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This document appears to be the contents page and introduction for an upper-intermediate English workbook. It provides an overview of the units and exercises covered in the book. The units cover a range of topics for developing language skills like discussing photos, presenting arguments, and talking about past experiences. Exercises are included for various tenses, vocabulary, functions, grammar and skills like writing, speaking, reading and listening. Review sections and a functions bank, writing bank and grammar reference are also included at the end. The contents suggest this workbook is intended to help learners strengthen their English abilities at an upper-intermediate level.

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Upper-Intermediate Workbook Tim Falla, Paul A Davies OXFORD
^ Against the odds 2 For what it’s wor Talking Past and P3 about people perfect tenses Value and p n price Determiners Worst Britons Survival at sea Buying abroad Down and out О Exam i p l9 »Reading • Use of English • Listening • Writing • Speaking ^ From cradle to gra Stages of life P21 Animals p29 Talking about the future Talking about ability Young and old Fox hunting EXAM 2 p37 »Reading • Use of English • Listening • Writing • Speaking Headlines Reported speech: Newspapers p39 statements and questions Opinion and p47 belief Question forms Religion Exam 3 p55 »Reading • Use of English • Listening • Writing • Speaking Global wanning Advice, obligation and prohibition ^ Caught in the The Internet Modals in the past Our vanishing planet Social networking sites Exam 4 p73 »Reading » Use of English • Listening »Writing • Speaking Teenagers in Britain Half human, half beast Photo­ journalism TV scandals Waste not, want not Another world Past perfect simple and continuous Verb patterns Future continuous and future perfect Nominal clauses Talking about photos Discussing pros and cons Presenting arguments Topic presentation Reporting verbs Talking about statistics Question tags Speculating: present, past and future Mixed conditionals Expressing opinions Role-play Discussion Exam 5 p91 »Reading • Use of English • Listening • Writing »Speaking Magazine article Essay: for and against Description of a person Descriptive essay Review Essay: opinion Essay:for and against Biography p75 Working life Habitual behaviour (present and past) In search of a better life Making a name for yourself Future in the past Job interview Letter of application p83 Space Passive Science fiction Space tourism Passive: advanced structures Presentation Narrative Exam C h a lle n g e s 1-2 p93 Reviews 1-10 p97 F u n c tio n s B ank p i02 W r itin g B ank pi04 G ra m m a r Reference p ios W o r d lis t p ii3 f Wherever you see this symbol, you will find interactive practice *• in the corresponding section of the MultiROM. IN YOUR CD PLAYER Track 1 IF Speaking: Talking about photos, page 9 10 5F Speaking: Talking about statistics, page 45 2 IF Speaking: Talking about photos, page 9 11 6 FSpeaking: Expressing opinions, page 53 3 2F Speaking: Discussing pros and cons, page 17 12 Get ready for your exam 3, page 56 4 Get ready for your exam 1, page 20 13 7F Speaking: Role-play, page 63 5 3F Speaking: Presenting arguments, page 27 14 8 FSpeaking: Discussion, page 71 6 3F Speaking: Presenting arguments, page 27 15 Get ready for your exam 4, page 74 7 4FSpeaking: Topic presentation, page 35 16 9F Speaking: Job interview, page 81 8 Get ready for your exam 2, page 38 17 10FSpeaking: Presentation, page 89 9 5F Speaking: Talking about statistics, page 45 18 Get ready for your exam 5, page 92
I coin dtscnbt somcûncs personality. 1 Writethe opposites ofthese personalityadjectives. 1 d a b I s t i c a t e d d e d n s i d e r a t e c h e e r f u I 2 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. considerate naive 1 My neighbours are so noisy at night. I wish they’d be more 2 I can say anything I like in front o f my grandmother. She’s very__________________ for her age. 3 It was very_________________ of you to leave your bike unlocked and think nobody would steal it. 4 His exam results are always fantastic, but he’s too __________________to talk about them. 5 My sister is so .............. - she’squitehappy to sing in front of a room full of people. 6 Luke is so__________________- he’s always in a bad mood. i I I m a n n e e d 3 Choose the correct wordtocomplete the sentences. 1 The children had been as good asABC/goldallmorning. 2 Finally,after 10 years in prison, Rodney found himself as free as a bird / bee. 3 Stories about strange creatureswho live deep m the forest are as old as silk / the hills. 4 You have to be as quietas aneel /a mouse, oryou’ll wake my parents up. 5 Our dog looks quitefierce,but infact, he’s as gentle as a lamb / mule. 6 You should eat more. You’reas thin as a rake /feather! 7 lulie has been as busy as a bee /bird getting everything ready forthe conference. 8 Don’tletBen trickyou into doing allhiswork - he's as styas an eel /a fox! Complete these sentences with yourown ideas sothat they showthe meaning ofthe adjectives. Grace is so argum entative. Last night, for ewmpit. she started an argument with a complete stranger in a cafI. 1 Martin isvery considerate. He often_________________ 2 Iwish you weren’tso narrow-minded. You never 3 My m u m isa verygenerous person. She always 4 Ruth isso unreliable. She never Unit 1• Against the odds
Complete the sentences with the past simple or present perfect simple. _ (eat) a bowl of1 You can’t be hungry. You _ pasta ten minutes ago! 2 Lauren is probably the most intelligent person I ______________ (meet). 3 W e______________ (catch) four fish already, and we’ve only been here an hour! 4 When he was a child, his family 5 Don’t put the laptop away - I _ using it yet. 6 I ______________ (know) her for years, and I think she’s very level-headed. 7 Gail picked up her coat and the restaurant. 8 How many tim es___________ (live) in India, (not finish) (walk) out of (you / phone) your boyfriend so far today? Choose the best tense, simple or continuous, to complete the e-mails. □ = :0 i Reply ReplyAll dp Forward -- Dear I ’ m you to s gett Chi The and i nto seei Lov e, Li sa Kyle sorry I haven't !written / been writing to for so long. I ’ve 2meant / been meaning end you an e-mail ever since I 3got / was ing back to Peru from my trip around e and Argentina with my boyfriend, Gino. trip was great, but unfortunately Gino I 4f e 1 1 / w a s falling out. I w o n ’t go details. Anyway, w e ’ve only 5seen / been ng each other once since then. *jReply ^ReplyAII _!?Forvard Dear Kyle OK, if you insist! One day about halfway through the trip, we 6w a i t e d / w e r e waiting for a train at the station when I noticed that a man ' l o o k e d / w a s looking at me, as if he 8t r i e d / w a s trying to remember something. After a while, he 9came / was coming up to me and asked if my name was Lisa. To cut a long story short, it turns out that we both 10 grew / were growing up in the same village in Wales! While we “ chatted / were chatting, Gino suddenly “ w a l k e d / w a s walking off! He “ d i d n ’t admit / w a s n ’t admitting it, but he was jealous! Can you believe it? Lo ve , Li sa m I can. correctly use a variety of past avA perfect tenses. Complete each sentence with the past simple and past continuous. 1 lt_ (get) dark by the time we (arrive) at the holiday chalet. As I ______________ (prepare) lunch, I my hand. They_______ they_______ You________ We ^ (cut) (discover) some ancient ruins when _ (build) the new supermarket. (start) talking while I _____________ (talk)! _ Qust / leave) when the policeman (knock) on the door. __________(find) Lewis, he 4 6 When th e y_________ (live) in New York under a false name. Complete the dialogue with an appropriate past tense of the verbs in brackets. Kyle I saw Lisa last week. She 1______________ (just /arrived) back from a year in Latin America. Alyssa Really? W hat2______________ (she / do) there? Kyle Well, sh e 3______________ (work) as an English teacher forthree months in Peru. Then she 4______________ (travel) around Chile and Argentina. Alyssa And 5______________(she / change) as a result of the experience? She was quite naive before she 6_________ (go), in my opinion. She looks different. She 7______________(not have)Kyle Alyssa Kyle her hair cut since before she left! 8______________(she / meet) anybody while she 9______________(travel)? A boyfriend, I mean. Yes. While she10______________ (work) at the school in Peru, she 1 (start) going out with one of the otheryoung teachers. He 12___________ (live) in Lima for a year before she arrived, so he showed her around. Alyssa And is she still in touch with him? Kyle No, she isn’t. Something weird 13______________ (happen) in Argentina. She 14______________ (not want) to tell me about it, but 115_ Alyssa What? Tell me! (insist)! Continue the dialogue. Write another four lines, two for each speaker. Use exercise 2 to give you ideas. Kyle ________________________________________________ Alyssa ____ Kyle ________________________________ A ly s s a ________________________ Unit 1 »Against the odds
»► Worst Britons I m u express my opinions on well-known. people. Revision: Student’s Book page 7/ 1 1 Complete the summary with the words in the box. celebrities commentators figures poll Prime Minister public votes In 2002, the BBC conducted a 1 ......_ to discover which famous Britons were considered to be the greatest of all time by the general2_______________ In first place on the list was Winston Churchill, who was Britain’s 3______________during the Second World War (1939- 45). Churchill received around half of all the 4_______________Some social5_____________ were surprised that none of the top ten was alive. This showed that, while many people are interested in 6__________ ,they do not regard them as equal to great7______________ from history. ' Read the text about the 100 Worst Britons. Which of the following are definitely on the list? doctors EH film stars CD high court judges EH lawyers EH members of the royal family EH politicians EH reality TV contestants EH singers EH TV presenters EH Are these sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 People who were in prison could not vote in the Channel 4 100 Worst Britons poll_____ 2 jade Goody won the reality TV show Big Brother_____ 3 Seven former Pop Idol contestants are in the list_____ 4 The list suggests that TV presenters are not popular with the British public_____ 5 The text suggests Queen Elizabeth II is unpopular because of her role, not her personality_____ 6 The text suggests Richard Branson is unpopular because people are jealous of his success_____ Ch allen g e! Choose two famous, living people from your country that you would put in a list of 100 Worst Celebrities. Explain why you have chosen them. 1stperson: (nam e)_________________________________________ reason____________________________________________________ 25tperson: (nam e)_________________________________________ reason ____________________ ____ _______________ In 2003, a year after the BBC’s poll to discover the 100 greatest Britons, Channel 4 allowed viewers to vote for the 100 worst Britons. Unlike the BBC, Channel 4 did not allow votes for people who were not alive at the time of the poll. They also excluded people who were in prison or awaiting trial. Many of the people in the list of 200 Greatest Britons are there because of significant achievements in the world of science, music, literature and exploration. Many of those in the 100 Worst Britons list are there precisely because, in the opinion of the voters, they haven’t achieved anything worthwhile but are nonetheless in the public eye. Number 4 in the list, Jade Goody, became famous for appearing in the reality TV show, Big Brother. And although the Reality TV show, Pop Idol has been a huge hit in the UK, it provides the list with no fewer than seven people, including judges, presenters and former contestants. And judging by the list, the British public has a particular dislike forTV presenters and politicians. Most interesting are the people who appear in both the 100 Greatest list and the 100 Worst list. These are controversial figures who have large numbers of supporters but who are also detested by large numbers of people. Two former Prime Ministers fall into this category: Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher. Two singers also appear on both lists: Cliff Richard, who first became a pop star in the 1950s and is still performing, and Robbie Williams, who has millions of fans worldwide but whose personality many people find arrogant. The reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, appears as number 10 on the list of greatest Britons and number 24 on the list of worst Britons. This might be a reflection of the public’s attitude to the monarchy as an institution, rather than the personality of the Queen herself. Entrepreneur and adventurer, Richard Branson is on both lists, too. Many people admire his energy and achievements, building successful companies in the fields of air travel, music, publishing, mobile phones and even space tourism. However, many people also dislike his public image and his frequent publicity stunts. In fact, looking at the list as a whole, being in the public eye too much seems to be the main cause of disapproval. Although he is a hero for many young footballers, number 91 on the list of 100 Worst Britons is David Beckham - and his wife, Victoria, is number 13. — ........................................................................................................ .I------—— —— ---- Unit 1»Against the odds
I C<AVl U.VAùrSto[VA <avA react to 0 survival story Revision: Student’s Book page 8 -9 1 Complete the table of related nouns and adjectives. noun adjective horror i 2 relieved obstinacy 3 4 determined resignation 5 6 miserable 2 Rewrite the sentences using verbs in the box. clamber deteriorate drift grab pour rot sob 1 Water was flowing into the boat very quickly. 2 With difficulty, we climbed onto the rocks. 3 The wooden floor was so old and damp that it had fallen apart. 4 The little boy was crying noisily and pointing to his sister’s ice cream. 5 A thief suddenly took hold of my bag and ran off. 6 He dropped a leaf into the water and watched it move slowly under the bridge. 7 As she got older, her health got worse. 3 Read the text, Trouble at Sea, quickly. In what way could you describe Violet Jessop as both very unlucky and very lucky? She was unlucky because _________________ She was lucky because Choose from sentences A-G the sentence which fits each gap (1-6). There is one sentence that you do not need. A Initially, she worked with the Royal Mail Line like her mother, but later moved to a company called White Star. B Violet wrote that she was lying in bed but not quite asleep when the collision occurred. C That is why she decided not to accept another job on a large passenger ship. D But even at this early age, Violet was a survivor and recovered fully from her illness. E She was sucked under the boat and hit her head on the keel, but she survived. F Both ships were badly damaged, but managed to struggle back to port. G It was so badly damaged that it sank, with the loss of 30 members of the crew. Find these words and phrases in the text. There is one in each paragraph. Paragraph 1: a phrase meaning ‘personally’ (3 words) Paragraph 2: a serious disease________ Paragraph 3: a female member of a ship’s crew Paragraph 4: a word that means ‘very good’ ___ Paragraph 5: a phrase meaning a new ship’s first voyage (2 w ords)________________________ Paragraph 6: a bomb that is hidden in the s e a _____ Paragraph 7: the period of life when you have finished w orking________ Ch allen g e! Imagine that you were one of the survivors of the Titanic who escaped in a lifeboat. Write a short text saying what you saw and how you felt. Unit 1 "Against the odds
Most people never experience at first hand the fear and excitement of a disaster at sea. Violet Jessop experienced it three times! She did not go looking for danger, but reading the story of her life, it sometimes seems that danger came looking for her. Violet was born in A rgentina, the first of six children born to Irish em igrants, W illiam and K atherine Jessop. H er father was a sheep farmer. As a child, Violet became very ill with tuberculosis, and her doctor told her parents that she would die w ithin w eeks.1________ T he death of her father led the family to return to Britain, w here her m other needed to w ork to provide an income. She found a job as a stew ardess for the Royal M ail Line, a shipping company, while Violet and her brothers and sisters w ent to live at a convent school. W hen her m other had to stop w ork because of poor health, Violet gave up school to became a stew ardess herself.2________ Violet didn’t w ant to work for W hite Star because their ships sailed across the N orth A tlantic and often encountered bad weather. Nevertheless, Violet became a stew ardess for the W hite Star Line w orking 17 hours a day for less than £ 3 a m onth. She was serving on board the Olympic when it collided with HM S Hawke in 1911. 3_________ Violet was quite happy w orking on the Olympic and didn’t really w ant to join the Titanic, another ship owned by the same company. However, her friends persuaded her that w orking on the largest passenger ship in the w orld would be a wonderful experience. V iolet Jessop’s own account of the T itanic’s m aiden voyage talks about a translated H ebrew prayer that an old Irish w om an had given her. T he prayer w'as supposed to protect her against fire and water. Violet, w ho was a devout Catholic, read the prayer as she relaxed in her cabin only hours before the T itanic sank. 4_____ Immediately, she was ordered to go on deck. As w ater poured into the ship and it began to sink, she helped a group of women into a lifeboat, and after eight hours in the boat, V iolet and the others w ere rescued by another ship. A bout 1500 other passengers w ere not so lucky: they died in the tragedy. W hen the G reat W ar broke out in 1914, Violet served as a nurse with the British Red Cross on board a ship called the Britannic. As a medical ship, the B ritannic was safe from enem y attack because of an international agreem ent. However, tow ards the end of 1916, the ship collided with a m ine in the Aegean S ea.5_________ A t the tim e of the collision, Violet herself was on deck and was throw n over the side of the ship into the sea by the force of the explosion. 6_________ She was picked up out of the w ater and taken to safety. Years later, a doctor told her that she had actually fractured her skull in the accident. D espite these three separate incidents, Violet Jessop continued to w ork at sea for another 34 years. She retired in 1950 and enjoyed m any years of retirem ent before her death in 1971 at the age of 84. Unit 1«Against the odds
mm GRAMMAR Past perfect simple and continuous 1 Look at the time line. Then complete the text using the past perfect continuous with for or since. 1990 Boy band Take That (Robbie Williams, Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, Mark Owen and Jason Orange) start performing together 1992 Take That start having hits 1996 Take That split up 1998 Gary Barlow starts writing songs for other performers 2000 Howard Donald becomes a DJ in Germany 2001 Jason Orange becomes a psychology student 2004 Mark Owen starts running his own record label 2006 Take That reunite without Robbie Williams for a hugely successful world tour By the time Take That started having hits, they (perform / for) had been performing together for two fears. When they split up in 1996, they (have hits / since) 1__________________ ______________________ They got back together in 2006. Gary Barlow (write songs / since) 2______________________________ _. Howard Donald (work as a DJ / for) Jason Orange (study psychology / for) ' . and Mark Owen (run 2 Yesterday, Ava began an expedition to climb Mount Everest. Had she completed her preparation schedule? Write sentences in the past perfect simple, affirmative or negative. gain U kilos in weight ✓ complete a physical training regime ✓ stu<tf basic Nepalese X obtain long-term weather forecasts ✓ plan a route to the summit ✓ get to know the other climbers in the group X spend a week at high altitude ✓ She had gained k kilos in weight. Study the verbs below. Tick the verbs which are not usually used in continuous tenses (state verbs). belong □ enjoy LJ know imagine Z j spend I I think understand LJ wait □ Complete the sentences with the past perfect simple or continuous of the verbs from exercise 3. 1 NothingTara did surprised him, because he ______________ her well since childhood. 2 She was glad when the bus arrived, as sh e______________ more than half an hour in the cold. We were sad when the concert ended, because we ______________it so much. I was amazed when Fran phoned, because I ______________about her just a minute earlier. record label / since)! 5 When he finished speaking, I realised that I ____________ only a fraction of what he’d said. 6 The bracelet was particularly precious to her because it ______________ to her grandmother. 7 I was a little disappointed when I saw the hotel room because I ______________ something bigger. 8 Her parents decided that she______________ too much time with her boyfriend. Unit 1»Against the odds
SPEAKING Talking about photos I can. talk, about a jivtvi topic illustrated by photos. 1 © 0 1 Complete the extract from the Speaking exam. Then listen and check. as though connected hard imagine judging say show like would guess ‘The photos are _________with the topic of school. Both photos 2_____________- students in class. In the first photo 13 __________ that they’re about 13 years old. It looks 4______________ a science lesson, and 5____________ by the students’ expressions, I’d 6______________ that they are enjoying their lesson. They look interested and it looks 7______________they are working hard. Most of them are looking at the experiment and working together. They are all wearing uniform - it’s quite an old-fashioned-looking uniform, so I 8______________ that it’s a private school, but it could be a state school. It’s 9_____________ - to say.’ 2 © 0 2 Order the words to make sentences about the second photo. Then listen to the speaker and check your answers. 1 they I are years 17 reckon old about 2 mixed of girls it’s and class a boys 3 to tell what it’s of difficult lesson in they’re kind i m - Ch allen g e! Can you explain what these quotations about education mean? Use your own words. 1 ‘The roots of education are bitter, but the fruits are sweet.’ Aristotle 2 ‘Education is what remains when you have forgotten everything you learned in school.’ Einstein V .. ■■■■ZZZ/ Unit 1»Against the odds 4 it they’re be lesson in that maths could a 5 as is one if looks them it asleep of 6 clear front the in that the interested it’s girl desk isn’t 3 Write about these photos, comparing and contrasting them. Use phrases from exercises 1 and 2.
