Smart Microgrids: Overview and Outlook

Anita Sobe, Wilfried Elmenreich

Smart Microgrids:
Overview and Outlook
ITG INFORMATIK 2012, Workshop on Smart Grids, September, 2012
Institut für Vernetzte und Eingebettete Systeme

Wilfried Elmenreich

Overview

• From the grid to the smart grid
• Smart microgrids
• Current research Topics
• The smart microgrid lab
• Conclusion

Anita Sobe, Wilfried Elmenreich, "Smart Microgrids: Overview and Outlook", ITG
2
INFORMATIK 2012, Workshop on Smart Grids, September, 2012

From the grid to the smart grid
Current:
– A small number of
producers
– Long distribution ways
– Load balancing hard to
achieve
– High maintenance costs

3
Image source: Wikipedia

Wilfried Elmenreich

Overview

• Current research topics
• Outlook and conclusion

4

Wilfried Elmenreich

Why microgrids?
• Economies of scale are failing for central plants
– Alternative energy generation is inherently distributed
– Significant transmission losses
• Single grid = single point of failure
– Reliability against random faults
– Security against targeted attacks
• Expected reduced cost for
maintenance of grid infrastructure

• Now we have the technology to
overcome these problems!

5

Smart Microgrids
• Trend towards distributed renewable energy sources
– Consumer integration
– Locality (distribution)
– Problems: Manageability and efficiency

• Divide the smart grid into sub-systems - “Microgrids”
– Households
– Campus
– Industry sites
– Villages

• Connected to backbone grid, other microgrids or run as island

6

Wilfried Elmenreich

Smart Microgrid as Smart House

Alternative
energie sources

Energy and
information
Hybrid/
electric car
Grid supply

Smart meter
Intelligent control system
for
heating, ventilation, hot
water, etc. 7

Wilfried Elmenreich

Components of a Smart Microgrid
• Power generation
• Energy storage
• Energy consumers
– Smart appliances
– „Dumb devices“
• Interface to other grids
– Market agent
– Transmission
• User control interface

A. Sobe, W. Elmenreich: "Smart Microgrids: Overview and Outlook"; ITG
INFORMATIK 2012, Workshop on Smart Grids, September, 2012.
8

Wilfried Elmenreich

Overview


9

Current Research Topics in Smart Microgrids

10

Dynamic Pricing
• Market-based approaches
– Day-ahead pricing
– Popular: Continuous Double Auction
• Like stock market
• Continuously bids and offers are allowed – if match found, trade finishes
– Goals
• Market efficiency
• Distributed energy efficiency
– Capacity feedback not always considered!
– Island mode not always supported

INFORMATIK 2012, Workshop on Smart Grids, September, 2012 11

Dynamic Pricing
• Game-theoretic approaches
– Demand Side Management
– Deployment and control of Microgrids
– Price and energy exchange negotiation
– Cooperative smart Microgrids

– Assumption of rational players might not hold
• Influence by others (neighbors, advertisement,…)
• Failure (of the grid, caused by decisions, …)
• Delay in learning
• „cheaters“ (create shortfall)


Demand Response/Home Automation
• Consumers should change their behavior in response to the
market
– Reducing usage
– Shifting their demand
– Use own generators (photovoltaics,…)

… but without restrictions

• Combination with home automation
– Automatic -> Genetic Algorithms (profile optimization)
– Interactive -> Predictions, cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization
– Profiles for appliances (time schedules)

Load Balancing (Island Mode)
• Microgrids are usually tight-dimensioned
• Variable production (sun, wind)
• The majority of appliances has to be „smart“
• Load control strategies
– Generator power control (droop control)
– Demand dispatch (cooperative demand shift)
– Load shed (turn off devices, reduce power consumption)
– Storage


Wilfried Elmenreich

Smart Appliances
• A smart appliance consists of
– a communication interface
– a local processing and decision unit
– the appliance's actual function
• Smart plug concept
– plug with measurement, control and
communication features
(+) Unified communication interface
(-) Missing knowledge about device condition
• Embedded intelligent control
– measurement, control and communication integrated with
device
(+) Device parameters (e.g., fridge temperature) can be
considered for control decisions
(-) Different implementations of data structures and access

15

Wilfried Elmenreich

Waistline Architecture

• Proposed solution: Waistline
architecture supporting
different systems
• Interoperability via core
services
• Use concept of self-describing
nodes from smart transducers

W. Elmenreich, D. Egarter: " Design Guidelines for Smart Appliances "; Proceedings of the 10th
International Workshop on Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems (WISES’12), 2012.

