Sentence_Structure_Powerpoint Types of sentences.ppt
- 2. Simple Sentence: Has one subject-verb combination Subject may be compound- My brother and I are completely different. Verb may also be compound- They laughed and cried at the same time.
- 3. Simple Sentences (no commas used) Formulas My younger sister speaks English very well. My mother and father speak English well. My older brother is a lawyer and has a good job. My mother and father speak and write English well. SV (simple subject with simple verb) SSV (compound subject with simple verb) SVV (simple subject with compound verb) SSVV (compound subject with compound verb)
- 4. Conjunctions- Connecting Words And- joins two or more similar things in positive sentences: I like Chinese and Italian food. Swimming and water- skiing are my favourite activities. We have class on Mondays, Wednesday and Fridays. Or- connects two or more similar things in negative sentences: I don’t like British or American food. We don’t have class on Tuesdays or Thursdays. I can’t play tennis, ride a horse, or roller skate very well.
- 5. Or also connects two or more choices or alternatives: I would like to go to Antigua, Barbados, or Grenada on my next vacation. (You cannot go to all three places. Choose one.) My father or my mother will meet me at the airport. (Only one person will come to the airport) COMPARE: My father and my mother will meet me at the airport. (Two people will come to the airport)
- 6. Formula And joins two or more positives- I love rainbows, kittens, and ponies. Or joins two or more negatives- I don’t like hot dogs or hamburgers. Or also connects choices- Is this sentence true or false? + + - - T? F?
- 7. Partner: Combine the two sentences in each pair to make one sentence. Use and or or according to the meaning. Try not to repeat any words: 1. I can speak English. I can understand English. 2. I can’t speak Tagalog. I can’t speak Vietnamese. 3. Blue is my favourite colour. Yellow is my favourite colour. (Verb and the word colour must be plural) 4. Would you like soup? Would you like salad? 5. You can have rice with your meal. You can have potatoes with your meal. (You can only have one) 6. Hellen Keller, a famous American woman, was blind. Hellen Keller, a famous American woman was deaf. 7. She could not see. She could not hear.
- 8. Compound Sentence: Has two SV (subject-verb) combinations joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. A compound sentence is two simple sentences connected by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. Formula : Simple sentence, COORDINATING CONJUNCTION simple sentence. Compound sentence has a comma before the coordinating conjunction.
- 9. Coordinating Conjunction A type of connecting word. There are seven: F- for A- and N- nor B- but O- or Y- yet S- so
- 10. Compound Sentences: Simple Sentence Coordinating Conjunction Simple Sentence My family goes camping every summer, and we usually have fun. Last year we went camping at Blue Lake, but we had a terrible time. Next year we will take a cruise, or we may just stay at home. We want to go to Hawaii soon, so we need to save money. NB- It is possible to connect three simple sentences. Do not connect more than three, do not use the same conjunction twice: Simple sentence, BUT simple sentence, SO simple sentence. Example: We love to camp, but last year we didn’t enjoy it, so this year we will do something different during our vacation.
- 11. Compound Sentences vs. Simple Sentences with Compound Verbs Do not confuse a compound sentence with a simple sentence that has a compound verb. Remember that a simple sentence only has one SV combination. However, the subjects in a simple sentence can be compound (My brother and I won). The verbs can also be compound (We swam and fished). A compound sentence has two SV combinations.
- 12. Compare three pairs of sentences. The first of each pair is simple and doesn’t need a comma. The second one is compound and requires a comma: Simple Sentence with Compound Verb: 1. My family goes camping every summer and usually has fun. SVV Compound Sentence: 1. My family goes camping every summer, and we usually have fun. SV, and SV Simple Sentence with Compound Verb: 2. Last year we went camping but had a terrible time. SVV Compound Sentence: 2. Last year we went camping, but we had a terrible time. SV, but SV Simple Sentence with Compound Verb: 3. Next year we will take a cruise or go to a Club Med. SVV 3. Next year we will take a
- 13. Practice: Underline the subjects with one line and the verbs with two lines. Identify whether sentence is simple or compound: 1. The quarterback is the most important player on the team. 2. The quarterback can throw the ball or run with it. 3. The quarterback can throw the ball, but the other players can only run with it. 4. One team carries or throws the ball across the goal line of the other team to score a touchdown. 5. Then the other team gets the ball, and it is their turn to try to make a touchdown. 6. The offensive team can also kick the ball between the goal posts of the other team to score points.