I t<AWH/ritt <AVWA^tAlinc (Artldt giving <AK (Account o f (An, tvtvtt. Preparation 1 Read the jumbled parts of an article. Match the paragraphs (A-D) with the paragraph plan below. A I’d been staying with my aunt and uncle at their house near the sea. The weather had been fantastic, and I’d been going to the beach every day for a swim. There was a large, flat rock about five hundred metres out to sea, and I enjoyed swimming out to it. I’d even started timing myself to see how quickly I could get there. B When I finally reached safety, I was so relieved. It felt as if I’d been swimming for ever. If the distance had been twenty metres further, I wouldn’t have made it. I’d never been so exhausted in my life! After that day, I always checked the times of the tides before I went swimming! C This is something that happened to me about three years ago. At the time, I wasn’t really frightened, but looking back, it was quite a dangerous incident. In fact, in some ways, I was lucky to survive. One afternoon, I swam to the rock as usual and climbed onto it for a rest, as it was a warm and sunny day. I was so tired that I fell asleep. Only when I woke up did I realise that the tide was coming in - and fast! The rock was now more than a kilometre out to sea! Could I swim that far? I wasn’t sure, but I had no choice. I dived into the sea and started swimming. Paragraph 1: Introduction Paragraph 2: Background information Paragraph 3: Main events Paragraph 4: Conclusion 2 Find at least one example in the article of: 1 a sequencing word or phrase 2 a phrase or sentence followed by an exclamation mark 3 an extreme adjective 4 stylistic inversion Rewrite the highlighted sentences from the article using stylistic inversion. Begin like this: 1 Had__________________________________________________ 2 Never________________________________________________ 3 S o _ _ _______________________ A Think of something that happened to you which was dangerous or frightening. Make notes. Where were you? __________________________ What happened? __________________________ When did it happen? _________________________ Who was involved? __________________________ How did you f e e l ? _________________________ 5 Use your notes from exercise 4 to write an article about the event. Follow the paragraph plan from exercise 1. W riting Guide Write a brief introduction saying where and when the event happened. Don’t go into detail at this stage. Explain the background to the event. Say why you were there, what you had been doing, etc. Describe what happened. Remember that the past simple is the most commonly used tense for this kind of narration. Write a brief conclusion. Say what you learned from the event and how it affected you. Ch e c k lis t Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • used appropriate tenses for each part of the article? • used stylistic inversion or a feature from exercise 2? checked your work for mistakes? 10 1 Unit 1»Against the odds
I coin, talk. about money <mdfinance,. 1 Complete the chart with adjectives made from the nouns. 1 price 6 economy 2 price 7 profit 3 worth 8 value 4 finance 9 worth 5 cost 10 economy 1 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 Choose the correct adjective. 1 We’re spending too much money. We need to be more economic / economical. 2 The food at that restaurant is great, but it’s very pricey / precious. 3 The website provides valuable / profitable advice on choosing the right university course. 4 Economists are predicting that rising interest rates will create economical / financial chaos. 5 I thought the painting I inherited from my grandmother was worth a lot of money, but it turned out to be worthless / precious. 6 Businesses often prefer to sell goods on the Internet, because it is more profitable / valuable. 7 A worthy / priceless collection of Michelangelo drawings was destroyed in the fire. 8 At the end of the last century we experienced a period of rapid profitable / economic growth. 9 They wanted to buy a house in London, but it would have proved too costly / over-priced. 10 Trying to improve the lives of poor people is a valuable / worthy ambition for any politician. 11 In my opinion DVDs and CDs are ridiculously overpriced / valuable. 12 This necklace isn’t worth a great deal but it’s very worthy / precious as it belonged to my mother. A • • • • • Extension: Expressions connected with money 3 Match a -j with 1-10 to make expressions connected with money. a be dirt 1 aside b cost 2 somebody off c rip 3 a killing d pay through 4 the nose (for something) e make 5 cheap f tighten 6 a fortune g put 7 off h be well 8 your belt i splash 9 hard up i be 10 out (on something) 4 Rewrite the sentences using expressions from exercise 3. 1 The skiing holiday was great but it cost a lot of money. 2 Jason paid far too much for his new car. 3 They haven’t had much money since Sam lost his job. 4 We spent a lot of money on a new computer. 5 Sarah got a bonus at work, which she’s going to save for the future. 6 Nowadays printers hardly cost anything. 7 I think you were charged far too much by the garage. 8 We’ll have to economise to avoid getting into debt. Ch allen g e! Write sentences using the words given. 1 afford ......... ........................................... 2 be worth 3 change (verb) 4 cost (verb) 5 ow e_________ 6 value (verb)- ^ fP’ I ** Unit 2 • For what it’s worth 11
I can use determiners to describe quantities. 1 Complete the news article with a/an, the or no article. Crime Doesn’t Pay Jane Wilson only had a few pounds in 2_ so she decided to limit herself to 3______ .bank. £10 cash withdrawal. But when she went to the ATM to withdraw 4________money, she discovered to her amazement that she had £100,000 in her account. Jane was used to living on £100 5________ week, but over6________ next few days 7________ 25-year-old lived the life of 8 lottery winner, even though she knew the money wasn’t hers. She splashed out on 9________thousands of pounds worth o f10________clothes, took out nearly £10,000 in 11________ cash and booked12________ luxury holiday to 13_____ USA. She also spent money on her family and gave 14________ money to a charity that helps 15________ Choose the correct option: some, any or nothing. 1 Peter hasn’t got some / any / — long hair. 2 Can I have some / any / — grapes, please? 3 I haven’t got some / any / — money in the bank. 4 I don’t like some / any / — strong cheese. 5 Call me at some / any / — time. It doesn’t matter when. 6 What some / any / — beautiful flowers! 7 Some / Any / — cars use a lot of petrol, others are more economical. 8 Some / Any / — train from this platform goes to Hastings. Complete the sentences with few, a few, little or a little. 1 It usually snows a lot here in the winter but last year there was very__________ snow. I bought this jacket___________ days ago. I’ve run out of bread. Could you give m e __________ ? Sam’s determined to leave school. There’s __________ use in trying to change his mind. __ _____tourists visit the Arctic. It’s dangerous. Sorry I’m late. I lost my w ay________ times coming here. __________ people stay in this hotel because it’s ridiculously expensive. I don’t understand this. I need___________ help. 16 staff at 17 .bankdisabled. However, soon realised their mistake and froze Jane’s account. She knew there was no point in running away, so she stayed at 18________ home and waited for19________ police to knock door. In court she pleaded guilty to stealingon 20 the money and was given a two-year suspended sentence. 4 Complete or write a sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence. Include the word in brackets. 1 It doesn’t matter which road you take, (any) You can take ar>(__________________________ road. 2 We don’t have a lot of time, (much) W e_______________________________ 3 My brother plays football and so do I. (both) M y_____________________________________________________ 4 It didn’t rain on Tuesday and it didn’t rain on Wednesday, (either... or) It_______________________________________________________ 5 The shops are all closed, (none) ___________________________________________________open. 6 The food wasn’t good. And it wasn’t cheap, (neither... nor) The fo o d _______________________________________________ 7 There aren’t any easy answers, (no) 8 Not many of my relatives live nearby, (few) 9 My parents haven’t got much money, (little) 10 He read the magazine from beginning to end. (whole) 11 The majority of graduates quickly find a job. (most) 12 All of us want to be happy, (every) Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
« Buying abroad I can talk aboiit British emigration. * Revision: Student’s Book page 17 1 Complete the sentences with words from the box. basement conversion detached lease open-plan period top-floor unfurnished 1 The flat we live in w as______________ so we had to buy furniture. 2 We live in a ______________ house. Our nearest neighbour is 100 metres away. 3 Sally recently moved into a new barn_____________ Until last year the building was part of a farm. I don’t lik e ______________ houses. I prefer to have separate rooms. We live in th e _________ . flat, so when you arrive ___________ cottage, but in go down the steps. 6 Tom’s home looks like a __________ fact it was only built five years ago. 7 We have fabulous views across the city from our ^ ______________ flat. 1 8 We have a 12-m onth_____________ on our house. > Read the text quickly. Which paragraph (A-D) tells you about: 1 which countries UK emigrants go to?_____ 2 why people choose to emigrate?_____ 3 future emigration?_____ Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 About 600,000 Britons live abroad permanently or for part of the year. ____ 2 The top six destinations are other English-speaking countries. ____ 3 The majority of emigrants are middle-aged. ____ 4 Some people emigrate to find somewhere cheaper to live. ____ 5 Emigrants can’t usually afford to buy property. ____ Express information from the text using these numbers. 1 500,000_______________________________________________ 2 1,300,000_____________________________________________ 3 750,000 _ 4 1,000,000. A Every three minutes someone in Britain boards a plane or a ferry and travels abroad to start a new life. Emigration from the UK lias increased dramatically over the past 10 years and now at least five and half million British citizens live permanently overseas. It is estimated that a further 500,000 Britons spend part of the year abroad, either spending extended periods in second homes, or working. This means that 10% of British people are living abroad at any one time. B Six of the eight most popular destinations for Britons seeking a new life abroad are other English-speaking countries: Australia (with 1.3 million expatriates), the US (0.7 million), Canada (0.6 million), Ireland (0.3 million), and New Zealand and South Africa (each with about 0.2 million). The second most popular country overall, however, is Spain, where three quarters of a million British people have settled permanently. C Why do so many people choose to leave die UK and settle abroad? The majority are either young people without families, who arejust starting their careers, or people at the end of their working life who are seeking to retire. Other reasons for emigrating are to find a better climate, better quality of life (many complain that the UK is too expensive), or tojoin other family members who’ve already left the UK. Whatever die reason, cheap ;tir travel and free movement within the European Union mean that emigrating is easier than ever. Moreover, high property prices in the UK mean that people can exchange a fairly modest house in the ITK for somediing much grander overseas. D It is predicted that a further one million Britons will leave in the next five years. So, has this led to a decline in the UK population? No, because for every two people who emigrate, three people move to the UK from abroad. Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
I can understand an article about an author and kis work. Revision: Student’s Book page 18-19 1 Complete the sentences using the words in the box. cut down equivalent income poverty rent run out of spend waste 1 I’ve. money. Can I borrow some from you? 2 A shocking 37 million Americans live in ___ , according to a recent report. 3 Credit cards tem pt some people to _____ _ more than they earn. 4 The_ __________for the flat we live in comes to £500 a month. 5 In 1850, a slave in the American South cost the ___ ____ of £25,000 in today’s money. 6 The government has _ _ ____ expenditure on health and education. 7 Don’t _______ _ your money on expensive designer clothes that you don’t need. 8 Of the Earth’s six billion people, half live on an ____________ of under $2 a day. V_____________________________________________________________- 2 Read the text, ignoring the gaps. Answer the questions. 1 Which other two famous works by Orwell are mentioned in the text? and 2 In which city did Orwell work in a hotel? 3 Why couldn’t he find work in London at first? Match sentences A-G with gaps 1 -6. There is one sentence that you do not need. A He recounts how this life had a severe effect on his humanity. B Having found a job and started to earn some money, life improved dramatically for him. C However, when this work dried up, he had to start selling his possessions while he tried to search for more work. D Until his boss returns, he finds himself sleeping on the streets of the city with the other poor and unemployed. E Still I can point to one or two things I have definitely learned by being hard up. F He finds himself working seventeen and a half hours a day in the restaurant, almost without a break. G However, Orwell was also completely against totalitarianism in any form. Are the sentences true or false? (The answers may be in the sentences in exercise 3.) Write T or F. 1 Down and Out in Paris and London is an exact account of Orwell’s experiences in the two c itie s .____ 2 Orwell took a job in a hotel because he was fed up of teaching and w ritin g .___ 3 He earned very little money working in the hotel. __ 4 One night Orwell couldn’t sleep because someone was killed near his ro o m .____ 5 Orwell slept outside in the open in both Paris and London. ____ 6 Orwell thought that it was the workers’ own fault that they had such dreadful working co n d ition s.___ 7 Orwell had a lot of sympathy for tramps and beggars.____ 8 Orwell thought that socialism was good as long as it didn’t turn into totalitarianism. ____ flXXXXZS Challen g e! QXZX23I Imagine that you are homeless and unemployed. Write a short text saying how you find food, where you sleep, and how you feel. Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
D ow n ana out in P a ris an George Orwell is one ofBritain’sbest-known authors ofdie 20th century, responsible for such famous works as Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. However, diere was a period in his life when things didn’t go so well for him. Down and Out in Paris and London is Orwell’s semi-autobiographical account of living in poverty in both cities. The narrative begins in Paris where Orwell lived for two years, attempting to make a living by giving English lessons and writing reviews and articles for magazines.1_________ After days without food, he finally found a hoteljob with his Russian friend, Boris. There he ended up working long hours as a dishwasher and kitchen assistant in a hotel, where he earned barely enough to survive. He describes his routine life as one of die working poor in Paris as: slaving dien sleeping, slaving then sleeping, then drinking on a Saturday night through to Sunday morning, which briefly made his life seem bearable.2_________ He describes a murder which happened just outside his window, and says ‘The diing that strikes me in looking back, is diat I was in bed and asleep within three minutes of the murder ... We were working people and where was the sense of wasting sleep over murder?’ In tlie hope of a betterjob and more money, Orwell moves to working in a restaurant, but the owner doesn’t pay him for ten days and so he is reduced to sleeping on a park bench rather than facing his landlady over non-payment of rent. 3_________ He blames die dreadful existence of his fellow workers for turning them all into zombies: ‘[They have] been trapped by a routine which makes thought impossible. If [they] thought at all they would long ago have ... gone on strike for better treatment. But diey do not think, because they have no leisure for it; their life has made slaves of diem.’ Orwell travels to London having been promised that ajob is waiting for him. However, he can’t start work because his new employer has gone on holiday. 4 At die end of die book, Orwell summed up what he had learned from his experience ofliving in poverty: ‘At present I do not feel that I have seen more than die fringe ofpoverty.5_________ I shall never again think diat all tramps are drunken scoundrels, nor expect a beggar to be grateful when I give him a penny, nor be surprised ifmen out of work lack energy.’ These experiences led Orwell to strengthen his democratic socialist beliefs. He blamed wealthy people for being ignorant of the reality of poverty. He said that the rich were afraid of the poor: they didn’t want to give them freedom from poverty, because they thought that the poor would then threaten their own way of life. 6_________His subsequent novels, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty- Four, depict worlds where people in authority have gone horribly out of control. He showed us how7 difficult it is to make a fair and just society, but he didn’t want the human race to stop trying. I Lona on Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
I can. identify and use a variety of verb patterns. 1 Complete the text. Use the infinitive or -ing form of the verbs in brackets. 9 0 0 * ............. ............. « C + www.lottoforum.com * Q, m ___ Lotto F0RUM ( LOGON )( POST ARTIICLE I REPLY ) I can't bear1 (listen) to lottery winners who insist that they will carry on' (live) in exactly the same way as they did before. Although they may really hope3________________ (continue) their lives unchanged, I admit to 4________________ (have) a serious problem believing them, if they hadn't intended 5_______________ (change) their lives at all, then why on earth did they want6________________ (buy) a lottery ticket in the first place? Suddenly receiving a lot of money, when you had none before, can't fa il7________________ (have) a huge effect on anybody's life. Lottery winners who propose 8_______________ (give away) ALL of their winnings are very rare indeed. And once you decide9________________ (spend) a lot of money on something - a big new house, for example - you will become a different person. It's unavoidable, no matter who you are. But if there are any lottery winners who are having difficulty10________________ (deal with) their new riches, then they are welcome to give some of their money to me! 2 Write the correct form of the verb. 1 a I remember (send) Jim a birthday card though he says he didn’t receive it. b Please remember__________ (lock) the door when you leave the house. 2 a I regret________ (tell) you that you’ve lost your place in the volleyball team. b I regretted___________ (tell) my parents that I’d decided not to study medicine. 3 a We drove all day, stopping only___________ (have) lunch at a service station, b Will you please stop ________ _ (criticise) me. 16 1 Unit 2 • For what it’s worth 4 a Despite losing an arm in an accident, Fred went on ___________ (play) football. b George studied languages and went o n __________ (teach) French. 5 a I trie d ___________ (take) the bus to work but it was always overcrowded. b The thief trie d __________ (take) my credit card but I stopped him. 3 Rewrite the sentences using the verb in brackets. 1 I told Mike that he should get an early night, (advise) 1advised Mite to get an earl-; night.________________________ 2 I said I would give Jenny a lift into town, (agree) 3 It was easy for me to repair the broken vase, (have difficulty) 4 Dad told me I couldn’t stay out late, (let) 5 We’re thinking about selling our car. (consider) 6 I think it’s really nice to relax in front of the TV in the evening, (enjoy) 7 I finally succeeded in solving the crossword, (manage) 8 I told Millie not to forget to bring some CDs to the party, (remind) Challen g e! Write true sentences using the verbs in the box followed by another verb in the correct form. can’t stand fail fancy hope let keep on 1 __________________________________
SPEAKING Discussing pros and cons 1 Put the words in the correct order to make phrases for trying to persuade another person. Add punctuation. 1 admit / you / to / have / that 2 agree / but / wouldn’t / that / you 3 at / look / it / way / well / this 4 think / just / about 5 with / there’s / but / nothing / surely / wrong 6 that / you / deny / can’t 2 Complete the phrases for discussing pros and cons using the words in the box. benefit consequences creates disadvantages drawbacks favour for other positive several thing Pros The main 1______________ of... is ... ... is generally a good 2______________ because ... ... has3______________ things in its 4_____________ ... produces some 5_ Cons On the 6___________ A s7_________ hand,... effects - for example, th e' But there are ____ However, it also 10_ But some of the 11_ too. _ problems, are less attractive. 3 $ 03 Listen. Which question from 1-4 below are the students discussing? 1 What are the pros and cons of shopping in shops? EH 2 What are the advantages of online shopping? EH 3 What personal experience, if any, do you have of online shopping? EH 4 What are the pros and cons of online shopping? EH m k Q 03 The following phrases can be used to introduce both pros and cons. Listen again and tick those that the student used. Introducing the first argument One advantage/disadvantage of... is (th a t)... EH The most obvious advantage/disadvantage of... is (th a t)... EH One positive/negative aspect o f... is (th a t)... EH ... is/isn’t a good idea because ... EH Introducing subsequent arguments Another advantage/disadvantage is (that)... EH Not only that b u t... EH Another important point is th a t... EH An even stronger argument for/against... is (tha t)... EH 5 Write a short paragraph giving two more advantages of online shopping and two more disadvantages. Use phrases from exercises 2 and 4 to introduce them. Use the ideas in the box to help you or invent your own. Pros shop 24 hours a day convenient stay at home wider choice compare prices gifts for people who live a long way from you buy things from anywhere in the world Cons identity theft genuine website? goods out of stock delivery charges complaining returning faulty goods speaking to real people Unit 2 • Forwhat it’s worth
Essay: for and against I can present tWe arguments for avA against in- an essay■ Preparation 1 Match 1 -6 with a -f. Underline the words and phrases that express contrast. 1 I don’t believe that money makes you happy. EH 2 Much as I would like to be rich. I I 3 Having money can remove a lot of everyday worries. EH 4 Many people are happy. I I 5 The love of money is the root of much evil, EH 6 The love of money makes people commit crime. EH a Nevertheless, it would be unfair to argue that money is the sole cause of crime, b in spite of the fact that they haven’t got much money, c On the contrary, I think that money is often the cause of great unhappiness, d it wouldn’t necessarily make me happier, e However, it can’t solve all our problems, f whereas money itself is not. 2 You are going to write an essay entitled: Money is the root o fall evil. Discuss. Make notes for an introduction. Use these ideas to help you, or think of your own. It’s a very old saying. How does money cause evil? We can’t live w ithout money. Fair to blame money for all evil? One of many causes? 4 Think of points that you could include, and write at least three under each of these headings. Pros Monfr'f mates people commit crime-._________________________ Cons 5 Decide whether, in your opinion, the pros or the cons are stronger arguments, and why. You w ill express this opinion in the final paragraph. Use these phrases to help you. On balance,... To sum up, I would say th a t... While it’s true th a t..., I firmly believe th a t... Some people feel strongly th a t.... However, I believe ... It can be argued th a t... It’s true to say th a t.... Nevertheless,... 6 Write your essay, following the w riting guide below. Complete the phrases with the words in the box. argued hand However maintain important one opposite Presenting one side of the argument Firstly, it’s 1______________ to state th a t... On the 2______________ hand, ... It is som etim es3________ _ _ th a t... Moreover,... / Furthermore,... / What is m ore,... Presenting the other side of the argument 4 On the oth e r5______________ ,... Some people take the 6_____ view, and claim / 7______________th a t... Moreover,... / Furthermore,... / What is m ore,... W riting Guide Paragraph 1 Introduction. Some background information. Paragraph 2 Two or three arguments for, with examples. Paragraph 3 Two or three arguments against, with examples. Paragraph 4 Summary and your opinion. 41 C h e c k lis t B Have you: • written 200-250 words? • followed the writing guide? • included phrases for introducing arguments? • checked your work for mistakes? Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
Exam Task - Reading Read the text. Then read statements 1 -8 and find the paragraph (A-D) in the text which contains information about them. Write the correct letter in the table. Finally, decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F). The Importance of Money A A great philosopher once said ‘Money is a barrier against all possible evils.’ Money can prevent the sufferings that come with poverty like cold and hunger. Even though sickness cannot be totally obliterated by money, it can be considerably relieved by it. Giving away money to charity can also provide us with the satisfaction of relieving others from suffering. With money, we can obtain an advanced education that may aid us in the development of genius and extraordinary achievements. It gives us the leisure to devote a part of our time to culture and art. Money can provide a powerful diversion for all our troubles by permitting distraction from the anxieties that assail us. B So we must try to get a thorough understanding of all that we may possibly do, in an honourable and legitimate way, to conserve wealth. Even to those who have inherited wealth, idleness can be a certain cause of ruin. A great fortune needs genuine labour for efficient administration. Those who leave this duty to strangers may pay a penalty fortheir negligence. This is why a rich man, who wants to preserve and increase his fortune, should be his own business manager. C Even artists must know the price that their work is worth. It is necessary for the artist to be a businessman in order to have the right to be a genius. History is full of examples of this. The great Shakespeare laboured as a theatre manager to obtain the necessary leisure to produce his dramatic masterpieces. Edison worked as a telegraph operator to pay the bills white he ‘moonlighted’ as an inventor. D From the bottom to the top of the ladder, it is necessary to amass money in order to apply it to some great cause. Money is the means by which we may fulfil our purpose in a larger and better way. Everyone should, in his own way, make an effort to amass some money. Some will apply money to their daily wants. Others seek to swell the fortune that they desire to leave to their children. Some only desire money so they can devote it to some noble enterprise or charity. Finally, a large number see money chiefly as a means of immediate gratification. True/False A-D 1 You cannot buy health. 2 You have to work hard to manage your finances. 3 Creative people don’t need to be skilful in business and financial matters. A Giving money to those worse off than you offers its own reward. 5 People can have very different reasons for accumulating wealth. 6 Money cannot distract us from our worries. 7 Everyone, however rich, should take care of their own money. 8 Some people save money for future generations. Exam Task - Use of English Complete the text with the correct form of the words in brackets. A fter three decades of being either endangered or threatened, America's bald eagle, its symbol of 1_____________________(PROUD), has made a 2_____________________(REMARK) comeback. In June the U.S. took the high-flying bird off the Endangered Species Act's 'threatened' list. For a century (1870-1970) bald eagle populations, which used to inhabit3_____________________ (MOUNTAIN) areas of the United States, 4_____________________ (SEVERE) declined because of hunting, habitat 5_____________________(LOSE) and the use of DDT. In 1963, there were only 417 breeding pairs. By 1970, people feared it was facing near6_____________________ (EXTINCT). Further problems, such as habitat destruction, food- 7_____________________(CONTAMINATE), and 8_____________________(LEGAL) shooting raised concerns. Now, there are 9,789 breeding pairs in the United States, all of which are protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle 9_____________________(PROTECT) Act, which prohibits anyone w ithout a permit from shooting, poisoning, wounding, killing, capturing, trapping, collecting, molesting and disturbing bald eagles. While the eagles have made a 10_____________________ (SUCCESS) return, there are still 541 animals in the United States listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Get ready for your Exam 1
Exam Task - Listening $ 0 4 You w ill hear four teenagers talking about their achievements. Read the statements. Then listen and match the speakers 1 -4 to sentences A-E. There is one extra sentence. A ‘A dramatic experience changed everything and started me on this path.’ B ‘I was lucky to meet people who helped and motivated me.’ C ‘I’ve been doing it for ages, but for a long time my profession was simply a hobby.’ D ‘Talent is important, but I wouldn’t be here if not for my ambition and hard work.’ E ‘My profession consumes me and I like it that way.’ sentence speaker 1 speaker 2 speaker 3 speaker 4 : Pr e p a r a t io n : Writing ^ Use the W riting Bank on page 104 to help you. Exam Task - Writing There is a competition in your school magazine and the winning entry w ill be published. You are invited to describe a sporting event in which you took part as a child. Write an article in 210-230 words. In your article, you should: • include a title • explain what event it was • mention your role in it • say what happened • explain why it was memorable Write your article in the appropriate style and format. : P r e p a r a t io n : Speaking I Use the Functions Bank on page 102 (Giving opinions) to ^ help you. Exam Task - Speaking Task 1: These two pictures show people who have achieved something. Compare and contrast them and say how you think these achievements are important to each person. These ideas may help you: • Situation/environment/setting • Facial expression • Mood • Emotions • Possible follow-up activities (e.g. celebration, future job/ career) • Other Task 2: Read the quotation below and express your opinion on it. These ideas may help you: • Do you agree or disagree with the quotation? Why? • Support your opinion with an example/your own experience. ‘What you get by achieving your goals is not as important as what you become by achieving your goals. ’ Zig Ziglar- J J Get ready for your Exam 1
1 Match the stages of life in the box with a -f on the diagram. Then write the years each stage begins and ends, in your opinion. • • • • • Extension: Phrasal verbs with up and down adolescence adulthood childhood infancy middle age old age a b 30 40 50 60 70 80 from from from from from from _to . _to _to _ _to _ _to . t o . 2 Solve the anagrams to make words with sim ilar meaning. 1 a baby 2 a young child 3 a teenager 4 children 5 old people (an) nnifat (a) etdlord (an) esdotcanle skid (the) yellerd 3 Match the verbs in the box with the definitions. bring up bury pass away retire settle down die start to have a quieter way of life raise (a child) stop doing your job because you have reached a certain age put a dead person into a grave 4 Rewrite the sentences using a phrasal verb from the box. (sb = somebody, sth = something) bring sb down do sth up hold sb up look down on sb own up to sth put up with sth put sth down to set sth up 1 I won’t tolerate this kind of behaviour! I won't put up with this kind of be-haviourl_______________ 2 He attributes his success to hard work. 3 He established a company to import Polish food. 4 This rain is depressing me. 5 It will cost a fortune to renovate this house. 6 He thinks he’s superior to everybody! 7 I hope I’m not delaying you. 8 She confessed to having lied. 5 Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1 I find it hard to put up w ith __________ 2 It gets me down when people 3 I should cut down 4 This town would be a better place to live if they did up h allen g e! Write six sentences about yourself at the six different stages of life from exercise 1. Use the past, present or future, as appropriate. During infancy,____________ ___________________ _ As a child,____________________________________________ During adolescence, :______________________ As an ad u lt,__________________________________________ In middle age, ________ In old age, ________ Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
Complete the sentences with a future form of the verbs in brackets. Use each of the forms in the box once. present continuous present simple w ill going to 1 Hurry up! Our flight _ (leave) in an hour! 2 I ___________ (send) you a postcard, I promise. 3 W e (spend) a week on a boat and a week at a hotel. 4 I _ (take) lots of photos while I’m away. Complete these predictions with will or going to. 1 There’s water on the floor over there. Somebody _ slip on it. 2 The sky is so dark! It ___ ___ rain. 3 I didn’t do very well in my exams, but I’m sure I ________ do better next year. 4 I reckon I _ get married before I’m thirty. 5 She’s driving too fast. Lookout! She ___ _crash. Write offers in response to these problems. Use your own ideas. 1 ‘I can’t find my wallet.’ I'll help n(ou look for it.__________________________________ 2 ‘I’m really cold.’ 3 ‘I don’t understand this text.’ 4 ‘I’m worried about my history exam tomorrow.’ 5 ‘I haven’t got enough money for the bus.’ 6 ‘I’ve left my packed lunch at home.’ 7 ‘I need a new outfit for a party this Saturday.’ 4 Match the two halves of the sentences. Complete them with the words in the box. as soon as by the time in case unless until when 1 Please wait here I I 2 You should pay back this money EH 3 __________we’ve found the campsite, EH 4 I’ll be relieved I I 5 ___ ______he asks really nicely, EH 6 Take a credit card with you EH a ______________you can. b __ ________you run out of money. c it will be dark. d I get back. e I won’t help him. f _ I’ve finished all my exams. 5 Improve this e-mail by making five changes to future forms. Reply Reply All ^Forvard 'A '- Hi Holly! 4&. How are you? Thanks for your text. I’m going tn 1nndnn tomorrow, but we ran meet in the morning before I’ll go. My train will leave at 11.45. Shall we meet at the coffee shop at 10.30? I’m not minding if you’re a bit late. Pete tells me you’re taking a year off before university. Are you qoinq to spend some time abroad? Promise me you aren't going to forget about your friends bark home! Mayhe I’m even visitinq von (if von qo somewhere nice). love Ruth w 6 Imagine you are Holly. Write an e-mail replying to Ruth. Mention your plans for next year and tomorrow’s arrangement. Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
