![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Measurement and
Verification (M&V)
When you perform an energy conservation
measure , arising questions are:
How much energy do you save?
How can you calculate the savings if
production or circumstances change?
You make more or less products than
before establishing the ECM?
Your production runs in another way?
So you need
to systematically measure your energy
consumption and
to develop a detailled view of your energy
flows.
[2]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-5-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Measurement and
Verification (M&V)
The method M&V helps you
to isolate the energy savings delivered by the
ECM and
to evaluate the energy savings.
To be exact:
M&V is the process of quantifying savings. A
common and international used method to do
this is the International Performance
Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP).
The IPMVP is developed by the Efficiency
Valuation Organization (EVO). When we speak
of M&V we include IPMVP.
[1, 2, 3]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-6-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
M&V is suitable for all kinds of energy.
Related to electricity Eskom – a South
African public utility – says:
“The basic principle of M&V is to compare
the measured electricity consumption and
demand after implementation with what it
was before implementation in order to
determine the impacts.” [2]
Definition
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 11](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-11-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Measure:
Compare energy use before and after
implementing an energy saving measure.
Difficulties:
Project partners are biased; they neglect
important steps or estimate too optimistic.
For them it can be difficult to deliver an
objective assessment and maintain a
transparent process.
Better:
An impartial team coordinates the M&V.
[3]
Before Starting
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 12](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-12-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Baseline
System can be changed between pre-implementation and post-
implementation due to factors like environment, capacity utilization,
working times etc.
Measures:
The pre-implementation use is regarded as a baseline (a known
system and known values).
If system did not change, the post-implementation use can
directly be compared to the baseline.
If system did change adjustments have to be calculated.
[3]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-13-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Options:
To verify the measure you choose one of the four M&V options (see following
slides).
Measure:
1. Measure energy consumption before implementation
2. Implement energy saving measures
3. Determine adjustments
4. Measure energy consumption again
5. Calculate savings
Formula:
Savings = Pre-implementation energy use
– Post-implementation energy use
± Adjustments [2, 3]
Action
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 14](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-14-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Options
M&V is implemented in different levels of complexity. Depending on the
project size and the aimed impact four options arise.
Option A: Partially Measured Retrofit Isolation
Usage is both measured and stipulated/estimated
Option B: Retrofit Isolation
Usage is measured
Option C: Whole Building
Energy usage of a whole building is measured
Option D: Calibrated Simulation
Computer simulation to predict energy use
[2, 3, 5]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 15](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-15-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Option A: Partially Measured
Retrofit Isolation
Calculation of energy consumption for baseline and during
investigation period
Estimation of some of the parameters
Adjustments as required
Suitable for all system sizes, best for single units
Example:
Measurement of power draw of lighting
Estimation of operating hours
[2, 3, 5]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 16](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-16-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Option B: Retrofit Isolation
Short-term or long-term measurements of important parameters
Adjustments as required
Suitable for all system sizes, best for single units
Example:
Measurement of the electric power of a pump
Repeated measurement after replacing the pump
[3]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 17](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-17-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Option C: Whole Building
Power consumption measurement of a whole building or facility
Used when a single measurement is difficult or a measure affects
different elements in a facility
Example
Renewal of the heating system and insulation of a whole building.
A long-term measurement before implementing the energy saving
measure serves as reference/baseline.
A repeated measure is compared to the baseline.
[3]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 18](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-18-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Option D: Calibrated Simulation
Savings are calculated via simulation of a facility.
An energy measurement before the energy measure is not necessarily
needed. For example, billing data can be used to determine energy usage.
Calibration is needed to establish comparability. Calibration can be done
by fitting simulated values to measured values.
Example
A multifaceted energy measure that affects a whole building is
implemented. But no meter was installed previously.
Baseline energy use is simulated.
After installation of energy meters simulation can be calibrated.
Simulation can be compared to measurement. [3]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-19-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
How to choose an M&V option
In the literature you find instructions or recommendations to choose one of the
options A, B, C or D.
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 20
[3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-20-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Are the savings lasting?