16

Wilfried Elmenreich

Smart Transducers Concept
• Integration of
– Sensor/actuator
– Microcontroller (ADC and
local signal conditioning)
– Standardized network interface

• Advantages of smart transducer technology
– No noise pickup over long analog transmission lines
– Support for configuration and set-up
– Parallel processing/measurements
– Enhanced diagnosis via combination of local observations and global
phenomena

W. Elmenreich: "Time-Triggered Smart Transducer Networks"; IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, 2 (2006), 3; 192 - 199.

17

Wilfried Elmenreich

Configuration and Maintenance
Architecture
• Configuration interface
allows to read unique
identifier
• Repository holds
machine-readable
device descriptions
• Tools support the user
in creating a
configuration
• Configuration interface
allows to upload
configuration to nodes

Elmenreich, Pitzek, Schlager: "Modeling Distributed Embedded Applications on an
Interface File System“ Proc. IEEE ISORC (2004), 175 - 182.
18

Need for Self-Organizing Smart Devices

• Problem: configuration of large networks via central authority
is error-prone and cumbersome
• Understand devices as independent agents
• Self-organizing process reduces effort and number of possible
(meaningful) configurations

• Implementation of smart appliances
will be part of InterReg MONERGY
– Project start Q4 2012
– Partners are Lakeside Labs (Klagenfurt)
and WitiKee company (Udine)
Source: Wikipedia

Pitzek, Elmenreich: "Plug-and-play: Bridging the semantic gap between application and
19
transducers". Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2005.

Wilfried Elmenreich

Overview


20

Wilfried Elmenreich

The Smart Microgrid Lab
• Provide a hands-on lab for measurement
in a real microgrid
– Power generation from photovoltaic panels
– Island mode/grid mode possible
– Measurement equipment
– Reference consumers
– Energy storage based on batteries
• Train engineers in the field
– Two PhD students on energy topics, two on
complex systems
– One Postdoc
– Master and Bachelor students from
Information Technology and Computer
Science
• Funded by Lakeside Labs/KWF until
end of 2014

21

Wilfried Elmenreich

Integrated Research Topics 1: NILM
• Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring
– (How) can devices be detected based on their
energy signature?
– Research existing methods
– Adjust approach to work with smart plug/smart
meter systems
– Add self-organizing aspect to reduce
configuration effort
• Research potential
– Intelligent configuration
– Bio-inspired detection algorithms
• Application potential
– Device detection for smart home
– Profile hiding using small energy buffers

22

Wilfried Elmenreich

Integrated Research Topics 1: Modeling
• Modeling and simulation of smart
microgrids
– Assumptions based on real measurements
– Graphical user interface
• Simulation/emulation in real-time mode
– Interfacing the real lab
– Hardware-in-the-loop approach
– energy/information coupling of real lab to
simulation
– Provide validation platform for distributed
algorithms that span over multiple smart
microgrids
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Wilfried Elmenreich

Integrated Research Topics 1: SoS
• Modeling and testing self-organizing
algorithms for smart microgrids
– Bio-inspired information distribution (hormone
model)
– Pricing/auctions for mediating energy
distribution
• Middleware for hormone-based distribution
– Complex systems, bio-inspired algorithms for
smart grid
– Smart microgrid networks
– Generic solutions that can be applied in Source: Wikipedia

different fields

24

Wilfried Elmenreich

Example for a PV Control System

Source: Wikipedia

by Benjamin Steinwender
25

Wilfried Elmenreich

Overview


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Outlook and Conclusion
• Main research fields in
smart microgrids
– Dynamic pricing
– Demand
Response/automation
– Load balancing
– Integrate devices
• Many isolated efforts
• Future directions towards
integrated networked
smart microgrids


Thank you very much for your attention!

Smart Microgrids: Overview and Outlook

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Smart Microgrids: Overview and Outlook