Smart Building Technical Report with Case Study

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK
OF SMART CITIES
12 Mar 2021
PEIHANG AN
DIGEST
This report introduces the basic concepts about smart buildings, gives a major
analysis of the relevant BIM and IOT technologies, and provides an evaluation
as well as case studies and outlook on the future development of the field

- CONTENTS-
FOREWORD
MAIN BODY
- WHAT IS SMART BUILDING
- TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- CASE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT
- OUTLOOK
APPENDIX
- [APPENDIX 1] TECHNICAL MODELS
- [APPENDIX 2] CASE INFORMATION
- [APPENDIX 3] RELATED REPORTS
REFERENCE
FOREWORD
Water shapes its course according to the ground,
soldier plans his victory according to the enemy.
Water therefore retains no constant shape,
warfare possesses no constant conditions.
He who changes strategies in terms of foes to win,
is born to be invincible.
The Art of War

MAIN BODY
WHAT IS SMART BUILDING
Looking back at history, we find that the concept of Smart Building first originated from
Intelligent Building. We can see more a frequent occurrence of term "smart" nowadays in many
reams of the artificial environment such as smart sensors; smart materials and smart meters
within the building. Some argue that Smart Buildings and Intelligent Buildings are not identical:
"A smart building is an intelligent building with embedded dimensions of control, enterprise as
well as construction, which is a comprehensive system using building as the operating system.
"It places more emphasis on adaptability than reactivity resulting in low carbon, energy
efficiency and comfort etc. (Buckman, Mayfield & Beck 2014)
However the definition of smart building varies from article to article, but the one I agree most
is “the building that combines the best available concepts, designs, materials, systems and
technologies in order to provide an interactive, adaptive, responsive, integrated and dynamic,
intelligent environment for achieving the occupants' objectives over the full life span of the
building ” (Pitroda 2015) The concept of " full life span "(or whole life cycle, see [Appendix
1.1] for details) seems to me to be particularly important for I believe that the word “building”
should not be limited to the noun lexical form thus its meaning as a verb denoting the process
of construction as well as design needs to be taken into account as well.
In my view, therefore, it is not enough to focus on the physical, artificial environment with an
emphasis on results if we want find out what smart buildings can do in other levels like smart
cities, smart construction and smart services etc., and we should consider the new design
concept; the progressive construction techniques; the digital asset management and even
abstract data interaction processes etc. In a word, smart is everywhere in the building life cycle.
TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
After reviewing some literature, I think the technologies related to smart buildings can be
classified in three major areas: Digital Technology; Electronics and Control Technology;
Data Science. (see [Appendix 1.2-1.4] for details) And two of the most popular technology
topics on smart buildings today: BIM and IOT, are representatives of digital technology and
1

electronic control technology, thus I shall analyze these two key technologies in terms of
concept and application respectively.
BIM: I would like generalize the concept of BIM as adding dimensions of information within
one integrated virtual space to realize the simulation of complex building systems.
Each additional dimension of information data means an additional design area for
collaborative design and an additional engineering department for synchronized workflows. In
short, as the information dimensions are expanded, the functions of BIM are developed and
applied in all phases. However, according to relevant industry reports (see [Appendix 3.1] for
details), BIM applications are still dominated by technical functions such as collision check and
construction simulation. At the
same time, BIM-based
management (e.g. quality
management, progress control and
safety management) is gradually
becoming popular.
IOT: The application of IOT is
much more obvious for its core
concept is about inter-networking
of things installed with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity thus
enabling interaction and adjustment. (Kiran 2019) IOT has a wide range of applications in both
the construction and operational phases. By installing sensors on construction equipment
coupling with analytic, the equipment performance and utilization could be tracker and
3D: Basic Modeling; Animations; Pre-fabrication…
4D: Phasing simulations; Lean scheduling…
5D: Real-time cost planning; Cost estimation...
6D: Energy Calculation; LEED tracking...
7D: Strategies; Operation& Maintenance; Asset Management...
+ Time
+ Cost
+ Energy
+ Facility
BIM
Pre-stage
Mid-stage
Post-stage
Design & Optimization
Life Cycle Assessment
Monitoring &
Health & Safety
IOT & Smart Operation
Renovation Project
Figure 2 Application of BIM in different stages
( Panteli, Kylili & Fokaides2020)
Figure 1 System Boundary of Different Dimensions of BIM
2

