1. Presented By
Ajay Arun Raut
Class : TE-3
Roll No: 305C051
Under the Guidance of
Prof. S.S.Peerzade
Sinhgad Technical Education Society's
Department of Computer Engineering
Sinhgad College Of Engineering Vadgaon bk Pune-41
DATA STORAGE IN DNA
2. Contents
Introduction
What is DNA?
What is digital Data Storage in DNA?
History
Why DNA as storage medium?
How is data stored in DNA?
Encoding and Decoding Techniques
Advantage and Disadvantage
2 Data storage in DNA
3. Introduction
The demand for data storage devices is increasing day by day as
more and more data is generated every day.
Presently devices such as optical discs, portable hard drives, and
flash drives are used to store data.
All these non-biodegradable materials used in data storage
pollute the environment.
As the data increases, the current data storage technology would
not be enough to store data in future as data is growing every
day.
To backup our data, we are using various hard drives and big
data centers to harvest the important data.
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Data storage in DNA
4. Importance of DNA as storage medium
High capacity
High data storage density
Withstand extreme environmental conditions
High memory space
Secure as invisible to human eye
Effective power usage
Can store data for long periods by protecting from
water and oxygen
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Data storage in DNA
5. Identified failures of existing storage media
Prone to damage from high temperature, moisture and
magnetic fields.
Function only within limited temperature range.
Subject to decay over long period.
Non-bio degradable.
Release high amounts of heat energy.
Uses more energy for functioning.
Robotic Disaster Response 5
7. What is DNA ?
7
• Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a
molecule that carries the genetic
information that used in the growth,
development, of all living organisms.
• The two DNA strands are called
polynucleotides since they are
units called nucleotides. Each
nucleotide is composed of one of ‘ .
four nitrogen containing nucleobases –
cytosine(C),
guanine(G),
adenine(A) or thymine(T).
Data storage in DNA
8. What is digital data storage in DNA?
8
DNA digital data storage refers to any process to store
digital data in the base sequence of DNA.
This technology uses arti cial DNA made using
fi
commercially available oligonucleotide synthesis
machines for storage and DNA sequencing machines
for retrieval.
This type of storage system is more compact than
current magnetic tape or hard drive storage systems
due to the data density of the DNA.
Currently it was reported that in 1 gram of DNA 215
petabytes (215 million gigabytes) could be stored.
Data storage in DNA
10. History
The idea and the general considerations about the possibility of
recording. storage and retrieval of information on DNA molecules were
originally made by Mikhail Neiman and published in 1964-65 in the
journal-USSR, and the technology may therefore be referred to as
MNeimONics, while the storage device may be known as MNeimON
(Mikhail Neiman OligoNucleotides).
In 2007 a device was created at the University of Arizona, using
addressing molecules to encode mismatch sites within a DNA strand.
On August 16, 2012, the journal Science published research by George
Church and colleagues at Harvard University, in which DNA was
encoded with digital information that included an HTML draft of a
53,400 word book written by the lead researcher, eleven JPG images
and one JavaScript program.
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DNA Data Storage
11. 11
An improved system was reported in the journal Nature in
January 2013, in an article led by researchers from the
European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) and submitted at
around the same time as the paper of Church and colleagues.
The long-term stability of data encoded in DNA was
reported in February 2015, in an article by researches from
ETH Zurich.
In March 2017, Dr. Yaniv Erlich and Dina Zielinski of
Columbia University and the New York Genome Center
published a method known as DNA Fountain which allows
perfect retrieval of information from a density of 215
petabytes per gram of DNA.
DNA Data Storage
12. Why DNA as storage medium?
STRUCTURE OF DNA
VERY HIGH DATA STORAGE CAPACITY
LONG LIFE
SMALL SIZE & HIGH DENSITY
PORTABLE
SECURE AS INVISIBLE TO HUMAN EYE
EFFECTIVE POWER USAGE
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DNA Data Storage
14. How is data stored in DNA?
METHOD:
There are various techniques for storing the data in the DNA. In all
methods, firstly the inl"'om1ation is converted into digital form if not.
Then further processing is done. Various encoding techniques are also
used in data storing in DNA, like Huffman coding. The data is converted
into binary codes, this process is called as binarization and these binary
codes are further converted into A, T, G, C sequence with the help of a
device. and this process of conversion is called as DNA encoding. Then
further these ATGC sequences are synthesized into DNA molecules. And
to read this information back from DNA, sequencing of DNA fragments
is done by using various algorithms. And various decoding techniques are
used to decode the data from it. Now, question arises is the random access
of data possible? Yes in most of the techniques the random access of the
data is possible.
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DNA Data Storage
16. Encoding and Decoding Techniques:
ENCODING DATA ON DNA
Polymerase chain reaction based encoding scheme
Alignment based encoding model
Rewritable and RAM based DNA storage system
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DNA Data Storage
17. Codes for Encrypting Data in DNA
Huffman Coding(varying the length of symbols used
for representing a character)
The Comma Code(Frames are separated with
comma’s)
The Alternating Code
Comma-Free Code(Frames are not separated with
commas)
Improved Huffman Coding Scheme
DNA secret writing algorithm
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DNA Data Storage
18. ADVANTAGES
Highly secure
Compact
Easy to carry
Capable of storing very large amount of data.
Long-lived, stable and easily synthesized.
Needs no active maintenance.
Stores digital files without electricity for thousands of
years.
Last for tens of thousands of years.
We can store 215 petabytes in one gram of DNA.
Highly reliable.
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DNA Data Storage
19. Challenges and Disadvantages
The overall process of encoding, amplifying, sequencing,
restructuring and decoding takes significantly more time
than their conventional counterparts.
The retrieval process is slower than that of a personal
computers.
Many types of errors are associated with the current
machines dealing with DNA.
Low speed.
Very high cost of production.
Mutations in DNA.
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DNA Data Storage
21. Microsoft recently decided to invest in the prospect of storing
information with a totally different sort of tech: biotech. lt might
seem off-brand for the software giant, but teaming up with
academics to take on molecular biology has produced stunning
results: The team was able to store and perfectly recall digital data
with incredible storage density. According to an accompanying blog
post, they managed to pack about zoo megabytes of data into just a
fraction of a drop of liquid, including a compressed music video
from the band OK Go. Even more impressive, that data was stored
in a quickly and easily accessible form, making it more akin to
computer RAM, than computer storage.
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DNA Data Storage
22. Conclusion
Thus, using DNA For data storage, it is possible to store huge amount
of data in very less size.
As DNA can retain data for millions of years, it is possible to store data
for a long time.
By using this technique, data is compressed and the security to the data
is provided.
Parallel reading of les is also possible enabling users to read multiple
fi
files at the same time.
By using DNA multiplication, we can create number of copies of
important data and can be distributed to servers.
This technique can be used in future to store the whole data of the
various companies in very small space.
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DNA Data Storage
23. References:
http://science.sciencemag.org
https://www.hindawi.com/journals - BioMed Research International
https://theconversation.com/
https://www.sciencealert.com/
https://www.extremetech.com/
A. Rosenblum, “Microsoft reports a big leap forward for
DNA data storage," 2016
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_digital_data_storage
https://www.researchgate.net
http://www.ijoee.org
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DNA Data Storage
