Soil Stabilization using Plain and Treated Coir Fibres
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1. The document discusses using coir fibers to stabilize soil properties. Coir fibers are a natural fiber extracted from coconut husks that are tough, strong, and resistant to degradation. 2. The study aims to determine how mixing plain and treated coir fibers into soil at different proportions affects the soil's index properties, engineering properties, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values, and unconfined compression strength. 3. A literature review found that previous studies show coir fibers can improve the performance of unpaved roads when used as reinforcement and increase CBR values and load-carrying capacity when mixed with soil.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2984
Soil stabilization using plain and treated coir fibres
Mohd.Edriss Aneel1, Bibha Mahto2 ,Jhalak Kaushik3 , Raj Kumar4
1PG Students, Civil Engineering, NIU, GREATER NOIDA, India,
2Assssistant professor, Civil Engineering, NIU, GREATER NOIDA, India,
3,4 PG Students, Civil Engineering, NIU, GREATER NOIDA,
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - India is one of the leading coir producing
countries. Coir industry provides employment to people
belonging to weaker sections of the society in rural and
coastal areas. To protect the traditional coir industry and to
make it possible to meet the challenges in structured
development of the nation, the development of new products
and new horizons of varied applications of the existing
products is necessary. At present, Coir Geotextiles account for
only a fractional share of the global market of Geotextiles.
While the world focus is shifting to natural Geotextiles, India
as a producer of Coir Geotextiles, has much to gain by using it
for meeting the domestic as well as global demands.
The objective of present work is to studyphysicalproperties of
sub grade soil and coir geotextile fibre. The study pertains to
ascertain the variation in index properties of soil when mixed
with plain and treated coir fibre at different proportions To
determine engineering properties of the soil mixed with plain
and treated coir fibre at different proportions. To determine
the variation in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values at
different percentage of plain and treated coir fibre. To study
the effect of plain and treated coir fibre at different
proportions on unconfined compression strength of the soil
(UCS).So that that the present study will help out in
ascertaining variation of the coir fibre length on the
engineering properties of the soil.
Key Words: Soil, UCS, CBR
1.INTRODUCTION
Coir is derived from the excerpt of the fruit of the coconut
tree "Cacos nucifera Lynn" grown in the tropical countries
mainly for the high oil contentoftheendosperm(copra).The
English word "coir" comes from the Malayalam word
“kayaru”. Large production areas, in particular, canbefound
along the coastal regions in the wet tropical areas of Asia, in
the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia.
Total world production of coconut increased substantially
from nearly 35 million tons in 1980 to more than 50 million
tons today. Yield varies from region to region with an
average of 70 to 100 nuts and a maximum of 150 nuts per
year. The kernel (copra, coconut water and shell) comprises
65% of the total weight, while the husk contributes only
35%. Despite their low trade value, the fibres provide
significant economic support to populations especially to
weaker sections in specific areas of the coir producing
countries, for example in southernstatesofIndia viz.,Kerala,
Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and also in the west
and south of Sri Lanka.
Coir is a versatile natural fibre extracted from the fibrous
husk that surrounds the coconut. The fibres are tough,
strong and extremely resistant to fungal and bacterial
decomposition. Fibre length varies from 0.3 mm to 250mm;
but to an average ranges from100 mm to 200mm. Coir cross
sections are highly elliptical and non uniform with average
diameter 0.25 mm. In spite of low cellulose content, coir
fibre has a very close fibre structure which account for its
better durability compared to other natural fibres.
Coir being a biodegradable and environment friendly
material is virtually irreplaceable by any of the modem
polymeric substitutes. With the diversification of the
products and evolvement of new technologies for the
production of fibres, the export of coir products has been
increased tremendously. Though the demand for coir
geotextiles is increasing, the total coir exports from India
comprises only less than 3% of it. The close involvement of
the local governments, with the support of the public
research institutions and private enterprises is required for
innovation, manufacturing and marketing of coir.
2. LITERARURE REVIEW
Several authors have reported various successful
improvement techniques of stablization using coir fibres
Brown et. al. [1] (as reported by Ling et al 2001) conducted
a series of tests to study the effectiveness of a polypropylene
geogrid in improving the performance of pavement, such as
resistance to rutting, reflectivecrackingandfatiguecracking.
They also reported that the geosynthetic reduced the rut
depth by 20 % to 58 %.
Burd et al.[2] emphasised the importance of the friction
shear characteristics in soil geosynthetic frictiontests.Their
work highlighted the importance of these parameters in
overall behavior of reinforced unpaved road.