optimized. (Kanan, Elhassan &
Bensalem 2018) During the
operation stage, IOT is made
possible by various devices and
tele-communicating and can
cooperate with digital technology
in this process by inputting the data
collected from sensors into BIM so that the temperature variation, energy-consuming patterns,
and human behaviors etc. can be modelled and analyzed for future improving. (Jacqi, 2017)
These components in turn allow for central (and remote) monitoring, control and wherever
applicable, automation of building systems, including: Lighting; Energy management; Heating;
Ventilating; AC; Access control, security; Communication; Fire safety; Elevator; Parking etc.
(Minoli, Sohraby &Occhiogrosso 2017)
As for Data Science and other techniques from digital area and electronics control, they should
not be neglected either for their roles in supporting BIM and IOT. For example, with the
development of fog and cloud computing, combining with IOT, we are able to raise the living
standard in the context of automation through our mobile devices — — PCs and smart
phones.(Dutta, Roy 2017) It also indicates an important future route for IOT technology: R&D
on mobile devices and Apps such as Comfy (see more details in [Appendix 2.1])
CASE STUDY
One Island East, Hong Kong, China (detailed information in [Appendix 2.2])
Key words: Comprehensive BIM project; Decreased Required for Information (RFI); Tighter
Bids; Over 40 Days Saved; Quantity Serving.
One Island East is a typical building project including a high-detailed MEP model and smart
system based on BIM where quantities were extracted for tendering and analyzing. It is owned
and managed by Swire Properties, who was keen on minimizing the cost and waste without
compromising the project quality thus Trimble Consulting was appointed to carry out a Life
Cycle Management through BIM on this project.
Sensors
Gateways
Back-end
infrastructure
Dashboard or
user interface
Output devices
Figure 3 System Architecture of IOT devices
3

Trimble's Asian team enabled an efficient information exchange and integration between client, construction and design team members through
BIM (www.trimbleconsulting.com) Moreover, IOT technology is also present in this case to realize efficiency management and green building
concept: A computerized Building Management System is monitoring lifts, air-conditioning, fire, security and other critical systems. Nearly 60%
of the power consumption is saved through adjustable illumination level setting on the indirect office lighting. CO2 sensors efficiently adjust the
volume of fresh air supply received by tenants, avoiding unnecessary energy wastage. And a central control center been set up with the developer
at the heart of it. Swire Properties can use this system to monitor all its building assets remotely and synchronously, and to share data between
large-scale building complexes. I think this can be seen as a small-scale smart city.
B I M
Design Team
Collaboration&
Coordination
18,000 coordination
issues identified
Regular automated
quantity
real time project cost
control
Project Team
Prior-bid Project
Developing
Contractor
Review of BIM-based bidding
proposals
Better understanding and greater
confidence on the project
Competitive bidding
RFIs down to 140
Owner
Collaborative work
flow
Integrated
Modelling tools
AIA Technology and Practice Award in 2008
One of Hong Kong's finest commercial centers
Platinum Award by BEAM for environmental performance in 2009
Money saved; Efficiency improved;
Construction optimized.
Figure 4 The application of BIM by different subjects and the results achieved
4

SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT
From a social and political point of view, smart buildings are increasingly being promoted and
even required by governments all over the world. For example, government of Shanghai has
required that by 2020, the City shall fully apply BIM technology to its municipal investment
projects(www.shanghai.gov.cn); in Singapore, all centrally funded public projects have to
adopt a minimum of Level 2 collaborative BIM since April 2016 and Planen-bauen 4.0 has
been used to guide digital design, construction, operation, operations and maintenance
processes in all types of projects in German. (Liao et al, 2020) I believe that from the perspective
of urban development, BIM-based intelligent buildings can easily achieve data interfacing and
sharing, which is of extraordinary significance for the construction of smart cities (see details
in [Appendix 1.5])
Of course, the main force driving the development of smart buildings remains the economic
significance they bring. From the source: IOT-driven smart construction equipment enables
fuel utilization increased by 10% (www.verizonconnect.com)and cost decreased by over 40%
(heavyindustry.trimble.com) IOT also supports the smart design of prefabricated components
and the remote management of construction sites, significantly improving work efficiency.
(Business Operations, 2017) Moreover the average cost of smart building monitoring is about
USD $ 8.07 per m^2, 1/5 of the cost of conventional building management. (Rawal, 2016) From
the result: An Asian study says that 97% of contractors in Japan and a large number of
companies reported a positive return on investment from BIM, as evidenced by a 19% reduction
in project duration; 21% more accurate project estimates; 23% improvement in waste
management; 31% reduction in rework; and 41% reduction in errors. (Anon, 2014)
The significance of smart buildings for technological development and environmental
protection should not be overlooked either. Although building science are developed passively
with other technologies as the driving force, as architects gain a deeper understanding of design
thinking, they will point the right uncharted territories to explore and directions of smart
technology. In addition, the environmental significance of smart buildings is evident given their
remarkable contribution to energy conservation (see details in [Appendix 3.2]).
5

OUTLOOK
Practitioners: Construction companies and contractors are the practitioners for they are the
only ones who have the manpower and resources to make a real smart building. According to
related report ([Appendix 3.3-3.6]), enterprises’ interest and autonomy in smart building is
increasing as well as the challenges of practical application of BIM and other technologies. In
response to this status quo, I believe that the companies should focus on talent development and
the improvement of paradigms and standards of smart building in the future.
Managers: Large commercial or university organizations who do not build, but own and
manage a large number of building assets. The focus of them is on how to optimize and adapt
the user's interaction with the built environment by embedding smart devices in existing
buildings and integrating sensor data and system of smart services for the dynamic control of
the activities of persons in spaces. Equipment maintenance are only the most elementary
challenges. I think the really controversial part is still the maintenance of data privacy.
Innovators: Consultants' R&D departments and Research institution or team, they are the
Prometheans of smart building technology. Most of the research focus is currently on BIM and
IOT technology, but I think the development of interactive and presentational digital
technologies represented by VR/AR as well as mobile device and software will dominate the
future direction of smart buildings. Because I think these can raise participation and interest of
the general public. VR display technology and a mobile Apps help introduce and promote smart
buildings, in the future, these shall become a core competency for building projects in the areas
of tendering and promotion. On the other hand, 5G and artificial intelligence ([Appendix 1.5])
should be of particular concern for they are currently very popular and practical in the functional
facilities sector while function-integration and device-embedding are important development
ideas for smart buildings today. In other word, in the future age of smart cities, the nature of
most buildings will be a systematically integrated collection of cutting-edge technology, rather
than a simple combination of functional spaces. However, as buildings become smarter, the
complexity of the systems inevitably increases their vulnerability. Therefore, the maintenance
of the stability of smart buildings and the development of backup-solutions for functions need
to be on the agenda as well.
6

APPENDIX
[APPENDIX 1] TECHNICAL MODELS
[APPENDIX 1.1] whole life cycle span of smart buildings
Unlike traditional buildings, smart buildings are different in that their overall functional
realization and investment recovery benefits are reflected in the operation period, so the
operation phase must be included in their whole life cycle management. According to the
characteristics of the smart building construction process, the whole life cycle can be roughly
divided into five stages: the pre-project planning stage, the project planning and design stage,
the project construction stage, the project operation stage and the project demolition stage. (Gao
2015)
[APPENDIX 1.2] Technical Areas
Pre-planning
Design
Smart Equipment
Construction Work
Subsystem
Completion
Operation
Maintaining
Demolishing
Transporting
Recycling
Landfilling
Figure 5 Life cycle stages of Smart Building (Feng 2019)
Digital Technology:
BIM
VR
AR
…
Electronics and Control：
IOT
AI
Machine Learning…
…
Data Technology:
Probabilistic Graphical Modelling;
Vector support machines; System identification techniques;
Figure 6 Different technological areas of smart buildings

