Social Networking and Collaboration Tools for Enterprise 2.0 John Breslin [email_address] http://www.johnbreslin.com/ Enriching the Internet Experience 18 th  October 2007
A little bit about myself! 1998: Forum* on the  Irish Games Network 2000: boards.ie Ltd. Formed  2004: Researcher at DERI, NUI Galway 2008: 10 th Anniversary* Hello, World! 1990: VMS MAP.COM
What I’m going to talk about today… Collaborating with Social Media and Web 2.0 Social Networking Services (SNSs) So Far Enterprise Social Networking Services The Future of Social Networking Services
1.  Collaborating with Social Media and Web 2.0
A move from the Web to a “social web” The New Yorker, 1993 “ On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.” The New Yorker, 2005 “ I had my own blog for a while, but I decided to go back to just pointless, incessant barking.”
What is social media? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media “ Social media uses the ‘wisdom of crowds’ to connect information in a collaborative manner.” “ Social media can take many different forms, including message boards, weblogs, wikis, podcasts, pictures and video.” Popular examples of social media sites: Wikipedia, MySpace / Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, SecondLife, Upcoming, Digg / Reddit / StumbleUpon, Flickr / Zooomr, del.icio.us, World of Warcraft, Amazon Related terms: Web 2.0, social web, social software, social networks, social news, social bookmarking, user-generated content
What is Web 2.0? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0 “ Web 2.0 refers to a perceived second generation of web-based communities and hosted services - such as social-networking sites, wikis and folksonomies - which aim to facilitate collaboration and sharing between users.” The term  Web 2.0  was made popular by Tim O’Reilly: http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
Features / principles of Web 2.0 (O’Reilly) The Web as platform Harnessing collective intelligence Data is the next “Intel Inside” End of the software release cycle Lightweight programming models Software above the level of a single device Rich user experiences The long tail
Web 2.0 and social media in my simple terms Users Content Tags Comments Users post content Users share content Users annotate content with tags Users browse content via tags Users discuss content via comments Users connect via posted content Users connect directly to users
Content can be… Books Amazon Discussion postings Blogs Bookmarks del.icio.us Photos Flickr Music Last.fm Movies Netflix Events Upcoming.org Places Dopplr Products Microsoft Aura Articles Wikipedia
Blogging: a phenomenon for a new generation? Cincinnati Enquirer, October 2004
Overview of blogs Weblog ,  web   log  or simply a  blog  is a web journal “ A web application which contains periodic time-stamped posts on a common (usually open-access) webpage” Individual diaries -> arms of political campaigns, media programs and corporations (e.g. the Google Blog) Citizen journalism… Posts are often shown in reverse chronological order Comments can be made by the public on some blogs Latest headlines, with hyperlinks and summaries, are  syndicated  using  RSS  or  Atom  formats (e.g. for reading favourite blogs with a feed reader)
The state of the blogosphere from Technorati 70 million blogs The blogosphere is doubling in size every 320 days (slowing down a little) 120,000 new blogs are created each day (i.e. 1.4 new blogs every second) 1.5 million blog posts are made in a day (i.e. 17 posts per second) Around 5-10% of new blogs are spam blogs or “splogs” 35% of blog posts use tags
Definition of wikis A  wiki  is a type of website that allow users to easily add and edit content and is especially suited for collaborative writing The name is based on the  Hawaiian  term wiki-wiki, meaning “quick”, “fast”, or “ to hasten ” It amasses to a group of web pages that  allows users   to quickly add content  and also allows others to edit the content: It relies on cooperation, checks and balances of its members, and a belief in sharing of ideas
Some uses of wikis Wikis are being used for: online encyclopaedias free dictionaries book repositories software development project proposals writing research papers event organisation
The Wikipedia: from Gaeilge to Esperanto
Typical wiki page
Flickr, share your photos
SlideShare for presentations
The social bookmarking service del.icio.us
All Consuming, what have you read today?
Upcoming event listings and meetups
Dopplr for managing travel, tracking friends abroad
You can even share your favourite walks…
… and find others with like musical interests
TouristR for travel destination stories and info
The machine is us/ing us http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =6gmP4nk0EOE
2.  Social Networking Services (SNSs) So Far
We all live in a social network… … of friends, family, workmates, fellow students, acquaintances, etc.
Friend of a friend, or “dúirt bean liom go ndúirt bean leí” Theory that anybody is connected to everybody else (on average) by no more than six degrees of separation Everyone’s connected…
Milgram’s six degrees of separation theory Sociologist Milgram conducted this experiment: Random people from Nebraska were to send a letter (via intermediaries) to a stock broker in Boston Could only send to someone with whom they were on a first-name basis Among the letters that found the target, the average number of links was six Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)
And now a major motion picture, kind of… Six Degrees of Separation (1993) “ I read somewhere that everybody on this planet is separated by only six other people. Six degrees of separation between us and everyone else on this planet. The President of the United States, a gondolier in Venice, just fill in the names... It’s not just big names — it’s anyone. A native in a rain forest, a Tiero del Fuegan, an Eskimo. I am bound — you are bound — to everyone on this planet by a trail of six people.” Play from 1990 by John Guare
The Erdős number Number of links required to connect scholars to Erdős via co-authorship of papers Erdős wrote 1500+ papers with 507 co-authors Jerry Grossman’s site allows mathematicians to compute their Erdős numbers: http://www.oakland.edu/enp/ Connecting path lengths, among mathematicians only: The average is 4.65 The maximum is 13 Paul Erdős (1913-1996)
Trying to make friends Valdis Marc Met Marc and I already had friends in common! I later found out my cousin Ailish also knows Andrew. The “small world” phenomenon… Latvia Uldis DERI John Dublin Clare Bros John C Andrew
“ It’s a small world after all!”, by Kentaro Toyama Kentaro Bash Karishma Sharad Maithreyi Anandan Venkie Soumya Prof. McDermott * Source: http://research.microsoft.com/toyama/talks/ Ranjeet Prof. Sastry PM Manmohan  Singh Prof. Balki Pres. Kalam Prof. Jhunjhunwala Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia Ravi  Dr. Isher Judge  Ahluwalia Pawan Aishwarya Ravi’s Father Amitabh Bachchan Prof. Kannan Prof. Prahalad  Nandana Sen Prof. Amartya Sen Prof. Veni
The Kevin Bacon game Boxed version of the game Invented by three Albright College students in 1994: Craig Fass, Brian Turtle, Mike Ginelly Goal is to connect any actor to Kevin Bacon, by linking actors who have acted in the same movie The “Oracle of Bacon” website uses IMDB to find the shortest link between any two actors: http://oracleofbacon.org/
The Kevin Bacon game (2) Total number of actors in database (as of 15 th  October): 893283 Average path length to Kevin: 2.957 Actor closest to “center”: Rod Steiger (2.68) Rank of Kevin, in terms of closeness to center: 1049th  Most actors are within three links of each other!
