SKELETAL SYSTEM-1.ppt
- 1. SKELETAL SYSTEM BONES & JOINTS
- 3. Functions of the Bones 1. Support 2.Protection 3. Movement 4.Storage 5.Hematopoiesis
- 5. Table. 6.1
- 6. 2 Types of Bone Compact bone Spongy bone
- 7. CLASSIFICATION of BONES • According to structure 1. compact = solid mass; dense & hard = forms the outer layer of bone structure = functional unit --- Haversian system 2. cancellous or spongy = contain spaces filled with bone marrow = incomplete Haversian system
- 9. CLASSIFICATION of BONES • According to shape 1. long bones = length is greater than breadth = consists of shaft (diaphysis) & two extremities (epiphysis) diaphysis = filled with yellow marrow = cylindrical, large space or canal at the center = periosteum epiphysis = made up of cancellous tissue e.g.: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, phalanges Membranes: 1. periosteum 2. endosteum
- 10. CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n. • According to shape 2. short bones = cuboidal in shape = spongy bone with thin coat of compact bone = sesamoid bone -- short bone embedded in a tendon e.g.: patella e.g.: carpals (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bones 3. flat bones = broad or elongated flat plates = for protection & muscle attachments composition: 2 thin layers of compact tse. enclosing a thin layer of spongy bone e.g.: bones of the skull, sternum, ribs, scapula
- 11. CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n. • According to shape 4. Irregular bones = all other bones not assigned to the previous groups e.g.: vertebrae pelvic bones bones of the base of the skull
- 12. CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n. • According to location A X I A L skull 22 hyoid 1 ossicles 6 vertebrae 26 ribs & sternum 25_ 80
- 13. CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n. • According to location APPENDICULAR Upper Extremities Lower Extremities clavicle 2 hip bone 2 scapulae 2 femur 2 humerus 2 patella 2 radius 2 tibia 2 ulna 2 fibula 2 carpals 16 tarsals 14 metacarpals 10 metatarsals 10 phalanges 28__ phalanges 28__ 64 62
- 14. Fig. 6.10
- 15. AXIAL SKELETON I. SKULL = skeleton --- head & face = united by joints (sutures) cranium -- skull minus mandible cavities: a. Cranial - contains the brain b. Orbital - contains eyeball & accessory organs c. nasal
- 18. Fig. 6.14
- 19. Fontanelle = membrane filled spaces found in the skull of newborn infants e.g.: 1. anterior = largest 2. posterior 3. anterolateral (sphenoidal) 4. posterolateral (mastoid)
- 21. Fig. 6.37
- 22. AXIAL SKELETON I. VERTEBRAL COLUMN = long, curved, slightly movable pillar = united together by cartilage & ligaments = formed by series of bones -- vertebrae FUNCTION: 1. support of the trunk 2. contains & protects the spinal cord & nerves
- 23. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Classification of vertebra cervical 7 thoracic 12 lumbar 5 sacral 5 coccygeal 4 33 Intervertebral discs = flattened plates of fibrocartilage that are interposed between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae FUNCTION: 1. uniting medium between vertebrae 2. main shock absorber 3. give flexibility & movement to the whole vertebral column
- 24. VERTEBRAL COLUMN a. Cervical vertebrae (7) = forms the skeleton of the neck atypical cervical vertebrae: 1. atlas -- 1st 2. axis = 2nd 3. 7th cervical vertebrae = spinous process b. Thoracic vertebrae (12) = costal pits - for rib attachment
- 26. VERTEBRAL COLUMN c. Lumbar vertebrae (5) = triangular vertebral foramen d. Sacrum = inverted triangular bone situated between hip bones e. Coccygeal vertebrae (1) = 4 small incomplete vertebrae fused to form the coccyx / tail bone; triangular
- 27. Fig. 6.17
- 28. Fig. 6.18
- 29. Fig. 6.20
- 30. AXIAL SKELETON I. STERNUM (breast bone) = flat bone, found -- anterior thoracic wall PARTS: a. Manubrium b. Body c. Xiphoid process 2. RIBS (12 pairs) = narrow arched flat bones with 2 ends 1. vertebral - posterior; attaches with thoracic 2. sternal - anterior; attaches with costal cartilages
- 31. Fig. 6.21
- 32. Classification of ribs: a. true ribs (1st to 7th) - ribs whose costal cartilages are directly attached to sternum b. false ribs (8th to 12th) - ribs whose costal cartilages are not attached directly to the sternum but to 7th
- 33. APPENDICULAR SKELETON BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE) 1. Clavicle (collar bone) 2. Scapula (shoulder blade) 3. Humerus (arm bone) 4. Radius - lateral bone of the forearm 5. Ulna - medial bone of the forearm 6. Carpals (wrist bone) - 8 bones arranged into 2 rows - proximal & distal rows 7. Metacarpals (bones of the hand) 8. Phalanges (bones of the fingers) long bones of the fingers
- 36. Fig. 6.26
- 37. Fig. 6.22
- 38. Fig. 6.27
- 39. APPENDICULAR SKELETON BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE) 1. Hip bone (innominate bone) right & left hip bones + sacrum = pelvic girdle 3 bones: 1. ilium 2. ischium 3. pubis 2. Femur (thigh) = longest, strongest, largest bone in the body 3. Tibia (shin bone) = long bone; anterior, medial, 4. Fibula (peroneal bone) = long slender bone placed parallel with the tibia but located laterally
- 40. Fig. 6.29
- 41. Fig. 6.30
- 42. Fig. 6.33
- 43. Fig. 6.34
- 44. APPENDICULAR SKELETON BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE) cont’n 5. Tarsals (ankle bone) = short bones; 2 rows: internal & external rows 6. Metatarsals (bones of foot) = 5 long bones numbered from medial to lateral 7. Phalanges (bones of toes) = similar to bones of the fingers
- 45. Fig. 6.35
- 46. END OF LECTURE
- 47. It is impossible for a man to learn what he thinks he already knows Epictetus.