SE-Lecture 4 - Agile Software Development.pptx

ITS 66404
Principles of Software
Engineering
Nur Haifa
Chapter 4- Agile
Software
Development

Agenda
Plan Driven & Agile
Agile Methods & Principles
Agile Developmental Techniques
Extreme Programming (XP)
Class diagram
Chapter 1 – Intro to Software Engineering 2

Rapid software development
+ Rapid development and delivery is now often the
most important requirement for software systems
Businesses operate in a fast –changing requirement and it is
practically impossible to produce a set of stable software
requirements
Software has to evolve quickly to reflect changing business needs.
+ Plan-driven development is essential for some types
of system but does not meet these business needs.
+ Agile development methods emerged in the late
1990s whose aim was to radically reduce the delivery
time for working software systems
Chapter 4 Agile Software Development 3

Agile development
+ Program specification, design and implementation are inter-leaved
+ The system is developed as a series of versions or increments with
stakeholders involved in version specification and evaluation
+ Frequent delivery of new versions for evaluation
+ Extensive tool support (e.g. automated testing tools) used to support
development.
+ Minimal documentation – focus on working code

Plan-driven and agile development

Plan-driven and agile development
+ Plan-driven development
A plan-driven approach to software engineering is based around separate development
stages with the outputs to be produced at each of these stages planned in advance.
Not necessarily waterfall model – plan-driven, incremental development is possible
Iteration occurs within activities.
+ Agile development
Specification, design, implementation and testing are inter-leaved and the outputs from
the development process are decided through a process of negotiation during the
software development process.

Agile methods

Agile methods
+ Dissatisfaction with the overheads involved in software design methods of
the 1980s and 1990s led to the creation of agile methods. These methods:
Focus on the code rather than the design
Are based on an iterative approach to software development
Are intended to deliver working software quickly and evolve this quickly to meet changing
requirements.
+ The aim of agile methods is to reduce overheads in the software process
(e.g. by limiting documentation) and to be able to respond quickly to
changing requirements without excessive rework.

Agile manifesto
+ We are uncovering better ways of developing software by
doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have
come to value:
Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
Working software over comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
Responding to change over following a plan
+ That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value
the items on the left more.

The principles of agile methods
Principle Description
Customer involvement Customers should be closely involved throughout the
development process. Their role is provide and prioritize new
system requirements and to evaluate the iterations of the
system.
Incremental delivery The software is developed in increments with the customer
specifying the requirements to be included in each increment.
People not process The skills of the development team should be recognized and
exploited. Team members should be left to develop their own
ways of working without prescriptive processes.
Embrace change Expect the system requirements to change and so design the
system to accommodate these changes.
Maintain simplicity Focus on simplicity in both the software being developed and
in the development process. Wherever possible, actively work
to eliminate complexity from the system.

Agile method applicability
+ Product development where a software company is developing
a small or medium-sized product for sale.
Virtually all software products and apps are now developed using an agile
approach
+ Custom system development within an organization, where
there is a clear commitment from the customer to become
involved in the development process and where there are few
external rules and regulations that affect the software.

Agile development techniques

Extreme programming
+ A very influential agile method, developed in the late
1990s, that introduced a range of agile development
techniques.
+ Extreme Programming (XP) takes an ‘extreme’ approach
to iterative development.
New versions may be built several times per day;
Increments are delivered to customers every 2 weeks;
All tests must be run for every build and the build is only accepted if tests run
successfully.

The extreme programming release
cycle

Extreme programming practices (a)
Principle or practice Description
Incremental planning Requirements are recorded on story cards and the stories to be
included in a release are determined by the time available and
their relative priority. The developers break these stories into
development ‘Tasks’.
Small releases The minimal useful set of functionality that provides business
value is developed first. Releases of the system are frequent
and incrementally add functionality to the first release.
Simple design Enough design is carried out to meet the current requirements
and no more.
Test-first development An automated unit test framework is used to write tests for a
new piece of functionality before that functionality itself is
implemented.
Refactoring All developers are expected to refactor the code continuously as
soon as possible code improvements are found. This keeps the
code simple and maintainable.