What are social networking services (SNSs)? From the beginning, the Internet was a medium for  connecting not only machines but people Idea behind SNSs is to make the aforementioned real-world  relationships  explicitly  defined online 2002: Friendster 2003: MySpace, LinkedIn, hi5 2004: orkut, Facebook 2005: Bebo
Social networking in plain English http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =6a_KF7TYKVc
The popularity of SNSs The 10 most popular domains ~= 40% percent of all page views on the Web (Compete, November 2006) Nearly half of those views were from the social networking services MySpace and Facebook – wow! And that’s just in the top 10… Alexa rankings: #6: MySpace #7: orkut #8: Facebook #10: hi5 #16: Friendster #95: Bebo #142: LinkedIn
SNSs attracting lots of monetary / media attention Friendster – $13M VC Tribe – $6.3M VC LinkedIn – $4.7M VC Bebo – $15M VC MySpace – Sold for $580M Friends Reunited – Sold for £120M Facebook – Purported $1B Y! offer
Motivation for social network services Allows a user to  create and maintain an online network  of close friends or business associates  for social and professional reasons : Friendships and relationships Offline meetings Curiosity about others Business opportunities Job hunting … For social good: Kevin Bacon – sixdegrees.org Sun – openeco.org
Big social network services (in terms of accounts) myspace.com 200,000,000 spaces.live.com 120,000,000 orkut.com 68,000,000 hi5.com 50,000,000 friendster.com 50,000,000 xanga.com 40,000,000 classmates.com 40,000,000 facebook.com 39,000,000 bebo.com 34,000,000 tagged.com 30,000,000 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites
Features of social network services Network of friends (inner circle) Person surfing Private messaging Discussion forums Events management Blogging and commenting Media uploading
Facebook, #8 in the world
The success of (and hype around) Facebook After talks with MS to take 5% stake, estimated at $10B 4,000 applications have been created for Facebook’s developer interface: 70,000 developers signed up Active user count has jumped 70% in the four months since this contributable application layer was added 50% of Facebook users are non-students: People over 24 are its fastest-growing demographic
orkut, Google’s SNS TechCrunch - Google To “Out Open” FB On November 5 www.techcrunch.com/2007/09/21/google-to-out-open-facebook-on-november-5/ Scobleizer - Google: Making Big Social Media Moves scobleizer.com/2007/10/09/google-making-big-social-media-moves/
Get LinkedIn to business contacts, 15 million users
OpenEco, a SNS for managing GHG emissions
Other niche SNSs Age: Multiply (seniors and settled); Boomj (baby boomers); Rezoom Country of origin: Silicon India Gender: CaféMom; MothersClick; Sister Woman (female friends) Occupation: ModelsHotel; FanLib (fiction writers); AdGabber; TheFeng.org (financial services executives); MilitarySpot (military families); Sermo (doctors and physicians) Business and careers: ConnectBuzz; Doostang; Execunet; Netshare; Ryze; Viadeo; Xing Interests: TradeKing (investors); StreetCred (hip hop); IndiePublic (art and design); PeerTrainer (health and wellbeing) * Source: Paul Gibler, Wisconsin Technology Network
Can be many links even in a small-sized SNS Meaningless when viewed as a whole, so need to apply some social network analysis (SNA) techniques: “ Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications”, Stanley Wasserman and Katherine Faust http://www.socialnetworks.org/ http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/tse-portal/analysis/social-network-analysis/ http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/ For example, can reduce the amount of relevant social network data by clustering May choose to cluster people by common friends, by shared interests, by geography, by tags, etc.
What is social network analysis? People are represented as nodes or “actors” Relationships are represented as lines or edges: Relationships may be acquaintanceship, friendship, co-authorship, etc. Allows analysis using tools of mathematical graph theory, and mapping: Movie actors Scientists and mathematicians Sexual interaction Phone call patterns
Visualising your network of friends You can graphically visualise your network of friends and friends-of-friends using graphical tools (e.g. Prefuse) This is the friends network for “john b” (the ellipse in the center) Surrounding him are his friends and friends-of-friends
Network from social.ie http://www.swfup.com/uploads/swf-37675.swf
Social network analysis in use Sociology theory  applied to the 21st century, collecting data from social network websites: http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2006/08/19/research_on_soc.html Combine with Semantic Web  technologies to determine social behavioural patterns: http://www.blogninja.com/galway-iswc2005.ppt MIT Media Lab are conducting  mobile SNA research  via their “Reality Mining” project: http://reality.media.mit.edu/
Knowing too much? Individuals are  revealing more and more  information on SNS and other social software sites Personal privacy issues, where sensitive information is revealed Advertisers and marketers  can gain better understanding from customer behavioural patterns: Analysing the masses of SNS info, “clouds” showing the overall picture United States NSA using  social network analysis technologies for  homeland  security Also using “automated intelligence profiling” based on unreliable information
3.  Enterprise Social Networking Services
Enterprise 2.0 Web 2.0 includes applications such as blogs, wikis, RSS feeds and social networking, while  Enterprise 2.0 is the packaging of those technologies in both corporate IT and workplace environments “ Enterprise 2.0 is the  use of a freeform social software platform inside an organisation  that allows them to do things that are important”, Harvard Business School’s Professor Andrew McAfee “ There are direct enterprise equivalents [to Facebook].  You can  ask people the status of their projects, what they’re working on, are they travelling, things they’ve learned .  All of these things would be very valuable inside an enterprise.”
