Sentence and their structures.ppt
- 2. The Organised Languages The Smallest Unit Alphabet, Letters For example A b c d….. Every letter refers to a specific sound and pattern of use
- 3. Word A collection of letters, with an organised pattern and sequence, that conveys a concept and sense is called a Word. City, Evening, Stars, Have Ctyi, Envgnie, Sarts, Have
- 4. Phrase A combination of more than one words without any sense or meaning is called a phrase. Sami engineer, black sweater, blue shirt, the brave people of Kashmir in India The brave soldiers of Pakistan army and the normal citizens in the villages near the border areas.
- 5. Sentence A collection of words that conveys proper sense, concept and meaning Sami is an engineer. Engineer Sami an is. Examples: The child plays in the garden. You have worked very hard. We are playing Cricket in the ground. Where are you residing these days?
- 6. Forming a Sentence To form a sentence you need a subject and a predicate. Subject Predicate Ahmed eats mangoes in the kitchen. I walk in the garden bare footed. I walk. Ahmed eats.
- 7. Phrase and Sentence The brave soldiers of Pakistan army and the normal citizens in the villages near the border areas The brave soldiers of Pakistan army and the normal citizens in the villages near the border areas fight together.
- 10. ARE MADE OF ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE AND THEREFORE FORM A COMPLETE THOUGHT. Simple sentences
- 12. ARE MADE OF TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES JOINED IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAYS: 1 . A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION WITH A COMMA 2. A SEMICOLON WITH A CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB 3. A SEMICOLON ONLY Compound Sentences
- 13. Compound Sentence with a Coordinating Conjunction Example with a Coordinating Conjunction I like to dance, but Jim likes to sing. Independent Clause Coordinating Conjunction Independent Clause
- 14. Compound Sentence with a Conjunctive Adverb and Semicolon Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause. Some common conjunctive adverbs: Moreover However Otherwise Therefore
- 15. “Floating” Conjunctive Adverb Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich. Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich. Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
- 16. Compound Sentence with a Semicolon “If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon.” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361) Example: Tom has benefited from exercising; he is slim and energetic.
- 17. Complex Sentence
- 18. Complex Sentence contain one independent and one subordinate (dependent) clause the subordinate clause begins with a subordinate conjunction the clauses can appear in any order
- 19. Complex Sentence After the sun set, we built a campfire. We built a campfire after the sun set. Dependent Clause Independent Clause Dependent Clause Independent Clause *Note the comma when the dependent clause comes at the beginning of a sentence.
- 21. contains one subordinate (dependent) clause two or more independent clauses Example: Since we wanted to have fun, my boyfriend and I went to San Juan yesterday, and we danced all night. Compound-Complex Sentence
- 22. Exercises
- 23. 1. The bell rang. 2. Bridget ran the first part of the race, and Tara biked the second part. 3. He stands at the bottom of the cliff while the climber moves up the rock. 4. The skier turned and jumped. 5. Naoki passed the test because he studied hard and he understood the material. Indicate if the following sentences are: Simple, compound, complex or compound-complex.
- 24. Answers 1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Simple 5. Compound-complex
- 25. 1. Because Kayla has so much climbing experience , we asked her to lead our group. 2. You and I need piano lessons. 3. I planned to go to the hockey game, but I couldn’t get tickets. 4. Dorothy likes white water rafting, but she also enjoys kayaking. 5. There are many problems to solve before this program can be used, but engineers believe that they will be able to solve them soon. Indicate if the following sentences are: Simple, compound, complex or compound-complex.
- 26. Answers 1. Complex 2. Simple 3. Compound 4. Compound 5. Compound-complex
- 27. References Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999. The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.