named in many ways,this citation pattern mane you copy the
author’s exact words numbering from 40 to 100 words.Under
APAA,the limit is eight (8) lines.placed at the center of the page
with no indentation,the copied lines look like they compose a

Source; Fabre, at al, ‘’Gender and dropout rates of public high
schools in lligan City, Philippines’’
APA style
is a writing style and format for academic documents such as
scholarly journal articles and books.

MLA style
is a style of crediting sources you use to write a paper. This
style is typically used for research papers for English
Composition and other communication classes.
Chicago style
is a documentation style for writing and formatting
research papers, including citing sources.

Citing a book in APA
Basic Information
In citing a book in APA you need to follow this exact format in order to
accomplish proper APA citation style.
Step 1: Formatting the authors name
- The author’s name should be written in reversed order.The last name should be
be first place followed by a comma and then add the initials of the first name
only,follow it with a period.
Example: Howard,F.
-In adding the middle initials of the author,place it after the period of the first
name,separate it with a comma and end it with a point.

Example:Howard,F.,E.
-If the author’s name have suffixes such as Jr/Sr. after the period
of the initials of the first name and separate it with a comma
Example:Howard,F.,Jr.
-If the source is written by multiple author’s name one after the other
using the format in author names and separate it with commas.If the
source has more than six author’s,state all of the author’s until the
sixth and replace all succeeding authors with ‘’et al’’.
Example:Howard,F.,Lee,R.,
-Lincoln,A.,Adams,J.,Johnson,E.,Ronald,T.,et al.

Step 2:Placing the year your Source was Published
-When citing the year the source was published,place the year
only and enclosed it with a parenthesis.place the year after the
name of the author and end it with a period outside the closing
parenthesis.
Example:Howard,F.(2009).
Step 3:Place the Title of the Source
-In citing the title of your source,write the complete title of the
source you are citing and it should be italicized.Capitalize the first
letter of the title and the first letter of the subtitle if there are
any.Observe capitalization rules on proper names and such.End it

Example:Howard,F.(2009).The way to write perfectly in three
methods.
Your source
-Add the first the city where the sources is published.place it
after the title and do not italicize it.when placing the publisher’s
city,
only place the city’s name if it is widely known,i.e.New
york,Berlin,
Tokyo,Washington DC etc.Afterwards add the name of the
publishing company,separating it from the city with a colon.Do

MLA Citation Format:
Structure
1.Author last name,author first name
2.Title (italicized,or quotation marks for a minor work)
3.Date of composition (omit if not shown;for uncertain dates place a question mark-
e.g.1870?)
4.Name of library,institution,or collection which houses the work,
followed by the location
5.Form of the material (version)-(Manuscript or typescript)
6.Publisher or website (italicized)
7.URL
8.Date of access

Examples:
Last name,first name,’’Title.’’Date.Institution,city.form of the material.Title of the
Website.URL. Day month year of access.
Keller,Helen.’’Letter to john Hitz 29 Aug.1893.’’1893,Library of
Congress,Washington,D.C. Typescript.Library of Congress
www.loc.gov/magbellbib004020.Accessed 16 Feb.2017.
Chicago Citation Format
Structure:
1.Creator’last same,first name,middle initials (or filmograpers (indicate role
2.Title of film (in italics).
3.Format (film,filmscript,35mm film).
4.Publisher city: publishing company, copyright date.
5.Source (From Library of Congress in normal font), collection name with dates ( in
italics.

6.Medium (software requirement needed to access source).
7.URL (use bibliographic record URL or shorter digital id available
at bottom of bib record).
8.Accessed date (in parenthesis).
Last name, First name Middle initial. Title of work. Format. City: Publishing Company,
copyright date. Source, Collection. Medium, http://... ( accessed date).
Example:
Armitage, Fedrick S., photographer. Bargain Day, Fourteenth Street, New York. 35 mm
film. United States: American Mutoscope and BIOGRAPH Co, 1905. From Library of
Congress, Early Motion Pictures, 1897-1920. RealMedia, MPEG, Quick Time,
//www.loc.gov/item/00694373 (accessed January 9, 2006).s

LESSON 3
SOURCES OF
RELATED
LITERATURE AND
STUDIES

The sources of related literature and studies
1.Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references.
2.Articles published in professional journals, magazines,
periodical,
newspapers, and other publications.
3.Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and
diaries.
4.Unpublished theses and dissertions.
5.The constitution, and laws and statures of the land.
6.Bulletins, circular, and athers emanating from goverment office
and department, especialy from the presidents of the Philippines
annd the Department of Education (DepEd).