Fears if employees are using external SNSs Chief information officers from large companies (e.g. financial institutions) block employee access to public social networks: There is a fear of  losing control of information  in response to the  “open” ethos of the Internet ; security issues Accounting firms need to  ensure their employees   don’t provide  tax or financial  advice  online to  comply with regulatory guidelines  and disclosure legislation Requires safeguards in terms of tracking documents, discussions: Awareness Inc.’s system tracks SNS posts and  sends potentially inflammatory posts into moderation boxes  for manager review Need to  comply with  company,  legal  or state regulations
Some negative aspects for SNSs and businesses Can sap employee productivity? Potential violations / breaches of company protocol? Forrester Research recently found that 14% of companies have disciplined employees and 5% fired them for offences related to social networking A poll by Sophos found that 66% of workers think their colleagues share too much information on Facebook 50% of companies (including Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, UBS, and Lehman Brothers) block access to Facebook according to the same Sophos survey
Be careful what you post about   “ Jessica Zenner, an employee of Parker Services (a technical recruitment contractor for Nintendo) was fired on the 31st of August [2007] by her employer following concerns expressed by Nintendo about posts on her blog ‘Inexcusable Behavior’. […] T he firing follows on from the recent dismissal of Paris-based Catherine Sanderson, AKA ‘La Petite Anglaise’, from accountancy firm Dixon Wilson for ‘gross misconduct’.” – SocialMedia.net “ Bookseller Waterstone’s has sacked a long-serving employee for writing a blog.  Joe Gordon from Edinburgh, who worked for the company for 11 years, says he was dismissed because he ‘brought the company into disrepute’ [in 2005].” – The Guardian
What company opportunities are there from SNSs? A useful means for self-promotion, marketing products online, and attracting new hires: Can promote products or services through targeted advertising and viral marketing Get feedback (directly, indirectly) about your products or services, especially from influential hubs / connectors Discover new recruits; network with peers An opportunity to create an internal network for sharing information and expertise: Share information within a business’ own walls Efficient way to mine for in-house expertise (“expert finding”) Reduce the time spent mailing docs and e-mailing comments Encourage employees, alumni, interns, new hires, retired staff, other stakeholders to interact with each other
The positives of SNSs for business employees “Bosses warm up to social networking on company time”  www.technewsworld.com/story/social-networking/59315.html “ Corporate adoption of social networking tools, has been considerable due to their effectiveness in cutting across barriers in large corporations.” “ Social networking has become a tool to drive corporate innovation.”
The positives of SNSs for business employees (2) “ More than 40 percent of business users consume social networking applications like blogs, intranets and RSS [really simple syndication] feeds more than three times a week.” “ More than 30 percent of respondents read information in wikis, social networks, discussion boards and videoconferences / IMs more than three times a week.” “ More than 20 percent of respondents contribute to blogs, intranets, social networks, discussion boards, video conferencing and tagging [social media sites] more than three times a week.”
Quotes about blogging and business “ It'll be no more mandatory that [CEOs] have blogs than that they have a phone and an e-mail account.  If they don't, they're going to look foolish.” – Jonathan Schwartz, Sun Microsystems “ Tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. If your competitor has a product that's better than yours, link to it.  You might as well.  We’ll find it anyway.” – Robert Scoble, Formerly of Microsoft, “Corporate Weblog Manifesto” “… controversy flared up in December, when a Portland, OR, company called Marqui announced that it would pay select bloggers $800 a month to publish at least four entries per month about its software. […] Nokia, for example, recently gave away Nokia 7710 wide-screen smart phones to more than 1,000 ‘VIPs’ around the world, including many bloggers…” http://www.technologyreview.com/InfoTech/wtr_14587,258,p1.html
Corporate social networking providers / platforms Mentor Scout Microsoft SharePoint SelectMinds Tacit Illumio Visible Path Web Crossing Awareness Contact Networks IBM Lotus Connections introNetworks Jive Software Leverage Software
introNetworks
Jive Software
Visible Path Visible Path powers “Hoover’s Connect” for business research company Hoover's, which lets users know how they're connected to companies and people in the Hoover's database
Search for those who work in venture capital Target those people working at firms of interest View profiles to see common friends that can get you a meeting with the VC of choice Try LinkedIn.com You have a business idea and are looking for an “in” at a venture capital firm: Other business uses, e.g. finding venture capital
Can an internal SNS become less “social”? Why not? Evolution of boards.ie topics: 1998: Games = 97% Rec = 2% Tech = 1% 2007: Rec = 20% Tech = 13% Games = 11% Soc = 9% Biz = 8% … And it doesn’t necessarily have to take 10 years!
Creating your own SNS Which method is best for you? Create a social network via a web interface, hosted on someone else’s site Install off-the-shelf social networking software on your own server Install a content management system and customise the SN modules / themes yourself
Creating your own SNS (2) Ning.com: From Marc Andreessen, founder of Netscape Hosted service
Creating your own SNS (3) phpfox.com: A downloadable relatively cheap solution called Konsort Needs PHP, MySQL, etc.
Creating your own SNS (4) http://groups.drupal.org/social-networking-sites: Drupal is a popular content management system Can add SN modules like  buddylist ,  invite ,  organic groups , etc.