Energy measures can fail (e.g. only short-term savings, „rebound effect“: less
energy usage leads to more system usage, employees act inappropriate)
Less energy usage in one area or application can lead to more energy
usage in another area
If you have measuring instruments installed: Monitor your savings.
The method „Monitoring and Targeting“ (M&T) can follow M&V.
Use your models to survey energy consumption.
[3]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 21](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-21-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Project: Boiler Efficiency
Improvement [3]
Situation:
– A boiler contractor replaces an
existing boiler in an office bulding.
– The contractor guarantees annual
oil savings of at least 25.000€.
– The contactor is obligated to
provide a savings report and
proceed according to M&V Plan.
– During M&V period major building
changes are going on.
Practical example
34](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-34-320.jpg)
![Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
[1] Wikipedia: Measurement and Verification. URL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_and_Verification
[2] Eskom (2010): The Measurement and Verification Guideline for Energy Efficiency and
Demand-Side Management (EEDSM) Projects and Programmes. URL:
http://www.eskom.co.za/IDM/MeasurementVerification/Documents/M_and_V_guideline_v10r
5.pdf
[3] Efficiency Valuation Organization (2012): International Performance Measurement and
Verification Protocol. URL:
http://www.evo-world.org/index.php?option=com_rsform&formId=113&lang=en
[4] U.S. Department of Energy (2008): M&V Guidelines: Measurement and Verification for
Federal Energy Projects, Version 3.0. URL:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/mv_guidelines.pdf
[5] European Commission (2009): Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for
Energy Efficiency. URL: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/ENE_Adopted_02-
2009.pdf
Readings
39](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measurementandverificationfinal-140415100223-phpapp01/85/SESEC-Training-Module-10-Measurement-and-Verification-39-320.jpg)
SESEC Training Module 10: Measurement and Verification
- 1. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 1
- 2. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Overview Introduction Applying energy saving measures Method: Measurement and Verification (M&V) Theory Definition Baseline Calculation Options Exercises Business Case Example Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 2
- 3. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 3
- 4. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Measurement and Verification (M&V) You perform an energy conservation measure (ECM). An ECM can be: Installation of insulation Replacing windows Replacing light bulbs Modernisation of heating system Modernisation of machinery … Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 4
- 5. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Measurement and Verification (M&V) When you perform an energy conservation measure , arising questions are: How much energy do you save? How can you calculate the savings if production or circumstances change? You make more or less products than before establishing the ECM? Your production runs in another way? So you need to systematically measure your energy consumption and to develop a detailled view of your energy flows. [2] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 5
- 6. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Measurement and Verification (M&V) The method M&V helps you to isolate the energy savings delivered by the ECM and to evaluate the energy savings. To be exact: M&V is the process of quantifying savings. A common and international used method to do this is the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP). The IPMVP is developed by the Efficiency Valuation Organization (EVO). When we speak of M&V we include IPMVP. [1, 2, 3] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 6
- 7. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Measurement and Verification helps you to identify and calculate energy savings. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 7
- 8. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Theory. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 8
- 9. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 9
- 10. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union How much are we saving and are the savings being sustained? Main question Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 10
- 11. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union M&V is suitable for all kinds of energy. Related to electricity Eskom – a South African public utility – says: “The basic principle of M&V is to compare the measured electricity consumption and demand after implementation with what it was before implementation in order to determine the impacts.” [2] Definition Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 11
- 12. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Measure: Compare energy use before and after implementing an energy saving measure. Difficulties: Project partners are biased; they neglect important steps or estimate too optimistic. For them it can be difficult to deliver an objective assessment and maintain a transparent process. Better: An impartial team coordinates the M&V. [3] Before Starting Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 12
- 13. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Baseline System can be changed between pre-implementation and post- implementation due to factors like environment, capacity utilization, working times etc. Measures: The pre-implementation use is regarded as a baseline (a known system and known values). If system did not change, the post-implementation use can directly be compared to the baseline. If system did change adjustments have to be calculated. [3] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 13
- 14. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Options: To verify the measure you choose one of the four M&V options (see following slides). Measure: 1. Measure energy consumption before implementation 2. Implement energy saving measures 3. Determine adjustments 4. Measure energy consumption again 5. Calculate savings Formula: Savings = Pre-implementation energy use – Post-implementation energy use ± Adjustments [2, 3] Action Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 14