8.Reports from seminar, educational or otherwise.
9.Official reports of all kinds, educational, social,
economic, scientific, technological, political, ets. from
goverment and ather entities.
The said sources can be categorized as:
1.Primary sources:
- artifact, autoboigraphes, court record, diaries,
emails,speeches, letters interviews, letter, official reports,
drawing, maps, photographs, speeches

2. Secondary Sources
- biographies, critical studies of an author’s work, dictionaries,
journals articles, handbook, magazines, newspapers, reports,
textbooks, related studies, on the other hand, are studies,
inquiries, or investigation already conducted to which the
present proposed study is related or has some beaning or
similitaryity. they are usualy unpublishes materials such
manuscript, theses and dosseetations (Calderon Gonzales, 2015).
2015).
They may be classified as:
1.Locals, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines and
2.Foreing/ internastional,if they are conducted in foreign

• Generaly, the source of related litrerature and studies
according to calderon and Gonzales (2015)can be accessed
from the following:
1.Libraries, ether goverment or schools (private or public)
2.Government and private offices
3.The National Library and
4.Online website (Aparejo, 2018)
Since students like you are mostly technologically savy and
exposed to computers and the internet website, you can utilize
online wedsites for you related review of literature and studies.
Feel the value of the internet, search engines and websites in
writing chpater 2 of your research-Review of Related

LESSON 4
ORGANIZING
RELATED
LITERATURE

1.Through Chronological Order (date/year)
- In organizing your related literature using chronological
method,
you could write your research paper review according to when
when they were published.if this approach be used,it has to
be ensured that clear development of the way, location or
place of where such research are to be noted following the
flow of years or specific dates.
This is considered the easiest way in organizing coherent
literature reviews and studies.It features how the topic is
changed according to year or time and how such topic is

According to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) related materials may
also be cited chronologically,that is,according to the year they
were written.Materials which were written earlier should be
cited first before those which were written later. This can be
done especially when citation is by author or writer.
2. Through broad-to-specific topic
- According to Cronin,Ryan & Coughlan (2008),you can also
organize your related review of literature and studies by
starting it from a general issue of topic,then lower it down to
specific issues in the literature until it reaches and links to your
research title,question,research keywords,thesis statement and
hypothesis.

An example of this is when you start the problem of teenage
pregnancy internationally or globally.Start by establishing the
trend of such problem globally,then at national level,to your
province,city or locality and to your own barangay
(Aparejo,2010).
3.Through major models or major theories
- Another approach in writing coherent and organized review of
related literature and studies is by arranging it according to its
significant models or major theories.when various models or
theories emerge in your studies,it is better to arrange them
acording to their importance in your research.Group the articles
you read and researched by models and theories to get coherent
view of your review of related literature and studies

4.Through prominent authors
- If a certain author,writer or researcher had developed a
certain
innovation,model,theory or education breakthrough and then
other authors or researchers continue studying and developing
developing it,it is good to arrange such authors by their
popularity or fame.it
is also better if authors be organized according to whose
famous
authors they agreed upon.with this organization, coherence of
of author’s view on specific issues from one author to another is

5.Through contrasting schools of thougts
- By this approach of organizing your related literature and study, you can
can group together major arguments or contrasting differences that came
came up in your research with researchers stressing agreement and
disagreement in their approaches and ideas
6.Through thematic concept or by topic
- The thematic concept of topic reviews refers to the related reviews that
are organized on specific topic or a concept, an issue or trend of the time.
time. It is different form chronological and by publication bacause it
focuses on concept or topic rather than time and year of publication.
For instance, a review of the impact of internet to Philippine political
system. Although in this type of organization the chronological and
thematic organization can still be present in its development, the focus in
in the thematic approach is not the year nor the theme but the role of the

internet in political system of government. Note however that more authentic
thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. A review organized
in this manner would shape between time periods within each section according to
the point made.
If different authors or writers have the same opinion about the same topic, it is
discussed and cited under the names of the authors or writers. this is a summary of
their opinion or findings. This is done to avoid separate and long discussions of the
same topic.
Example:
There have been several researchers of web- based applications in different
disciplines such as in engineering (Lam, n.d.), clinical and medical services
(Chakravorty, 2006, Holzinger, 2007, Nijland, et. al., 2011, Sahoo, 2012, Maymone,
et. al., 2018,business and organization (Zia, 2015), e-learning and in science
(Malavolta, 2016,) Xu & Ming, 2012, Yaldir, 2016, Eagleso, et. al. 2017, Abriata,
2018).