Young and old I can understand and react to an article about the elderly. Revision: Student’s Book page 29 Complete the colloquial phrases. V _ 2 stuck in a r_ off to LA = flying to LA _ it = too old _ _ _ _ _ = bored with the same routine man like a mad t____________= wildly b____________the drums = hitting the drums Read the text. Why does an ageing population create problems for a country’s economy? Tick the reasons that are mentioned. a more houses need to be built HU b older people spend less money LD c a smaller proportion of the population is at work [U d taxes go up □ e healthcare costs are higher [U f they all require free games consoles □ Flossie Chambers, 89, playing tenpin bowling When I’m 64 ... In 2007, a British newspaper reported that elderly residents of the Sunrise Senior Living Centre were addicted to the Nintendo Wii. Apparently, the craze started when one of the chefs brought in a console that belonged to his son. Residents aged between 80 and 103 enjoyed playing the games so much that they demanded that staff buy one immediately. However, ‘good news’stories related to the care of the elderly are rare. Britain does not have a good record when it comes to caring for its elderly citizens. While in many other countries, older people often live with their children, this is much less common in the UK. Over 3.5 million older people in Britain live alone, and many do not even have regular visitors. About 500,000 people over 65 live in care homes run privately or by the state, where they may suffer 3 Are these sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 A British newspaper contained a story about elderly people playing computer games. ____ 2 News stories about the care of the elderly in the UK are usually quite positive. ____ 3 Most elderly people in the UK do not live with their children. ____ 4 Increases in life expectancy do not necessarily lead to an ageing population. ____ 5 By 2024, about a quarter of the adult population w ill be retired. ____ 6 Three quarters of people say they would pay more tax to provide better care for the elderly. ____ Ch allen g e! Write three sentences comparing the situation described in the text with the situation in your country, from boredom, depression and even physical mistreatment. Like most developed nations, the UI< has an ageing population. This is partly because families are having fewer children, and partly because people are living longer. For the first time in our history, there are more people in the UI< aged over 60 than under 16. Of course, any increase in life expectancy is good news but there are financial consequences. In the early 1900s when pensions were first introduced, people at work outnumbered pensioners by 22 to one. It was easy for the government to pay for pensions out of taxation. However, by 2024, there will only be three people of working age for every pensioner. Inevitably, the working population will need to pay more tax to meet the pensions bill. The nation’s healthcare costs are also increasing as the population grows older. About 50% of all spending on health services in the UI< is for people over the age of 65. Finding better ways of caring for an ageing population is gradually becoming a priority in the UK. A survey in 2007 revealed that 75% of British people would be prepared to pay more tax in order to improve care for the elderly (although this is not the same as actually voting for a party that plans to raise taxes). In the future, both the government and families will have to do more. Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
I Mvi understand a report about teem^ers. Revision: Student’s Book page 30-31 1 Complete the adjectives in these sentences. 1 Something or somebody that is impossible to predict is unpredict________ 2 Somebody who can be trusted to behave sensibly is respons___ 3 Something which is difficult to understand is confus________ 4 Somebody who acts in a rational, logical way is reason . 5 Somebody who likes to start arguments is argument________ 6 Somebody who changes mood all the time is mood^_ ____ 2 Complete the sentences using an appropriate tense of the phrasal verbs in the box. come down to endup get on with grow up storm out of turn into 1 We didn’t like each other at first, but w e __ being friends. 2 A large company bought the building an d__________it a supermarket 3 It’s difficult to ____ myworkwhen people keep phoning me. 4 I was born in London, but I ______________ in the countryside. 5 Finding a good place to live often ___________ luck. 6 Sophie ________ the office when her boss accused her of stealing. •- . ) Read the article. Choose the best summary of the report’s conclusions: a, b or c. a The government needs to provide more money so that teenagers are less bored and more involved in their communities. b Most teenagers are valuable members of the community, but the government needs to focus on the small minority who become involved in crime, c There are enough recreational facilities for young people, but more money needs to be spent on dealing with the consequences of teenage crime. 4 Choose the correct answers. 1 The Youth Review was carried out by A the Government. B young people. C a charity, with support from the Government. D a charity, with support from a company. 2 According to Lily Allen, the main message from young people is A they want more opportunities. B they don’t want to get into trouble. C they don’t need more things to do. D they don’t agree that there is a crisis. 3 What is the main cause of anti-social behaviour, according to young people? A Boredom. B Gangs. C A lack of information. D A lack of detention centres. 4 What would the Youth Centres recommended by the report offer to young people? A Help with their problems. B A place to meet. C A place to learn. D All of A-C. 5 What would be the purpose of electing Young Mayors, according to the text? A It would help teach young people how the political system works. B It would allow laws to be passed giving young people free public transport. C It would give young people a voice in the community. D It would make young people think more seriously about the issues that affect them. 5 Explain the significance of these figures from the text. 80% The- percentage- of teenagers who sa>( the>( have- nothing to do and nowhere to go.__________________________________________________ 1 16,000 2 12% 3 62% 4 £13 billion 5 £1.6 billion 6 £35,000 Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
YouthReview New statistics show that, as schools in Britain prepare to break up for the holidays, over 1 million teenagers could be wandering the streets because there is nowhere else to go. The year-long enquiry consulted 16,000 UK teenagers and recommends radical action to transform their lives, including a ‘youth hub’ in every community to tackle anti-social behaviour and crime. The Review, undertaken by children’s charity 4Children and supported by Nestlé, comes at a time of unprecedented debate about the welfare of young people in the UK - with statistics demonstrating worrying trends in all aspects of teenagers’ lives from risky behaviour to youth-on-youth violence and anti-social behaviour. Researchers spent 12 months touring each region of the country and consulting over 16,000 teenagers of all ages to find out what life is truly like for young people today in the UK and how they themselves believe that improvements can be made. Publicising the report today, pop star and youth icon Lily Allen said: ‘I want to see a new start for teenagers in communities where they have nothing to do, nowhere to go and nowhere to call their own. The Youth Review has consulted 16,000 teenagers across the country and their message was clear: they said to give young people more of a stake in communities and give us more opportunities. The number of teenagers who go off the rails is a problem for us all and instead of helping them only after they’re in crisis we need to stop them getting into trouble in the first place.' The enquiry discovered: • Young people were fearful for their own safety, with 60% of young people in deprived areas becoming victims of crime in their community. • 80% of young people said they had nowhere to go and nothing to do outside school and hung around on the streets as a result. • 70% of teenagers said that, in their opinion, young people got involved in anti-social behaviour because they were bored. • More than 70% of 11-16 year olds said that they have witnessed anti-social behaviour over the last year, whilst 12% of young people belong to a gang. • 62% said that they did not know where to go to get help or information if they needed it. • Youth crime costs up to £13 billion per year compared to £1.6 billion spent by the government on positive prevention and youth programmes. It costs £35,000 to put a young person in a detention centre for a year. The Review is calling for an urgent transformation of support for teenagers. It recommends a programme of government investment and action to provide positive opportunities for all young people, with early support and intervention for troubled teenagers to prevent difficulties escalating. The key recommendations are: • A Youth Centre in every community providing dedicated spaces for young people to meet, as well as access to music, creative arts, sports, classes and specialist intervention and support for teenagers in difficulty. • Mobile Intervention Teams to work in areas of high deprivation and unrest - offering teenagers specialist and positive support. • Action on bullying and a new Victim Support scheme for young people who have been the victims of crime. • Young Mayors elected in every area to give teenagers representation and a say in their community. • Free public transport and leisure for all young people under 18 to ensure access for all. Oona King, Chair of the Review said: ‘Growing up can be tough and we are simply not doing enough to help the next generation to flourish. On average we spend 17p for each young person per day on youth services and this has to change. Young people need to be a part of our communities otherwise we spend billions dealing with the consequences of anti-social behaviour, crime and violence.’ " - ' ■ . ,- , ■ Ch allen g e! How could the government improve the lives of young people where you live? Make three recommendations. 1 ......... 2 3 — V J Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
------------------------------------------- GRAMMAR Future continuous and future perfect I can talk, about actions at different times in tWefuture. 1 Look at Ricky’s plan for when he finishes his education. Then complete the sentences using the future perfect simple, affirmative or negative. 2.012. (*t ajob in an IT firm. 201? become a manager in the firm. 2014 Leave the firm and start a company 2015 Sell company and retire. 20l(* Move to the Caribbean. 2-0n 6iet married. 2-010 ■Start a family If everything goes according to plan for Ricky... 1 By 2015, he__________________________ (start / company). 2 By 2013, h e _____________________________ (leave / IT firm) 3 By 2016, he _________________________ (move / Caribbean) 4 By 2020, h e _______________________________ (get married) 5 By 2018, he______________________________ (start a family) 2 This time next month, Zoe w ill be on holiday. What w ill she be doing? Look at the pictures and write sentences in the future continuous. This time next month ... 1 ‘5he'U be having dinner in a restaurant. 2 _________________________ 3 ___________________________________ 4 ___________________________________ 5 ___________________________________ 3 Complete the sentences with the future continuous (will be doing) or the future perfect simple {will have done) of the verbs in the box. finish learn sit tidy wear work when 1 Let’s plan a party for next week. W e_________ our exams by then. 2 The house is a mess now, but we ______ before our parents get home. 3 What outfit do you think she________________ she arrives? 4 I’m afraid I can’t come to your wedding next month because I _____________________ abroad. 5 The first night of the play is next Saturday. I hope you _____________________ your lines by then! 6 At dinner, yo u _____________________ next to me. A Complete the text messages. Use the future continuous, future perfect simple or future perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. . (drive) around Spain next year. Can I come and visit you in Madrid? I _______________ (not liv e ) in M adrid! I 3_______________ (move) to B arcelon a. But you can come and see me th e re . What tim e o f year? REPIY OK (arrive) in Barcelona around March, I reckon.I 5_______________(travel) for about six weeks by then. OK, fine. I 6_______________ (not liv e ) in B a rc e lo n a f o r v e ry lo n g , so I w on 't know i t v e ry w e l l . REPLY OK That's OK. We can explore together. Hopefully, 17______________(learn) some Spanish by then. REPLY OK Good! A lth ou gh you 8_______________ (not sp eak ) much S p a n ish in B a rc e lo n a . They sp e ak C a ta la n . 5 Write one sentence saying what you w ill have done and one saying what you w ill be doing in five years’ time. 1 _________________________________________ 26 Unit 3 • From cradle to grave Ü
■ SPEAKING Presenting arguments l u n present arguments to support m y opinions effectively. Choose the correct words in the useful phrases, a I’d like to begin by telling / saying th a t... b First of everything / a ll,... c In my s ig h t/v ie w ,... d For instance / in sta n t,... e I don’t a ccept/allow that. Read the extract from a debate, ignoring the gaps. Match it with the proposition a, b or c. a Your teenage years are the most difficult of your life. Do you agree? Why? / Why not? b The Government should spend more money on providing free leisure facilities for teenagers. Do you agree? Why? / Why not? c In today’s society, teenagers have more power and influence than ever before. Do you agree? Why? / Why not? Tom I don’t think adults really listen to teenagers’ opinions. For1_________, governments often make changes to the education system without even asking students what they think. What’s 2 ____ issues which teenagers really care about, 3____ _ the environment, only become important when adults start caring about them too. Megan 1don’t really 4_________ with that. In m y5_______ teenagers have a lot of different ways of saying what they think - chat rooms, for example. Tom But I don’t . that anyone in authority really listens to those opinions. They don’t have any effect. 3 £#05 Complete the extract in exercise 2 with the words in the box. Then listen and check. ' agree believe example more opinion say I " «e A 4 9 06 Listen to a student debating one of the other propositions in exercise 2 with her teacher. Which proposition is i t ? ________ 5 Çè06 Complete these extracts from the debate with the words in the box. Then listen again and check. cash generalise pressure stages independence permission about people’s lives.It’s impossible to ______ Because of the _ _ of exams, many students never really get a chance to relax. Teenagers often have very little ___________to spend. Teenagers do not have ...... If I want to go and stay with a friend, I have to ask ___________first. Teenage years are more difficult than othe r______ life. . in Imagine you are preparing to debate the other proposition from exercise 2. Decide which of these ideas support the proposition and underline them. Then add one more idea on each side of the argument. • boredom is a cause of crime • private gyms, etc. are expensive • politicians don’t know what teenagers enjoy • parents should pay for their own children’s leisure • sports, etc. improve health and fitness • free facilities help poor but talented sports people • it’s better to spend the money on education • work experience is more use than leisure Choose two ideas from exercise 6 that you agree with. Use them to make notes for your debate. Include some phrases from exercises 1 and 3. [first idea + example]__________________________________ [second idea + example] Unit 3 • From cradle to grave f 27
m Description of a person Preparation 1 Read the paragraphs. Which girl and boy in the photos are they describing? Ja s m in e is medium height and quite slim. She’s got red-brown hair which she usually has in a bob. Sometimes, when it’s long enough, she has a pony tail. She’s usually well- dressed and likes to wear quite trendy clothes. I wouldn’t describe her as beautiful, but she’s good-looking, and she has a very attractive smile. g irl____ A n t h o n y is quite tall, with broad shoulders. He’s got straight, dark hair which he usually keeps very short. In fact, at the moment, he has a crew cut! He’s pale­ skinned with brown eyes and quite a thin face. He doesn’t pay a tot of attention to his clothes, and often looks a bit scruffy. Once he grew a moustache, but his friends just laughed at him until he shaved it off. boy____ Match these descriptive words and phrases to the people in the photos in exercise 1. Use a dictionary if necessary. skinny plump layered hair dark-skinned fair hair dyed fringe Describe yourself using words and phrases from exercises 1 and 2. I can vJrite a detailed description of a person I admire. Match the personality adjectives on the left with words on the right with similar meaning. artistic shrewd tolerant frank quick-tempered diligent emotional patient hard-working honest sensitive creative argumentative clever Decide which two words from exercise 4 best describe your own personality and add two more. Use them to complete the sentences. I tend to b e ______________ People often find m e. I have a _____________ I can b e _____________ side. Choose somebody in your English class that you know and like. Make notes in the paragraph plan below. 1 Personal details (name, age, how long you have known them, etc): 2 Appearance: 3 Personality: 4 What I like most about him / h e r: 7 Use your notes from exercise 6 to write a description of your classmate. Use the w riting guide below. W riting Guide 1 Decide whether you want to include all the information from your notes. 2 Think about how to link details into longer sentences. Use the paragraphs in exercise 1 to get ideas. 3 Remember to write in paragraphs. | Ch ec klist ^ Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • provided enough detail in the physical description? • used appropriate phrases from exercise 4 for describing personality? • included an example in paragraph 4? • checked your work for mistakes? Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
Man and beast VOCABULARY Animals 1 Label the parts of the animals. I m u identifythe différentpartsofananimal. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2 Complete the animal idioms and match them with the meanings. If you are in th e . If it is raining__ If you are having a If you let th e ______ house, EH _ and________, EH of a time, EH .out of the bag, EH . comeIf you talk about something until th e ____ home, EH If you escape th e _________ race, EH you give away a secret, it is raining very heavily. you move out of the city and find a way of life that is less competitive and aggressive. you are really enjoying yourself. somebody is annoyed with you. you talk about it incessantly. • » • • • Extension: Collective nouns 3 Put the nouns in the correct group. bees birds books cards cows dishes dolphins flowers insects goats grapes penguins seals sheep whales wolves a flock o f__ a herd o f__ a bunch o f_ a pack o f__ a school of_ a swarm of_ a pile of _ v Unit 4 • Man and beast
ability in and future. 1 Complete the rules with the words in the box. You w ill need to use some words more than once. be able to being able to can/can’t could couldn’t managed to do succeeded in doing w ill be able to _to talk about ability in theWe normally use_________ present. We normally use______________ to talk about ability in the future. However, we often use______________ to talk about future arrangements. We use______________ when we need an infinitive and _____________ when we need an -ing form. for general ability in the past.4 We only use. When we’re talking about one occasion, we use a different expression, such a s______________o r_______________ 5 However, we use the negative _whether we are talking about general ability or one occasion. 6 We use______________with verbs of perception, like see, smell, hear, taste feel, even if it’s one occasion. Choose the correct form. 1 I can’t / don’t manage to swim very well. 2 Fran couldn’t / wasn’t able to find her mobile. 3 The police finally managed to / could finally catch the gang of shoplifters. 4 David didn’t manage to / didn’t succeed in finish his homework on time. 5 I could / have been able to swim since I was six. 6 I got a pay rise last month so I could / was able to buy a new car. 7 We need to leave right now. Can you / W ill you be able to take the bags out to the car? 8 Jon didn’t succeed in reading / couldn’t read very well when he was little. 9 I don’t like not being able to / not managing drive. Complete the text with can, could, be able to, manage or succeed. Use the correct form. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. . ride since I was about six. afford to buy a horse,My parents ____________ but there was a riding school nearby where I 3_________________ learn. At first I A.__________ control the horse by myself but I soon learned how to make it do what I wanted. Last month I entered a show-jumping competition. Unfortunately, 15________________ to win any prizes but at least I 6________________ finishing the course without falling off. In a few weeks we’re moving to a different part of the country, but I hope 7_________________ carry on riding, and if I’m lucky one day I might 8________________ have my own horse. 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word in bold. 1 Julian isn’t a very good swimmer, can Julian______________________________________________________________________ very well. 2 Do you know where I can possibly find a chemist’s that is open? able Do you know where I m ight_____________________________ ____________ a chemist’sthat is open? 3 Jenny wasn’t able to find a jobuntil she moved to Manchester, succeed Jenny_________________________________________a job until she moved to Manchester. 4 Will you manage to find the way to my house without a map? able _____________________________________________the way to my house without a map? 5 I’m much betterthan my brother at tennis but he succeeded in beating me yesterday, manage I’m much better than my brother at tennis but h e __ __________________________________ me yesterday. 6 Harry couldn’t find his passport so he missed his flight, able Harry missed his flight because h e ______________________ ___________________his passport. 7 How were you able to afford such an expensive television? manage How_________________________________________such an expensive television? 8 I wasn’t able to go to school yesterday as I was ill. could I was ill yesterday so I __________________________________ ________to school. Unit 4 • Man and beast *2 Talking about ability I can. describe tU>e past, present
•*<« Foxhunting I can understand an article, about fo k Wanting. Revision: Student’s Book page 39 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. groom kittens owners pets put down stuffed treat x 2 welfare 1 Some dog____________ taketheirdogs to see a pet psychologist. 2 Some people______________ their animals better than they______________ their elderly relatives. 3 Dogs and cats are the most popular ___________in the UK. 4 You can see a lot o f______________ animals in the museum. 5 Our cat gave birth to five ______________ last week. 6 It is advisable to ______________ your dog once a week. 7 My sister works for an anim al charity. 8 Unfortunately our dog became very ill and we had to have i t _______________ 2 Read the text quickly. Is foxhunting with dogs legal in Britain? YesD N o d 3 Complete the text with appropriate words. 4 Are the sentences true or false? Write Tor F. 1 Fox hunting started because farmers needed to kill foxes. 2 Foxes kill more animals than they need to survive_____ 3 Opponents of hunting argued that it wasn’t necessary to kill any foxes_____ 4 There is disagreement as to whether shooting foxes is cruel or not_____ 5 Lots of people are employed in the hunting industry-------- 6 Since the ban support for hunting has decreased-------- 5 Find words that mean: 1 a type of dog often used in hunting:__________ 2 chasing; running after:_________ 3 an animal or insect that destroys food, plants, etc.: 4 an animal that kills otheranim als:. 5 young sheep:__________ 6 to question whether something is true: _ 7 showing kindness:__________ 8 people who live in cities:__________ 9 the smell that an animal leaves behind: FoxhuntingFox hunting, with packs of hounds and people on horses pursuing foxes across 1_______English countryside, has been around for about 300 years. It began 2_______ a sport practised by rich land-owners, but farmers were quick to welcome fox hunting as a means of getting rid 3_______ what they saw as a dangerous pest. Foxes in Britain have no natural predator and they kill a lot of lambs, chickens and piglets - usually far more 4 they can eat. Over the centuries, fox hunting became an important part5_______ rural life in Britain. However, in the last few decades of 6_______ twentieth century, opposition 7_______ foxhunting increased, and animal welfare organisations tried to 8_______ it banned. They didn’t dispute that the fox population needed to 9_______controlled, but argued that hunting caused the foxes unnecessary suffering and that there were more humane methods of killing foxes, such 10________shooting them. Supporters of fox hunting,11_______ the other hand, argued that shooting foxes is more cruel than hunting, as the animals 12_______rarely killed outright and often die slowly of their wounds. They also pointed 13_______ that hunting played a vital role in rural communities and thousands of jobs depended 1A_______it. Moreover, they claimed that opponents of hunting were mostiy city-dwellers with little knowledge or understanding of the rural way of life. Nevertheless,15----------- government finally made hunting with hounds illegal 16_______2005, a measure supported17________two-thirds of British people. Since then, many hunts have switched to ‘drag hunting’, in which the dogs follow a scent (on a piece of cloth that is dragged along the ground) rather than a live animal. Hunting seems 18_______ be as popular as ever, with most hunts claiming an increase in membership. Moreover, public opinion has changed, with half of British people now believing 19_______ the ban should be lifted. C Q £ Challen g e! C E Q D fc Should all hunting be banned? What’s your opinion? Why? V
Revision: Student’s Book page 40-41 1 Write the name of at least one animal that makes these noises. bark buzz chatter hiss miaow roar squawk 8 squeak 9 whistle 2 Look at the pictures. Do you know the names of these mythical creatures? Read the text quickly and match the names to the pictures. I can talk. about vcwtwcts frowi Qre&k mythology. 3 Find twelve parts of the body in the texts and complete the chart. Animal or human Animal 4 Read the texts. Which mythical creature: was particularly dangerous for women? _ _ lived near a city?________ changes character and appearance from myth to myth?_________ killed itself?________ lived deep under a palace? _ ate people?________ had the head of a woman and the body of a bird?_________ 8 was particularly dangerous for travellers? _ 9 had to be imprisoned?________ 10 was used by the gods to hurt people?____ 11 represented people’s basic instincts?____ 12 was killed by somebody from Athens?____ ( O Z Z D C h a lle n g e ! X Q 3 Q | Find out and write about another mythical creature. Think about these things: 1 Where is the myth from? 2 What did the creature look like? 3 What did it do? 4 Was it dangerous? Why? 32 1 Unit 4 • Man and beast
M ythical creatures o f A n cient Greece A T h e S p h in x In Greek mythology, the Sphinx was a monster with the head of 2 woman, the body of a lion and the wings of an eagle. Its name comes from the Greek verb ‘sphingo’which means ‘to strangle’ - which is what it did to its unfortunate victims. According to fie stories, it sat on a tall rock by the road that led to Thebes, ind stopped travellers on their way to and from the city. It would then ask them the following riddle: ‘What walks on four legs in the morning, on two legs in the afternoon, and on three legs in the evening?’No traveller was ever able to answer the riddle, and so they were all killed by the Sphinx. Then one day, a young man called Oedipus managed to solve the riddle. When challenged by the Sphinx, he replied that a human crawls on its hands and feet xs ababy, walks on two legs as an adult, and finally uses a walking stick in old age. On hearing this, the Sphinx threw itselffrom the rock and died, and the grateful citizens ofThebes made Oedipus their king. B T h e C e n t a u r s According to Greek myths, centaurs were a tribe of creatures which were half-horse and half-human.They had the head, chest 2nd arms of a man, and the body, tail and legs of a horse. In later mvths, they also had horns and wings. Centaurs were said to live in the woods and mountains ofAncient Greece.The Greeks believed that they were savage and cruel, and a particular danger to women, who they attacked and carried off. For the Greeks, tentaurs symbolised our dark,primitive natural instincts, and the battles between humans and centaurs mirrored the struggle between civilisation and barbarism. However, Chiron, the gentlest 2nd wisest ofthe centaurs,was a great teacher and became tutor to Achilles,Jason and other heroes of Greek mythology.The story goes that when he died, Chiron became the constellation, Sagittarius. C T h e M in o t a u r In Greek mythology, the Minotaur had the body of a man and the head of a bull. Pasiphae, wife of Minos King of Crete, looked after the Minotaur when it was young, but soon it became aggressive and started causing terror and destruction. At that point, Minos ordered his architect, Daedalus, to construct a gigantic labyrinth under the royal palace to hold the Minotaur. The people of Crete never saw the Minotaur again but they heard it roar and felt the ground shake as it ran around in the labyrinth. The Minotaur only ate human flesh and every year King Minos sent seven boys and girls from Athens into the tunnels of the labyrinth to face the Minotaur. They were never seen again. Then one year,Theseus, son of the King of Athens, volunteered to go into the labyrinth and kill the Minotaur. Ariadne, daughter of King Minos, gave Theseus a ball of string which he unwound as he went into the labyrinth, in order that he could find his way out again. Theseus found the Minotaur and killed it. As soon as he emerged from the labyrinth, there was a huge earthquake which destroyed the palace and buried the Minotaur’s body forever. D T h e H a r p ie s Harpies were first described by Homer in the Odyssey as beautiful fair-haired wind spirits, but in later myths they were transformed into ugly, noisy, foul-smelling birds, with insatiable appetites. They had sharp claws and wings, and the faces of ugly old women. Their name translates as ‘snatchers’or ‘grabbers’as they were known for snatching away people and things from the Earth. In the myths, there were three harpies and they were sisters. When they were born, they were so hideous that their parents hid them away. However, the Greek gods used them to punish people with whom they were angry.They put King Phineas on an island with the harpies. Every time he was about to eat, the harpies arrived and stole the food from his hands before he could put it into his mouth. Phineas was eventually rescued byJason and the Argonauts, who killed one of the harpies and chased the others to the islands of the Strophades, where they remained for the rest of their lives. Unit 4 • Man and beast
I Can r&COgnise, iAnd MJfc nOWltnal clauses in written and spoken English. 1 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. 1 Keith isn’t answering his phone. That’s strange. It's strange that Keith isn't answering his phone._______ 2 You are here now. That’s the important thing. The_______________________________________________ 3 Chelsea scored five goals. That was amazing. It_________________________________________________ 1 The- fact that animals 2 That the animals 3 Another criticism is 4 5 4 Philip couldn’t come to my party. That was a shame. It_________________________________________________ 5 The man was seen at the scene of crime. This fact proves nothing. The fa ct________________________________________________ 6 A man won the lottery on two separate occasions. That’s almost beyond belief. It______________________________________________________ 2 Underline pairs of sentences in the text and rewrite them as single sentences. Are zoos a good thing or a bad thing? The animals are kept in unnatural conditions. This is one of the biggest criticisms of zoos. The animals are not free to roam. However, this does not mean that they suffer. Zoos are only there to attract visitors and generate profit. This is another criticism. Zoos also do a lot of good work. That is beyond doubt. Zoos have helped to save endangered wildlife from extinction. That is one of their greatest achievements. The number of people who visit zoos and learn about animal conservation is increasing. That is encouraging. 6 3 Rewrite the sentences using all. 1 I just need a bit more money. All I need is a bit more momyj.______________________________ 2 I just need a bit of peace and quiet. 3 I’ve only got £5 on me. 4 You just need to say sorry. 5 Tom just wants a good night’s sleep. 6 I just need a little more time. k Rewrite the sentences with what to give more emphasis. 1 I intend to get really fit. What I intend to do is get really fit.__________________________ 2 Ice on the road probably caused the accident. 3 Education is really important. 4 I’d really like to travel round the world. 5 Frank’s laziness worries me. 6 The ending of the film surprised me. 7 I need to work faster.