4.  The Future of Social Networking Services
Problems with SNSs Fundamental problems block their potential to access the full range of available content and networked people online There is a need to build semantic social networking into the fabric of the next-generation Internet itself: Interconnecting both content and people in a meaningful way
First issue Need interesting objects to draw you back to keep on using social networking services * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7
Many social networking services can be boring… * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7
Object-centred sociality can provide meaning Users connected via a common object, e.g., their job, university, hobbies, a date… “ Another tradition of theorizing offers an explanation of why Russell linked out, and why so many YASNS ultimately fail.” “ According to this theory, people don’t just connect to each other. They connect through a shared object.” * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”
Object-centred sociality can provide meaning (2) “ When a service fails to offer the users a way to create new objects of sociality, they turn the connecting itself into an object [LinkedIn].” “ Good services allow people to create social objects that add value.” Flickr = photos del.icio.us = bookmarks Blogs = discussion posts * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”
… can connect us to other people Video annotations Chats Photos Micro-blogs OSN profiles Bookmarks … Everything we make and do…
Second issue We all have too many separate profiles and sets of contacts on disconnected social networking services
Social network portability and reusability Need distributed social networks and reusable profiles Users may have many identities and sets of friends on different social networks, where each identity was created from scratch Allow user to import existing profile and contacts, using a single global identity with different views (e.g., via FOAF, hCard, OpenID, etc.) See also: http://groups.google.com/group/social-network-portability/ http://bradfitz.com/social-graph-problem/ http://danbri.org/words/2007/09/13/194
The Semantic Web can help Sir Tim Berners-Lee et al., Scientific American, 2001: “ An extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” The Semantic Web can provide the required representation mechanisms for connecting disparate social networks: It links people and objects to store and represent the heterogeneous ties that bind us to each other Serves as a useful platform for linking and for performing operations on diverse person- and object-related data gathered from heterogeneous social networking sites
The Semantic Web can help (2) By using agreed-upon Semantic Web formats to  describe people, content objects and the connections that bind them all together , SNSs can interoperate by appealing to common semantics Developers are already  using Semantic Web technologies to augment  the ways in which they create, reuse, and link profiles and content on social networking and media sites (using FOAF, SIOC, etc.) Facebook to FOAF :  www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~mrowe/foafgenerator.html openlinksw.com/weblog/dav/dav-blog-1/index.vspx?id=1237 In the other direction, object-centered social networks can serve as  rich data sources for Semantic Web  applications
Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF) FOAF is an ontology for describing people and the relationships that exist between them Can be integrated with any other SW vocabularies Some SNSs with FOAF exports: People can also create their own FOAF document and link to it from their homepage FOAF documents usually contain personal info, links to friends, and other related resources
Integrating social networks with FOAF Common formats, unique URIs * Source: Sheila Kinsella, Applications of Social Network Analysis 2007
A distributed social network with FOAF Can use FOAF to describe social networks across a number of services Picture shows data from both boards.ie and my hand-coded FOAF file
Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities The aims of the SIOC project (funded by SFI at DERI) are: To fully describe the structure of content in online community sites To create new connections between forums and posts from different types of discussion systems (blogs, forums, mailing lists, etc.) and content items / containers on Web 2.0 sites To browse connected posts and channels in interesting ways (e.g.,  distributed linked conversations, decentralised discussion channels and communities, etc.) Some positive quotes: “ I […] think the concept is HOT” – Robert  Douglass, Drupal Developer “ It just dawned on me that the burgeoning SIOC-o-sphere (online communities exporting and exposing content via SIOC Ontology) is actually: Blogosphere 2.0” – Kingsley Idehen, Founder and CEO of OpenLink Software "SIOC has the potential to become one of the foundational vocabularies that make Semantic Web applications useful” – Ivan Herman, W3C
How can SIOC data be used?
SIOC metadata  exporters  have been created for open-source / commercial discussion systems and popular Web 2.0 sites: b2evolution, Dotclear, Drupal, phpBB, WordPress, mailing lists, IRC, Twitter, Jaiku, aggregators, OpenLink Data Spaces, etc. Easy-to-use  APIs  have been produced for writing your own SIOC applications in PHP, Ruby on Rails and Java As well as nearly 20 academic papers about SIOC and a W3C member submission ( http://www.w3.org/Submission/2007/02/ ), easy-to-read  documentation  and usage  examples  are available : http://sioc-project.org/ SIOC aims to infect the Web infrastructure: During next upgrade cycle gigabytes of community data become available! Getting traction for SIOC
Where is SIOC being used already?
Disconnected social media sites can connect using Semantic Web technology
Social networking fatigue How many general or niche SNSs are you willing to register and / or interact with? People search engine and aggregation sites are now appearing: SocialURL – organise your online identities PeekYou – matching web pages with their owners Spock – organising information around people Rapleaf – reputation lookup and email search Wink – free people search engine “ There is potential for expanded social networks as potential matches are identified by such services.” Danger may occur if incorrect personal data is compiled and / or sold to others
Social networking in 3-D SNS methods to  simulate real-life social interaction : People arrange to meet others through something they have in common, not by randomly approaching each other Better interaction methods with friends à la Second Life
Questions and answers ?
Interesting links and references The water cooler is now on the Web http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_40/b4052072.htm The expanding world of social networking http:// wistechnology.com/article.php?id =4247 Social networking: a time waster or the next big thing in collaboration? http:// www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID =201808149 Social networks may become interoperable http:// www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID =201808173 Business faces up to social networks http://www.vnunet.com/computing/analysis/2200354/facebook-microsoft Harvard prof. envisions Enterprise 2.0 web services http://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid26_gci1276012,00.html Nine ways to build your own social network http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/07/24/9-ways-to-build-your-own-social-network/ 34 more ways to build your own social network http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/08/14/34-more-ways-to-build-your-own-social-network/ Bosses warm up to social networking on company time http://www.technewsworld.com/story/social-networking/59315.html

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Social Networking and Collaboration Tools for Enterprise 2.0

  • 1. Social Networking and Collaboration Tools for Enterprise 2.0 John Breslin [email_address] http://www.johnbreslin.com/ Enriching the Internet Experience 18 th October 2007
  • 2. A little bit about myself! 1998: Forum* on the Irish Games Network 2000: boards.ie Ltd. Formed 2004: Researcher at DERI, NUI Galway 2008: 10 th Anniversary* Hello, World! 1990: VMS MAP.COM
  • 3. What I’m going to talk about today… Collaborating with Social Media and Web 2.0 Social Networking Services (SNSs) So Far Enterprise Social Networking Services The Future of Social Networking Services
  • 4. 1. Collaborating with Social Media and Web 2.0
  • 5. A move from the Web to a “social web” The New Yorker, 1993 “ On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.” The New Yorker, 2005 “ I had my own blog for a while, but I decided to go back to just pointless, incessant barking.”
