Smart Incubator Based on PID Controller

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2501
Smart Incubator Based on PID Controller
Zain-Aldeen S. A.Rahman1, Farahan S. A. Hussain2
1 Dept. of Electrical Techniques, Technical Institute / Qurnah, Basrah, Iraq
2 South Oil Company, Basrah, Iraq
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Abstract - For supporting the economical state of the
country a flexible, simple and economical PID controller
is designed and implemented for controlling the
temperature and humidity of the egg incubator. In this
work the temperature and humidity of the incubator is
controlled by very flexible PID controller for achieving a
required environment. Here the controller parameters
that included Kp (Proportional factor), Ki (Integral
factor) and Kd (Derivative factor) can be adjust by two
devices. The first the controllerparameters canbyadjust
from PC, in the other hand the controllerparameterscan
be adjust from the implemented panel (Keyboard). The
system consists of the main unit that represented by an
Arduino Mega board which include an ATmega1280
microcontroller, different sensors as humidity sensors
and temperature sensors, heat source, humidity source,
servo motor, LCD modules, and keyboard. The set points
must be changed according to the specified values to
satisfy the given conditionsfor the optimal environment,
then the controller will operate according to these set
points.
Key Words: PID Controller, Sensor, Automatic
Incubator, Humidity, Temperature.
1. INTRODUCTION
An automatic incubator is an incubator that gives
optimal temperature and humidity with the required
smooth amounts only. When matched with the
unoriginal incubator that work on the standard of
timer-based controller that give these parameters
where is needed with the required amounts (not
smooth).
In this paper, a smart incubator is implemented,the
principle operation of this incubator depends on the
monitored parameters that include the incubator
relative humidityandincubatortemperature.Themain
issues of the research hide in improve the economical,
healthy and the rest for the costumer. The sensors that
the system needed are temperature (LM35) and
humidity sensor (DHT-11). The Arduino Mega board
(with ATmega1280) that will be the brain for the
system controller.
In 2005, Adhi Ksatria Theopaga,et.al.[1]suggested
design and implementation of PID control based baby
incubator, In this project a using P. A is used for
designed a baby incubator. This incubator contain tow
packets top and bottom. The first packet is used to
place sensors and sensor display. The second isusedto
put electric circuits, warmer, and fan. The heat sensor
used is a DHT-11 sensor, and the other heat sensor for
son is NTC sensor. This system vagaries the heat and
can be seen in the form of the heat show on an
presentation scheme. PID optimum factors are gotten
by using the Ziegler-Nichols 1st technique. By serving
the plant by a unit-step input and the gained output
response give the standards of Kp = 13,827, Ki = 0,576,
and Kd = 82,962. Each assessment is used into the
warming scheme and the create time accomplishment
is 4 minutes 44 seconds with usual point at 32°C.
In 2007, HituBansal,et.al.[2]proposedcontrolling
of temperature and humidity for an infant incubator
using microcontroller, in this project the surrounding
temperature is observed by hotness sensors and is
attuned by controlling the present to the furnace. The
operator can adjust the incubator to control the
temperature. The alarm will toot if the heat of the
incubator improved above the edge value and the fan
will be on and it rests on till the temperaturedecreased
to the foundation value. Also the alarm will toot if the