Extreme programming practices (b)
Pair programming Developers work in pairs, checking each other’s work and
providing the support to always do a good job.
Collective ownership The pairs of developers work on all areas of the system, so that
no islands of expertise develop and all the developers take
responsibility for all of the code. Anyone can change anything.
Continuous integration As soon as the work on a task is complete, it is integrated into
the whole system. After any such integration, all the unit tests in
the system must pass.
Sustainable pace Large amounts of overtime are not considered acceptable as
the net effect is often to reduce code quality and medium term
productivity
On-site customer A representative of the end-user of the system (the customer)
should be available full time for the use of the XP team. In an
extreme programming process, the customer is a member of
the development team and is responsible for bringing system
requirements to the team for implementation.

XP and agile principles
+ Incremental development is supported through small, frequent
system releases.
+ Customer involvement means full-time customer engagement with
the team.
+ People not process through pair programming, collective ownership
and a process that avoids long working hours.
+ Change supported through regular system releases.
+ Maintaining simplicity through constant refactoring of code.

Influential XP practices
+ Extreme programming has a technical focus and is not easy to
integrate with management practice in most organizations.
+ Consequently, while agile development uses practices from XP,
the method as originally defined is not widely used.
+ Key practices
User stories for specification
Test-first development
Pair programming

User stories for requirements
+ In XP, a customer or user is part of the XP team and is
responsible for making decisions on requirements.
+ User requirements are expressed as user stories or scenarios.
+ These are written on cards and the development team break
them down into implementation tasks. These tasks are the
basis of schedule and cost estimates.
+ The customer chooses the stories for inclusion in the next
release based on their priorities and the schedule estimates.

A ‘prescribing medication’ story

Examples of task cards for prescribing
medication

Test-first development
+ Testing is central to XP and XP has developed an approach where
the program is tested after every change has been made.
+ XP testing features:
Test-first development.
Incremental test development from scenarios.
User involvement in test development and validation.
Automated test harnesses are used to run all component tests each time that a new
release is built.

Test-driven development
+ Writing tests before code clarifies the requirements to be
implemented.
+ Tests are written as programs rather than data so that they can
be executed automatically. The test includes a check that it has
executed correctly.
Usually relies on a testing framework such as Junit.
+ All previous and new tests are run automatically when new
functionality is added, thus checking that the new functionality
has not introduced errors.

Customer involvement
+ The role of the customer in the testing process is to help develop
acceptance tests for the stories that are to be implemented in the next
release of the system.
+ The customer who is part of the team writes tests as development proceeds.
All new code is therefore validated to ensure that it is what the customer
needs.
+ However, people adopting the customer role have limited time available and
so cannot work full-time with the development team. They may feel that
providing the requirements was enough of a contribution and so may be
reluctant to get involved in the testing process.

Test case description for dose checking

Test automation
+ Test automation means that tests are written as executable
components before the task is implemented
These testing components should be stand-alone, should simulate the submission of input to be
tested and should check that the result meets the output specification. An automated test
framework (e.g. JUnit) is a system that makes it easy to write executable tests and submit a set
of tests for execution.
https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/java-tutorial/what-is-
junit#:~:text=JUnit%20is%20a%20unit%20testing,in%20the%20code%20is%20broken.
+ As testing is automated, there is always a set of tests that can
be quickly and easily executed
Whenever any functionality is added to the system, the tests can be run and problems that the
new code has introduced can be caught immediately.

Pair programming
+ Pair programming involves programmers working in pairs,
developing code together.
+ This helps develop common ownership of code and spreads
knowledge across the team.
+ It serves as an informal review process as each line of code is
looked at by more than 1 person.

Pair programming
+ In pair programming, programmers sit together at the same computer to
develop the software.
+ Pairs are created dynamically so that all team members work with each
other during the development process.
+ The sharing of knowledge that happens during pair programming is very
important as it reduces the overall risks to a project when team members
leave.
+ Pair programming is not necessarily inefficient and there is some evidence
that suggests that a pair working together is more efficient than 2
programmers working separately.