Schurholz [3] reported the durability of coir geotextile.
According to him the coir geotextiles retain 20% of their
original tensile strength after one year in incubator tests](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v4i7602-170913100124/85/Soil-Stabilization-using-Plain-and-Treated-Coir-Fibres-1-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2985
with high fertile soil. It was also observed that when natural
fabrics were put in a shower room and keptwetfor167days
with conditions to simulate thetractioneffectwhileflooding,
coir had almost no damage.
Mahmood et al.[4]Studied on the geotextile - soil interface
shear behaviour carried out by Mahmood et al. (2000)
concluded that the shear strength of organic clay -geotextile
interfaces were increasing with the increase of geotextile
tensile strength. Similar findings were obtained by Burd
(1995) while performing FEM analysis on the frictional
behaviour of soil - geotextile interface.
Jayaganesh et. al. [5] studied the load deformation
characteristics of a two layer base course and sub grade
system. It was concluded from the test results that as the
thickness of the aggregate layer increases, the load carrying
capacity of the pavement system also increases. Further, for
a given thickness of the base course layer, the load carrying
capacity increased with the inclusion of reinforcement. A
geotextiles group of coir fibre placed properly does improve
the performance of an unpaved road. The most effective
location of the placing the inclusive element is at the
interface between sub grade and sub base.
Koerner et. al. [6] conducting CBR test on specimen of soil
and on soil-aggregate system. Reinforcement ratios were
defined as the load resisted by the unreinforced and the
reinforced specimens. Maximum reinforcement ratio
multiplied by the actual CBR was turned as modified CBR. It
was concluded that with the reinforced soil the CBR values
were improved to a great extent.
Mohd Yussni Hashim et. al. [7] reviewedthemercerization
parameter's effect on natural fiber and it composite
mechanical properties enhancement. The mercerization
parameters that will be stress in this paper are sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, temperature and soaking
duration
Balan[8] conducted accelerated durability studies on two
varieties of coir yarn in differentsoil environmentand burial
conditions along with a SEM study. The results of this study
revealed that the life of coir yarn is controlled by the type of
embedment soil, climatic conditions, water content and
organic content and type of coir used.Coir degrades at a
faster rate in sand with high organic contentfollowedby clay
with high organic content/burial, sand finally saturated soft
clay, where the degradation is the least. The overall life of
coir is more than two/three years.From the above it was
concluded that the degradation of brown coir, commonly
used in manufacturing of coir geotextiles degrades least
when in conjunction with soft saturated clay and the loss is
about 20 % in 6 months.
3. CONCLUSIONS
Based on above literature review it could be concluded that
The majority of works carried out in the field of coir
geotextiles are related to erosion control and watershed
management. Only a few works have been reported
regarding the utilisation of coir geotextiles for roads and
embankments and a systematic research work in thisarea is
lacking. Non-woven and woven coir geotextiles available in
early nineties have beencharacterizedandlimitedpublished
literature indicates that coir geotextiles has potential for
ground improvement applications. Extensiveresearchwork
is reported on use of oriented and randomly oriented
geosynthetic reinforcements through triaxial testing. While
this brought out the positive improvement of geotechnical
behaviour of soils, little work is reported on the use of waste
materials. The overview has brought out the need for a
systematic investigation into the various aspects of
reinforcement in particular considering the influence of
types of waste fibre inclusions.
REFERENCES
1. ASTM (1993) "Standards on geosynthetic" American
Society' for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 1-129.
2. ASTM D4439 (2004) 'Terminology for geotextiles",
American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia.
3. Balan K.(1995) “ Studies on Engineering Behavior and
Uses of Geotextiles with Natural Fibres’, Ph. D. Thesis
Submitted to IIT, Delhi.
4. Bonaparte, R., Ah’ Line, c., Charron, Rand Tisinger, L.
(1988) "Survivability and durability of a non-woven
geotextile", Proceedings of symposium. GT div./ASCE
NationalConvention,Nashville
5. BS 6906 Part 1 to Part 7 (1989, 1990 & 1991)
"Methods of testing of geotextiles andrelatedproducts",
British Standards Institution,
6. Burd, H. J. (1995) "Analysis of membrane action m
reinforced unpaved roads", Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, 32, 946 - 956.
