Short History of Computer
- 1. Introduction to Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) i.e. Computer
- 2. History of Computer A. Brief History of Computer B. Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing C. Computer Generations
- 3. Objective: To be familiar with the history and the developments of computing devices.
- 4. Brief History of Computer THE EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES The earliest data processing equipment were all manual - mechanical devices due to the absence of electricity and adequate industrial technology.
- 5. ABACUS ( 300 B.C. by the Babylonians ) The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation.
- 6. ABACUS A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the 2 hands.
- 7. In 1617 an eccentric Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks. John Napier ( 1550 – 1617 ) John Napier is best known as the inventor of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics. Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier University. After his death from the effects of gout, Napier's remains were buried in St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh.
- 8. An original set of Napier's Bones A modern set of Napier's Bones
- 9. Blaise Pascal In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at the age of 19, he invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one- function calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision). Pascaline or Pascal Calculator • It can be called “Arithmatique Machine” • The first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. • It was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials.
- 10. A 6 digit model for those who couldn't afford the 8 digit model
- 11. By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine. This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables. Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)
- 12. Babbage’s Differential Engine Designed to automate a standard procedure for calculating roots of polynomials
- 13. A small section of the type of mechanism employed in Babbage's Difference Engine
- 14. The Analytical Engine • It was a proposed mechanical general- purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage. • 2 main parts: the “Store” where numbers are held and the “Mill” where they were woven into new results Babbage’s Analytical Engine
- 15. Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) •English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. •Her notes on the engine include what is recognized as the first Algorithm intended to be processed by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer. •Referred to as the “First Programmer”
- 16. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
- 17. Mark I Developed by Howard Aiken at Harvard University
- 18. Mark I •Official name was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. •Could perform the 4 basic arithmetic operations.
- 19. ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator • developed by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly • 1st large-scale vacuum-tube computer
- 20. EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer • Developed by John Von Neumann • a modified version of the ENIAC • employed binary arithmetic • has stored program capability
- 21. EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator •built by Maurice Wilkes during the year 1949 •one of the first stored-program machine computers and one of the first to use binary digits
- 22. UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer Developed by George Gray in Remington Rand Corp. Manufactured as the first commercially available first generation computer.
- 23. IBM International Business Machines By 1960, IBM was the dominant force in the market of large mainframe computers
- 24. IBM 650 •built in the year 1953 by IBM and marked the dominance of IBM in the computer industry.
- 29. FIRST GENERATION (1946-1959) •Vacuum tube based •The use vacuum tubes in place of relays as a means of storing data in memory and the use of stored‐program concept. •It requires 3.5 KW of electricity per day to keep the vacuum tubes running
- 30. Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
- 31. WHO INVENT THE VACUUM TUBES? • First invented by a British scientist named John A. Fleming in 1919, although Edison had made some dsicoveries while working on the lightbulb. The vacuum tube was improved by Lee DeForest.
- 32. Vacuum Tubes
- 33. The main features of First Generation are: • Vacuum tube technology • Unreliable • Supported Machine language only • Very costly • Generate lot of heat • Slow Input/Output device • Huge size • Need ofA.C. • Non-portable • Consumed lot of electricity
- 34. Some computers of this generation were: • ENIAC • EDVAC • UNIVAC • IBM-701
- 35. SECOND GENERATION (1959-1965) •This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. •In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
- 36. WHO INVENTED THE TRANSISTORS? • The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain (right).
- 37. The main features of Second Generation are: • Use of transistors • Reliable as compared to First generation computers • Smaller size as compared to First generation computers • Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers • Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers • Faster than first generation computers • Still very costly • A.C. needed • Support machine and assembly languages
- 38. Some computers of this generation were: • IBM 1620 • IBM 7094 • CDC 1604 • CDC 3600 • UNIVAC 1108
- 39. THIRD GENERATION (1965-1971) •Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors •A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. •Integrated solid‐state circuitry, improved secondary storage devices and new input/output devices were the most important advances in this generation.
- 40. The main features of Third Generation are: • IC used • More reliable • Smaller size • Generate less heat • Faster • Lesser maintenance • Still costly • A.C. needed • Consumed lesser electricity • Support high-level language
- 42. WHO INVENT THE IC? • The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born, when the German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi (de) developed and patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal in 1952. A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a prototype integrated circuit (IC).
- 43. Some computers of this generation were: •IBM-360 series •Honeywell-6000 series •PDP (Personal Data Processor) •IBM-370/168 •TDC-316
- 44. FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980) •Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) •VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
- 45. • Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. • In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real- time, Multi-programming Operating System were used. • All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were used in this generation.
- 46. The main features of Fourth Generation are: • VLSI technology used • Very cheap • Portable and reliable • Use of PC's • Very small size • Pipeline processing • No A.C. needed • Concept of internet was introduced • Great developments in the fields of networks • Computers became easily available
- 47. Some computers of this generation were: • DEC 10 • STAR 1000 • PDP 11 • CRAY-1 (Super Computer • CRAY-X-MP
- 48. FIFTH GENERATION Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence • Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.