  • 6. What is social media? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media “ Social media uses the ‘wisdom of crowds’ to connect information in a collaborative manner.” “ Social media can take many different forms, including message boards, weblogs, wikis, podcasts, pictures and video.” Popular examples of social media sites: Wikipedia, MySpace / Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, SecondLife, Upcoming, Digg / Reddit / StumbleUpon, Flickr / Zooomr, del.icio.us, World of Warcraft, Amazon Related terms: Web 2.0, social web, social software, social networks, social news, social bookmarking, user-generated content
  • 7. What is Web 2.0? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0 “ Web 2.0 refers to a perceived second generation of web-based communities and hosted services - such as social-networking sites, wikis and folksonomies - which aim to facilitate collaboration and sharing between users.” The term Web 2.0 was made popular by Tim O’Reilly: http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
  • 8. Features / principles of Web 2.0 (O’Reilly) The Web as platform Harnessing collective intelligence Data is the next “Intel Inside” End of the software release cycle Lightweight programming models Software above the level of a single device Rich user experiences The long tail
  • 9. Web 2.0 and social media in my simple terms Users Content Tags Comments Users post content Users share content Users annotate content with tags Users browse content via tags Users discuss content via comments Users connect via posted content Users connect directly to users
  • 10. Content can be… Books Amazon Discussion postings Blogs Bookmarks del.icio.us Photos Flickr Music Last.fm Movies Netflix Events Upcoming.org Places Dopplr Products Microsoft Aura Articles Wikipedia
  • 11. Blogging: a phenomenon for a new generation? Cincinnati Enquirer, October 2004
  • 12. Overview of blogs Weblog , web log or simply a blog is a web journal “ A web application which contains periodic time-stamped posts on a common (usually open-access) webpage” Individual diaries -> arms of political campaigns, media programs and corporations (e.g. the Google Blog) Citizen journalism… Posts are often shown in reverse chronological order Comments can be made by the public on some blogs Latest headlines, with hyperlinks and summaries, are syndicated using RSS or Atom formats (e.g. for reading favourite blogs with a feed reader)
  • 13. The state of the blogosphere from Technorati 70 million blogs The blogosphere is doubling in size every 320 days (slowing down a little) 120,000 new blogs are created each day (i.e. 1.4 new blogs every second) 1.5 million blog posts are made in a day (i.e. 17 posts per second) Around 5-10% of new blogs are spam blogs or “splogs” 35% of blog posts use tags
  • 14. Definition of wikis A wiki is a type of website that allow users to easily add and edit content and is especially suited for collaborative writing The name is based on the Hawaiian term wiki-wiki, meaning “quick”, “fast”, or “ to hasten ” It amasses to a group of web pages that allows users to quickly add content and also allows others to edit the content: It relies on cooperation, checks and balances of its members, and a belief in sharing of ideas
  • 15. Some uses of wikis Wikis are being used for: online encyclopaedias free dictionaries book repositories software development project proposals writing research papers event organisation
  • 16. The Wikipedia: from Gaeilge to Esperanto
  • 20. The social bookmarking service del.icio.us
  • 21. All Consuming, what have you read today?
  • 22. Upcoming event listings and meetups
  • 23. Dopplr for managing travel, tracking friends abroad
  • 24. You can even share your favourite walks…
  • 25. … and find others with like musical interests
  • 26. TouristR for travel destination stories and info
  • 27. The machine is us/ing us http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =6gmP4nk0EOE
  • 28. 2. Social Networking Services (SNSs) So Far
  • 29. We all live in a social network… … of friends, family, workmates, fellow students, acquaintances, etc.
  • 30. Friend of a friend, or “dúirt bean liom go ndúirt bean leí” Theory that anybody is connected to everybody else (on average) by no more than six degrees of separation Everyone’s connected…
  • 31. Milgram’s six degrees of separation theory Sociologist Milgram conducted this experiment: Random people from Nebraska were to send a letter (via intermediaries) to a stock broker in Boston Could only send to someone with whom they were on a first-name basis Among the letters that found the target, the average number of links was six Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)
  • 32. And now a major motion picture, kind of… Six Degrees of Separation (1993) “ I read somewhere that everybody on this planet is separated by only six other people. Six degrees of separation between us and everyone else on this planet. The President of the United States, a gondolier in Venice, just fill in the names... It’s not just big names — it’s anyone. A native in a rain forest, a Tiero del Fuegan, an Eskimo. I am bound — you are bound — to everyone on this planet by a trail of six people.” Play from 1990 by John Guare
  • 33. The Erdős number Number of links required to connect scholars to Erdős via co-authorship of papers Erdős wrote 1500+ papers with 507 co-authors Jerry Grossman’s site allows mathematicians to compute their Erdős numbers: http://www.oakland.edu/enp/ Connecting path lengths, among mathematicians only: The average is 4.65 The maximum is 13 Paul Erdős (1913-1996)
  • 34. Trying to make friends Valdis Marc Met Marc and I already had friends in common! I later found out my cousin Ailish also knows Andrew. The “small world” phenomenon… Latvia Uldis DERI John Dublin Clare Bros John C Andrew
  • 35. “ It’s a small world after all!”, by Kentaro Toyama Kentaro Bash Karishma Sharad Maithreyi Anandan Venkie Soumya Prof. McDermott * Source: http://research.microsoft.com/toyama/talks/ Ranjeet Prof. Sastry PM Manmohan Singh Prof. Balki Pres. Kalam Prof. Jhunjhunwala Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia Ravi Dr. Isher Judge Ahluwalia Pawan Aishwarya Ravi’s Father Amitabh Bachchan Prof. Kannan Prof. Prahalad Nandana Sen Prof. Amartya Sen Prof. Veni
  • 36. The Kevin Bacon game Boxed version of the game Invented by three Albright College students in 1994: Craig Fass, Brian Turtle, Mike Ginelly Goal is to connect any actor to Kevin Bacon, by linking actors who have acted in the same movie The “Oracle of Bacon” website uses IMDB to find the shortest link between any two actors: http://oracleofbacon.org/
  • 37. The Kevin Bacon game (2) Total number of actors in database (as of 15 th October): 893283 Average path length to Kevin: 2.957 Actor closest to “center”: Rod Steiger (2.68) Rank of Kevin, in terms of closeness to center: 1049th Most actors are within three links of each other!