heat of the incubator decreased below the edge value
then the bulb will be on and it still on till the heat
increased to the required value. Additional oxygen can
be taken in by an oxygen inlet piecingtogetherwhereit
is varied with the fresh air across the cleaning filter. As
well as that the humidity can be amplified by the use of
water steam bath or by saturated water on a heated
element. In the bottom part of the incubator the air can
be heat by a light corms heat. The air passes over a
vessel with dissolving water, so that its humidity rises.
The earnest, steamy air then flows aloft into the baby
section. The baby is be concerned for through unusual
access doors named support ports.
In 2010, Christina Tan, [3] proposed a integrated
temperature, light and humiditymonitoringsystemfor
the hospital environment. An intelligent, integrated
heat, light and humidity checking system has been
realistic with the use of exposed normal technology,
marketable scheme and domestic matters which
dynamically displays the ecological situations. A
foremost goal for this system is to have it designed and
realized as price efficient as likely. The schemepermits
for a operator to input the wanted situations
concerning a exact tolerant temperature, humidityand
lighting supplies. The microcontroller then associates
the ecological situations in contradiction of the
customer input supplies, and actuators modify the sets
until the wanted situations have been got.
In 2012, S.K. Mousavi, et. al. [4] presented an incubator
with fuzzy logic. In this work the authors study successfuzzy
of three factors such as temperature, moistness and oxygen
that they have an real part in the incubation method in
incubator. Also in this object they attempts to attain to the
highest efficiency in expressions of total of born chickens
which was born from eggs and have a system with exact
control- finally the review the normal of reversion of these
three fuzzy factors.
In 2015, Sumardi Sadi, [5] designed Room Temperature
Control System Prototype Industry Based Programmable
Logic Controller Zelio SR2 B121 BD, in this project a trial
mechanisms based on the chamber hotness increases
determined programmed by encoding the PLC, the. Rise in
heat of the chamber and the rate of the heat surge can be
observed using the LCD. The system can work from a
temperature of 0 ° C to 90 ° C degrees. Chamber heat kit
manufacturing customs three devices: first controller, Zelio
Logic SR 121BD, second, Integrated Circuit (IC) LM35 and
third, a 24 VDC power source. This made the scheme
develops the data attainment abilities and management.
In 2015, Hitu Mittal, et. al. [6] designed a design and
development of an infant incubator for controlling multiple
parameters. In this project a closed loop control system to
adjust the hotness, wetness, lightpowerbymeansofLED’sto
escape the situation and the correct quantity of oxygen
smooth inside a newborn incubator. A PID controller is be
used for realizing the scheme.Theclosedloopcontrol system
is a arrangement of actuatos and sensors that functions in
one time to offer a steady current surroundings in the
incubator.
Here a PID controller, is employed, the principle process
of this scheme be contingent on the checked factors that
contain the temperature and the virtual humidity in the
incubator.
2. THE AUTOMATIC INCUBATOR
Due to the rapid advances in technologies it is now
possible to use various levels of smartness in
agriculture fields. In this work, an automatic incubator
supporting by PID controller is designed and
implemented for the temperature and humidity
managements.Theseautomaticincubatorareonesthat
can interrelate intelligentlytoprovidecomfortandsafe
living. The programmed incubator needs tools and
machineriesthatcanexpandmanufactureproductivity,
produce quality, postharvest processes, and reduce
their ecological influence.
3. PID CONTROLLER
In this work real-time monitoring parameters for
temperature andhumidity in the soil aretheimportant
factors for obtaining high-quality for incubator
operation. The proportion integral derivative (PID)
controller designed to control the temperature and of
the incubator. A PID is generally used in feedback
control of manufacturing procedures on the
marketplace in 1939 and has continued the greatest
broadly used controller in development control until
currently. Thus, the PID controller can be assumed as a
controller that proceeds the current, the previous and
the upcoming of the error into attention [7]. In spite
their easiness, they can be used to explainevenaactual
compound control complications, mainly when shared

with dissimilar real blocks, filters (compensators or
improvement blocks) [8]. This kind of feedback
controller whose output, a control flexible, is normally
based on the error (e) amongst some costumers
defined usual point and some measured process
variable [9]. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a PID
control system.
Fig -1: A block diagram of a PID control system.
The error signal e(t) is used to generate the
fundamentals factors of the PID controller which
include Kp (Proportional factor), Ki (Integral factor)
and Kd (Derivative factor, with the resulting signals
weighted and summed to form the control signal u(t)
applied to the plant model. The time response of the
PID controller output is given by equation (1) [9].
u(t)=Kp( e(t) + +Td ) ……1
……2
Where u (t) is the input signal to the multivariable
processes, the error signal e(t) is definedasinequation
(2), y(t) is the process output and r(t) is the reference
input signal. The factor Kp is the proportional gain, Ti
is the integral time constant and Td is the derivative
time constant. The time response of the PID controller
output in equation (1) can be written as:
u(t)=Kpe(t)+Ki +Kd …….3
Where Ki= Kp/Ti is the integral gain andKd=KPTd
is the derivative gain. The tuning of a PID involves the
adjustment of Kp, Ki and Kd to achieve the optimal
gains of a system response.
Achieving of the required temperature and humidity is
one of the main issues of this work, therefore, it’s necessary
to adopt an control for these parameters for providing
its accurate amounts in the incubator. Here a PID controller
is used for controlling the temperature and humidity in the
incubator. The PID will control on the voltage that provide
the temperature and humidity source by PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) machinery. That is achieved by using the
microcontroller.
4. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The system hardware consists of a Microcontroller
(main unit), LM35 sensor, DHT-11 sensor, LCD, servo
motor, keyboard and other components (sound
indication, fan and LED indication). Fig. 2 shows the
diagram of the whole system. The hardware
construction of this incubator is illustrated in Fig. 3.
Fig -2:.The schematic diagram of the proposed
incubator