Simply speaking, IOT offers new possibilities for smart building. Data collected from sensor
networks feeds Big Data databases and provide the in-depth analytical dimension to recognize
the requirements of model-based smart building operators. The data can also in turn assist BIM,
with the information collected through the IOT sensors in physical building helping with future
BIM modelling and simulation.
Other Digital technologies are often overlooked by the public for it cannot be directly reflected
in human interaction with the building like IOT; and its progress is largely based on computer
technology, particularly graphics, a field in which practitioners of the built environment
sciences tend to have little experience. However, I believe it is equally important for only with
the help of VR and other digital techniques like C2O (Commission To Operate), can we merge
built system with digital space and carry out multi-sector, multi-person virtual interaction and
presentation as well as more expressive simulations for more complicated smart buildings,
making maintenance management and operation more efficient and environmental-friendly.
(Alf Moroncini 2019) The main role of digital technologies such as VR/AR is to enhance the
interactive and display properties of the BIM model and facilitate intuitive communication.
Their role is particularly evident in project management (Ahmed 2018) and construction safety
(Wang et al 2018) which are also popular research areas for smart buildings.
BIM
IOT
Cloud
Computing
Big Data
Insights
predictive
analysis
Senso BMS
Optimize
Building
Operation
Figure 7 Post-construction applications of BIM - BIM e IOT integration
(Panteli, Kylili& Fokaides 2020)

[APPENDIX 1.3] VR/AR application in smart buildings
[APPENDIX 1.4] Basic system architecture of IOT in smart buildings
Note that IOT technology in smart buildings is not limited to the interaction of people with the
objective physical elements of the environment. Many current smart buildings today are already
focused on using IOT to optimize people's interaction with building functions, services and
other users. For example, the library at my very own alma mater has cleverly used the number
of devices in each area connected to the public Wi-fi to estimate the number of people in each
area without adding any additional equipment costs, making it more efficient for students to
find a seat.
Pad; Tab
Smart
Phone
3D VR/AR
Digital
Environment
Input
Output
Facility Management
WBS; OBS
Environment
3D Point Cloud
BIM
Scheduling; Resource
Smart
Glasses
Users
Figure 8 Workflow of VR/AR in smart building design (Ahmed 2018)
Sensors
Data
Temperature;
Humidity….
Power consumption;
Gateways Back-end infrastructure
collect, aggregate
transmit
repository, enrichment
Scalable analytics
Dashboard or user interface
interaction
Users
Built Environment Output Device
Command
Figure 9 shows how Users interact with smart building environment through IOT

Figure 10 Early basic applications of IOT technology in smart buildings
This diagram shows what was envisaged for the future of smart building applications in the
infancy of IOT technology (at the beginning of the 21st century), and subsequent developments
have confirmed the feasibility of the original vision: Building managers are able to control and
monitor the objective building from far away through IOT. Basically, all the technical functions
like central AC, security door-lock, heating, lifts, ventilation and lighting could be operated off-
site by man or automatically adjust themselves. (Snoonian, 2003)
The basic model underlying the smart city is in fact the association of information from building
to building like in Figure 10. This is because it is easier to interface the same type of data when
the smart technology is not mature. Of course, buildings are only one small module in the
current smart city model like in Figure 9 now. However, it is perfectly possible to think of the
city as a giant smart building, or rather, the modeling and technical application of smart
buildings provides the most fundamental sketch of a smart city.