Topic presentation I cangive a presentation, on a set topic vJitk confidence. Complete the phrases with prepositions from the box. ago at before for in 1 Two centuries__________ , ... those days, the modern era,... thousands of years,... 2 ___ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 A few decades__________ , 6 _________ ancient societies, ... 7 _________ that tim e ,... ^ 07 Listen to the presentation. What is the speaker’s overall opinion? : Is wrong to keep animals in zoos. LJ t sn’t wrong to keep animals in zoos, d %t 07 Listen again and complete the phrases the speaker uses. Introduction 1 Zoos have been a popular form of entertainment for a ve ry______________________ 2 it is only in ____________________ years that... Main part 3 M y_______________ 4 Some people_____ 5 They a lso ________ 6 There may once have been som e. _ is th a t... _th a t... th a t... in this to say th a t... that in an „, I disagree th a t... w o rld ... 7 Nowadays, it is _ Conclusion 8 So_____________ 9 While it’s ______ 10 I __________ believe th a t... 4 Look at the exam question below and decide what your overall opinion is. Write a brief introduction that puts the question in a historical context. Use the information in the box to help you. Should we allow scientists to experiment on living animals in order to further scientific knowledge and to find cures for human diseases? First animal testing: over 2,000 years ago. Has led to a lot of medical advances. 5 Now write the main part of your presentation. Use phrases from exercise 3 and these ideas to help you, or use your own ideas. Why we should allow experiments: • find cures for human diseases • test drugs on animals before giving to humans • regulations - animals in laboratories don’t suffer unnecessarily Why we shouldn’t allow experiments: • no right to inflict suffering on animals • other ways of testing drugs (e.g. computer simulations) • animals - same rights as humans 6 Write the conclusion. Sum up your ideas in one or two sentences. Use phrases from exercise 3 to help you. 1 Unit 4 • Man and beast
WRITING Descriptive essay I can- Write- a detailed descriptive essay. Preparation 1 Complete the text with the words in the box. Use your dictionary to help you. 2 Make notes about a national park in your country. Introduction (where? most important features?)_______________ appearance comprises covers course designated endangered explore located protected size spectacular variety varieties Landscape (description) Vegetation (plants & trees) W ildlife (rare or endangered species?) Conservation (why and how?) 3 Use your notes to write a description of the national park in your country. Follow the plan below. W riting Guide Paragraph 1 Introduction Paragraph 2 The landscape and vegetation Paragraph 3 Wildlife Paragraph 4 Conservation Ch ec klist | ... ... si Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • written 200-250 words? • checked the spelling and grammar? J The Everglades National park is1______________ on the southern tip of Florida, in the USA, and 2______________ a vast wetland quite unlike any other in the world. It has been 3______________ a World Heritage Site. The Everglades is basically a huge area of shallow, slow-moving water th a t4______________ an enormous area - over 6,000 square kilometres. Visitors can therefore easily5______________the Everglades by boat, kayak, or canoe, but it is easy to get lost or ground the boat in shallow water, so great care needs to be taken.There is a huge 6______________of plants, including the famous mangrove trees that grow out of the water and many 7______________of rare orchid. The area boasts many rare and 8______________ species, such as the American crocodile, Florida panther, and West Indian manatee.The Everglades are most famous for alligators, which, despite their fearsome 9______________ are normally wary of people. It is also possible to see 10______________ flocks of water birds feeding in the shallows and on mud flats. The Everglades used to cover an area twice the 11______________of the present national park, but in the 12______________of the twentieth century much of the original land was drained and given over to agriculture. In 1934, the area was designated a national park is now 13_______________from further development. The Everglades National Park Unit 4 • Man and beast
Ex a m Ta s k - Reading Jead the following article about bag snobs. Some parts j f the text have been removed. Complete the text by -atch in g the sentences (A-G) to the gaps in the text 1- 6). There is one letter which you do not need to use. V i friend Julia is one of the biggest bag snobs I know. »'•e’re not talking Gucci or Chanel, although she would definitely be fussy in the high-fashion department too. Not for all the cash in the world would she walk rown the street sporting an Asda carrier. As for Netto - she Aould much prefer death by 1,000 lashes in a public park ~ian leave her house with one of those. :_____ I regularly shop in Asda and will happily be seen *.ith one of their carriers. I also frequent Netto, and carry me bright yellow bag with pride. My children, however, are -o t so comfortable with Netto bags. ‘No way! I’m not taking that,’ my eldest daughter protested when I handed her one j f the - in my opinion fairly robust - carriers to transport rookery ingredients to school. 3 And there are plenty of them around. A survey -as revealed us to be a nation of bag snobs, with 56 :e r cent of Britons believing their choice of supermarket •eflects their place on the social ladder. One in eight reople believe shopping at certain stores can make a :erson appear wealthier. People spend on average £260 a year extra to be seen in the right shops, a survey has revealed. Many regard the supermarket they shop in as a great status symbol, with ■Vaitrose topping the league, and cut-price stores such as Netto at the bottom. 4 Take Lidl. I was elated after my first visit - it was so cheap. The bags aren’t bad-looking either. And when surfing the web to check out what’s hot and what’s not in the carrier bag department (yes, such sites do exist), I came across much praise for some supermarket carriers as robust and durable. That brings me to Harrods. People seem to hang on to these bags for years. 5 But they don’t care - it’s the name that’s important. For some, however, no name is good enough. 6_____ ‘I could never walk into town with my stuff in a carrier bag,’ she said. I made a quick though sadly unsuccessful, attempt to hide my old Tesco bag, which contained my purse, tissues, phone and other essentials. A A friend of mine refuses to use a carrier of any sort outside the supermarket car park. B All I can say is that people must be crazy to miss out on the fantastic bargains to be had in cut-price stores. C I recently mentioned to my bag snob friend how much I disliked some supermarket carrier bags. D I am referring to carrier bags - the plastic ones we use at the checkout. E Through no fault of mine, she is well on her way to becoming what is commonly known as a ‘bag snob’. F They are so reluctant to part with this scrap of plastic that it becomes a crumpled mess. G I’m the complete opposite. Ex a m Ta s k - Use o f English Complete the text with suitable words. Use one word only in each gap. Everyone can have a bad day. The bus is late, your computer goes on the blink and the coffee machine has 1__________ down again. But w hat happens when every day is a bad 2__________ and your frustration is escalating 3__________ of control? According to psychologists, anger is 4___________increasingly common problem nowadays. Calls to round-the-clock helplines 5__________ risen significantly over the past year - n o t6__________ from those feeling simmering resentment but also those suffering abuse from an angry colleague. So 7__________ can you control the rage? Think about exactly who you are angry at and write down possible solutions. Recognise the things that you cannot change and accept 8__________ . Relaxation techniques, like exercise or meditation, also 9___________in handy. Finally, 10__________ of being frustrated, try to look at the positive side and be happy about the good things in your life. Get ready for your Exam 2
Exam Task - Listening © 0 8 You w ill hear part of a radio programme about life in a monastery in Thailand. Read sentences 1-10. Then complete the sentences 1-10 with one word according to the information you hear. 1 The first animal was brought to the monastery by the 2 Later they also gave unwanted___________to the monks. 3 In the winter of 1999 they had the firs t___________in the monastery. 4 Before it appeared there, its owner wanted to have it 5 In July 1999 this anim al___________ 6 The areas surroundingthe monastery entice many for some of 7 One animal is worth up to ___________ 8 When they started looking after the animals, the monks had had no ________ in how to treat them. 9 The monastery has changed into a(n)___________ 10 The monks are constructing a(n)_____ the animals. Pr e p a r a t io n : Writing Use the W riting Bank on page 107 to help you. Exam Task - Writing You have just returned from holiday in Greece. During the return flight, one of your suitcases got lost and Floria Airlines hasn’t found it so far. Write a letter of 100-120 words to the airline company. In your letter: • say why you are writing • describe what you have lost • request the quick return of your luggage • suggest a possible solution if it is not found Write your letter in the appropriate style and format. Pr e p a r a t io n : Speaking Use the Functions Bank on page 102 to help you. Exam Task - Speaking Part 4 - Role play Work in pairs and role-play the following situation. Role A - You are B’s son/daughter. It is your 18th birthday in two weeks and you want to give a party to which you would like to invite your friends and schoolmates. Discuss it with your parent, B, and ask him /her for help with preparations. Role B - You are A’s parent. It is his/her 18th birthday in two weeks and s/he wants to give a party. You are not going to be at home then and so want to discuss the ‘party house rules’. You are willing to help with the preparations. You may use these ideas: • kind of party (costume?) • what to prepare • party‘house rules’ • who does what (shopping, invitations, decorations, etc.) Role B starts the conversation. When you have finished, change your roles and practise again. Get ready for your Exam 2
a Pre-Christmas surge boosts retail profits b Blaze at shop sparks police probe c Shop chief to quit as 1000 jobs axed Match the headline words (1-16) with the words in the box argument / fight attempt be about to happen cause/set off cut get married increase (v.) investigation m anager/head most important mystery police officer promise request (n) resign support (v.) 1 loom (v.) 9 cop 2 pledge 10 riddle 3 bid 11 top (adj.) 4 quit 12 plea (n.) 5 boost (v.) _ 13 probe (n.) 6 back (v.) 14 chief 7 clash 15 spark (v.) 00 axe (v.) 16 wed F u e l p ric e s u rg e rio ts ------- Soap stars to on Caribbean beach in­ complete the headlines with words from exercise 2. Then write a complete sentence explaining each headline. Voters green campaign 1500 jobs to be d at car^ factorw | P M s to boost Education spe . __ _ __ J f U L Z J L Ch allen g e! iilX J l Find some interesting headlines on British newspaper websites (e.g. www.mirror.co.uk). Write them here along with explanations. 1 ______________________________________________ |Cop hero dies in terrorists V
1 Change the direct speech to reported speech. 1 ‘I hate reading newspapers.’ Toby says_____________________________________________ 2 ‘I’d like to listen to the news on the radio.’ Sue said______________________________________________ 3 ‘You haven’t been listening to me.’ Sam complained______________________________________ 4 ‘I’ll be working at home tomorrow.’ My dad said__________________________________________ 5 ‘You shouldn’t be so sensitive.’ Chris says____________________________________________ 6 ‘I hadn’t expected Tom to arrive so soon.’ Jeff explained_________________________________________ 2 Read the dialogue and complete Mandy’s report of the conversation. Mandy What are you doing? Kevin I’m writing a letter to the newspaper Mandy What’s the letter about? Kevin It’s about crime rates in our town. There should be more police! Mandy You should mention that recent bank robbery. Kevin I will, if I can find the name of the bank. Mandy Have you looked online? Kevin I can’t. Somebody has stolen my laptop! I aske-d Kevin what___________________________________ He explained that___________________________________ I asked___________________________________, and Kevin replied ____________________________________ He saidth a t___________ _______________________ Isaid ____________________________ and Kevin said______________________if. Iasked________ ___________________________ Hesaid______________________ because___________________________________ ! 3 Imagine you are a journalist preparing an article about a bank robbery. Report the questions you asked one of the members of staff. 1 How long have you worked at the bank? I asked h im ___________ 2 What is your job title? I asked h im __________________________________________ 3 Did you see the robbery? I asked h im __________________________________________ 4 How much money did the robbers steal? I asked h im __________________________________________ 5 Was it a frightening experience? I asked h im __________________________________________ 6 Is it the first robbery at the bank? I asked h im __________________________________________ A Match the answers (a—f) with the questions in exercise 3. a I’m not sure, but probably £20,000 or more. □ b I’m the assistant manager. □ c Yes, I did. I was serving a customer. □ d No. It happened four years ago. □ e For six years. □ f Yes, it was, but everybody stayed calm. □ 5 Now complete your article. Yesterday, there was a robbery at the ABC Bank in the High Street. I spoke to Sam Wilson, the assistant manager, who told me that he 1___________________________________ at the time of the robbery. He wasn’t sure exactly2______________ ____________________ but estimated th a t3__________________ __________ or more. He said th a t4_________________________ experience but he insisted that everyone5________________ __________________________ Mr Wilson informed me that another robbery 6________________________________________ _________________________________________at the same bank. Unit 5 • In the news * KaS B
Newspapers I CO[Vl UVAvrStCVA 0[VA rOACt tO (AVI a rticle , (About B ritis h newspapers. Revision: Student’s Book page 51 1 Complete the definitions with words from the box. circulation dailies gossip column quality newspaper tabloid 1 The number of copies that a newspaper regularly sells is called its ______________ 2 A regular article in a newspaper about the private lives of famous people is called a _____________ 3 Newspapers which are published Monday to Saturday are called_____________ 4 A newspaper which contains little serious analysis is called a ____________ 5 A newspaper which contains a lot of serious analysis is called a _____________. 2 Complete the text. Use the words given to form new words that fit the gaps. 3 Choose the correct answers. 1 In 1500, Wynkin de Worde started... A the first printing shop in Fleet Street. B the first daily newspaper in England. C the first weekly pamphlet in London. 2 Fleet Street was ideally situated for gathering what kinds of news stories? A Royal, political and cultural. B Business, political and crime. C International, crime and sports. 3 Why did the newspapers pay for the journalists’ food and drink? A The journalists did not earn high salaries. B The bars and restaurants were owned by the newspapers. C The long meals were part of the journalists’ work. 4 Since the 1980s, Fleet Street has lost its unique atmosphere mainly because A the journalists started using mobile phones. B the newspapers have moved their offices to other parts of London. C many journalists have been replaced by computers. 5 Peter McKay compares journalists today with battery hens because A they earn so little money. B they are not very popular with the general public. C they work alone, as if they were in cages. Fleet Street is a street in the centre of London,1 named (name) after the Fleet River which used to run nearby. It is also synonymous with the2______________(England) press because of its3______________ (history) links with newspapers. The first printer in Fleet Street was called Wynkin de Worde, and opened his shop in 1500. Soon, the area became well known for the printing of books and pamphlets and during the 1700s, the first4______________ (day) newspapers appeared. By the middle of the 20th century, almost every major newspaper in England had its head office in Fleet Street. It was the perfect 5 __ (locate) for gathering news: close to the City, the 6______________ (finance) centre of London; the Old Bailey, which is the main 7______________(crime) court, and the Palace of Westminster (the British parliament). There were also plenty of pubs and restaurants on Fleet Street where journalists would spend hours interviewing their ‘contacts’ while enjoying large quantities of 8______________(expense) food and drink which their employers paid for! During the 1980s, it became clear that technology was changing the way newspapers were produced and that new premises were needed. The Times and TheSun, both owned by Rupert Murdoch, were the first to move away from 9______________(centre) London to the eastern edge of the capital. Gradually, all the other papers followed. Printing became10______________ (computer). Journalists began spending more time on their mobile phones and less time on their11______________(prolong) business lunches. But many older journalists are still unhappy about the changes. One of them, a gossip columnist called Peter McKay, wrote in The Independent in 2005: ‘Fleet Street was a seething mass of printers, advertisers and journalists, drinking and punching each other every night, all night. People12______________(literal) never went home: there was a Turkish bath we went to for a shave in the morning ... Nowadays we sit in the far corners of London, like battery hens at computer terminals, pecking out our stuff and never meeting one another.' Unit 5 »In the news
Photo-journalism I can understand an article about a pkoto-jourmlist. Revision: Student’s Book page 52-53 Complete the text with words from the box. invite misery obsession paparazzi privacy public eye publicity-hungry pursue responsible Do we have an unhealthy1_ . with the private . They say . However, _celebrities are lives of famous people? Many celebrities claim that the journalists and 2______________ w h o 3___________ them make their lives a 4 _ _ that they have a right to 5 _______ many people argue th a t6_________ them selves7 __________ for this state of affairs. They benefit from being in the 8_____ ________and often actively 9_ _ _ _ _ attention from the press. v ____________________________________________________________ y 2 Read the first two paragraphs of the text. Explain in your own words the difference between a photo-journalist and a member of the paparazzi. 4 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1 Why are some news photographers called photo­ journalists? 2 How can a picture change government policy? 3 In what two ways did Joseph White influence his daughter’s future? 4 How did Margaret Bourke-White gain the respect of her peers? 5 What economic event from American history did Bourke- White record? 6 What was Bourke-White allowed to do that women had not done before? 7 What important talent did Bourke-White possess? 3 Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. For each statement write the letter of the paragraph where you find the evidence for your decision. 1 Photo-journalists are no less ruthless than paparazzi. 2 Margaret Bourke-White’s father was born in The Bronx in New York__________ 3 When Margaret was growing up, it was not common for women to study at university__________ 4 When Margaret was an industrial photographer, she was surrounded by men who refused to accept that a woman could do her job ____ 5 During the 1930s, her most famous photographs showed people enjoying the ‘American dream’__________ 6 She published a book containing images of the Great Depression__________ 7 Margaret spent a lot of time in dangerous situations during her career__________ 8 Her impatience to get a good photo was one of the keys to her success_______ 5 Match the highlighted verbs in the text with these definitions. 1 recorded the details of _________ 2 forced _________ 3 was a perfect example of _________ 4 left somewhere you can’t get away from _________ 5 made sure ___ _____ 6 hit by an underwater bomb _________ 7 received from an older relative _______ ^ i i i Ch allen g e! Q X D f c Imagine you are a photo-journalist. Think of three things you want to take a photograph of in order to bring them to the public’s attention. 1 ____________________________________________ 2 ___________ 3 _________________________________________________________ V_____________________________________________________J Unit 5 »In the news
Pictures that tell a storyA Press photographers are often criticised for the way they chase after celebrities, robbing them of their privacy and sometimes even putting them at risk of physical injury. They have the reputation of being ruthless and insensitive: they will do anything they need to do in order to get an embarrassing or revealing photo of a famous person. B However, not all press photographers can be labelled paparazzi. There is a long tradition of photographers who use their skill to show the truth about current events and to bring important issues to the attention of the public. These photographers are called photo-journalists, because their pictures tell a story. They may be just as ruthless as the paparazzi in their attempts to get the right shot, but their aim is not primarily to make money - it is to make sense of the world. Some of the most famous photo­ journalists in history have been particularly interested in showing the injustices that are often hidden from the public’s view. On a few occasions, a single photo has changed public opinion and compelled governments to act in a different way. C Margaret Bourke-White was born in 1904 in The Bronx, a suburb of New York City. Her father, Joseph White, who originally came from Poland, worked in the printing industry as an engineer. Unusually for that time, he believed that girls and boys should receive an equal education, and ensured that his daughter Margaret continued her education through school and university. He was also a keen amateur photographer and Margaret nherited his love of cameras. Chrysler Building, New York, 1931 D In the 1920s, Margaret became the first woman to be employed as a photo-journalist. She photographed major industrial and construction projects: steel factories, bridges, dams and skyscrapers. It was a man’s world, but Margaret earned respect wherever she went because of her intelligence, her personality and above all, the quality of her pictures. E In the 1930s, she documented the suffering of poor people during the Great Depression and published them in a book called You Have Seen Their Faces. It was a classic work of photo-journalism which epitomised the problems of American society at that time. One of her most famous pictures from that decade shows a line of poor black Americans queuing for food in front of a poster advertising the American way of life. The message is clear: ‘Look at the difference between the dream and the reality!’ Bread Line during the Louisville flood, Kentucky. 1937 F Her career as a photo-journalist brought excitement and danger. She was the first female photographer to be allowed into combat zones during World War II. During her working life, she was on a boat that was torpedoed in the Mediterranean, she was stranded on an Arctic island, she was in Moscow during bombing raids, and she was rescued from a river after her helicopter crashed. G Technically, Margaret Bourke-White was a skilful and innovative photographer. She also had the personal qualities that are necessary for a successful photo­ journalist, such as bravery, perseverance and patience. But perhaps most importantly, she had the gift of knowing where the next big news story was going to happen. She somehow always managed to be in the right place at the right time. Units • In the news
Reporting verbs I can- report what people have said in- a variety of vjays. 1 Change the sentences into reported speech. Use the reporting verbs in the box and a that clause. admit announce complain explain promise 1 ‘It’s not fair!’ He complained that it wasn't fair.________________________ 2 ‘It was my fault.’ I______________________________________ 3 ‘I won’t stay out late tonight.’ S he ’_______________ 4 ‘I went to bed early because I was feeling tired.’ I __________ 5 ‘I’m going to take early retirement.’ He________________________________ 2 Write the words in the correct order. Then match three of the sentences with the pictures. Write the numbers in the speech bubbles. 1 you / to / the / 1/ near / not / sit / edge / warned 2 I / me / another / that / tell / insisted / should / she / joke 3 I / now / this / T-shirt / against / understand / why / advised / you / me / wearing 4 I / messy / being / can’t / you / of / accuse / well 5 admit / she / your / doesn’t / him / number / giving / to 3 Complete the sentences with a preposition if necessary and the infinitive or-ing form of the verbs in the box. get give help pay revise steal swim use 1 The police accused him 2 Tania offered__________ Toby’s mobile. me a lift to the station. a new job.3 I congratulated Daniel_________ 4 Fred agreed______________ me with the housework. 5 Harry’s dad encouraged h im ______________ well before the exam. 6 My dad forbade me __________his computer. 7 The lifeguard warned us n o t______________ from that particular beach. 8 Joanna insisted______________for the meal, even though she was short of money. 4 Complete sentence b so that it has a sim ilar meaning to sentence a. Use the word in bold. 1 a ‘You must come home before midnight,’ said Mr Jones to his son. insisted b Mr lones insisted that his son should come home before midnight. 2 a ‘I’m not going to buy you a new DVD player,’ said Kate, refused b Kate__________________________ her a new DVD player. 3 a ‘I think you should apply fora place at university, ‘ my dad said to me. encouraged b My dad _______________________ for a place at university. 4 a ‘Why don’t we go out for a meal,’ said Fred, suggested b Fred__________________________ for a meal. 5 a ‘I’m really sorry I broke the vase,’ said Millie, apologised b M illie __________________________the vase. 6 a ‘Eat fruit every day,’ Dr Jones said to her. recommended b Dr Jones___________________________fruit every day. 7 a ‘Well done for passingyour driving test,’ said my dad to me. congratulate b My d a d ___________________________my driving test. 44 1 Unit 5 »In the news ► t * 4 5 !3 Z B S E
* i 09 Listen and write down the decimals, fractions and percentages that you hear. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Match the fractions with their equivalents. 1 half = _____ 2 a quarter = _____ 3 nine tenths = ____ 4 a fifth = _____ 5 three quarters = _____ 6 a third = _____ a 25% b One in three, c 20% d 0.5 e Nine out of ten. f 0.75 3 Write these numbers and fractions as words. 1 »/* = a quarter 2 V s= --------------- 3 Vio = --------------- 4 2/ 3 = ---------------- 5 1 3/ a = ___________ 6 2 V2= __________ h Look at the sales charts. Which chart shows sales: 1 fluctuating? EH 2 staying the same? EH 3 rising steadily? EH 4 falling sharply? EH 5 rising sharply? EH 6 falling steadily? EH 5 0 1 0 Listen to the manager of a language school talking about the number of students attending classes. Draw a graph that matches the statistics. 250 200 150 100 50 April May )une July August September 6 Complete the sentences about the statistics in the chart. How do people get to work? 2000 2008 Car 49% 46% Bus 27% 25% Train 19% 19% Bicycle 3% 7% On foot 2% 3% 1 In 2008, 2% fewer people _ .than in 2000. 2 Between 2000 and 2008, by 50%. 3 Between 2000 and 2008, _ more than doubled. 4 There was no change in by 3%. 6 A quarter of the people Extra Practice ■ > Unit 5 • In the news k5