  • 38. What are social networking services (SNSs)? From the beginning, the Internet was a medium for connecting not only machines but people Idea behind SNSs is to make the aforementioned real-world relationships explicitly defined online 2002: Friendster 2003: MySpace, LinkedIn, hi5 2004: orkut, Facebook 2005: Bebo
  • 39. Social networking in plain English http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =6a_KF7TYKVc
  • 40. The popularity of SNSs The 10 most popular domains ~= 40% percent of all page views on the Web (Compete, November 2006) Nearly half of those views were from the social networking services MySpace and Facebook – wow! And that’s just in the top 10… Alexa rankings: #6: MySpace #7: orkut #8: Facebook #10: hi5 #16: Friendster #95: Bebo #142: LinkedIn
  • 41. SNSs attracting lots of monetary / media attention Friendster – $13M VC Tribe – $6.3M VC LinkedIn – $4.7M VC Bebo – $15M VC MySpace – Sold for $580M Friends Reunited – Sold for £120M Facebook – Purported $1B Y! offer
  • 42. Motivation for social network services Allows a user to create and maintain an online network of close friends or business associates for social and professional reasons : Friendships and relationships Offline meetings Curiosity about others Business opportunities Job hunting … For social good: Kevin Bacon – sixdegrees.org Sun – openeco.org
  • 43. Big social network services (in terms of accounts) myspace.com 200,000,000 spaces.live.com 120,000,000 orkut.com 68,000,000 hi5.com 50,000,000 friendster.com 50,000,000 xanga.com 40,000,000 classmates.com 40,000,000 facebook.com 39,000,000 bebo.com 34,000,000 tagged.com 30,000,000 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites
  • 44. Features of social network services Network of friends (inner circle) Person surfing Private messaging Discussion forums Events management Blogging and commenting Media uploading
  • 45. Facebook, #8 in the world
  • 46. The success of (and hype around) Facebook After talks with MS to take 5% stake, estimated at $10B 4,000 applications have been created for Facebook’s developer interface: 70,000 developers signed up Active user count has jumped 70% in the four months since this contributable application layer was added 50% of Facebook users are non-students: People over 24 are its fastest-growing demographic
  • 47. orkut, Google’s SNS TechCrunch - Google To “Out Open” FB On November 5 www.techcrunch.com/2007/09/21/google-to-out-open-facebook-on-november-5/ Scobleizer - Google: Making Big Social Media Moves scobleizer.com/2007/10/09/google-making-big-social-media-moves/
  • 48. Get LinkedIn to business contacts, 15 million users
  • 49. OpenEco, a SNS for managing GHG emissions
  • 50. Other niche SNSs Age: Multiply (seniors and settled); Boomj (baby boomers); Rezoom Country of origin: Silicon India Gender: CaféMom; MothersClick; Sister Woman (female friends) Occupation: ModelsHotel; FanLib (fiction writers); AdGabber; TheFeng.org (financial services executives); MilitarySpot (military families); Sermo (doctors and physicians) Business and careers: ConnectBuzz; Doostang; Execunet; Netshare; Ryze; Viadeo; Xing Interests: TradeKing (investors); StreetCred (hip hop); IndiePublic (art and design); PeerTrainer (health and wellbeing) * Source: Paul Gibler, Wisconsin Technology Network
  • 51. Can be many links even in a small-sized SNS Meaningless when viewed as a whole, so need to apply some social network analysis (SNA) techniques: “ Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications”, Stanley Wasserman and Katherine Faust http://www.socialnetworks.org/ http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/tse-portal/analysis/social-network-analysis/ http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/ For example, can reduce the amount of relevant social network data by clustering May choose to cluster people by common friends, by shared interests, by geography, by tags, etc.
  • 52. What is social network analysis? People are represented as nodes or “actors” Relationships are represented as lines or edges: Relationships may be acquaintanceship, friendship, co-authorship, etc. Allows analysis using tools of mathematical graph theory, and mapping: Movie actors Scientists and mathematicians Sexual interaction Phone call patterns
  • 53. Visualising your network of friends You can graphically visualise your network of friends and friends-of-friends using graphical tools (e.g. Prefuse) This is the friends network for “john b” (the ellipse in the center) Surrounding him are his friends and friends-of-friends
  • 54. Network from social.ie http://www.swfup.com/uploads/swf-37675.swf
  • 55. Social network analysis in use Sociology theory applied to the 21st century, collecting data from social network websites: http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2006/08/19/research_on_soc.html Combine with Semantic Web technologies to determine social behavioural patterns: http://www.blogninja.com/galway-iswc2005.ppt MIT Media Lab are conducting mobile SNA research via their “Reality Mining” project: http://reality.media.mit.edu/
  • 56. Knowing too much? Individuals are revealing more and more information on SNS and other social software sites Personal privacy issues, where sensitive information is revealed Advertisers and marketers can gain better understanding from customer behavioural patterns: Analysing the masses of SNS info, “clouds” showing the overall picture United States NSA using social network analysis technologies for homeland security Also using “automated intelligence profiling” based on unreliable information
  • 57. 3. Enterprise Social Networking Services
  • 58. Enterprise 2.0 Web 2.0 includes applications such as blogs, wikis, RSS feeds and social networking, while Enterprise 2.0 is the packaging of those technologies in both corporate IT and workplace environments “ Enterprise 2.0 is the use of a freeform social software platform inside an organisation that allows them to do things that are important”, Harvard Business School’s Professor Andrew McAfee “ There are direct enterprise equivalents [to Facebook]. You can ask people the status of their projects, what they’re working on, are they travelling, things they’ve learned . All of these things would be very valuable inside an enterprise.”