(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig -3: (a), (b) and (c) The prototype construction of
the incubator
4.1 The Arduino Mega Board
Arduino is an open-source microcontroller that uses
ATmega1280, an Atmel AVR brain which can be
encoded by a PC in C programing language via
Universal Serial Bus (USB) port. It also has on-board
analog pins and digital pins for input and output
processes, assistant serial peripheral interface (SPI)
and Inter-integrated circuit (IIC) which can be used to
interface with other devices [10]. Fig. 4, shows the
Arduino Mega board.
Fig -4: Arduino Mega Board.
4.2. LCD
The LCD is used for monitoring the PID output, current
humidity and temperature of the. The LCD size 20*4
that use IIC serial bus is used in this system. The LCD
that used in this project is illustrated in Fig. 5.
Fig -5: LCD

4.3 DHT-11 and LM35 Sensors
These sensors are the system motes that in charge for
the measurements of humidity and surrounding
temperature. The DHT-11 sensor for sensing the
humidity and LM35 sensor used for sensing the
temperature. DHT-11 is a capacitive humidity sensing.
Application of a committed digital unit’s group
technology and the surrounding temperature and air
humidity detecting machinery, to ensure that the
product has high reliability and excellent longstanding
solidity [11].
DHT-11 and LM35 sensors are shown in Fig. 6.
(a)
(b)
Fig -6: Humidity and temperature sensors (a) DHT-
11, (b) LM35
4.4 Actuators
The are many actuators in this system which include
heat source humidity source and fan. Each one of them
is controlled from the microcontroller throw a driving
circuit Fig. 7, illustrates the driving circuit.
Fig -7: The driving circuit.
5. THECONTROLLER PROTOCOL
We can describe the controller protocol as following,
after power up, the microcontroller will get the data
from the sensors,thelastcanevaluatethehumidityand
temperature data, and then the microcontrollerchecks
the data according to the determined threshold values
and sends the control signals to the required actuator
to be active. These threshold values should be chosen
according to required environmental parameters. The
actuators response well be in smooth manner, that
because the controller is not on/off, its PID controller.
The PID controller achieved by programming the
microcontroller. The Arduino board which contentsan
ATmega1280microcontrollerisprogrammedusingIDE
software that utilizes C language. There are light
indication and sound alarm to tell the customer the
changes in the states as highandlowparameters.Fig.8,
shows flowchart of the system contro1ler.

Fig -8: The system controller flowchart.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed system was applied on actual
environmentsformeasuringrequireddataincludedthe
incubator humidity and temperature.
6.1 PID Factors and Its Output
The optimal values PID factors that included P, I and
can be adjust by many methods depending on the
application, here these factor are chosen by the trial
and error methods.Theoptimalvaluesofthese isfound
as P=1, I=0.5 and D=0.1 as shown in Fig. 9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig -9: PID Parameters, (a) P-Factor, (b) I-Factor, (c)
D- Factor
There are two modes for adjusting the PID output,
the first is manual and the second is auto. The outputof
the PID changes the applied voltage for the humidity
and heatsourcebyPWMtechnology.Itsoutputchanges
from 0 to 255 depending on the required humidity and
temperature. Fig. 10, shows The PID output.
(a)