I CAVl W rite (A rtVitVJ of <ATV series. Preparation 1 Complete the review with the words and phrases in the box. character comedian favourite follows furthermore little memorable originally one personalities reason recommend set short 2 Find the words in the box in the review and match them with the definitions (1- 8). of all time be broadcast script packed with cast date(v) episode storyline 1 all the actors in a film, play, etc________________ 2 a single TV show that is part of a series_______________ 3 to become old-fashioned and out of date_______________ 4 ever_______________ 5 full o f_______________ 6 the written text of a TV programme or play_______________ 7 be shown on TV_______________ 8 p lo t_______________ 3 Write a review of a TV sitcom or drama series that you really like. Follow the plan. W riting Guide Paragraph 1 • name of the programme, type of programme, background information Paragraph 2 • the story and the characters Paragraph 3 • what you like about it Paragraph 4 • overall opinion and recommendation Ch e c k lis t Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • used the present simple to talk about the characters and the story? • counted the words and added or removed details to adjust the length? • checked the spelling and grammar? My favourite TV show of all time is Friends. It’s an American sitcom about a group of friends who live in New York. It was 1___________ broadcast between 1994 and 2004, but it is still often shown on TV. The story is m ainly2____________in the coffee shop below the apartment block where most of the characters live, and i t 3____________the frequently complicated lives of the six friends. There are three guys and three girls, all with clearly defined 4____________ In the early series of the show, Monica and Rachel share an apartment. Monica is the bossy, organised 5___________ , while Rachel is fashion-conscious and a 6____________spoiled. Phoebe is a bit of a hippy and rather strange. Across the hall from the girls’ apartment is where Joey and Chandler live. Joey gets all the girls, and Chandler gets none! Chandler is the group’s 7___________ , although everyone is really funny. The fin a l8____________is Ross, Monica’s brother, who is a professor of palaeontology. The 9____________I like Friends so much is that it always makes me laugh. The script is really clever, the storylines are great and every episode is packed with hilarious jokes. 10___________ , the cast is really strong, although my absolute 11____________character has to be weird and wonderful Phoebe. However, they are all 12____________and they interact really well together. In 13___________ , it’s a clever sitcom that hasn’t dated at all. I can watch the episodes again and again and still find them funny. I would 14____________this to anyone who needs cheering up. Units • In the news
Read the sentences and complete the puzzle. 1 I don’t that global warming is caused only by human activity. I think there are other factors too. 2 ____ it! You made a mistake. 3 He didn’t exactly say so, but he _ . strongly that I had misled him. 4 It is that the plane crashed in the jungle, but nobody knows for sure. 5 Try to the meaning of the word from the context. 6 I _____ that we’ll find life on other planets in the solar system. 7 I _____ whether Harry knows he’s got his jumper on back to front. . that you borrow my phone. It’s no trouble. 2 Rewrite the sentences using the words given. 1 I am absolutely sure that Tom is lying, (convinced) 2 I don’t think the present government will win the election, (doubt) I can use the, language of opinions and beliefs. 4 Jason made me feel certain that I was wrong, (persuade) 5 David doesn’t accept the idea that money is more important than friendship, (reject) 6 Kate reluctantly accepted that the accident was her fault, (admit) 7 Harry became aware that Joe wasn’t listening to him. (realise) 8 The police asked the witness lots of questions about what she had seen, (quiz) Extension: Expressing opinions 3 Choose the correct preposition. 1 She managed to persuade the police about / of her innocence. 2 Do you believe in / about God? 3 What do you think about / over nuclear power? 4 Are you in / on favour of / to capital punishment? 5 Chris has strong views on / over marriage and divorce. 6 I’m not convinced of / to the government’s ability to avoid a recession. 7 I don’t have any doubts on / about Jamie’s schoolwork. He’s doing very well. 8 In / On my view, there should be a complete ban on smoking. 9 To / In my mind, hunting is wrong. 10 I don’t go along to / with the view that we should ban advertising on TV. 3 Samantha said that she had not hit her little brother, (deny) Extra Practice Unit 6 • Points of view
I can write indirect questions. 1 Write subject or object questions. 1 Something is moving in that tree. What's moving in that free-?_________________________ 2 One of the girls started crying. Whidi girl started crying?___________________________ 3 James met somebody in town. 4 Somebody came into the room. 5 Celia gave him something to read. 6 Something is missing from the drawer. 7 I’d like one of those sandwiches. 8 Henry has got something in his pocket. 9 Somebody fell off their chair. 10 Sarah ran over something in her car. 2 Put the words in the correct order to make indirect questions about the photo. .. - ■-. ■ ■ .•-rfs*** •'vS«-fSPSap AroRSfc•- , •- -- --»5- w ■ ' ' ■' ' . ' ' • ' ' ' ' ' ? :•*- - r, j a - 1 is / any / it / Have / what / you / idea / ? 2 where / know / came / you / it / from / Do / ? 3 it’s / an / know / if / really / alien spacecraft / like to / I’d / . 4 photo / you / tell / the / Could / who / took / me / ? 5 genuine / wonder / is / the / 1/ if / photo / . Unit 6 • Points of view 3 Rewrite the questions, making them less formal. 1 With whom did you discuss your plans? 2 Whom did you meet at the party? 3 To whom did Tom give the money? 4 With whom did you stay? 5 To whom did you speak? 4 Write indirect questions. Use each of the phrases in the box once. 1wonder... I’d like to kn ow ... Could you tell me ...? Can you tell me ...? Have you any idea ...? Do you kn ow ...? Would you mind telling m e ...? 1 Where do you live? 2 What time do you plan to leave? 3 When does the next train from Brighton arrive? 4 What happened? 5 Would you be willing to donate some money to charity? 6 Why are you smiling? 7 Will you need a taxi?
►► I can discuss the Church of England. Revision: Student’s Book page 61 1 Complete the chart. religion adjective follower place of worship 1 Buddhist 2 temple 3 Christian 4 church 5 Hindu 6 temple 7 Islamic 8 mosque 9 Jewish 10 synagogue 11 Sikh 12 gurdwara 2 Complete the text with appropriate words. Th e C h u r c h OF En g l a n d .the first or secondChristianity arrived in Britain 1-------- centuries, probably via Ireland and Spain, but it only became firmly established when the Pope sent St Augustine from Rome in the sixth century 2__________ convert the people of Britain, especially the newly arrived Saxons, to Christianity. __ the help of Christians already living in Kent, Augustine established his church in Canterbury and became 4_____ first in die series of Archbishops of Canterbury, unbroken to this day. theFor the next 1,000 years, England was part _____ Roman Catholic Church. But in 1534, during die reign of King Henry VIII, the English church separated from Rome. The die split was diat Henry VIIIprinciple reason _____ wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Pope Clement V II refused to agree ' Henry’s request and so Henry decided to become head of the Church of England himself 8__________order to ensure diat die divorce went dirough and that he could man y the second of his six waves. England briefly rejoined 9__________ Roman Cadiolic Church during die reign of Queen Mary in 1555, but reverted to protestantism after her sister Elizabedi I came to the throne. In die seventeenth century diere was conflict10__________ the Puritans, who wanted further reform, and the church, 11_________ wanted to retain traditional beliefs and practices. 3 Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 St Augustine came to Britain via Ireland and Spain____ 2 Augustine was the first to introduce Christianity to Britain_____ 3 Some Christians who already lived in Britain helped Augustine to set up his church_____ 4 England remained in the Catholic Church until the sixteenth century_____ 5 King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church because the Pope wouldn’t do what he wanted_____ 6 Catherine of Aragon was Henry’s second wife_____ 7 England briefly became a Catholic country again when Elizabeth became queen_____ 8 There was a struggle between the church and the Puritans_____ 9 King Charles I was on the side of the Puritans_____ 10 Catholics were discriminated against for many years following the Restoration of the monarchy_____ 11 The heir to the British throne can marry whoever he or she likes_____ This led12_____ was executed 13_ .a bloody civil war in which King Charles I the Puritans. However, the monarchy and the Church of England were restored in 1660, and to this day, die British monarch is still the head of the Church of England. For many decades following the Restoration of 1660, Catholics elected14were excluded from public life and could not to Parliament, but gradually diev were granted full rights and liberties. However, the heir to the British throne 15__________ still forbidden by law to marry a Cadiolic. Unit 6 • Points of view 49
TV scandals I can understand an article about TV scandals. Revision: Student’s Book page 62-63 I Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. Use some of the verbs twice. admit appear argue decline find maintain 1 The doorman refused to ______________the teenagers into the nightclub. 2 Despite being______________guilty by the court the man still — _ his innocence. 3 Have you ever ________ on TV? 4 H arriet my offer of a lift, saying she preferred to walk. 5 It costs a lot of money to ______ _such a large house and garden. 6 Why can’t you ju s t______________ that you are wrong? 7 My little brother and sister are a lw a y s ___________ with each other. 8 The ratings for TV quiz shows have ____________ in recent years. 9 Do you think that scientists will one day___________ a cure for cancer? 10 I t ___________ thatthecontestanthadbeen cheating. 11 The students_ fora day’s holiday before the exams, but the teachers rejected the idea. -________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ S ! Read the text quickly. How many of the programmes actually admitted deceiving the v ie w e rs ? _______ I For questions 1-12, choose the correct TV programme: A, B, CorD. Which TV programme: 1 showed a sequence of events in the wrong order? EH 2 is particularly popular with children? EH 3 made a lot of money from the viewers? EH 4 was about the daily life of somebody well known? EH 5 invited viewers to enter competitions? EH 6 invited viewers to name a pet animal? EH 7 implied that the presenter did something which in fact he didn’t do? EH 8 is broadcast in the morning? EH 9 showed somebody getting angry? EH 10 had to pay a large fine? EH I I showed people how to cook food? I I 12 deceived the viewers on two separate occasions? EH 4 Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 In 2007 the British public were deceived by TV companies_____ 2 Two programmes cheated their viewers in competitions_____ 3 All of the programmes showed events that weren’t true. 4 Only one of the scandals lead to the TV company paying a fine_____ 5 None of the shows were cancelled as a result of the scandals_____ 6 Two of the shows apologised to their viewers_____ 7 All the people involved in the scandals lost their jobs_____ 5 Match the highlighted words in the text with these definitions. 1 to arrange a result dishonestly in advance______ 2 people who watch TV__________ 3 well known for being ba d __________ 4 become know n_________ 5 going out quickly and angrily ___ 6 a series of scenes from a TV programme or film shown in advance to advertise i t _______ 7 said sorry__________ 8 give money back_________ 9 made to appear real when it in fact isn’t __________ 10 got money illegally by tricking somebody_______ M X n X L C h a lle n g e ! Q 3 2 Z X X Do you ever take part in TV phone-ins? Why? / Why not? Unit 6 • Points of view
Itmustbetrue- 1sawiton TVIn 2007 there was a string of scandals in which TV programmes rigged phone-in competitions or misled viewers in other ways. The extensive press coverage led to a loss of confidence in the TV companies, which were perceived by the public as greedy and dishonest. Here are four of the most notorious cases ... A Blue Peter C GMTV 3lue Peter is one of the UK's most famous and popular children’s TV programmes - it is also the longest-running. In January last year viewers ■•.ere invited to visit the programme's website and choose a name for a pet kitten that appeared on the show. Thousands of children took part in the poll and the most popular name turned out to be Cookie. However, the : rogramme-makers ignored the voters’ wishes and named the cat Socks 'stead, allegedly because they were worried that the name Cookie would encourage childhood obesity. When the deception came to light the editor of the programme was sacked. The presenters made a humble apology Dn air, and Socks was joined by a second kitten - this time called Cookie, t wasn’t the first time the programme had deceived its viewers. A few ~Dnths prior to the kitten-naming scandal, the presenters had faked the * nner of a phone-in competition. B A year with the Queen - October Peter Fincham, the head of the TV channel BBC 1, was forced :: resign after a scandal caused by a trailer for a documentary which - srepresented the Queen. The documentary follows the life of the Queen n d other members of the royal family over a period of months as they zarry out their daily duties. At the documentary’s press launch, Peter -ncham told journalists that in the programme the monarch would be =-: ivn angrily storming out of a photoshoot with the renowned American photographer Annie Leibovitz. However, the footage of her supposedly sturmy exit (after Miss Leibovitz asked her to remove her tiara) was in fact f ned as she arrived for the session, and had then been edited to make r look as if she got angry during the interview. It was also later revealed Mr Fincham knew on the day of the press launch that the trailer was - s eading, but didn't tell anybody. The BBC apologised to the Queen but she was said still to be ‘extremely ngry’ about being misrepresented in the trailer. However, she made no objection to the screening of the documentary and it was broadcast just :e :re Christmas. An investigation by the TV industry regulator has revealed that GMTV (‘Good Morning Television’) defrauded viewers out of about £40 million. Over a four year period, viewers were invited to take part in phone-in quizzes using premium-rate phone lines. What the participants didn’t realise, however, was that the winners were determined before the phone lines closed. Between January 2003 and March 2007, over a third of the calls received were not entered into the competitions. 25 million viewers therefore each spent up to £1.80 on calls which gave them absolutely no chance of winning the competition. Over this period, GMTV made nearly £50 million in profit from its phone-ins. The company admitted full responsibility, was fined £2 million and offered to refund viewers. However, the head of the company refused to sack any of the employees responsible for the deception. Celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay was accused of deceiving viewers on his highly popular cookery programme. Channel 4, the TV channel that broadcasts the programme, admitted that a scene which appeared to show Ramsay catching fish off the south coast of Britain had in fact been faked. The celebrity chef was seen on-screen diving into the water, armed with a spear-gun. He was then shown returning to the beach holding several large fish which he seemed to have caught. However, although Ramsay did in fact take part in the fishing expedition, he failed to spear any fish. It was revealed that a spear-fishing expert, Dave O'Callaghan, had in fact caught the fish which Ramsay then barbecued on the beach. Channel 4 apologised to viewers and blamed the independent television company that had made the programme for misrepresenting the true facts. D Celebrity Chef Unité • Points of view ■ 51
1 can, use question, tags and tag questions. 1 Match the question tags in the box with the sentences. can’t he? did he? doesn’t he? has he? wasn’t he? won’t he? 1 Harry was driving too fast,____________ 2 This time tomorrow John will be arriving in New York, 3 Fred said nothing stupid,. 4 John can sw im ,__________ 5 Peter lives in Liverpool,________ 6 Steve hasn’t been to the States, 2 Complete the sentences with question tags. 1 You don’t like bananas,____________ 2 Don’t be late,____________ 3 There isn’t any bread,____________ 4 Kate and George had to go to London,________ 5 Everyone loves cartoons,____________ 6 I didn’t step on y o u rto e ,____________ 7 Nothing really happens in the film ,____________ 8 We must leave now ,____________ 9 You never help with the housework,__________ 10 You won’t mind if I bring my sister to the party, 11 Let’s get a ta ke-away,____________ 12 Everything in the garden looks beautiful, 13 You hadn’t realised I was here,__________ 14 Nobody wants to go o u t , ___________ 15 Pass me the dictionary,____________ 16 Do help yourself to more coffee, 3 Add question tags to the dialogue. Mum Boy Mum Boy Mum Boy Mum Boy Mum Come on, Joe. Let’s go. You’re ready, Yes, Mum. It’s only 8 o’clock, 2_______ No, it’s ten past. You’ve got your schoolbag, Yes, Mum. And don’t forget your football kit, 4______ No, Mum. You’ll come straight home after school, 5_ No, I’m going to Mandy’s. I told you, 6___ No, you didn’t, but that’s OK. 4 Write tag questions. 2 A The boss wants to speak to you immediately. _______________I wonder what she wants. 3 A I must leave soon. _______________I’ll get your coat then. 1 A B 2 A B 3 A B 4 A B 5 A B 6 A B 7 A B 8 A B 9 A B 10 A B 11 A B 12 A B Aren't '(on? Would you like an apple then? 4 A Ben won’t do his homework. _______________I’ll have a word with him. 5 A Everyone has gone home. They forgot to turn out the lights. 6 A I might buy a new car next week. _____________ Have you sold your old one? 7 A It’s started to snow. _______________We’d better wrap up warm. 8 A Nobody replied to my letter of complaint. _______________That’s shocking. 9 A Mark crashed his car yesterday. _______________Is he OK? 10 A Liam is planning to row across the Atlantic. _______________He must be mad. 11 A Fiona hadn’t locked the car. _______________No wonder it was stolen. 12 A Everything is fine. . I’ll leave you to it, then. 52 Unit 6 • Points of view
SPEAKING Expressing opinions I m u express my opinions about a variety of subjects. 1 Complete the phrases for emphasising a point. Use the words in the box. bear believe convinced deny doubt forget remember think 1 We must _ 2 There’s no 3 Let’s not _ 4 I______ th a t... in my mind th a t... th a t... __________ very strongly th a t... It’s important to ______________ in mind th a t... 6 I’m absolutely^ 7 Nobody can 8 I really d o ____ th a t... . th a t... th a t... Which of these sentences are opinions and which are examples that support opinions? Write 0 or E. 1 Babies and toddlers should be looked after at home not sent to nurseries. EH 2 The air in city centres where cars are banned is much cleaner. EH 3 Some countries have benefited greatly from membership of the EU. EH - The UK government doesn’t spend enough money researching alternative energy sources. EH 5 It’s been shown that children who are cared for at home when they are very young do better at school. EH 6 People should use public transport ratherthan their cars. EH 7 Only 5% of electricity in the UK is generated from renewable sources. EH 8 The country has received a lot of money to build new roads. EH Vatch each opinion in exercise 2 with an example. Opinion QH Example EH Tcinion EH Example EH Opinion EH Example EH Gsinion EH Example EH 4 Q 11 Listen to two students. Which of these four questions are they answering? Is their opinion ‘yes’, ‘no’ or ‘undecided’? 1 Should we encourage more girls to do science at school? Why? / Why not? 2 Should the law prevent people under the age of 21 from buying cigarettes? Why? / Why not? 3 Has membership of the European Union been good for Poland? Why? / Why not? 4 Should we ban cars from all city centres? Why? / Why not? 6 Student A Question _ Student B Question _ Yes EH No EH Undecided EH Yes EH No EH Undecided EH Look at the sentences from the listening below. Find words or phrases that: introduce a personal opinion ________ concede an argum ent______________ mean ‘without doubt’ _________ mean ‘generally speaking’ A Personally, 1really enjoy physics but it seems, on the whole, that boys enjoy science subjects more than girls. B Admittedly, cars cause a lot of pollution and the air would undoubtedly be much cleaner if we didn’t drive so much. Prepare to give your opinion on question 2 or 3 in exercise 4. Write notes. Use one or more of the phrases in exercise 1 to emphasise the points you make, and think of an example to back up your opinion. Unit 6» Points of view
I MVl Write an opinion-based essay. Preparation Read the exam task and the essay. Why isn’t it a very good model? 1 The introduction is too short. I I 2 The writer’s opinion isn’t clear. ED 3 The essay is too short. ED 4 There are a lot of grammar and spelling mistakes. ED 5 The writer only states his/her opinion and doesn’t give arguments supporting the opposite opinion. ED 6 The style is too informal. ED 7 The conclusion is too short. ED Write an essay of 200-250 words on the following topic: We have become too reliant on computers. Do you agree? Nowadays almost every aspect of our lives is affected by computers. Some people thinkthat computers can solve almost any problem, but I believe that we rely too much on them. Firstly, if a computer that controls vital equipment in a large organisation breaks down, the consequences can be very serious. For example, if the computers in hospitals or air traffic control crash, then many lives could be lost. Secondly, in the modern world, too many decisions are taken by computers and not by people. We will eventually lose our ability to make judgements for ourselves. What is more, computers are replacing people and taking their jobs. For example, online shops wilt eventually replace real shops and lots of people will lose their jobs. Thirdly, computers are changing the way we live. Children rely too much on computers for entertainment. They spend hours playing games on the computer and forget how to play with other children or amuse themselves. They don’t learn how to be creative - they just have to click the mouse and press keys. To sum up, I believe that we have become too reliant on computers. , K 197 words Write C next to the phrases for contrasting points, and A next to those for making additional points. And y e t,... ED Furthermore,... ED Having said th a t,... ED However,... ED Moreover,... ED Nevertheless,... ED On the other hand,... ED Sim ilarly,... ED We should also remember th a t... ED What is m ore,... ED 54 J Unit 6 • Points of view 3 Complete the expressions with the words in the box. balance clear deny having maintain though worth 1 It is also hard to __________that... 2 __________said that, it is true that ... 3 It is _________ that... 4 It is also _________ bearing in mind that ... 5 Even_________ in some cases ... I would s till__________ that in most cases ... 6 However, o n _________ , I believe th a t... 4 Read the essay title. What is your initial reaction? Do you: ✓ agree with the statement? X disagree with the statement? Computers have made the world a better and safer place. Do you agree? ED 5 Think of two or three points that support your opinion. Make notes in your notebook. 6 Think of one or two points that support the opposite opinion. Make notes. 7 Write your essay (200-250 words), following the plan in the w riting guide below. W riting Guide Paragraph 1 Introduction. Explain the title and give your initial opinion. Paragraph 2 First argument in support of your opinion. Paragraph 3 Second argument in support of your opinion. Paragraph 4 Arguments supporting the opposite opinion. Paragraph 5 Summary including a re-statement of your opinion. Ch ec klis t Have you: • followed the writing plan? • written 200-250 words? • included examples that support your arguments? • checked the spelling and grammar? ^ t "42S3S2SBSBi
Lxam Task - Reading 1Reading • Use of English ’ Listening »W riting »Speaking d the following article about online survey websites, e parts of the text have been removed. Complete the by matching the sentences (A-G) to the gaps in the text - 6). There is one letter which you do not need to use. _ must have seen those online survey websites. They _ slick and inexpensive. They have neat interfaces -*■ let you create your own survey and invite others to -ticipate; they can make you look really talented and ress others. 1 It certainly sounds like the results of ~se surveys provide real information that can be used in decision-making process. There’s no guarantee that the survey you create is -5 able. And if it can’t be proven reliable, you can’t prove —at its results are valid. ft':hout being reliable and valid, any survey is worthless, n simple terms, reliability means the results would look t ie same if you repeated the survey with the same people r e next day. Validity means your instrument measures ■ fiat you say it measures and not something else. 3_____ At east with the latter, you know when it stops working. K questionnaire, on the other hand, will always produce -jm erical results, even if they’re meaningless. A_____ =i>r as long as questionnaires and surveys have existed, t has been known that you can’t just throw a bunch of statements together with some agree/disagree scales, and ::m e up with accurate comprehensive data. 5 And -a n y behavioural scientists, who ought to know better, have become willing accomplices by sponsoring these ~:es and promoting their use. The same IT industry did amazing things with the a-:omobile engine, with internal computers that monitor a--gine functioning and optimize timing and ignition while we drive. 6 But the same sophistication has not been built into the typical online questionnaire. Just because the 5-'vey provider doesn’t talk about it does not mean it is all being taken care of somewhere inside the computer. 5 d if you are considering a serious project and need to base t on reliable survey data, remember that a quick, ‘cost elective’ online survey may actually cost you much more. A However, the Internet has allowed some IT people to turn the process of designing and implementing surveys into a ‘do-it-yourself’ activity. B We do have to be aware of the difference between a ‘do- it-yourself survey and one with reliability and validity. C Some have catchy tag lines like ‘The easiest way to ask, the fastest way to know’, or ‘Because knowledge is everything’. D We’re now able to drive 100,000 miles without thinking about when we need to ‘tune’ the engine. E But there’s that ‘dirty little secret’ they don’t want you to know about the surveys and questionnaires produced by non-specialists. F An unreliable questionnaire is worse than an unreliable car. G As a result, you could be making serious decisions based on survey results that don’t mean anything. Exam Task - Use of English Complete the text with the correct words (A-D). A noisy parrot called Peanut, who likes to imitate sounds, helped save Kenny Donovan and his four-year-old son from a house fire by mocking the 1 of a smoke alarm. The tw o had 2 asleep on the sofa in the living room of their semi-detached house in Birmingham 3_____ watching a movie. After hearing Peanut4 the fire alarm they awoke to find their home on fire. 'He was really screaming his head off,' Kenny said. The smoke alarm had gone 5_____ , but it was the bird's call that caught Kenny's attention. Grabbing his son and his bird, he safely got them out of the house. The fire ,6_____ destroyed the kitchen and bedroom ,7 under investigation.8 Peanut, it was the fact that they fell asleep downstairs on the sofa that helped save them. They may n o t9 the alarm or the bird if they 10_____ asleep in their bedrooms, where an air conditioner drowns out most of the noise around the house. 1 A sound B noise C shout D call 2 A fall B felt C fallen D feel 3 A during B from c while D as 4 A imitating B to imitate c imitated D has imitated 5 A on B out c up D off 6 A what B which c however D that 7 A stays B remains c stands D returns 8 A Beside B Aside from c Out of D Next to 9 A heard B hear c had heard D have heard 10 A were B would be c had been D have been Get ready for your Exam 3