  • 59. Fears if employees are using external SNSs Chief information officers from large companies (e.g. financial institutions) block employee access to public social networks: There is a fear of losing control of information in response to the “open” ethos of the Internet ; security issues Accounting firms need to ensure their employees don’t provide tax or financial advice online to comply with regulatory guidelines and disclosure legislation Requires safeguards in terms of tracking documents, discussions: Awareness Inc.’s system tracks SNS posts and sends potentially inflammatory posts into moderation boxes for manager review Need to comply with company, legal or state regulations
  • 60. Some negative aspects for SNSs and businesses Can sap employee productivity? Potential violations / breaches of company protocol? Forrester Research recently found that 14% of companies have disciplined employees and 5% fired them for offences related to social networking A poll by Sophos found that 66% of workers think their colleagues share too much information on Facebook 50% of companies (including Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, UBS, and Lehman Brothers) block access to Facebook according to the same Sophos survey
  • 61. Be careful what you post about  “ Jessica Zenner, an employee of Parker Services (a technical recruitment contractor for Nintendo) was fired on the 31st of August [2007] by her employer following concerns expressed by Nintendo about posts on her blog ‘Inexcusable Behavior’. […] T he firing follows on from the recent dismissal of Paris-based Catherine Sanderson, AKA ‘La Petite Anglaise’, from accountancy firm Dixon Wilson for ‘gross misconduct’.” – SocialMedia.net “ Bookseller Waterstone’s has sacked a long-serving employee for writing a blog. Joe Gordon from Edinburgh, who worked for the company for 11 years, says he was dismissed because he ‘brought the company into disrepute’ [in 2005].” – The Guardian
  • 62. What company opportunities are there from SNSs? A useful means for self-promotion, marketing products online, and attracting new hires: Can promote products or services through targeted advertising and viral marketing Get feedback (directly, indirectly) about your products or services, especially from influential hubs / connectors Discover new recruits; network with peers An opportunity to create an internal network for sharing information and expertise: Share information within a business’ own walls Efficient way to mine for in-house expertise (“expert finding”) Reduce the time spent mailing docs and e-mailing comments Encourage employees, alumni, interns, new hires, retired staff, other stakeholders to interact with each other
  • 63. The positives of SNSs for business employees “Bosses warm up to social networking on company time” www.technewsworld.com/story/social-networking/59315.html “ Corporate adoption of social networking tools, has been considerable due to their effectiveness in cutting across barriers in large corporations.” “ Social networking has become a tool to drive corporate innovation.”
  • 64. The positives of SNSs for business employees (2) “ More than 40 percent of business users consume social networking applications like blogs, intranets and RSS [really simple syndication] feeds more than three times a week.” “ More than 30 percent of respondents read information in wikis, social networks, discussion boards and videoconferences / IMs more than three times a week.” “ More than 20 percent of respondents contribute to blogs, intranets, social networks, discussion boards, video conferencing and tagging [social media sites] more than three times a week.”
  • 65. Quotes about blogging and business “ It'll be no more mandatory that [CEOs] have blogs than that they have a phone and an e-mail account. If they don't, they're going to look foolish.” – Jonathan Schwartz, Sun Microsystems “ Tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. If your competitor has a product that's better than yours, link to it. You might as well. We’ll find it anyway.” – Robert Scoble, Formerly of Microsoft, “Corporate Weblog Manifesto” “… controversy flared up in December, when a Portland, OR, company called Marqui announced that it would pay select bloggers $800 a month to publish at least four entries per month about its software. […] Nokia, for example, recently gave away Nokia 7710 wide-screen smart phones to more than 1,000 ‘VIPs’ around the world, including many bloggers…” http://www.technologyreview.com/InfoTech/wtr_14587,258,p1.html
  • 66. Corporate social networking providers / platforms Mentor Scout Microsoft SharePoint SelectMinds Tacit Illumio Visible Path Web Crossing Awareness Contact Networks IBM Lotus Connections introNetworks Jive Software Leverage Software
  • 69. Visible Path Visible Path powers “Hoover’s Connect” for business research company Hoover's, which lets users know how they're connected to companies and people in the Hoover's database
  • 70. Search for those who work in venture capital Target those people working at firms of interest View profiles to see common friends that can get you a meeting with the VC of choice Try LinkedIn.com You have a business idea and are looking for an “in” at a venture capital firm: Other business uses, e.g. finding venture capital
  • 71. Can an internal SNS become less “social”? Why not? Evolution of boards.ie topics: 1998: Games = 97% Rec = 2% Tech = 1% 2007: Rec = 20% Tech = 13% Games = 11% Soc = 9% Biz = 8% … And it doesn’t necessarily have to take 10 years!
  • 72. Creating your own SNS Which method is best for you? Create a social network via a web interface, hosted on someone else’s site Install off-the-shelf social networking software on your own server Install a content management system and customise the SN modules / themes yourself
  • 73. Creating your own SNS (2) Ning.com: From Marc Andreessen, founder of Netscape Hosted service
  • 74. Creating your own SNS (3) phpfox.com: A downloadable relatively cheap solution called Konsort Needs PHP, MySQL, etc.
  • 75. Creating your own SNS (4) http://groups.drupal.org/social-networking-sites: Drupal is a popular content management system Can add SN modules like buddylist , invite , organic groups , etc.