- 14. Coordinating Conjunctions: And, But, Or, So When used to form a compound sentence, the coordinating conjunctions have these meanings: and- connects two sentences with similar ideas; the sentences can be positive or negative: My roommate is an art student, and her boyfriend plays in a rock band. She doesn’t like rock music, and he doesn’t like art. but- connects two sentences with contrasting or opposite ideas: She likes classical music, but she doesn’t like rock. She also likes country music, but he hates it.
- 15. Coordinating Conjunctions: And, But, Or, So or- connects two sentences that express alternatives or choices: Every Friday night, they go to a classical concert, or they visit an art gallery. Then on Saturday night, he practices with his band, or they go to hear another rock group. so- connects a reason and a result: Reason Result They both like jazz, so they go to jazz concerts together. He works every night, so they don’t go out very often. He can’t practice at his apartment, so he uses hers.
- 17. Clause: group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Types: Independent Clauses- It rained Dependent Clauses- …because it rained… An independent clause has one SV combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. A simple sentence is an independent clause: 1.Paris has excellent art museums. 2.It was cold and windy yesterday. 3.We finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen.
- 18. A dependent clause is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it: …because it has excellent art museums… …although it was cold and windy yesterday… …after we finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen…
- 19. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It needs to be joined to an independent clause to make sense. Independent Clause Dependent Clause Art students should visit Paris because it has excellent art museums. We went on a hike although it was cold and windy yesterday. We watched TV after we finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen
- 20. Subordinating Conjunctions There are many subordinating conjunctions. Some introduce reasons, some introduce times, and other introduce contrasts and conditions: Reason: because Contrast: although Condition: if Time: before, when, after, while
- 21. Subordinating Conjunctions used in Sentences: 1. We cancelled our picnic because it rained. 2. Wait for a green light before you cross the street. 3. I will go straight to bed after I finish this exercise. 4. Where were you when I called? 5. My neighbours were having a party while I was trying to sleep. 6. My father doesn’t speak English although he lived in England for many years. 7. I will be happy if I win the lottery. NB- The dependent clauses are underlined.
- 22. Things to Remember: 1. A few subordinating conjunctions are also prepositions: - after my accident (preposition) - after I had my accident (subordinating conjunction) - before class (preposition) - before class begins (subordinating conjunction)
- 23. 2. Because is a subordinating conjunction. Because of is a two-word preposition. - because of my accident (preposition) - because I had an accident (subordinating conjunction) 3. Although introduces a contrast or opposite. It has about the same meaning as but. - Although they didn’t study, they passed the test. (They didn’t study, but they passed the test anyway.) - Although I was tired, I couldn’t go to sleep. (I was tired, but I couldn’t go to sleep.) - Although the weather was bad, they went on a picnic. (The weather was bad, but they went on a picnic anyway.)
- 24. 4. If introduces a condition. - If you don’t study, you will fail the test. - If it rains, we will cancel our picnic. - If you love Me, keep My commandments. - If you visit my country, you should spend several days in the capital.
- 25. Practice: Independent and Dependent Clause Identify whether each group of words is an independent clause (IC) or dependent clause (DC). If any are DCs, identify the subordinating conjunction: 1.While the class was taking a test. 2.I take a walk around the block. 3.Before I go to work. 4.This exercise wakes up my body and clears my mind. 5.It’s hard to do this in the winter. 6.Because it is still dark when I go to work. 7.Although I try to get up early even on weekends.
- 26. 8. I sometimes sleep late on Saturdays. 9. When it is raining, of course. 10. I never go out. 11. I become moody and depressed. 12. If I don’t exercise for several days.
- 28. A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. The clauses in a complex sentence can be in any order. If the dependent clause is first, put a comma after it: - Marta always gets A’s because she studies hard. - Because Marta studies hard, she always gets A’s. - I will quit my job immediately if I win the lottery. - If I win the lottery, I will quit my job immediately. - We went home after the dance ended. - After the dance ended, we went home.
- 29. Formulas for Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences are as follows: (*IC- independent clause, DC- dependent clause) Simple sentence = IC* Compound sentence = IC, coordinating conjunction IC Complex sentence = IC DC* (no comma) OR DC, IC (comma)