Exam Task - Listening $ 12 You w ill hear part of an interview with a famous literary critic. Read statements 1 -7. Then listen and decide if each statement is true (T) or false (F) according to the information you hear. True False 1 The author of A Short History of Nearly Everything did not like science when he was a student. 2 Bill Bryson is a popular guidebook writer. 3 In order to write the book, Bryson interviewed many scientists. 4 The book they discuss concentrates on historical events. 5 The book contains anecdotes about various scientists. 6 Marcus believes the only problem with the book is that the language is too scientific. 7 The interviewer has already read the book. I Pr e p a r a t io n : Writing ^ Use the W riting Bank on page 107 to help you. Exam Task - Writing A British travel agency has published an advertisement in Travel Times and is looking for people to work as restaurant and bar staff on their cruise ships in Scandinavia. Write a letter of application of 210-230 words to the manager of the travel agency. In your letter include: • personal information • why you would like to work for them • useful personal qualities • relevant work experience Write your letter in the appropriate style and format. : Pr e p a r a t io n : Speaking ^ Use the Functions Bank on page 102 to help you. Exam Task - Speaking Part 1 - Short interview Work in pairs. One of you plays the role of the student, the other of the teacher/examiner. Start with Set 1, then exchange roles and continue with Set 2. Role 1 - the student Do not read the questions. Listen carefully to your partner and answer all his/her questions in detail. If you do not understand, ask your partner to repeat the question. Role 2 - the teacher Your role is to read each question to your partner. Choose 3 -5 questions from the list below. Give your partner enough time to answer each of them. Set 1 - Topic: Foreign languages • Why do you study English? • Is it important to study more than one foreign language? Why (not)? • Which jobs require a good knowledge of foreign languages? Explain. • What is an ideal language lesson for you? • Would you like to improve your language knowledge? Why (not)? • Would you like to study abroad? Where? What? Why (not)? Now change roles and use the questions in Set 2. Set 2 - Topic: The Internet • Why do people of your age use the Internet? • Do you thinkthat the Internet plays an important role in today’s society? Why (not)? • What are the alternatives to the Internet (other sources of information)? Are they useful today? Why (not)? • Can you imagine life without the Internet? Explain. • What are the possible dangers/disadvantages of the Internet? • What do you think about online dating? Get ready for your Exam 3
Global warming I can, talk about the reasons for avid comtcjuLcnits ofglobal farming. I Complete the facts with the words in the box. atmosphere caps carbon C02 Earth emissions energy footprint industrialised sea solar warming Climate Facts Each year, humans add about 30 billion tonnes o f 1_________ into the 2___________ but half of it is absorbed by the forests and oceans. Scientists are working on a way to collect ; ___________power from space and send it back to 4____________as a giant laser beam. Global5 = _ 6 is causing the ice . to melt and th e 7_______ levels to rise - and they’re rising faster because water expands as it gets warmer. : ___________ countries are currently only -esponsible for about 50% of carbon 9___________ , but they are responsible for 80% of the man-made C02that is already in :ne atmosphere. ® Leaving your DVD player on standby _-v produces the same10___________ emissions each year as the average K citizen of Burundi. Being a vegetarian reduces your carbon ____________(the amount of emissions caused by one person’s lifestyle) because :he production of meat and dairy products uses a lot o f 12 ____ 4 Extra Practice ,---- 2 Choose the correct word to complete the collocations in these sentences. Then read the sentences and circle T (true) or F(false). 1 Wind power is a type of fossil fuel / power. T F 2 The majority of the Earth’s fresh water is contained in the ice caps / levels. T F 3 Trees and plants help to increase the greenhouse warming / gases in the atmosphere. T F 4 Petrol is a form of recyclable / renewable energy. T F 5 The destruction of forests has led to an increasein the number of dangerous / endangered species. T F 6 Climate change / warming will create more extreme weather conditions. T F 7 Solar waves / panels generate electricity. T F 3 Explain how each of these things is good or badfor our planet. Include the word in bold. 1 energy-saving light bulbs electricity are good because thfrf use- less electricity than normal light bulbs.______________________________________________ 2 wind turbines clean They are__________ because_____________________________ 3 tumble dryers electricity They are _ because 4 long-haul flights carbon emissions They are__________because________ 5 recyclable packaging household waste It i s __________because__________________ Ch allen g e! Suggest three changes that could be made to your school to reduce its carbon footprint. 1 ______________________________________________ 2 3 ________________________________________________________ Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
HittUbli Advice, obligation and prohibition 1 Decide what the underlined part of each sentence means and circle a or b. 1 You really must try these biscuits - I made them, a It’s absolutely necessary that you tr y ... b I really think you should tr y ... 2 You don’t have to eat your sandwiches in the canteen at our school. a It isn’t necessary to eat your sandwiches ... b It’s against the rules to eat your sandwiches ... 3 You mustn’t wear boots in the house, a It isn’t necessary to wear boots ... b It’s against the rules to wear boots ... 4 We ought to spend less on phone calls, a It’s very important to spend less ... b It would be a good idea to spend less ... 5 They have to move house before the end of the year, a It’s obligatory for them to move house ... b It’s a good idea for them to move house ... 2 Complete the advice with a suitable modal verb. 1 ‘You___________ tell Holly about passing your driving test. She might ask for lifts all the tim e.’ 2 ‘You really____________remember to switch the lights off at night, otherwise you waste electricity.’ 3 ‘I don’t th in kyo u ____________walk home a lo n e - it’stoo dangerous.’ 4 ‘If you’re in Barcelona, you sim ply____________see the Gaudi buildings.’ 5 ‘No wonder you’re sleepy. You____________stay up so late! 3 Give an example of something that you ... 1 have to do but hate doing. 2 don’t have to do, but enjoy doing. 3 ought to do often, but only do occasionally. 4 should do less. 5 mustn’t do at home. Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights 4 Complete the dialogue with the words in the box. Use each word once. don’t have have to must mustn’t need needn’t should shouldn’t Jake Let’s pick up some holiday brochures. Cathy Holiday brochures? Why? Jake W e1 _________ to book our summer holiday soon or alt the good deals wilt have been taken. Cathy OK, but w e 2___________ to get brochures - they’re a waste of paper. We 3___________ search online. It’s better for the environment. Jake If you’re so worried about the environment, we 4___ _______ goon holiday at all. Flying produces lots of C02! Cathy Who said anything about flying? We 5__________ fly anywhere. I’m thinking of a walking holiday in Belgium. I’ve already found a company online that organises tours. Jake Look, you 6___________ bookanythingwithout discussing with me first. Do you understand? Cathy A ctually... it’s already booked. Sorry! Jake Well phone up and cancel it! Even if you 7___________ pay a fine, cancel it! Cathy Calm down! I was joking. You really 8___________ try to develop a sense of humour. 5 Complete these sentences with your own ideas. Use a suitable modal verbs. 1 If you want to learn Mandarin, yo u ____________________ 2 No wonderyou can’t sleep. You______________________ 3 Don’t just sit there looking miserable. You 4 If the girl / boy of your dreams won’t pay you any attention, you __________________________________ 5 If you want to lead a long and healthy life, you
I can understand an article about environmental issues. '■evision: Student’s Book page 73 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. coral outcry global growth interest primeval species vehicles 1 Conservationists are working to protect endangered __________ around the world. 2 Much of the jungle in the'Congo is __________ forest. 3 A rise in sea temperatures w ill damage the world’s __________reefs. 4 Carbon emissions tend to increase in line with economic . 5 Nearly all scientists today accept that ________ warming is a reality. 6 The revelation that toxic waste is being exported to developing countries has caused a pu blic_________ 7 Many old buildings in the village have been damaged by the heavy goods__________ that pass through. 8 The ‘green’ movement includes various__________ groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth. 2 : ead the text quickly, ignoring the gaps. According to the •riter, what is the answer to the question in the title? 3 Complete each gap in the text with a suitable word. 4 -re these sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 Even people who care about the environment are reluctant to give up flying_____ 2 People would make fewer flights if the government encouraged them to fly less often_____ 3 The British are gradually reducing the number of short flights that they make. ____ - Short-haul flights create a quarter of the UK’s total carbon emissions_____ 5 Compared to a decade ago, fewer destinations are available today for low-cost flights from the UK_____ 6 The leader of the study had not expected to find so much hypocrisy_____ What’sgreen and flies?City Breaks: Prague from £ ^ 4 0 № V p London to Krakow from£ 1 7 0 H ' j S o — £ 8 0 re, J N I Barce,ona They insist 1_ . buying organic food and recycling every last scrap of paper or glass - and they’re not slow to tell you about it. But when it comes ' . giving up their trips to Krakow and weekend breaks in Prague, it seems that even the ‘greenest’ people in the UK are reluctant to make the sacrifice. A study by Exeter University has revealed the huge number of supposedly environmentally-friendly Britons who refuse to give up low-cost flying in spite 3__________ the damage to the planet. The authors of the study say this ‘eco-hypocrisy’ shows 4_________ difficult it will be for governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by urging people to cut down on air-travel. Environmental campaigners argue that cheap short-haul flights, 5__________are becoming more and more popular among the British, have caused a massive increase in carbon emissions over the past few years. Although pollution from flights accounts for just seven per cent of the UK’s total greenhouse gas output, the figure 6_________ predicted to reach 25 per cent over the next few decades. Taking cheap flights to other European cities for a short holiday has become almost an addiction for the British over the past decade most popular destinations are Krakow,or so. Among ____ Budapest, Prague, Brussels and Barcelona, and the low-cost airlines are adding new cities to the list all the time. Tickets cost 8_________ little as €80 for a return flight, so you don't have to be well-off to travel abroad several times a year. Dr Stewart Barr, 9__________ led the focus group study, said that, although the study was based on only 64 people, the findings reflected a widespread trend. ‘Most10__________the committed environmentalists said they still travelled on low-cost airlines, 11_________ though they realised it was problematic,’ he said. ‘But they couldn't see a way around it. We were surprised because we thought that people would transfer their attitudes towards environmentalism in the home to their holidays, but the difference was more striking 12__________we had imagined. The UK’s addiction to cheap flights looks hard to break.' Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
r Waste not, want not I can, u nd e rsta n d an, article- a b o u t fo o d waste,. Revision: Student’s Book page 74-75 1 Choose the correct preposition in these sentences. 1 Is the government to blame of / for the amount of traffic on our roads? 2 She wasn’t impressed by / of my efforts to lead a greener lifestyle. 3 At university, I specialised at / in Environmental Studies. 4 The Soil Association is committed in / to promoting organic food in the UK. 5 I beckoned for / to the waiter, but he ignored me. 6 The government does not allow journalists to have access in / to their plans for nuclear power. 7 She found it hard to cope for / with three young children while her husband was out at work. 8 The UK’s annual C02emissions from aviation are about 37 million tonnes, which amounts in / to 7% of its total emissions. 9 We should deal at / with the problem of climate change before it gets out of hand. 2 What is a ‘freegan’? Choose the best definition. a Somebody who collects food that supermarkets throw away and gives it to people who need it. b Somebody who grows their own food instead of buying it. c Somebody who eats food that has been thrown away as a protest against consumerism. d Somebody who refuses to pay for food as a protest against capitalism. Look through the text, ignoring the gaps. What is the main objective of the SWAG campaign? a To encourage people to cook in more imaginative ways, b To encourage people to spend less money in supermarkets. c To encourage people to put less of the food they buy in the bin. d To encourage people to recycle more of their household rubbish. A Read the text carefully. Match sentences A-G with gaps 1 -6 . There is one sentence that you do not need. A Within that, there is more of an awareness, especially from the people who lived through the Second World War. B For this reason, consumers are reluctant to alter their shopping habits, in spite of the evidence. C Freeze leftovers so that they can be eaten at a later date. D These are members of the public who aim to share their practical hints and tips to help avoid food waste. E It offers tips, hints and simple recipes which enable people to make the most of the food they buy and prepare. F Most is dumped in landfill, where it gives off greenhouse gases. G Think about the meats for the week and check cupboards before going shopping. 5 Match the two halves of these expressions from the text. 1 to launch 2 to have an impact on 3 to come up with 4 to make 5 to make up the environment 20% of the total an idea a campaign improvements Do older members of your family have a different attitude to wasting food? Give an example, and say why you think the difference may exist. Ch allen g e! Think of a dish which uses left-over food (for example, cooked meat, cooked potato or other vegetables). Write a short recipe or description. Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
War on waste People in the UK throw away about a third o f the food :ney buy. Food waste makes up nearly 20 per cent : f the to tal household bin - and around h a lf o f this could actually have been eaten. N ot only does this cost consumers a huge am ount o f money, but it also zamages the environm ent. Firstly, there is the damage caused by producing the unnecessary food in the first :lace. And secondly, there is the fact th a t all the food e throw away creates hundreds o f tones o f dom estic w a ste .1_________ Expertssay preventing the waste .vould have the same im pact as removing one in five cars from the road. Now, various organisations are trying to crack down on food waste. For example, a campaign has been aunched north o f the border by SWAG (the Scottish Waste Awareness Group), w ith the support o f leading chefs and food writers. They are focusing on four key ^'eas where improvements can be made: planning meals, spring food properly, using up leftovers and buying accurate amounts. Dr Nicki Souter, SWAG's campaign director, said: A ttitudes to food waste are very sim ilar across the age ro u p s , apart from the 60-plus g e neratio n.2________ B jt if you look at the adult population as a whole, t. oically we waste a lot o f food. Every tim e we cook rice or pasta, it's d iffic u lt to get the portion size right. ______________________________________________ The aim o f this campaign is to get the public thinking about the issue o f food waste and ultim ately doing som ething to lim it the problem.' Another organisation which is campaigning on the same issue is called Love Food Hate Waste. According to the campaign, the key foods wasted in the home are fresh fru it and vegetables, meat and fish, bakery and bread products and dairy products. The main reasons are preparing too much food or letting it go past its use-by date. And the campaign says 90 per cent o f people do not even realise how much is being disposed of. The Love Food Hate Waste campaign has come up w ith the idea o f having 'cham pions'.3________ There is also a website to raise public awareness. 4____ _ Here is a selection o f the practical advice on offer: • Portion sizes: Buy loose fru it and vegetables to get the exact am ount th a t you need. Look out for smaller size options and measure portion sizes when you cook. • P lanning:5_________. That way you w o n 't buy food th a t is already in your fridge! • Storage: Learn the difference between use-by dates, where the food can go o ff quickly, and best-before dates, which tend to affe ct quality rather than safety. Follow the storage instructions on food, and rotate the food in the fridge and cupboard so th a t you know w hat needs using fir s t.6________ • Recipe ideas: Use leftovers and check the campaign website fo r tips. For example, leftover vegetables and potato can be fried together w ith bacon and onion to make a traditional British dish called 'bubble and squeak'! Bubble and squeak Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
Speculating: present, past and future I coin- speculate, (About events. Underline the modal verb in each sentence and decide whether it refers to the past, present or future. 1 We’d better take an umbrella. It might rain, future 2 Where does Connor live? Grace may know - I’ll ask her________ 3 She can’t have a brother - she told me she was an only child________ 4 Ask at reception. They might have found your passport________ 5 By the time we reach the airport, it could be too late!_______ Complete the sentences with must, might or can’t. 1 She go to this school. I’ve never seen her before. 2 Look, it’s already dark outside. It _ be later than we realised. 3 This be my phone, it’s red. Mine has a green case. 4 £3.75 fora coffee? You be serious! 5 You_ _ _ be exhausted. You’ve been working for nearly six hours without a break. 6 rm n o ts u re w h o s e la p to p th is is .lt belong to my aunt. 7 Dan and Ali haven’t arrived yet. They be lost. 8 Aunt May called. S he come by tomorrow if she has time. Continue each sentence in your own words. 1 Bella’s crying. Somebody must have _____ ________ 2 You got less than 10% in your exam. You can’t have 3 I’m not sure where Tilly is. She may have. 4 Judy hasn’t phoned me for weeks. She must have 5 The restaurant has gone out of business. They can’t have 6 Witnesses saw strange lights in the sky. They might have Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights 4 Complete the dialogue with must (have), might / may / could (have), and can’t (have) and the verbs in the box. be be break into go leave look need open Jake That’s strange. My mum isn’t here, but the window’s open. Cathy S he1_____________________it for some fresh air and then gone out, I suppose. She’s usually really careful about things like that. S he2 ___________________ the house in a real hurry. Jake Cathy Jake I hope everything’s OK. Look at those muddy footprints on the floor! I’ll phone my mum. Hmm. Her phone’s switched off. Cathy Have you any idea where she3________________ ? Jake She’s often out at this time. She 4_____________________ to work - or to the gym. .to come home asCathy I think she 5________________ soon as possible. Jake Why? Cathy Well, there’s only one explanation for the open window and the footprints. A burglar 6_____________________ your house! Jake You’re right. Actually, look at these footprints. They7_____________________ mine or my mum’s, They’re too big. Cathy If I were you, I’d call the police. And don’t touch anything! The police 8_____________________ for the burglar’s fingerprints. Ch allen g e! Write three sentences about this photo. Use might (have), must (have) and can’t (have). K 4 H B '
2 f t 13 Listen to two students discussing ways to make their school greener. Which three items from exercise 1 do they describe? 1 ________________ 2 ________________ 3 _____________________ 3 f t 13 Listen again. Complete these extracts with the correct word. 1 Label the pictures with the words in the box. bin bins burning compost cycle panel rack recycling solar stove turbine wind wood 1 What about those things that you put on th e ________ ? 2 You know, fo r________ electricity. 3 Wood is a renewable________ 4 What about those m etal________ for burning wood in? 5 That way, we’d send less waste to sites. 4 Choose the correct word in these sentences. 1 All new public buildings must use low energy/power light fittings. 2 My grandparents’ home is much warmer since they installed double glass/glazing. 3 If you’re thirsty, there’s a drink/drinking fountain next to the steps. 4 Don’t throw your empty bottles away! Put them in the recycling bin/can. 5 Put the nine items from exercises 1 and 4 into the correct group. 1 They are sources of energy. 2 They help reduce energy consumption. 3 They are an alternative to throwing rubbish away. 4 They encourage ‘greener’ behaviour. 6 Try to think of one more item for each group in exercise 5. Extra Practice Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
Preparation Read the task. Decide whether you agree or disagree with the statement. ‘Making personal lifestyle changes will never stop global warming.’ Do you agree or disagree? Read the eight jumbled parts of the essay (a-h). Match them with the paragraph plan in column 2. a Moreover, most ‘green’ choices have negative consequences as well as positive ones. For example, energy-saving light bulbs contain mercury, a poisonous metal that could pollute the environment when the bulbs are thrown away, b However, others maintain that carbon emissions are increasing so quickly in developing countries, like China and India, that there is nothing we can do to prevent climate change, c On the other hand, environmental campaigners argue that individual choices can make a big difference if millions of people a lto g e th e r. If everybody in the UK switched off theirTV at night, it would reduce the amount of C02released into the atmosphere by a significant amount. d And while it’s true that governments can do more than individuals, I feel that individuals definitely have an important role to play, e Some people believe that we can reduce global warming if we all do our best to live a ‘greener’ lifestyle, f Another argument in favour of changing your lifestyle is that we can’t expect developing countries to care about their emissions unless the West sets a good example, g It is argued that personal lifestyle choices can only make a tiny difference to a country’s carbon emissions. For Instance, using energy-saving light bulbs in your home makes an insignificant difference compared to the electricity that used by, say, a factory, h On balance, I believe that individuals should do everything they can to reduce carbon emissions. I caw vJntt 01for 0vU ajetinst css0ty. Paragraph plan Paragraph 1 (Introduction) sides of the argument: 1 e 2_________ a brief introduction to both Paragraph 2 - arguments supporting the opposite view from your own: Paragraph 3 - arguments supporting your own view: 5 , 6 Paragraph 4 (conclusion) - a summary of the issue and clear statement of your own view: Match the highlighted phrases in the essay with their equivalent phrases below. In contrast____ Furthermore... All in a ll... ___ My view is th a t___________ Some people claim th a t... For exam ple______________ Read the task. Decide whether you agree or disagree. Then make notes following the same paragraph plan as the one in exercise 2. ‘To help prevent climate change, governments should ban individuals from flying more than once a year.’ Do you agree or disagree? Use your notes from exercise 4 to write an essay. Use the w riting guide below to help you. W riting Guide Use phrases from exercise 3 to help structure each paragraph. You don’t have to summarise both sides of the argument in the introduction; you can give some background information about the topic instead. Make sure the conclusion clearly states your own opinion, even if it mentions the opposite view. Ch ec klist Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • included examples to support some of the points? • checked your work for mistakes? V___________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________________ Ok Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights 1
i Caught in the net P m I - VOCABULARY The Internet І can describe- how to use- the- Internet. nd 15 more words associated with the Internet Dmputers in the wordsearch. (—>|) and desktop drag icon password restart web browser w (c 0 M M A N D) R T Y W D U P A S S W 0 R D P 1 E A E S D F W 1 С 0 N R S С R 0 L L E G H J К E К L A z X С В V В В N L T M T H U M В N A 1 L E 0 Q 1 w E R R T С U A S p 1 N 0 P A 0 S К D D S F G G H J К W L В Z D N X D S A V E S С и D R E V R Y В N M E Q T 0 E T P J S s W M R F T С S W w G T R T Y P V 0 U S 0 A S E D F G H J N M В R К L M 1 N 1 M 1 S E A К V 1 R U S Z X С V N R В N M Q R E S T A R T H M 2 Match 1-12 with a-1 and complete the sentences with *.ords from the boxes. address bar minimise operating system scroll thumbnail wireless network 1 If the end of the document is hidden from view, Q 2 To see a larger version of the photo, | | 3 I used to use Windows XP, I I - Are there wires running between your computer and m o d e m ,Q 5 If you’d like to practise the vocabulary and grammar from this unit online, O 6 If you don’t need to look at this webpage, Q a or are you connected to a __________________? b you need to ______________down. c but you don’t want to close it either, you can just ______________ it. d click on th e ______________ e type www.oup.com /elt/global/products/solutions/ ?cc=pl into th e __________________ f but now I use a different__________________ 7 After downloading a software update, Q 8 When you buy a computer, | | 9 I can’t log on to the network because Q 10 It’s easier to keep track of documents I I 11 To open the application, 2_ 12 To attach the photo to the e-mail, Q g you usually get a free. _such as Safari, Netscape or Internet Explorer, h if you store them in folders on the the hard drive. i you’ll probably need t o _________ j simply click on it a n d ____________ k click on th e _______________on the desktop. I I’ve forgotten m y_______________ or in „y o u r computer, it onto the window. Ґ • • • • • Extension: Phrasal verbs with off and on 3 Rewrite the sentences using the phrasal verbs in brackets. 1 Keep walking until you reach the traffic lights, (carry on) 2 The strike was cancelled at the last minute, (call off) 3 Take a chocolate and then give them to Ed. (pass on) 4 Jodie left at five p.m. and arrived home at six. (set off) 5 George agreed to do a lot of extra work because he needed the money, (take on) 6 Don’t disturb Jamie while he’s concentrating, (put off) Ch allen g e! Describe in detail something you did on a computer and how you did it (e.g. downloading something, sending an attachment with an e-mail, etc.) Extra Practice Unit 8 »Caught in the net I 65