7. Cammack, A. (1988) "A role for coir tibre geofabrics in
soil stabilization and erosion
8. control", Proceedings of the 11th workshop on coir
geogrids and geofabrics in Civil Engineering Practice,
Coimbatore, India, 28 -31.
9. CSIR (1960) " Coir: its extraction, properties and
uses", Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,
New Delhi.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v4i7602-170913100124/85/Soil-Stabilization-using-Plain-and-Treated-Coir-Fibres-2-320.jpg)
Soil Stabilization using Plain and Treated Coir Fibres
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2984 Soil stabilization using plain and treated coir fibres Mohd.Edriss Aneel1, Bibha Mahto2 ,Jhalak Kaushik3 , Raj Kumar4 1PG Students, Civil Engineering, NIU, GREATER NOIDA, India, 2Assssistant professor, Civil Engineering, NIU, GREATER NOIDA, India, 3,4 PG Students, Civil Engineering, NIU, GREATER NOIDA, ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - India is one of the leading coir producing countries. Coir industry provides employment to people belonging to weaker sections of the society in rural and coastal areas. To protect the traditional coir industry and to make it possible to meet the challenges in structured development of the nation, the development of new products and new horizons of varied applications of the existing products is necessary. At present, Coir Geotextiles account for only a fractional share of the global market of Geotextiles. While the world focus is shifting to natural Geotextiles, India as a producer of Coir Geotextiles, has much to gain by using it for meeting the domestic as well as global demands. The objective of present work is to studyphysicalproperties of sub grade soil and coir geotextile fibre. The study pertains to ascertain the variation in index properties of soil when mixed with plain and treated coir fibre at different proportions To determine engineering properties of the soil mixed with plain and treated coir fibre at different proportions. To determine the variation in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values at different percentage of plain and treated coir fibre. To study the effect of plain and treated coir fibre at different proportions on unconfined compression strength of the soil (UCS).So that that the present study will help out in ascertaining variation of the coir fibre length on the engineering properties of the soil. Key Words: Soil, UCS, CBR 1.INTRODUCTION Coir is derived from the excerpt of the fruit of the coconut tree "Cacos nucifera Lynn" grown in the tropical countries mainly for the high oil contentoftheendosperm(copra).The English word "coir" comes from the Malayalam word “kayaru”. Large production areas, in particular, canbefound along the coastal regions in the wet tropical areas of Asia, in the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. Total world production of coconut increased substantially from nearly 35 million tons in 1980 to more than 50 million tons today. Yield varies from region to region with an average of 70 to 100 nuts and a maximum of 150 nuts per year. The kernel (copra, coconut water and shell) comprises 65% of the total weight, while the husk contributes only 35%. Despite their low trade value, the fibres provide significant economic support to populations especially to weaker sections in specific areas of the coir producing countries, for example in southernstatesofIndia viz.,Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and also in the west and south of Sri Lanka. Coir is a versatile natural fibre extracted from the fibrous husk that surrounds the coconut. The fibres are tough, strong and extremely resistant to fungal and bacterial decomposition. Fibre length varies from 0.3 mm to 250mm; but to an average ranges from100 mm to 200mm. Coir cross sections are highly elliptical and non uniform with average diameter 0.25 mm. In spite of low cellulose content, coir fibre has a very close fibre structure which account for its better durability compared to other natural fibres. Coir being a biodegradable and environment friendly material is virtually irreplaceable by any of the modem polymeric substitutes. With the diversification of the products and evolvement of new technologies for the production of fibres, the export of coir products has been increased tremendously. Though the demand for coir geotextiles is increasing, the total coir exports from India comprises only less than 3% of it. The close involvement of the local governments, with the support of the public research institutions and private enterprises is required for innovation, manufacturing and marketing of coir. 2. LITERARURE REVIEW Several authors have reported various successful improvement techniques of stablization using coir fibres Brown et. al. [1] (as reported by Ling et al 2001) conducted a series of tests to study the effectiveness of a polypropylene geogrid in improving the performance of pavement, such as resistance to rutting, reflectivecrackingandfatiguecracking. They also reported that the geosynthetic reduced the rut depth by 20 % to 58 %. Burd et al.[2] emphasised the importance of the friction shear characteristics in soil geosynthetic frictiontests.Their work highlighted the importance of these parameters in overall behavior of reinforced unpaved road. Schurholz [3] reported the durability of coir geotextile. According to him the coir geotextiles retain 20% of their original tensile strength after one year in incubator tests