[APPENDIX 1.5] Smart cities and smart buildings
Smart cities are the path to the future of urban development. For example, China's National
New Urbanization Plan (2014-2020) outlines 11 “urban agglomerations” and the reform of the
household registration system. It also sets targets for broadband information networks, e-
government platforms and smart infrastructure matters. In line with this strategy, China has
developed a number of initiatives. On the one hand, unique city clusters with a technological
focus are to be developed. For example, relevant regions are being promoted to specialize in
specific technologies, such as Wuhan's Optics Valley and Hefei's Voice Valley. On the other
hand, large high-tech companies have been identified as national leaders in specific application
areas of AI e. g. Baidu’s autonomous driving; Alibaba's " City Brain" platform; Tencent's visual
diagnostics; and KDDI’s voice technology.
From the smart building perspective, the most significant devotion that AI made is the human-
substitution in public buildings. In Guangzhou, F5 Future Shop operates a 24-hour smart
unmanned convenience store that combines the benefits of machine automation and artificial
SMART CITY
Smart Building
Users
Stakeholders
Smart Meters
IC
T
RES
Electrical Vehicle
Energy Storage
Smart Grid
Automation
Adaptability
Interactivity
Multi-functionality
Features
Efficiency
Climate Response
User Response
Grid Response
Monitoring
Basic Functions
Figure 11 System Architecture of Smart City; Basic features and functions of Smart Building
(Al Dakheel et al 2020)

intelligence to replace manual labor. All cooking, brewing drinks, picking, clearing, stocking
and cleaning of the shop is carried out by robots. However, we also have to ask if there is a
back-up solution that maintain the shop's functionality when internet going down.
[APPENDIX 2] CASE INFORMATION
[APPENDIX 2.1] Comfy
This App is an open platform providing outcome-focused solutions to address workplace
challenges. It is a great example of combining building concept with mobile Apps and it is
also a direct application of data science in the field of smart buildings.()
What this case has taught me is that the development of smart buildings should not be confined
to the interior of the built environment. Especially with the current advanced information
technology and data science, it is reasonable to assume that the development of artificial
intelligence, virtual programs and intelligent services will be a hot topic in the future of smart
buildings. This is because such technologies, once mature, will have greater ubiquity and lower
reuse costs. Of course, this type of technology is not limited to buildings either. When a new
set of excellent algorithms becomes available, it can surely be applied on a more macro level
of smart cities as well,
Challenges
Solutions
Employee Productivity
Space Utilization
Building Efficiency
Task-oriented
Workflows
Flexible Space Healthy Space Safe Arrival Concierge Service
Increase utilization of
building services &
amenities
Seamless, efficient
entry for employees
Reduce the risk of
contagion in
workplace
Decrease asset cost
through flexible
working models
Figure 12 shows the function of Comfy ( www.comfyapp.com 2019)

[APPENDIX 2.2] One Island East
Located at Quarry Bay, One Island East (OIE) is one of the most classic and iconic skyscrapers
in Hong Kong since the 21st century. It has not only achieved success on an architectural level,
but has also made many bold attempts in the technical field of smart buildings. It can be counted
as a pioneering attempt at BIM-coordinated building in China.
Height: 298.1m
Floors: 68
Name: One Island East 港島東中心
Developer: Taikoo Place (Swire Properties Limited)
Site: Hong Kong(ASR), China
Address: 18 Westlands Road, Quarry Bay
Function: Business Office
Structural Material: Concrete
Structural Design: Arup
MEP Design: Meinhardt
Cost Consultant: Rider Levett Bucknall
Faç
ade Consultant: Permasteelisa Group
Aluminium Supplier POHL Group
Energy Label: BEAM Platinum
Table 1 Fact List of One Island East.
Source: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/one-island-east/541
OIE is known as the landmark of Taikoo Place and one of the best business center in Hong
Kong. The basic form of the building is presented as a plan with rounded corners and a central
square. The two corners facing north and south are open at the top floor, facing the harbor
view. To address the issue of open space, two corners on the plinth open up and the edges of
the four elevations face outwards to create a light effect. The architectural fins are embedded
in the faç
ade in a staggered manner, enhancing the scale and texture.
(www.skyscrapercenter.com)

Source: https://www.taikooplace.com/en/work/taikooplace/oneislandeast
Source: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/one-island-east/541
1 2
3
1 To Tip: 298.1m
2 Architectural: 298.1m
3 Occupied: 285.2m
HEIGHT:
FLOORS:
Above Ground: 68
Below Ground: 2
7th
in Hong Kong
98th
in China
177th
in Asia
195th
in the world