(b)
Fig -10: (a) PID mode operation, (b) PID output
6.2 Test The Incubator
This test is performed for an suggested environments
for showing the operation of the incubator. The set
points that included the temperature is set to be 37C
and humidity is set to be 62%. The results are
displayed by PC and LCD. For displaying resultsbyPCa
GUI is designed by a processing GUI of Arduino. By the
designed GUI the temperature, humidity and PID
output are displayed in two forms analog and digital.
Also the indication is displayed by this GUI as
illustrated in Fig. 11.
Fig -11: Results displayed by GUI
The LCD interfacing with the microcontroller to
display the sensed values and the PID output. Fig. 12,
showstheLCD,whichdisplaystherequiredparameters
for different states according to required threshold
values of the humidity and temperature.
(a)
(b)
Fig -12: Displaying results by LCD
7. A SYSTEM EVALUATION
The system is tested in different environmental as
shown in the previous terms. The main advantage of
this system achieved in the power and cost saving. The
maximum required power of system controller is
shownin Table 1. From the power tables, its noted that
the maximum total current drawn by the controller is
148mA. Also,notedthemaximumlevelvoltageis 5VDC,
that show the system can be operated with small DC
batteries with low power requirements. Table 2,
illustrates the cost of the system controller.
Table -1
The system controller power requirements.
Component Current (mA) Voltage (VDC)
Arduino Mega 50 5
DHT-11 Sensor 8 5
LM 35 Sensor 60 5
LCD 30 5

Table -2
The system controller cost
Cost ($)Component
20 $Arduino Mega
6 $LCD
5 $DHT-11
5 $LM-35
36 $Total
8. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a PID controller was implemented and
applied to achieve smart incubator. Its need low cost
and power when compared with classical systems.
Also the controller economical in power consumption.
This controller has this advantage since, the system
motes need low power. Finally, the system has the
simplicity using by the customer.
9. REFERENCES
[1] Adhi Ksatria Theopaga, Achmad Rizal, Erwin
Susanto,” Design And Implementation Of Pid Control
Based Baby Incubator”, Journal of Theoretical and
Applied Information Technology, Department of
Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Indonesia,
pp. 19-24,Vol.70 No.1, 10th December 2014.
[2] Hitu Bansal, Dr. Lini Mathew, Ashish Gupta,
“ControllingofTemperatureandHumidityforanInfant
IncubatorUsingMicrocontroller”,InternationalJournal
of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 6, pp. 4975-
4982, June 2015, 2015.
[3] Christina Tan” Integrated Temperature, Light and
Humidity Monitoring System for the Hospital
Environment”, Faculty of Electrical and Computer
Engineering McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
Canada, 2010.
[4] S.K. Mousavi, J. Ghobadi, M. Ghasem Nejad, “
Incubator with Fuzzy Logic”,University of Science and
Technology, Faculty of Electric Engineering, Tehran,
Iran, TJMCS Vol .5 No.3, pp. 197-204, 2012.
[5] Sumardi Sadi, “Room Temperature Control System
Prototype Industry Based Programmable Logic
Controller Zelio SR2 B121 BD”, Innovative Systems
Design and Engineering, Vol.6, No.4, pp. 52-68, 2015.
[6] Hitu Mittal, Lini Mathew, Ashish Gupta, “Designand
Development of an Infant Incubator for Controlling
Multiple Parameters”, International Journal of
Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics, Vol. 11,
Issue. 5, pp. 65-72 Sep-2015.
[7] Kambiz Arab Tehrani and Augustin Mpanda, "
Introduction to PID Controllers - Theory, Tuning and
Application to Frontier Areas ", In. Tech, February,
2012.
[8] Zoran Vukic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia and Ognjen
Kuljaca Automation and Robotics Research Institute,
The University of Texas at Arlington , USA, " Lectures
on PID Controllers ", April, 2002.
[9] Bijay Kumar and RohtashDhiman,"Optimizationof
PID Controller for liquid level tank system using
Intelligent Techniques, "CanadianJournalonElectrical
and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 11, November ,
2011.
[10] R. Piyare, S. R. Lee,” Towards internet of things
(iots): integration of wireless sensor network to cloud
services for data collection and sharing”, Vol. 5, pp.59-
72, 2013.
[11] Temperature and humidity module AM2302
Product Manual, www.aosong.com.

Zain-Aldeen S. A.Rahman
2008 to 2012; B.Sc. in Electrical
Engineering,CollegeofEngineering,
University of Basrah, an average
grade of Good, 2012 to 2015; M.Sc.
in Electrical Engineering, College of
Engineering, University of Basrah, an average grade of
Very Good, LecturerinQurnahTechnicalInstitutesince
2013.

Smart Incubator Based on PID Controller

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