Agile maintenance
+ Key problems are:
Lack of product documentation
Keeping customers involved in the development process
Maintaining the continuity of the development team
+ Agile development relies on the development team
knowing and understanding what has to be done.
+ For long-lifetime systems, this is a real problem as the
original developers will not always work on the system.

Class Diagram
Illustrate a system’s structure in a detailed way.

CLASS
DIAGRAMS
Sample footer text 3/1/20XX
31

What is a Class?
+ A general template that we use to create
specific instances or objects in the
application domain
+ Represents a kind of person, place, or
thing about which the system will need to
capture and store information
+ Abstractions that specify the attributes and
behaviors of a set of objects

Class
A description of a group of objects all
with similar roles in the system, which
consists of: attributes and operations

REMEMBER THIS ABOUT CLASS
PERSON
PLACE
THING
student
Form
system admin
lecturer
Admin office
University
Computer
Timetable
coordinator
Lecture clsss

Types of Classes
+ Ones found during analysis:
people, places, events, and things about
which the system will capture information
ones found in application domain
+ Ones found during design
specific objects like windows and forms that
are used to build the system

Attributes in a Class
+ Properties of the class about which
we want to capture information
+ Represents a piece of information that
is relevant to the description of the
class within the application domain

Attributes in a Class
+ Only add attributes that are primitive or
atomic types
+ Derived attribute
attributes that are calculated or derived
from other attributes
denoted by placing slash (/) before name

Operations in a Class
+ Represents the actions or functions that a
class can perform
+ Describes the actions to which the
instances of the class will be capable of
responding
+ Can be classified as a constructor, query,
or update operation

UML Representation of Class
Class Name
(ie person, place or thing)
Attributes of Class
Operations/methods of Class

Example of a Class Diagram
Video Rental System
methods
class name
Video
+rentMovie()
Customer
-CID: int
-name: String
+authenticateCustomer ()
relationship
rents
1..*
1..*
multiplicity
visibility
attributes
-cassetteID : int
-cassetteVolumeNo: int

What Is a Class Diagram?
CloseRegistrationForm
+ open()
+ close registration()
Student
+ get tuition()
+ add schedule()
+ get schedule()
+ delete schedule()
+ has pre-requisites()
Schedule
- semester
+ commit()
+ select alternate()
+ remove offering()
+ level()
+ cancel()
+ get cost()
+ delete()
+ submit()
+ save()
+ any conflicts?()
+ create with offerings()
+ update with new selections()
Professor
- name
- employeeID : UniqueId
- hireDate
- status
- discipline
- maxLoad
+ submitFinalGrade()
+ acceptCourseOffering()
+ setMaxLoad()
+ takeSabbatical()
+ teachClass()
CloseRegistrationController
+ is registration open?()
+ close registration()

Class Diagram Usage
+ When modeling the static view of a system, class
diagrams are typically used in one of three ways, to model:
The vocabulary of a system
Collaborations
A logical database schema

Example: Class Diagram
+ Is there a better way to organize class diagrams?
CloseRegistrationForm
LoginForm
Professor
BillingSystem
CloseRegistrationController
RegisterForCoursesForm
Course
CourseCatalogSystem
Student
RegistrationController
CourseOffering
Schedule

What Is an Association?
+ The semantic relationship (logic relationship)
between two or more classifiers that specifies
connections among their instances.
+ A structural relationship specifying that objects
of one thing are connected to objects of
another thing.
Course
Student Schedule

Example: What Associations Can You
Find?
: CourseOffering
: RegistrationController
: Schedule
: Student
: PrimaryScheduleOfferingInfo
8: any conflicts?( )
: RegisterForCoursesForm
2: submit schedule( )
4: submit( )
3: save( )
7: still open?( )
9: add student(Schedule)
5: is selected?( )
10: mark as enrolled in( )
6: has pre-requisites(CourseOffering)
1: submit schedule( )
: Student