This huge urban landmark retains its comfortably scaled forecourt, giving local residents and
workers an outdoor space to relax. The main lobby on the upper level is connected to the
surrounding buildings of Taikoo Place and the MTR station (Quarry Bay) by a sky bridge,
meeting the urgent daily transport needs of the people of Hong Kong.
(www.skyscrapercenter.com)
Construction practices and costs have been significantly reduced through optimized BIM-
based workflows and collaborative design. Component details are scrutinized through BIM
and problems can be identified and reported in a timely manner, facilitating building
management and maintenance. At the same time, 14,000m^3 of construction materials were
saved, waste was minimized and the carbon footprint of the traffic process was significantly
reduced as well. The high strength concrete replaces bulky elements and increases the use of
internal space. (www.skyscrapercenter.com)
A complete BIM model means a clear, systematic database of a individual building. And the
promotion of BIM models and specifications has the long-term objective of creating a master
data base for most buildings in the city to assist in the rapid transformation to smart city. Of
course, this goal has been challenged by data privacy, commercial interests, technical
application issues and so on. A typical problem is that intelligent technologies such as BIM are
effective when applied to medium to large complexes. However, in the case of smaller buildings
and even private building designs, the excessive use of BIM and massive segmented data may
instead create a greater burden. Because these buildings are much lower in terms of budget,
design depth and functional requirements, while they can not be neglected in a smart city.
Source: https://trimbleconsulting.com/one-island-east

[APPENDIX 3] RELATED REPORTS
[APPENDIX 3.1] BIM application in China, 2018
Application: 2018 (%) +/- pcts (%) Ranking Changes
Collision check 76 +27 -
Special construction plan simulation 73 +32 ↑1
M&E design 68 +30 ↑1
Tender proposal simulation 63 +21 ↓2
Drawing review and submission 60 +26 ↑1
Quality management 51 +25 ↑3
Progress control 48 +18 -
Safety management 46 +22 ↑2
Quantity calculation 45 +7 ↓4
Structural steel design 39 +21 ↑1
Cost control 36 +10 ↓3
Prefabrication 28 +15 ↑1
Settlement 15 0 ↓1
Other 4 -16 -
Table 2 Relative share of different applications of BIM
Source: BIM Application Analysis and Digital Building Development Outlook for
Construction Companies (2018,2017)(Chinese)
BIM applications are still dominated by technical functions such as collision checking, with
the proportion of production management functions increasing rapidly. In terms of the use of
functions, the proportion of collision checking is 76%, which is still the highest, indicating
that technical functions (including collision checking, solution optimization, etc.) are still the
most mature and deeply used functions in BIM technology. Production management functions
such as quality management, progress control and safety management, ranked high and rose
more, indicating that BIM-based management is gradually becoming popular.

[Appendix 3.2] Smart Building on energy saving
Building energy management systems such as advanced BEMS packages could decrease
the energy consumption from 13%-66% by themselves, the exact number depends on
whether the system is able to do the historical analysis, smart prediction and detection etc.
Smart HVAC embedded into the building energy management system also maximize the
saving, says by the report New Horizons for Energy Efficiency. It customizes AC to the most
appropriate needs by demand control ventilation and multi-speed fans etc., leading to the
outcome of cost saving of 24-32% according to the building type.
Other smart building equipment such as smart windows which adjust the room brightness
according to sunlight intensity automatically are able to decrease the HVAC and lighting
loads and glare. A study cited in the ACEEE report says that 19-26% of energy cost on
cooling and 48-67% on lighting could be cut off with smart windows. An additional savings
of roughly 10% is feasible with controls like smart power strips (reduce plug loads); smart
ceiling fans (regulate the thermostat); and all the other electrical equipment with interaction
devices (assist with peak load management). (www.buildings.com)
[APPENDIX 3.3] Number of BIM projects
Figure 13 Number of projects where BIM is used by construction companies
It can be seen that the number of projects using BIM has increased significantly in 2018. The
average number of projects applying BIM is 14, up 76% year-on-year. 41% of companies
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
>50 31~50 21~30 11~20 0~10 Unkonwn
2017 2018