Modals in the past 1 Complete the text in the cartoons. Use a verb from the box and each of these modals verbs once: might have, needn’t have, ought to have and shouldn’t have. book bring stay up leave 66 1 Unit 8 »Caught in the net I cowi use, modal verbs to talk. (About the past. 2 Complete the sentences with a modal in the past and the verbs in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 Wegot lost onthe way. We turned left when w e _ ______________________ right, (turn) 2 Ispent all morning looking for my camera. Y o u ____ ______________________ me that you’d borrowed it! (tell) 3 Thanks for the sandwich, but you . _________ it. I had lunch in town, (make) 4 It only took fifteen minutes to get home because I _ _________________________ long for a bus. (wait) 5 Josh________________________________ me know that he wasn’t coming home. I cooked dinner for him. (let) 6 ‘I’ve got stomach ache.’ ‘Well, yo u____________________ all those chips.’ (eat) 7 You________________________ lots in the fridge, (buy) 8 Jeff lent me some money, so any milk. There’s any from the cash machine, (get) 3 Read the situations. What might the people have said? Write sentences using the words in brackets. 1 Jim didn’t do very well in his school-leaving exams, (ought / do revision) Jim’s dad: You ought____________________________________ 2 Melanie bought Fred some new socks. Fred had already bought some the day before, (might / tell) M elanie:______________________________________________. 3 Jack went out without telling his parents. But he only went next door to see his friend, (needn’t / worry) Jack:_______________________________________________ 4 Harry thought he needed some petrol, but when he checked, the tank was full, (didn’t need / fill) Harry:______________________________________________ 5 Jenny borrowed her sister’s shoes without telling Anna. Anna was annoyed, (should / ask) Anna:________________________________________________
I can understand article about social and react to an networking sites. A A Revision: Student’s Book page 83 Complete the text with words from the box. (You do not need to use all the words.) compulsion conclusion feature late launched networking personal options opt out plea protests users website FaceBook is a social . site popular with people in th e ir2 3 teens and early twenties. It allows to upload information about themselves onto the 4_________ , including photos and video. However, when a new 5__________ was 6__________ which automatically sent details of any changes to other users, FaceBook was inundated with members. Privacy8____ allowing members to from _were quickly introduced of the new feature. Be careful what you say People1 use social networking websites could 2_____ Dutting them selves at risk of becoming v ic tim s 3_____ dentity theft. Identity fraud occurs when a criminal Dretends4 be someone else and uses stolen oersonal details to obtain goods or services. One in five of the UK population now visit social networking sites, and more and 5 consumers are signing up every day. The chances are that, when they register, they w ill enter their date 6 birth, address, e-mail address, job, and marital status. Fraudsters can use this inform ation 7 steal an individual’s identity and open a bank account or ouy goods in their name. Giving away personal details 5 as the names of your children or pets is particularly 2 Complete the text with appropriate words. 3 Read the text. Are the sentences true or false? 1 Users of social networking sites could become victims of identity fraud_____ 2 Fraudsters are joining social networking sites and pretending to be someone else-------- 3 People often use the names of members of their family or of pets as passwords_____ 4 Approximately 10% of people in the UK think they have had their identities stolen_____ 5 Employers often use social networking sites to find information about people applying for jobs-------- 6 Information on social networking sites can only be read by other members of the website_____ 4 Find words in the text that mean: 1 a person who has been tricked____ 2 to get, especially by making an effort ______ 3 things that can be bought_________ 4 person who cheats somebody to get m oney_________ 5 person who is applying for a job . ___ 6 to find new people to join a company_________ risky since these are often used 9 passwords. Identity theft is 10 growing problem in the UK. About one 11 ten Britons claims t o 12 been the victim of identity theft, and i t 13 estimated that the crime costs year.the economy about £1.5 billion 14_ Another potential problem is that social-networking sites have become a tool for potential employers. Twenty per c e n t15 UK companies routinely conduct web searches to find background inform ation about the p e o p le 16_____ are applying for jobs with them . They are sometimes able to check17 job applicants have described them selves honestly and accurately in their applications. Some employers also try to learn som ething about an applicant’s personality and judge w hether he or she is the kind 18 person they would like to recruit. Many of the young people who put photos and comments on these sites believe19 the inform ation is private, or only read by the other members of the site. But ifyou use social networking sites and you are applying for a job, you’d do well to make sure there is nothing online that you would not like your prospective employer 20 . see. Unit 8 »Caught in the net 67
Another world I cun- understand an- article about online gawies. Revision: Student’s Book page 84-85 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. advertisers avatars created currency imaginary online games software engineer virtual worlds 1 Roo Reynolds’ job is to play ___ . 2 Players of games like Second Life move and act in __________ which are populated by____________ 3 Entropia Universe w as. by a company called Mindark. It is based on the planet of Calypso. . are very interested in the virtual populations of online games. Digital worlds often have their ow n _____________ such as the Linden Dollar. The only full-time employee of Linden Lab is Jim Purbick, a ___ . Read the text quickly. What is the problem with online games? a People can become addicted to them, b People spend all their money on them, c Too many teenagers are playing them. Read the text again and carefully choose the best answers. 1 A study has shown th a t... A some of the players of online games gamble and take drugs. B 11% of players are addicted to online games. C people who play online games are depressed. D 7,000 players showed signs of addiction. 2 According to the study ... A it is mostly children who experience addiction problems. B gaming sites are too expensive for most people. C the majority of gamers were adults. D very few gamers are over 30. 3 The main problem with online games is ... A not enough women play them. B too many people log on at the same time. C it’s impossible to switch off the computer while the game is in progress. D people find it difficult to stop playing because the game never ends. 4 Online games are particularly dangerous fo r... A people who may be predisposed to spending too much time playing. B everyone who plays too much. C people who don’t have much money. D people who don’t understand the financial consequences of playing. 5 In some countries ... A compulsive gamers have to attend special clinics. B compulsive gamers can be cured of their addiction. C help is given to compulsive gamers. D people are much less critical of online games. 6 Which sentence best sums up the conclusion of the study? A Online games are essentially harmless. B Everyone who plays too much will eventually become addicted. C Online games should be banned. D Online games are dangerous for a minority of people who play excessively. 7 Kevin from Liverpool... A stopped playing online games because he had a problem with his computer. B thinks that players can’t tell the difference between virtual worlds and real world. C thinks thatyou gain nothing from online games. D thinks that fighting battles and killing dragons are great achievements. 8 Martin from C ardiff... A thinks that playing online games is no worse than watching TV. B thinks that people who watch a tot of TV also have a serious addiction. C has been playing online games for five years. D wishes he could play EverQuest again. _ _ ( K Q X Ch allen g e! O X Z B I Do you play computer games online? Why? / Why not? Unit 8 »Caught in the net
0 0 w w w .w orld o f warcraft.com » D iS T O The world of online gaming is a growing phenomenon aith millions of young men and women around the dobe logging on to join in role-play games which alow them to interact with other players. EverQuest and World of Warcraft are two of the biggest online 5ames. Seven million people subscribe to World of tercraft and join a virtual world of Lord of the Rings ~$e characters. However, a study of 7,000 online computer gamers 'as revealed that one in nine were displaying the same signs of addiction as gamblers and drug users. The subjects, mostly male and with an average age :f 21, were asked to fill out two questionnaires. The addictive signs they displayed included withdrawal symptoms such as depression and craving, loss of ^xitrol and neglect of other activities. "he results will prove alarming for parents whose nSdren spend hours on the computer. EverQuest, - fantasy game in which players populate a virtual -stical world of dragons and wizards has proved r) be particularly addictive, and has been blamed t>r marriage break-ups, child-neglect and even an :bsessive player’s suicide. An EverQuest widows’ support group has been set up for people who never see their partners because they are always playing the game. The study is the work of Professor Mark Griffiths, director of the International Gaming Research Unit at Nottingham Trent University, in the UK. ‘Addicted’ gamers were compared to the remaining ‘normal’ players and it was found that they played for much longer periods and were ‘significantly’ more likely to report withdrawal symptoms. Last night Prof Griffiths said it was a largely adult phenomenon because most online gaming sites require a credit card subscription. (Fees are typically about £8 a month.) The average age of an online gamer is 29 to 30. However, he did find that some teenagers were playing, after parents subscribed to the sites. About 20 per cent of players are women, drawn by the social and co-operative element of the games. ‘Although I think genuine addiction is fairly low, the thing about online gaming is that the game never stops,’ said Prof Griffiths. ‘With a stand-alone game, you can switch it off and come back the next day, but with an online game it’s very difficult to log off when you know half the world has just logged on. Many gamers play excessively and display few negative effects. There is nothing wrong in itself with doing something excessively, and unlike gambling, gaming has little or no financial consequence. However, the 24-hour a day never-ending online games may provide a potentially addictive medium for those with a predisposition for excessive game playing.’ In other parts of the world, such games have come in for much greater criticism. In China a girl died after playing World of Warcraft for three days with barely a break, and a woman in the USA blamed a game for the death of her 21-year-old son, who had a history of mental health problems, and shot himself while still sitting at his computer. In these countries a whole host of special treatments and clinics are available which claim to hold a cure for the compulsive gamer. In South Korea, the authorities have become so concerned by the numbers of young people spending too much time on computers that the government launched a nationwide addiction hotline to help combat the problem. GAMING FORUM Kevin, Liverpool I used to play games every day, but last month I deleted every game on my com puter and cancelled my subscription to Warcraft. The problem is that you get totally immersed in the games and become oblivious to the real world. What have you achieved after 11 hours in a virtual world? You m ight have developed your virtual character, fought a battle, killed a few dragons, but such achievements are illusory - when you return to the real world you’re at exactly the same point as when you started. Martin, Cardiff I started playing EverQuest five years ago, and for the next two years the game dom inated my life. But they were w onderful years and I have no regrets. I had the most amazing experiences and made loads of friends through the game. OK, so it’s escapism, but how is it any different from watchingTV? I know people who spend seven or eight hours a day watching TV but no one ever suggests they have a serious addiction.
GRAMMAR Mixed conditionals I can talk about the covutcfuencej of an im a jim ry event in the past or present. 1 Match the halves of these mixed conditional sentences. 1 If I hadn’t lost my job, Q 2 If I had a car, HJ 3 If I didn’t live in Rome, HH 4 If I hadn’t asked you to dance at Joe’s party, EJ 5 If I’d left earlier, CD a we wouldn’t be going out now. b we’d be able to afford a holiday, c I’d be there now. d it would have been more difficult to learn Italian, e I’d have given you a lift to the station. 2 Complete these mixed conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 If I (pay) more attention in French classes when I was at school, I (understand) what that man is saying. 2 She__________________ (not be) at this school now if her parents__________________(not move) to this town three years ago. 3 If I __________________(not like) pasta,I __________________ (not have) it for dinner last night. 4 If I ________________ (be) taller,I _____________ the police force when I left school. 5 You__________________ (have) a lot of money now if you __________________ (invest) wisely. ___________(not be) so cold this morning, ________ (not wear) my fur coat. _____________ (pay) attention, (join) 6 If it 7 If you yo u__ 1 I failed my maths exam last month. That’s why I’m taking it again. 2 I haven’t got much money. That’s why I didn’t buy a new car. 3 Dave didn’t write to Emily. That’s why she’s cross with him. 4 Bill is learning German. That’s why he spent the summer in Munich. 5 Poland beat Belgium. That’s why they’re playing in the European Cup. 6 Ellen hasn’t got a mobile. That’s why she couldn’t phone you last night. 7 Harry lost his iPod. That’s why he’s looking miserable. 8 Madeleine isn’t feeling well. That’s why she didn’t go to school yesterday. (can) work out the answer.
Discussion I can discuss my opinions o f newspaper stories. 1 Complete the expressions using the words in the box. completely couldn’t disagree how of opposite really right see spot think way 1 agree _a b I ___________ a That’s what I b That’s how I agree more. ^too. it too. I think you’re absolutely „ I think you’re ___________ I totally______________ I _______________can’t agree with you. I take th e ___ I’m _________ on. .view. That’s not. b That’s not the. _the opposite opinion. I see it at all. ___________ I look at it. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 2 »# 14 Listen. What are the people discussing in each conversation? Match the questions with the conversations and decide if the people agree or disagree with each other. a Are computer games bad for you? Conversation___________Agree / Disagree b Should there be computers in every classroom? Conversation Agree / Disagree c Do young people spend too much time using computers? Conversation Agree / Disagree d Will computers soon be more intelligent than humans? Conversation_________ Agree/Disagree e Was the world a better place before the invention of computers? Conversation _ ______ Agree/Disagree ^ 14 Listen again. Tick the expressions in exercise 1 that you hear. 4 Read the story below. Do you agree or disagree with these statements? Use expressions from exercise 1. 1 It was Oliver’s fault. 2 Mr Coster shouldn’t have left his son in the car. 3 Oliver should have been sitting in the back seat. 4 It was just an unlucky accident. No one was to blame. 5 The police should have arrested Mr Coster. A toddler crashed his father’s car into a parked police van after figuring out how to release the handbrake and take the car out of gear, putting it in neutral. Jeffrey Coster left his three-year-old son Oliver in the car for just a couple of minutes while he went into a shop to buy some milk. He left his young son in the front with his seat belt on. He had parked the car securely in gear, with the handbrake on and the front wheels turned towards the kerb. However, Oliver managed to imitate what he had seen his father do to release the handbrake, put the gear into neutral and steer it as it rolled down the hill, eventually hitting a police van parked nearby. The front of Mr Coster’s car was damaged, but luckily Oliver was unharmed and it didn’t cause any damage to the police van. Police saw the funny side and didn’t arrest Oliver or his father. 5 Do you agree or disagree with these opinions? Use expressions from exercise 1. 1 We should spend less money on space exploration and more on helping people in developing countries. 2 Teenagers watch too much TV. 3 Men and women should share the housework. Unit 8 «Caught in the net
I can write- the biography o f a, person. Preparation 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. (There are two extra words.) company designed employed entrepreneur launched graduated grew up website The co-founder ofYouTube Chad Hurley was born in 1977 and 1 in Pennsylvania. He 2 from high school and went on to study Fine Art at university. He was hired as a graphic designer by PayPal in 1999 and 3 their current logo. As he didn’t wish to work for PayPal any longer, he left the 4 in 2002. He found it difficult to send video clips by email, so he designed a 5 for sharing videos. YouTube w as6 in 2005 and is now one of the most popular websites in the world. 2 Rewrite each sentence in exercise 1 using an adverbial participle clause. 1 Born in ____________________________________________ 2 3 4 5 6 3 Turn the notes below about Steve Chen, another co-founder of YouTube, into a continuous text using time expressions from the box. (You may need to make other changes.) At the age of 12,... By the time he was 15,... In [year]... Between [year] and [year]... That summer / autumn / spring / w in te r... Having completed ..., During this tim e ,... After leaving school / university... When he left school / university ... About a year / a month / six months la te r... Born: 1978, in Taiwan. Age 15: emigrated to the USA. 1993-6: attended high school. 1996: went to University of Illinois. Studied Computer Science. 1999: Worked for PayPal. Met Chad Hurley. May 2005: left PayPal, started to develop YouTube. December 2005: YouTube launched. Was immediate success. October 2006: Google bought YouTube for $1.6 billion. Age 27: was a millionaire. W riting Guide k Research information about one of the people in the box. (They have all founded important websites or search engines.) Make notes under some of the headings below. Jeff Bezos (Amazon) Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook) Pierre Omidyar (eBay) Larry Page (Google) Sergey Brin (Google) Chris DeWolfe (MySpace) Tom Anderson (MySpace) David Filo (Yahoo) Jerry Yang (Yahoo) Jawed Karim (YouTube) 1 Introduction: name, nationality? why have you chosen him/her? 2 Birth and education: born where/when?parents? schoo.' university? good student? 3 Early childhood experiences: memorable events? historical background? 4 Early experiences of work: firstjob? other occupations? i 5 Main achievement: give details and background. 6 Other work: give details and examples. 7 Relationships, marriage and children. 5 Use your notes to write a biography (200-250 words) of the person. Ch e c k lis t Have you: • written 200-250 words? • divided your biography into paragraphs? • included time expressions and adverbial participle clauses: • checked the spelling and grammar? » H E B S S B I
• Reading • Use of English •Listening »W riting «Speaking Exam Task - Reading Read the article about emoticons. Then for questions 1 -4 :hoose the best answer A, B, C or D, according to the text. '.verity-five years after they were invented as a form of ;omputer-geek shorthand, emoticons are now everywhere. The smiling, winking and frowning faces that -^a bit the computer keyboard have evolved into a ouasi-accepted form of punctuation. These sweet Hieroglyphs have conquered both the young and the old, as our daily communication relies more and more on text 'ather than the spoken word. There was a time when emoticons seemed naively youthful. Yet nowadays, applied appropriately, emoticons can no longer be dismissed as juvenile. They come in handy in many adult social interactions, and help avoid serious miscommunications. Psychologists say it is only natural. People instinctively look for signals of intimacy in the human face. This results -rom countless generations of evolution, during which oeople relied on these signs as life-or-death signals to survive. When infants are given a series of geometrical aatterns, their eyes will naturally be drawn to those that seem to represent a face. Faced w ith the absence of facial expressions in e-communications we should make up for it by composing e-mails that make it clear through our a^guage that we are being cheerful, but that of course Tappens only in the ideal world. And so we've turned to emoticons. A t first glance it seemed that only the younger generation took to the little faces. But in fact, in a recent emoticon survey of 40,000 users of Yahoo Messenger, 52 per cent of the respondents were older than 30. -m ong those, 55 per cent said they use emoticons every day. 82 per cent considered women more likely to use emoticons. But for men, who have a hard time using ternis of tenderness, emoticons can be very helpful in conveying the affection. f Emoticons have now entered even the most serious areas of life. One military veteran says that he uses plenty c* emoticons in his communications even w ith admirals at the Pentagon, where they provide a certain cover for ^-gh-ranking leaders to comment on sensitive matters. *A wink says quite a lot,' he says. 'It could be a thousand C e re n t things - but I know w hat it means. It's a kind of code.' Also on Wall Street, businessmen will use the term ■QQ'(from an emoticon symbolizing crying eyes) into ::nversation as a sarcastic way of saying 'boo hoo.' Supposedly, it all started in 1982. Scott Fahlman, a "ofessor of computer science, was linked to an electronic diversity bulletin board where computer enthusiasts oosted their opinions. In one note a joke about elevators .>.as misinterpreted by some as a safety warning. So |Fahlman suggested using :-) as a way to indicate jokes and :-( for serious remarks. Fahlman's 'joke markers' spread quickly and w ithin a month or so techies at Xerox were circulating a list of strikingly sophisticated new emoticons. He never received a trademark for his invention, and never made a dime from it. Before long, emoticons had accomplished w hat Esperanto never could, a universal lingua franca. 1 In the past, emoticons were A perceived as rather childish. B used instead of punctuation. C causing some misunderstandings. D only smiling, winking and frowning. 2 The use of pictures representing the human face A helped people to survive in the past. B makes our e-mails more cheerful. C is spreading among the older generation. D is hard for men who are not affectionate. 3 Which of these sentences is true? A The Pentagon leaders refuse to comment on their use of emoticons. B In military communication emoticons can have special meanings. C Walt Street businessmen especially like the crying emoticon. D ‘QQ’ is a special Wall Street code emoticon. 4 Professor Fahlman A came up with the smiling emoticon because he liked jokes. B used his connections to spread the idea of emoticons. C first came up with the idea of using the smiling emoticon. D was a huge fan ofthe idea of a lingua franca and Esperanto. Exam Task - Use of English Complete the sentences with the correct form ofthe words in brackets. 1 The coral reef is _ . (THREAT) by changes in the climate caused by global warming. 2 The photographer w a s _____________________(JUST) accused of harassing the star as all the accusations turned out to be false. 3 The . (MAJOR) of residents taking part in the survey agreed that airport noise was the greatest nuisance in this area. 4 In order to promote eco-friendly thinking, the school decided to participate in a _____________________ (COMPETE) to find the greenest primary school in the country. 5 H er_____________________ (COMPLAIN) about unfair treatment was disregarded as she did not support it w ith any proof. Get ready for your Exam 4 73
Ex a m Ta s k - Listening 15 You w ill hear three volunteers talking about their work. Read questions 1 -7 below. Then match the questions to the three speakers by marking X in the correct box. Which person Juliet (A) Bill (B) Evelyn (C) 1 has been involved in volunteering for the longest period of time? 2 helps people from all age groups? 3 has to rely on others in his/her work? 4 doesn’t need to contact the people he/she helps? 5 combines his/her volunteer work with their job? 6 helps people who are at home on their own? 7 helps people who can’t go out? * P r e p a r a tio n : Writing ^ Use the W riting Bank on page 105 to help you. Ex a m Ta s k - W riting There is a discussion in your school magazine about shopping facilities. You want to contribute by writing a short essay (210-230 words) discussing traditional and online shopping. In your essay, discuss: • shopping times • shelf space/endless offers • price comparisons • other reasons for and against online shopping Write your essay in the appropriate style and format. P r e p a r a tio n : Speaking Use the Functions Bank on page 102 to help you. Ex a m Ta s k - Speaking Part 2 - Sustained long turn Task 1: Look at these two pictures showing people commuting to work. Compare and contrast them. These ideas may help you: • Setting/location • Emotions/feelings • Advantages/disadvantages of each means of transport • Environmentalissues • Other Task 2: Read the quotation below and express your opinion on it. These ideas may help you: • Do you agree or disagree with the quotation? Why? • Support your opinion with an example/your own experience. 7 travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move. ’ .f Robert Louis Stevenson 7 Get ready for your Exam 4
! A step on the ladder VOCABULARY Working life I ccvi talk. about wiy working Life,. .abel the photos with words from the box. brick-tayer civil servant farmer fast-food employee miner nurse pilot surgeon Look at the chart. Match jobs 1 -4 with the other four jobs from exercise 1. 1 2 3 4 It’s usually well paid. / / You often have to wear a uniform. / / You deal with the general public. / / You do a lot of paperwork. / ! You attend a lot of meetings. / ; You often work outdoors. / You work with your hands. / / 3 In your own words, explain the difference between these terms. 1 to hand in your notice / to get the sack 2 to resign / to retire 3 to do shift work / to work part time 4 to work full time / to work overtime Extension: The job market Match the job adverts with the general fields below. Then name one other job in each field. legalQ ] re ta ilQ constructionQ leisure□ h e a lth Q 1 Senior electrical engineer Must have proven track-record working on large and complex projects. Apply with CV. Salary in the region of £50K + benefits. _______ 2 Cosmetic surgery nurse Must be fully qualified and well organised, with relevant experience. Salary: £19,000 p.a. 3 Senior solicitor Minimum 5 years’ experience. Candidates should apply online in the first instance. Salary £38-50,000 depending on age and experience. _____ 4 Youth sports programme worker The successful candidate will be a self-starter, have good organisational skills and be capable of working in a team. Salary £28K per annum_______________ 5 Showroom assistant Must have good people skills as well as the ability to perform under pressure. Send CV and covering letter. Salary £20,000 plus bonus______ Write a job advertisement for the post of English teacher at your school. What general field does it belong to? Extra Practice Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