- 15. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Options M&V is implemented in different levels of complexity. Depending on the project size and the aimed impact four options arise. Option A: Partially Measured Retrofit Isolation Usage is both measured and stipulated/estimated Option B: Retrofit Isolation Usage is measured Option C: Whole Building Energy usage of a whole building is measured Option D: Calibrated Simulation Computer simulation to predict energy use [2, 3, 5] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 15
- 16. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Option A: Partially Measured Retrofit Isolation Calculation of energy consumption for baseline and during investigation period Estimation of some of the parameters Adjustments as required Suitable for all system sizes, best for single units Example: Measurement of power draw of lighting Estimation of operating hours [2, 3, 5] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 16
- 17. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Option B: Retrofit Isolation Short-term or long-term measurements of important parameters Adjustments as required Suitable for all system sizes, best for single units Example: Measurement of the electric power of a pump Repeated measurement after replacing the pump [3] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 17
- 18. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Option C: Whole Building Power consumption measurement of a whole building or facility Used when a single measurement is difficult or a measure affects different elements in a facility Example Renewal of the heating system and insulation of a whole building. A long-term measurement before implementing the energy saving measure serves as reference/baseline. A repeated measure is compared to the baseline. [3] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 18
- 19. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Option D: Calibrated Simulation Savings are calculated via simulation of a facility. An energy measurement before the energy measure is not necessarily needed. For example, billing data can be used to determine energy usage. Calibration is needed to establish comparability. Calibration can be done by fitting simulated values to measured values. Example A multifaceted energy measure that affects a whole building is implemented. But no meter was installed previously. Baseline energy use is simulated. After installation of energy meters simulation can be calibrated. Simulation can be compared to measurement. [3] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 19
- 20. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union How to choose an M&V option In the literature you find instructions or recommendations to choose one of the options A, B, C or D. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 20 [3]
- 21. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Are the savings lasting? Energy measures can fail (e.g. only short-term savings, „rebound effect“: less energy usage leads to more system usage, employees act inappropriate) Less energy usage in one area or application can lead to more energy usage in another area If you have measuring instruments installed: Monitor your savings. The method „Monitoring and Targeting“ (M&T) can follow M&V. Use your models to survey energy consumption. [3] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 21
- 22. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Exercises. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 22
- 23. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union When do you use Measurement and Verification? a. When an energy conservation measure is installed. b. When energy usage is higher than average. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Usage of M&V 23
- 24. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union When do you use Measurement and Verification? a. When an energy conservation measure is installed. b. When energy usage is higher than average. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Usage of M&V 24
- 25. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Gap text Enter the correct, missing word. Savings = Pre-______________ energy use – Post-______________ energy use ± Adjustments Measurement Simulation Implementation Verification 25
- 26. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Gap text Enter the correct, missing word. Savings = Pre-______________ energy use – Post-______________ energy use ± Adjustments Measurement Simulation Implementation Verification 26
- 27. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Why do you need adjustments in the calculation of energy savings? a. Because energy prices can change during M&V. b. Because machine usage or weather can change during M&V. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Adjustments 27
- 28. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Why do you need adjustments in the calculation of energy savings? a. Because energy prices can change during M&V. b. Because machine usage or weather can change during M&V. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Adjustments 28
- 29. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Option A: Partially Measured Retrofit Isolation; usage is both measured and stipulated/estimated Option B: Retrofit Isolation; usage is measured Option C: Whole Building; energy usage of a whole building is measured Option D: Calibrated Simulation; computer simulation to predict energy use What„s different between the options A to D? a. A is for small companies, B and C for medium companies, D for big companies. b. They differ in the scale of measured, simulated and estimated data. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Options 29
- 30. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Option A: Partially Measured Retrofit Isolation; usage is both measured and stipulated/estimated Option B: Retrofit Isolation; usage is measured Option C: Whole Building; energy usage of a whole building is measured Option D: Calibrated Simulation; computer simulation to predict energy use What„s different between the options A to D? a. A is for small companies, B and C for medium companies, D for big companies. b. They differ in the scale of measured, simulated and estimated data. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Options 30