surveyed had more than 10 projects applying BIM in 2018, up 24 pcts from 17% in 2017. the
average number of projects applying BIM was 14.2, up 76% year-on-year.
[APPENDIX 3.4] BIM organizations within companies
Figure 14 The situation of BIM organizations inside construction companies
The construction of BIM organizations has been basically completed, and the enthusiasm of
using BIM actively has increased. In 2018, 45% of construction units had established BIM
organizations at both company and project levels, a significant increase compared to 2017. At
the same time, the proportion of construction units that had not yet established BIM
organizations dropped rapidly from 41% in 2017 to 12%, indicating that construction units
had initially completed the construction of BIM organizations.
Figure 15 Proportion of BIM operating methods
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
2017 2018
Level 3: Company+Project Level 2: Company
Level 1: Project Level 0: No Organization
Other
46%
15%
17%
22%
2017
74%
15%
7% 4%
2018
Company Autonomy
Cooperation
Commissioning a
third party
Other

In terms of how BIM projects are carried out, 3/4 of companies rely on their own BIM
organization to complete the construction. Only 22% of companies chose to cooperate with a
third party or entrusted a third party to carry out BIM applications completely. Compared
with 2017, the proportion of companies carrying out BIM applications independently has
increased rapidly.
[APPENDIX 3.5] Invest on BIM
Figure 16 Average investment (CHY) in BIM by construction companies
We can tell from the figure that 66% of companies invested more than $100,000 per year in
BIM in 2018, up 21 pcts from 45% in 2017. 28% of companies invested more than $1 million,
up 14 pcts from 14% in 2017. The average investment per company was $1.28 million, up
86% year-on-year from 2017.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
2017 2018

[APPENDIX 3.6] Development of BIM
Figure 17 The current focus of BIM application
From the figure can we tell that 40% of the respondents considered "getting more staff to use
BIM technology" to be the focus of BIM application at this stage, while 38% considered
"applying BIM to solve practical project problems", indicating that the practical use of BIM in
projects is the focus at this stage. The practical use of BIM in projects is a priority at this stage.
The importance of "establishing a dedicated BIM organization" and "applying BIM to save
cost" has decreased.
Figure 18 The most urgent things for BIM applications at this stage
2018 +/- pcts (%) Ranking Changes
Lack of BIM talent 69% +6 -
Lack of experience and methodology 57% +20 -
Not active enough 42% +11 ↑1
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Other
Save Cost
Set BIM organization
Address practical problems
Get staff to use BIM proactively
2018 2017
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Other
Better, more BIM software
Regulatory system to accompany BIM
BIM standards, laws and regulations
BIM Application Incentive Policy
BIM talent training system
2018 2017

Inadequate standards 34% -2 ↓1
Immaturity of software 26% +3 ↑1
High investment cost 25% +7 ↑1
Leaders’ neglect 17% -8 ↓2
Other 2% -6 -
Table 3 Challenges in implementing BIM
In the two surveys in 2017 and 18, "lack of BIM talents" and "lack of BIM implementation
experience and methods" were listed as the most important hindering factors in BIM
implementation, indicating that talents with experience and methods in BIM implementation
are still scarce, which is basically consistent with our research. This indicates that there is still
a scarcity of talents with experience and methods in BIM implementation. In the survey on
"the most urgent thing for BIM application in the industry at this stage", the establishment of
a BIM talent training system also continues to rank first, while " BIM application incentive
policies" has increased significantly by 24 percentage points from 34% in 2017 to rank first.
In the survey, "Establishing a BIM talent development mechanism" also continues to rank
first, while " BIM application incentive policy" has increased by 24 percentage points from
34% in 2017.
Building information technology is highly impacted by the downstream construction industry,
there may be a slowdown in the growth of new construction in future, which in turn affects
the growth rate of the BIM and entire smart building industry.
(data in [Appendix 3.3-3.6] is from BIM Application Analysis and Digital Building
Development Outlook for Construction Companies (2018,2017) (Chinese))

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