7.Through Methodological approach
- In the methodological approach,the focus is on the method
the researcher used.for example.the literature review focuses on
on the method used by the graduating Senior High School
students to raise funds for their entrepreneurship proposal or
method used to increase agricultural yields among agriculture
students.It can also be the method used by the STEM students
in their researches on the preservation of our nature using the
innovation brought by technology.
Any method used in research by researchers or by;

Basic Information
- In citing a book in APA you need to follow this exact format in
order to accomplish proper APA citation style.
Step 1: formatting the author’s name
The author’s name should be written in reversed order.The last
name should be first place followed by a comma and then add the
initials of the first name only,follow it with a period.

Example: Howard,F.
In adding the midle initials of the author,place it after the
period of the first name,separate it with a comma and end it
it with a point.

LLLESSON 5 N 5
MAKING LINKS
BETWEEN STUDIES

• Making links between studies is another skill in writing or
particularly in writing review of related literature. This skill
need thorough analysis from the research articles,
literature, abstract and studies. Aftwer reading the literature
review, abstract and studies comprehending analyzing them
are the next steps in order to decide whether the findings of
those materials have linked to your studies.
• Here are the effective transition in research manuscript
writing introduce by Panter, M. (2020)

Introductory words or phrases
The transitional written below are frequently used to linked one
study to another,one fiding to another,one theory to another.
However,these are also transitional devices that would help to
emphasize disagreement or in opposition thereto.

I want to... Informal Transition Formal transition
Add And, besides, also In addition,additionally,moreover,
furthermore
Compare In comparison, similarly
Contrast But, yet In contrast, conversely,
however,nevertheless, on the one
hand/on the other hand
Provide an alternative Or Alternatively, on the one hand/on
the other hand
Provide an example For example, for instance
Specify Especially In particular, more specifically
Emphasize In fact, indeed, in other words
Conclude So In sum, in summary, in conclusin,
thus, therefore, consequently,
taken together

Here are the examples of the transitional words used to link one
study to another by Mahmood (2016).
Agreements
-Similarly, author B points to...
-Likewise, author C makes the case that...
-Author D also makes thispoint
-Again,it is possible to see how author E agreens withauthor D

Disagreements
-However, author B points to...
-On the other hand, author C makes the case
-that...
-Conversely, Athor Dargues...
-Nevertheless, what author E suggestion argues the study of...

LESSON 6
CONTENT OF THE REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE
1.An Introduction that expresses opposing views
There are opposing views to the impact ICT has on the acquisition of learning
by students. On one hand, ICT has been viewed as a tool for promoting quality
learning. this
is supported by studies from several parts of the globe such as Ghamrawi
(2011), Gillespie (2006), Romeo (2006), Murphy (2006), Wongetal (2006), Becta
(2003), Yelland
(2001), Oliver (2000) and Grimus (2000).
Source: Aparejo, Brandino & Calipusan (2020)
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This study is designed to explore the lived experiences of atreet children in
Gingoog City
who are enrolled in Open High School Program (OHSP). To give the
comprehensive view
of this research, review of related literature and studies are presented below
(Lloren, 2016).
Source:Lloren (2016)

2. Body of Review of Related Literature
The second content of the review of related literature is the the body.
The body of related review of literature is oftentimes divided into major
headings and subheadings. In most cases to, the body of related
literature and studies will summarize, evaluate and assess the field of
knowledge under study in current stage. It gives reports and findings on
themes, issues, topics, trends for researchers to confirm or negate. Note
that if review is about a preliminary of a research project, then the body
will focus on the argument in order to justify the issues, topics or
problems under invistigation.

3.Conclusion
The conclusion will give the summary of all the evidences that are
being presented from introduction to the body of related literature and
studies. Aside from that, the conclusion will also give the precise key
findings of other studies of the review in general concepts.
The conclusion for review of related literature is different from the
conclusion of the entire research findings of your study. This conclusion
here is specifically for the review of related literature only. It consists of
one paragraph only summarizing the main points of all the research
findings from abstracts, theories and models used in the study or in your
research.

• Summary
• paraphrase
• choose a topic
• citation
• APA style
• MLA style
• chicago style
• acknowledgement
• Reference or bibliography
• primary sources
• secondary sources

• Through methodological approach
• through chronological order
• through contrasting schools of thoughts
• through prominent authors
• through broad- to specific topic
• body review of related literature
• conclusion
• short direct qoutation

Example in Concluding the Review of Related Literature and Studies
using Summary
Example in concluding the Review of Related Literatureand studies
using evaluation
To sum up, then literature and studies mentioned above give the strong
evidence of what the researchers claim on the lived experiences of the
respondents being teenage mothers.
Different views on the lived experiences of teenage mothers have been
presented from different
findings of various researches and different perspective from prominent
social theorists. Each view is supported by experiences of emotional
and psychological journey into a knowledge of an early motherhood.

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