- 31. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Think of a system in your company that could be analysed by M&V. Virtually perform the M&V process. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Analysis 31
- 32. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Did you consider if energy use can be measured before the ECM? Did you consider installing measurement technology? Did you choose one of the four M&V options? Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Analysis 32
- 33. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Business Case. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 33
- 34. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Project: Boiler Efficiency Improvement [3] Situation: – A boiler contractor replaces an existing boiler in an office bulding. – The contractor guarantees annual oil savings of at least 25.000€. – The contactor is obligated to provide a savings report and proceed according to M&V Plan. – During M&V period major building changes are going on. Practical example 34
- 35. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Measures: – Choice of Option A to isolate the boiler from the rest of the building. – System boundary is around the boiler: Oil input and thermal energy output excluding electrical energy. – During three pre-definded standard days efficiency of the boiler is measured before and after replacement. Practical example 35
- 36. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Savings: Saved amount of oil per year: 45.700 liters Savings per year: 31.990 € (assuming 0,70 €/liter) Before Replacement After Replacement Efficiency 65,2 % 80,6 % Oil usage per year 239.200 liters 193.500 liters Practical example 36
- 37. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Summary. Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary 37
- 38. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary It is important to supervise the success of an energy conservation measure (ECM). M&V can help to isolate the energy savings by the ECM and can help to evaluate the savings. Compare energy use before and after implementing an ECM. Changes in the system or the environment lead to adjustments in the calculation. Four options are available to calculate the savings. After performing M&V a long-term monitoring helps to sustain the savings. Repetition 38
- 39. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary [1] Wikipedia: Measurement and Verification. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_and_Verification [2] Eskom (2010): The Measurement and Verification Guideline for Energy Efficiency and Demand-Side Management (EEDSM) Projects and Programmes. URL: http://www.eskom.co.za/IDM/MeasurementVerification/Documents/M_and_V_guideline_v10r 5.pdf [3] Efficiency Valuation Organization (2012): International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol. URL: http://www.evo-world.org/index.php?option=com_rsform&formId=113&lang=en [4] U.S. Department of Energy (2008): M&V Guidelines: Measurement and Verification for Federal Energy Projects, Version 3.0. URL: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/mv_guidelines.pdf [5] European Commission (2009): Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Energy Efficiency. URL: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/ENE_Adopted_02- 2009.pdf Readings 39
- 40. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Slide 1 – Tekke: Stromkosten steigen! – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/tekkebln/8978451063/sizes/k/in/photostream / License: CC BY-ND 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/legalcode) Slide 3, 22 – Florian Simeth: Arbeiten von zu Hause mit dem Laptop – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/hangout-lifestyle/5865980513/sizes/o/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode) Slide 4, 5, 6 – dr. friendly: halogen glühlampe – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/57777529@N02/5343580540/sizes/z/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode) Slide 7 – Tai Viinikka: IMG_1956: The Energy Detective – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastpole/2087714870/sizes/l/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/legalcode) Slide 8 – botgirlq: EXTROVERSION CHART – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/botgirlq/2541357441/sizes/o/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-NC 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode) Slide 9 – Dennis Skley: *grübel* – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/dskley/8627475625/sizes/z/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-ND 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/legalcode) Slide 10, 23, 27, 29, 31 – Bilal Kamoon: Question Mark Graffiti – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilal- kamoon/6835060992/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode) Slide 12 – AndYaDontStop: The road of life twists and turns and no two directions are ever the same. Yet our lessons come from the journey, not the destination......365/365 – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/thenovys/3833212599/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode) Pictures -1 40
- 41. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary Slide 24, 28, 30, 32 – Photocapy: ! – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/photocapy/3834784192/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode) Slide 33 – Son of Groucho: Not Our Guide – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonofgroucho/3855487710/sizes/z/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode) Slide 34 – nz_willowherb: Boilers – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/willowherb/354986002/sizes/z/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-NC 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode) Slide 37 – Kutchala Sutchi: Repetition, 23.03.'10, Abidjan-Yopougon (4640) – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/kutchala/4469943694/sizes/o/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode) Pictures -2 41