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2985 with high fertile soil. It was also observed that when natural fabrics were put in a shower room and keptwetfor167days with conditions to simulate thetractioneffectwhileflooding, coir had almost no damage. Mahmood et al.[4]Studied on the geotextile - soil interface shear behaviour carried out by Mahmood et al. (2000) concluded that the shear strength of organic clay -geotextile interfaces were increasing with the increase of geotextile tensile strength. Similar findings were obtained by Burd (1995) while performing FEM analysis on the frictional behaviour of soil - geotextile interface. Jayaganesh et. al. [5] studied the load deformation characteristics of a two layer base course and sub grade system. It was concluded from the test results that as the thickness of the aggregate layer increases, the load carrying capacity of the pavement system also increases. Further, for a given thickness of the base course layer, the load carrying capacity increased with the inclusion of reinforcement. A geotextiles group of coir fibre placed properly does improve the performance of an unpaved road. The most effective location of the placing the inclusive element is at the interface between sub grade and sub base. Koerner et. al. [6] conducting CBR test on specimen of soil and on soil-aggregate system. Reinforcement ratios were defined as the load resisted by the unreinforced and the reinforced specimens. Maximum reinforcement ratio multiplied by the actual CBR was turned as modified CBR. It was concluded that with the reinforced soil the CBR values were improved to a great extent. Mohd Yussni Hashim et. al. [7] reviewedthemercerization parameter's effect on natural fiber and it composite mechanical properties enhancement. The mercerization parameters that will be stress in this paper are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, temperature and soaking duration Balan[8] conducted accelerated durability studies on two varieties of coir yarn in differentsoil environmentand burial conditions along with a SEM study. The results of this study revealed that the life of coir yarn is controlled by the type of embedment soil, climatic conditions, water content and organic content and type of coir used.Coir degrades at a faster rate in sand with high organic contentfollowedby clay with high organic content/burial, sand finally saturated soft clay, where the degradation is the least. The overall life of coir is more than two/three years.From the above it was concluded that the degradation of brown coir, commonly used in manufacturing of coir geotextiles degrades least when in conjunction with soft saturated clay and the loss is about 20 % in 6 months. 3. CONCLUSIONS Based on above literature review it could be concluded that The majority of works carried out in the field of coir geotextiles are related to erosion control and watershed management. Only a few works have been reported regarding the utilisation of coir geotextiles for roads and embankments and a systematic research work in thisarea is lacking. Non-woven and woven coir geotextiles available in early nineties have beencharacterizedandlimitedpublished literature indicates that coir geotextiles has potential for ground improvement applications. Extensiveresearchwork is reported on use of oriented and randomly oriented geosynthetic reinforcements through triaxial testing. While this brought out the positive improvement of geotechnical behaviour of soils, little work is reported on the use of waste materials. The overview has brought out the need for a systematic investigation into the various aspects of reinforcement in particular considering the influence of types of waste fibre inclusions. REFERENCES 1. ASTM (1993) "Standards on geosynthetic" American Society' for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 1-129. 2. ASTM D4439 (2004) 'Terminology for geotextiles", American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 3. Balan K.(1995) “ Studies on Engineering Behavior and Uses of Geotextiles with Natural Fibres’, Ph. D. Thesis Submitted to IIT, Delhi. 4. Bonaparte, R., Ah’ Line, c., Charron, Rand Tisinger, L. (1988) "Survivability and durability of a non-woven geotextile", Proceedings of symposium. GT div./ASCE NationalConvention,Nashville 5. BS 6906 Part 1 to Part 7 (1989, 1990 & 1991) "Methods of testing of geotextiles andrelatedproducts", British Standards Institution, 6. Burd, H. J. (1995) "Analysis of membrane action m reinforced unpaved roads", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 32, 946 - 956. 7. Cammack, A. (1988) "A role for coir tibre geofabrics in soil stabilization and erosion 8. control", Proceedings of the 11th workshop on coir geogrids and geofabrics in Civil Engineering Practice, Coimbatore, India, 28 -31. 9. CSIR (1960) " Coir: its extraction, properties and uses", Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2986 10. Datye, K. R., and Gore, V. N. (1994) "Application of Natural geotextiles and related products", Journal of Geotextiles. 13, 371 - 388. 11. IRC: SP:59 (2002) Guidelines for use of geotextilein road pavements and Highway Research Board, Indian Roads Congress. 12. IRC: State - of - the Art: “ Applications of geotextiles in Highway Engineering, Special report 12, Highway Research Board, Indian Roads Congress