  • 76. 4. The Future of Social Networking Services
  • 77. Problems with SNSs Fundamental problems block their potential to access the full range of available content and networked people online There is a need to build semantic social networking into the fabric of the next-generation Internet itself: Interconnecting both content and people in a meaningful way
  • 78. First issue Need interesting objects to draw you back to keep on using social networking services * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7
  • 79. Many social networking services can be boring… * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7
  • 80. Object-centred sociality can provide meaning Users connected via a common object, e.g., their job, university, hobbies, a date… “ Another tradition of theorizing offers an explanation of why Russell linked out, and why so many YASNS ultimately fail.” “ According to this theory, people don’t just connect to each other. They connect through a shared object.” * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”
  • 81. Object-centred sociality can provide meaning (2) “ When a service fails to offer the users a way to create new objects of sociality, they turn the connecting itself into an object [LinkedIn].” “ Good services allow people to create social objects that add value.” Flickr = photos del.icio.us = bookmarks Blogs = discussion posts * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”
  • 82. … can connect us to other people Video annotations Chats Photos Micro-blogs OSN profiles Bookmarks … Everything we make and do…
  • 83. Second issue We all have too many separate profiles and sets of contacts on disconnected social networking services
  • 84. Social network portability and reusability Need distributed social networks and reusable profiles Users may have many identities and sets of friends on different social networks, where each identity was created from scratch Allow user to import existing profile and contacts, using a single global identity with different views (e.g., via FOAF, hCard, OpenID, etc.) See also: http://groups.google.com/group/social-network-portability/ http://bradfitz.com/social-graph-problem/ http://danbri.org/words/2007/09/13/194
  • 85. The Semantic Web can help Sir Tim Berners-Lee et al., Scientific American, 2001: “ An extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” The Semantic Web can provide the required representation mechanisms for connecting disparate social networks: It links people and objects to store and represent the heterogeneous ties that bind us to each other Serves as a useful platform for linking and for performing operations on diverse person- and object-related data gathered from heterogeneous social networking sites
  • 86. The Semantic Web can help (2) By using agreed-upon Semantic Web formats to describe people, content objects and the connections that bind them all together , SNSs can interoperate by appealing to common semantics Developers are already using Semantic Web technologies to augment the ways in which they create, reuse, and link profiles and content on social networking and media sites (using FOAF, SIOC, etc.) Facebook to FOAF : www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~mrowe/foafgenerator.html openlinksw.com/weblog/dav/dav-blog-1/index.vspx?id=1237 In the other direction, object-centered social networks can serve as rich data sources for Semantic Web applications
  • 87. Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF) FOAF is an ontology for describing people and the relationships that exist between them Can be integrated with any other SW vocabularies Some SNSs with FOAF exports: People can also create their own FOAF document and link to it from their homepage FOAF documents usually contain personal info, links to friends, and other related resources
  • 88. Integrating social networks with FOAF Common formats, unique URIs * Source: Sheila Kinsella, Applications of Social Network Analysis 2007
  • 89. A distributed social network with FOAF Can use FOAF to describe social networks across a number of services Picture shows data from both boards.ie and my hand-coded FOAF file
  • 90. Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities The aims of the SIOC project (funded by SFI at DERI) are: To fully describe the structure of content in online community sites To create new connections between forums and posts from different types of discussion systems (blogs, forums, mailing lists, etc.) and content items / containers on Web 2.0 sites To browse connected posts and channels in interesting ways (e.g., distributed linked conversations, decentralised discussion channels and communities, etc.) Some positive quotes: “ I […] think the concept is HOT” – Robert Douglass, Drupal Developer “ It just dawned on me that the burgeoning SIOC-o-sphere (online communities exporting and exposing content via SIOC Ontology) is actually: Blogosphere 2.0” – Kingsley Idehen, Founder and CEO of OpenLink Software "SIOC has the potential to become one of the foundational vocabularies that make Semantic Web applications useful” – Ivan Herman, W3C
  • 91. How can SIOC data be used?
  • 92. SIOC metadata exporters have been created for open-source / commercial discussion systems and popular Web 2.0 sites: b2evolution, Dotclear, Drupal, phpBB, WordPress, mailing lists, IRC, Twitter, Jaiku, aggregators, OpenLink Data Spaces, etc. Easy-to-use APIs have been produced for writing your own SIOC applications in PHP, Ruby on Rails and Java As well as nearly 20 academic papers about SIOC and a W3C member submission ( http://www.w3.org/Submission/2007/02/ ), easy-to-read documentation and usage examples are available : http://sioc-project.org/ SIOC aims to infect the Web infrastructure: During next upgrade cycle gigabytes of community data become available! Getting traction for SIOC
  • 93. Where is SIOC being used already?
  • 94. Disconnected social media sites can connect using Semantic Web technology
  • 95. Social networking fatigue How many general or niche SNSs are you willing to register and / or interact with? People search engine and aggregation sites are now appearing: SocialURL – organise your online identities PeekYou – matching web pages with their owners Spock – organising information around people Rapleaf – reputation lookup and email search Wink – free people search engine “ There is potential for expanded social networks as potential matches are identified by such services.” Danger may occur if incorrect personal data is compiled and / or sold to others
  • 96. Social networking in 3-D SNS methods to simulate real-life social interaction : People arrange to meet others through something they have in common, not by randomly approaching each other Better interaction methods with friends à la Second Life
  • 98. Interesting links and references The water cooler is now on the Web http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_40/b4052072.htm The expanding world of social networking http:// wistechnology.com/article.php?id =4247 Social networking: a time waster or the next big thing in collaboration? http:// www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID =201808149 Social networks may become interoperable http:// www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID =201808173 Business faces up to social networks http://www.vnunet.com/computing/analysis/2200354/facebook-microsoft Harvard prof. envisions Enterprise 2.0 web services http://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid26_gci1276012,00.html Nine ways to build your own social network http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/07/24/9-ways-to-build-your-own-social-network/ 34 more ways to build your own social network http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/08/14/34-more-ways-to-build-your-own-social-network/ Bosses warm up to social networking on company time http://www.technewsworld.com/story/social-networking/59315.html