What Is Multiplicity?
+ Multiplicity is the number of instances one class relates to ONE
instance of another class.
+ For each association, there are two multiplicity decisions to make,
one for each end of the association.
For each instance of Professor, many Course Offerings may be
taught.
For each instance of Course Offering, there may be either one or
zero Professor as the instructor.
Professor CourseOffering
0..1 0..*
0..1 0..*
instructor

Multiplicity Indicators
1
2..4
0..1
1..*
0..*
1
*
2, 4..6
Unspecified
Exactly One
Zero or More
Zero or One (optional value)
One or More
Specified Range
Multiple, Disjoint Ranges

Example: Multiplicity
RegisterForCoursesForm
CourseOffering
Schedule
0..4
0..*
Student
0..*
1
RegistrationController
1
1
1
1
0..1
0..1
0..1

49
Class diagrams - Multiplicity
+ When you examine an object diagram (or the underlying problem you are modeling) you can determine how many
objects are involved in each type of associations.
+ We include this information which is known as Cardinality or Multiplicity on a class diagram.
+ These document the constraints on the associations that we expect a program to enforce.
+ Cardinality is:
* - 0 .. infinity
2..4 - a restricted range
1, 3..4, 6..* - comma separated lists
<empty> - implies 1, i.e. a mandatory connection, but it’s better
to explicitly specify a 1. For all assessment, all
multiplicities must be explicitly specified
and not left as empty.

50
+ Consider the following order form that may be collected
during requirements.
+ It shows an order system for a business/customers
each order consists of several lines e.g.

51
+ The multiplicity constraints state that…
every OrderLine object must be associated with an Order
every Order must be associated with at least one, but potentially infinite
OrderLines.

52
+ To identify the multiplicity, you can examine an object
diagram.

53
Class diagrams - Self association
+ Self associations is when a class has an association with
itself
Associations with other objects of the same class
+ A Parent/Child self association on class Person
Associations between one object and itself.
+ A Doctor/Patient association, where a doctor treats herself.

54
+ An object diagram shows the difficulty of trying to enforce mandatory self
associations.
+ The Parent cardinality should be 0..2 to reflect that fact that a person’s parents
may not be known.

55
Generalisation/Specialisation/Inheritance
+ Represents a particular ordering/taxonomy
How do you classify trees?
+ Softwood/Hardwood?
+ Deciduous/Evergreen?
Neither classification is correct or incorrect. How you
classify depends on the problem being solved.
We use generalisation to highlight common features in two
or more classes.
Common features could be
+ Attributes
+ Behaviour (more common reason for generalisation)

56
Generalisation/Specialisation/Inheritance
+ The parent class contains features common to all
subclasses
These include attributes, methods, associations
Class Attributes Methods
A a, b X, Y
B a, b, d X, Y, W
C a, b, e, f X, Y, Z

57
+ A class can have an association with itself…
Self associations have subtle semantics.
The example above requires that we always record two parents for every
person in our system.
At some point we will not know someone’s parent.

58
Generalisation
+ Inheritance also extends to associations.
+ If a parent class can take part in an association, then child
classes can also take part in the same associations.
+ The object diagrams (below right) are valid.

59
Conventions for class diagrams
+ Class-Name: Each class is unique within a system.
+ Attributes: A data value held by objects in a class. Each attribute has
a value for each object instance.
+ Operations and Methods: An operation is a function or transformation
that may be applied to or by objects in the class. All objects in the
class share the same operations. A method is the implementation of
an operation for the class.

Components of Software Engineering
61
A framework for
the tasks required
to build high-
quality software.
An agreed, common
language used to
communicate all
aspects of the system,
from requirements to
final design.
Tools to make
working through the
process less difficult
for all involved
The actual software
product or system
built and put into
operation
Tools
Visual
Paradigm
Eclipse
Poseidon
Process
RUP
XP
Notation
UML
Product
eCommerc
e System
Mobile
App

SE-Lecture 4 - Agile Software Development.pptx

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