Habitual behaviour (present and past) Complete the text with would or used to and the verbs in the box. Use used to only when would is not correct. get out hate leave live push walk work A lex1_______________ on the twelfth floor of a block of flats. Every morning, he 2_____ ________his flat around 8 o’clock in the morning and take the lift down to the ground floor. Then, he 3_______________ to the bus stop and catches the bus to work. Because Alex A _______________as a waiter in a busy restaurant, he was always tired when he finished work in the evening. But in spite of that, on arriving back at his block of flats and getting into the lift, Alex 5_______________ the button to go only as far as the ninth floor. He 6______________ of the lift and walk slowly up the stairs to his flat on the twelfth floor. He7_______________those stairs. So why did he do it? <&3> 2 Read the text in exercise 1. Can you explain Alex’s behaviour? (Answer on page 120.) 3 Complete this description of what you normally do on Saturdays. Use will (or won’t) for habitual behaviour. On Saturdays, I’ll usually get up a t____________________ Then . After that _. Later I can- talk about past and present habits. Match the sentences that go together. Complete the seconc sentence with the present continuous for habits. 1 He’s really ill-mannered. 0 2 She’s very unreliable. □ 3 He’s incredibly hot-headed. □ 4 She’s very naive. □ 5 He’s really big-headed. □ 6 She’s extremely tight-fisted. □ a (constantly / say) how great he is. b (always / make) important decision without thinking first. c (always / be) He's always being rude to people. d (continually / let) other people pay for her, just to save money. e (forever / miss) appointments. f (constantly / trust) people who turn out not to be trust-worthy. Write second sentences in a similar way to exercise 4. Use your own ideas. 1 He’s very insecure_________________________________ 2 She’s very argumentative. 3 He’s very grumpy. 4 She’s totally thoughtless. Match the sentences that go together. Complete them with will or would. ‘I got the sack from my last job.’ HD ‘My next-door neighbour thinks I fancy her.’ I I ‘Jack’s trainers smell awful.’ EJ ‘Lucy gave my guitar to a charity shop.’ EH ‘My uncle’s had another accident.’ EH ‘Well yo u _________keep calling round to see her.’ ‘Well yo u _________play it until two in the morning.’ ‘Well h e _________ride his motorbike too fast.’ ‘Well you ________ turn up late every day.’ ‘Well h e _wear them every day.’ Challen g e! Complete these sentences in your own words 1 I used to but now 2 I didn’t use to but now Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
A A Revision: Student’s Book page 95 1 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 The USA accepts more legal / lawful immigrants than any other country in the world. 2 In the 18th century, immigrants were dominantly / predominantly from Ireland, Britain, Canada and Germany. 3 Many immigrants saw America as the ‘land of chance / opportunity’. 4 There are many people of Polish ancestral / ancestry in the USA. 5 America became a ‘melting / mixing pot’ of different races. 6 For millions, Ellis Island was the doorway / gateway to a new life. 7 Immigrants had to pass the inspection before setting foot on American earth / soil. Read the text. Choose the best summary: a, b or c. a Many Britons are moving to Australia because the quality of life there is better. However, it’s difficult for them to find a good job. b Australia is trying to attract British workers by convincing them that they will have a better life there. However, this could leave Britain short of several kinds of key workers. c In the 1950s and 1960s, many Australians came to Britain to work. The situation is now reversed, and Britons are applying for work in Australia. Are these sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 There are not enough professionals in Australia to fill the available jobs_____ 2 Australia’s sunny climate is being used to persuade British workers to emigrate_____ 3 Australia is only trying to attract office workers, not manual workers_____ 4 The normal immigration process will be made faster for people with the right qualifications_____ 5 The text suggests that many British workers will be keen to leave their family behind_____ 6 The text implies that if too many British workers emigrate, it will create problems in the UK_____ I can, understand an, article, and talk, about migration,. Australia wants to poach 20,000 British workers to solve a serious labour shortage. Professionals, from doctors and nurses to hairdressers and pastry chefs, are being invited to start a new life Down Under. The publicity campaign shamelessly compares the British climate with Australia’s ‘glorious weather and miles of sandy beaches’. It is the most aggressive recruitment drive since a million Britons known as the ‘Ten Pound Poms’ - after the £ 10 fare they paid for the journey - emigrated to Australia in the fifties and sixties. (‘Pom’ is a colloquial Australian word for somebody from Britain.) Among the workers Australia is seeking are electricians, carpenters, engineers, bricklayers, accountants and cabinet makers. Those who fit the criteria - in terms of age, skills and experience - will be fast-tracked for visas. Oonagh Baerveldt, of the Australian Visa Bureau, said: ‘It’s often not a difficult decision to leave the British weather behind, but there are serious considerations with regard to leaving family and friends.’ There are also fears the latest scheme will deepen the crisis for the National Health Service and other British services already struggling under severe shortages of staff. Australia’s plans could even create a hairdressing crisis, it was claimed. Ray Seymour, general secretary of the National Hairdressers’ Federation, said: ‘We have a shortage of skilled hairdressers and this is going to make it worse. But it’s very sunny over there and there is a strong possibility that a lot of hairdressers will be tempted.’ Ch allen g e! Imagine you were starting a campaign to attract skilled workers to your country. What would you say in order to encourage them to come? Unit 9 • A step on the ladder 77
Making a name for yourself I can understand an article about successful dropouts. Revision: Student’s Book page 96-97 1 Complete the summary of the text, The Brit School using the words in the box. corridors entertainment fall name rehearse scene solo state-funded The Brit School is a 1_ secondary school where, in addition to all the normal subjects, the stu­ dents also learn about the 2 _ _ industry and how to be successful in it. The 3______________ of the school are usually full of noise as the students 4_ __ _ _ together. Most of them dream of being stars, but the school provides them with a good educa- _ _ _ back on in case their dreamstion to _________ do not come true. However, several former students of the Brit School are already making a 6_ _ _ _ for themselves. These include Katy Melua, who recently completed a 7_ ____________ tour of the USA, and the Kooks, who are an established part of the UK music Look through the text quickly, ignoring the gaps. Did each person drop out of school or university? 1 Bill Gates dropped out o f . 2 Russell Simmons dropped out o f __________ 3 Uma Thurman dropped out of _ _ _ . Match sentences A-G with gaps 1 -6. There is one sentence that you do not need. A In fact, it is estimated that he has donated more than half his fortune to charities. B She was unusually tall, with a sharp, angular face, big ears and very large feet. C His father was a teacher and his mother was a recreation director. D In fact, it was a lie: they hadn’t written a single line of code. E However, she returned to school later in order to take her exams. F This is a special school which offers classes to children who are already pursuing a career in the performing arts. G Just like that, I saw how I could turn my life in another, better way. 4 Complete these sentences about the three people in the text. Write Gates, Simmons or Thurman. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 crime. dropped out of education because of a friend, could easily have ended up leading a life of is involved in a lot of different kinds of businesses. boasted about some work before it had actually been done. _________ received unkind comments from other children j at school. started a fashion label and a record label. _ _ . _ decided on a future career after one particular night. _ dropped out of two different schools. 5 Find words in the text that mean: 1 to obtain or achieve something, especially when this means using a lot of e ffo rt_____________ 2 working together with somebody in order to produce or achieve som ething______________ 3 well known for being bad ______________ 4 a thing of value, especially property that a person or company ow ns______________ 5 to be laughed at or made jokes about, either in a friendly way or maliciously for em barrassm ent______________ 6 completing a course in education at high school or colleg e ______________ Ch allen g e! Find out about someone who has been successful ‘against the odds’. Write a paragraph about them. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
For most people, a good education is the first step on the ladder of success. Whatever career you dream of pursuing, you are likely to need the right qualifications. Of course, there are always exceptions. Not every billionaire businessman or internationally famous celebrity began in a promising way! Bill Gates Bill Gates was a good student who managed to secure a place at Harvard University, often regarded as the best university in the world. However, he did not finish his degree. The main reason for this was that his childhood friend, Paul Allen, persuaded him to leave. At that time, PCs for the home had just been invented. One of the first models was called Altair, and was manufactured by a company called MITS. Paul Allen and Bill Gates wrote to MITS and told them that they had written a version of the programming language BASIC that was perfect for the Altair.1 When MITS asked for a demonstration, Gates and Allen worked fast, and wrote the software injust eight weeks. Soon, they were collaborating with MITS full time, and formed their own company, Microsoft. Today, Microsoft employs more than 64,000 people in 85 countries. Bill Gates is probably the richest person in the world and is widely considered to be the world’s most generous humanitarian. 2____ Russell Simmons Russell Simmons was born into a respectable, middle- class family.3 But Simmons rebelled. He abandoned school,joined a notorious gang, and started selling drugs on the street. But everything changed one night in 1977 when he saw a man called Eddie Cheeba performing a mixture of poetry and music to a wildly enthusiastic audience. (Of course, this kind of music later became known as rap and hip-hop.) In his autobiography, Simmons describes the moment like this: ‘4 I decided to put [everything] into promoting music.’Simmons became the ‘godfather of hip-hop’and built a huge business empire around his record label, DefJam. His fashion label, Phat Farm, is known around the world and he has also launched TV shows, a soft drink (DefCon3 soda), a new kind of Visa card and many other business projects. In total, his assets are valued at over $500 million. Uma Thurman Uma Thurman, glamorous star of Quentin Tarantino’s Kill Bill films, was not always the epitome of female beauty. In fact, she was an odd-looking child.5 At school other children teased her, and when she was ten years old, a friend’s mother even suggested that she have cosmetic surgery to alter her nose. (Luckily, she ignored the advice.) By the age of 15, Thurman had decided that she found school boring, and she left to seek work as an actress. For a while, she continued her education at the Professional Children’s High School. 6 However, she dropped out before graduating because her acting career was beginning to take off. She appeared in many films throughout the 1990s, including Tarantino’s 1994 masterpiece Pulp Fiction and the 1997 science fiction classic, Gattaca. Today, she continues to be a respected and successful actress and model. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
I COm use different structures to ta lk about the fu tu re in- tk& past. Choose the best future in the past expression in these sentences. 1 She was to have started / would start her new job last Monday, but she was ill. 2 Some of the fans started to leave because the match was about to end / would end. 3 Even though it was a brief trip, she was remembering / would remember it forever. 4 She was being / would be in town later that afternoon because she was taking / would take her dog to the vet’s. 5 When he met Claire, he had no idea how important she was being / was to be in his life. 6 They met in 1987 and were to remain / were going to remain friends for more than twenty years. Complete the sentences using future in the past expressions from exercise 1. ‘I can’t go to the cinema. I’m going out for dinner.’ She- couldn't go to the cimma because- she- was going out_________ for dinner.__________________________________________________ 1 ‘There’s no time to argue. The train leaves in five minutes!’ There was no time to argue because __ _____ 2 ‘I’m excited. I’m going to meet Prince William.’ She was excited because ______________ 3 ‘We must find our seats. The show starts in two minutes.’ They had to find their seats because __ ___ 4 ‘I’m looking for a job. I’ll have to pay my university fees.’ She was looking for a job because. __ ________ ________ 5 ‘She’s nervous. She’s taking her driving test soon.’ She was nervous because_____________ _ 6 ‘I know I’ll never forget this wonderful day.’ He knew __________________________________ ; B t Reply Reply All i^Forvard X A 3^ ju|y It’s the first day of my gap year. I’m about to leave on a six- month trip around Europe. I’m going to spend the first month in Spain working at a holiday camp and the second month in France on a language course. After that, I’ll decide where to go next! I won't get another chance to go travelling for a while, so I’m really going to make the most of the experience. I’ll definitely have some interesting stories to tell at the end of it! love Connor It was 3rd July, and the first day of Connor’s gap year. He was about to _ _ __ _ _ 4 Invent excuses to complete these sentences. 1 I was about to invite you to my birthday party but 2 I was going to hand in my homework on time but 3 I was planning to work harder this year but Rewrite the e-mail as part of a narrative in the past. Include future in the past where necessary. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder * £ * 4 3 3 3 S 2 1
I can ask and answer questions in, a job interview. 1 Complete this extract from an interview with questions a -f a How long have you been in your current job? b So why do you want to come and work here? c What would you say your main qualities are as an employee? d Would you be interested in going full-time at a later date? e What do you enjoy most about your work? f Do you realise that this is a part-time position? Interviewer 1_____ Alice I’m honest, hardworking - and I’m a self-starter, too. Interviewer Good! We like self-starters in this company. Alice Interviewer Alice I’ll have been there three years exactly next month. 3 Lots of things, really. But I suppose the best thing is working as part of a team. And also, dealing with the public - I really like that. Interviewer _____ Alice I just think it’s the right time in my career for a new challenge. Interviewer I see.5_____ Alice Yes, I do. I’m planning to start a degree course with the Open University, so I need time for that, understand. 6_____ Perhaps. I hadn’t really thought about it. 16 Listen to the whole interview and check your answers to exercise 1. What other two questions does the interviewer ask? Interviewer Alice 16 Listen again. Complete the phrases used at the beginning and end ofthe interview. Who says them? Write A (Alice) or I (Interviewer). I’d like to ___________m yself.______ Pleased to ___________ you______ I’d like to start by talking about y o u r Well, thanks fo r___________in_______ We’ll be in ___________ very soon____ look forward to . . from you. _ Read the job advertisements. Which job was Alice being interviewed for? How do you know? The National Portrait Gallery is looking for a parttime marketing executive tojoin their busy promotional team. Experience of similar work is essential, as is a positive attitude. Salary negotiable, depending on qualifications. t h e B B B is looking for a trainee producer to work in its Manchester studios. No experience required, but candidates must demonstrate enthusiasm and the ability to learn. An interest in current affairs and / or the arts is essential. Starting salary: £24,500 for a 35-hour week. Hermes is looking for a senior retail assistant to join a friendly and effective team at its internationally renowned store in Knightsbridge, London. Great people skills are essential, and knowledge of other languages would be a distinct advantage. Salary dependent on age and experience. It must have been because_________ 5 Imagine that you are being interviewed for one of the other jobs in exercise 4. Write three questions for the interviewer and appropriate answers for yourself. Choose expressions from exercise 3 to begin and end the interview. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
Preparation Match the missing parts of the letter (1-7) with their correct position (a-h). 12th May 2009 M T Porter 112 Mill Street Milton Keynes MK12 7FG Mark Porter Trinity College Broad Street Oxford 0X1 3BH Dear Sir or Madam Yours faithfully © □ I am writing to apply for a place on your summer school course entitled The Great Romantic Poets, which I saw advertised on the Internet. I am 19 years old and a first-year English student at the University of Buckingham. I am a Canadian national and have a two-year visa allowing me to study in the UK. I am particularly interested in your summer school for two reasons. Firstly, I intend to specialise in the Romantic Period next academic year. And secondly, I am keen to attend as many courses as possible during my relatively short time in this country. I have two queries about the course. Firstly, could you tell me whether non-residential places are available? I have friends in Oxford with whom I could stay. Also, I would be grateful if you could let me know whether you envisage running a similar course at any other time of year. I enclose my CV which includes details of my academic qualifications to date, as well as a personal profile. I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience. © □ ® D (DD I C<AVI write. 0[ Itttcr (Applying fo r <ApliACe, on a cowcst. 2 Which eight of the highlighted words and phrases in the letter are quite formal English? 3 Complete this paragraph plan for the letter in exercise 1. Use the phrases in the box. Personal information Questions Reason for writing Request for a reply Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 4 Read the advertisement and the task below. Plan your letter following the paragraph plan in exercise 3. Decide what two questions to ask. Brit School Summer Course We are offering two three-week courses during the summer vacation to allow students from all the over the world to sample the unique ‘Brit School’experience. Find out why the school has produced some of the best-known and successful pop acts of the last ten years. Places are strictly limited, so apply early with full CV and covering letter explaining why you should be accepted onto the course. Write to:Henry Grouse, Summer SchoolCo-ordinator,TheBrit School,PO Box455, London Ch ec klis t Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • included two queries in your letter? • checked your work for mistakes? You have seen this advertisement online. Write a letter applying for a place on the course. Write 200-250 words. 5 Write your letter. Use the w riting guide below to help you. W riting Guide 1 Use the correct layout for a formal letter (see exercise 1). 2 Use appropriate formal language. Avoid slang or colloquial expressions. Use full forms rather than contractions. 3 Remember to sound as enthusiastic as possible about the course you are applying for. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder ►'«433225231’s .
Read the clues and do the crossword. Down 1 a group of stars that forms a shape in the sky 2 a tiny planet 3 the part of a rocket that the astronauts travel in 4 a large rock from space that makes a bright line in the sky as it enters the Earth’s atmosphere 6 a large hole in the ground (e.g. caused by a meteorite, a bomb or a volcano) Across 5 a scientist who studies the planets, stars, etc. 6 a huge piece of ice that orbits the sun, and looks like a bright star with a tail 7 the force that pulls things towards large objects like planets and the sun 8 an enormous system of stars in outer space 9 a very bright, exploding star 3 4 6 7 8 2 Complete the text with the words in the box. Change the verbs if necessary, astronauts atmosphere crew launch (v) mission mission control orbit (n) orbit (v) re-enter satellite space shuttle (x2) Space Station Space disasters On January 28,1986, the 1_ 2______________ with a 3____ was to carry a - Challenger was . of seven on board. ___________ thatIts 4_________ would 6______________ the Earth. But just 73 seconds after blast off, it lost contact with 7______________ and exploded, killing all seven 8______________ On 1st February 2003, the 9_ disintegrated as i t 10________ Columbia _the Earth’s 12 It was returning from the International which is in 13______________ around the Earth. • • • • • Extension: Space travel Complete the compound nouns with the words in the box. (Some are two-word compounds, some are single-word compounds.) craft down giant hole star system Way year a lig h t____ b black____ c solar____ d shooting _ e re d _____ f the Milky g space___ h tou ch ___ Ch allen g e! Try the space quiz. The answers are below. 1 Which astronomer first demonstrated that the sun, not the Earth, was at the centre of the Solar System? A Copernicus B Galileo C Hailey 2 What is th e ‘Great Bear’? A a supernova B a star C a constellation 3 What did Sir Isaac Newton discover? A gravity B Pluto C black holes 4 According to astronomers, about how old is the universe? A 7 billion years B 14 billion years C 21 billion years 5 Travelling in a modern spacecraft, how far could you get in three years? A to the nearest star B to Pluto C to Saturn DS a <7 V £ DZ v t i 8 E H E E 2 B 2 B I . Unit 10 • Out of this world
I can identify and use différent forms o f the passive. 1 Choose the correct form: passive infinitive or passive -ing form. 1 Jason doesn’t mind to be teased / being teased. 2 I would like to be invited / being invited to Sue’s party. 3 Imagine to be followed / being followed everywhere by the paparazzi. 4 I’ll never forget to be blamed / being blamed at school for something I didn’t do. 5 Harry begged to be allowed / being allowed to stay out late. 6 I didn’t expect to be made / being made to wait for days fora doctor’s appointment. 7 You risk to be mugged / being mugged if you walk home late at night in that part of town. 8 I remember to be surprised / being surprised by the news. 2 Complete the sentences with an appropriate passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 By next Friday all the invitations_____________________ (send out). 2 The joyriders w h o _____________________ (arrest) by the police this morning were in a carthat _____________________(report) missing last night. 3 I had a feeling that I ___________ (follow). 4 ‘__________ these w indow s___________________(clean)?’ ‘No, not yet.’ 5 Right now the church_____________________ (renovate), so you can’t go inside. 6 At the end of the training course, the astronauts _____________________ (choose) for the next space mission. 3 Make the active sentences passive. 1 You can find the address on our website. 2 They shouldn’t send shoplifters to prison. 3 They must have lost my letter in the post. 4 They might have built this church in the 10th century. 5 They need to update the database. 6 They can’t have locked the door because someone had stolen the key. 4 Complete the texts with an appropriate passive form. Sometimes more than one answer is correct. The planet Venus 1_ __________ (name) after a Greek Goddess. Venus is approximately the same size as Earth and 2_________ often (call) Earth’s sister planet. Because Venus is the only planet 3.................... (give)afemalename, i t 4______ (decide) that most of the features on Venus should 5______________ (name) after women. (built) by the European SpaceBeagle 2 _________ Agency in 2003 to explore the surface of Mars. Having 7_______________(launch) from Kazakhstan, it reached Mars on Christmas Day 2003, but a few hours later, contact8______________ (lose). It might 9______________ (damage) during its descent through the Martian atmosphere, but its exact fate may never _________ (know). 10 ^ Z D Z D C n A L L E N G E lK Z Z Z Z Z B l I Find out about another event in the history of space exploration and write about it. Use the ideas to help you. • launched when / where? • purpose of the mission? • was it successful? Unit 10 • Out of this world ► V Extra Practice
I can talk about a famous scitmce-fiction author. Revision: Student’s Book page 105' I ____________________________________ 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. adapted broadcast captured fictional fled news bulletin scandal 1 Did you hear the latest______________ on the radio? 2 Dan Brown’s novel, The Da Vinci Code was ______________ forthe cinema in 2005. 3 The Harry Potter books have______________ the imagination of teenagers all over the world. 4 The War of the Worlds radio programme caused a national_____________ in 1938 because many of the listeners didn’t realise that the events were 5 The Wimbledon final w as live to millions of home around the world. 6 Many people have ____ from persecution in Darfur. - — -- 2 Quickly read the text and find: 1 Asimov’s date and place of b irth :_______________ 2 His age when he wrote his first story:_______________ 3 The year he d ie d :_______________ 3 Complete the text with appropriate words. k Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 Asimov wrote more books than most 20th century writers_____ 2 He spoke three languages fluently------- 3 His parents expected him to read the magazines that were sold in the family shop_____ 4 His first story was an instant success------- 5 One of his stories in particular was much admired by other American science fiction writers_____ He taught at a university before taking up writing fulltim e_____ He died of AIDS contracted from a blood transfusion. _ Ch allen g e! about a writer who you admire. Include information .bout: nationality, date of birth type of books he/she wrote/writes other interesting events and facts Isaac Asimov is 1_________of ihe most successlul and prolific science-fiction writers of the 20th century. He wrote or edited more than .WObooks, the most famous of 2_________ are the Foundation series and die Robot series. Asimov was born IsaakJudah Ozimov in 1920, near Smolensk. In 1923 the family emigrated to the USA, settled in Brooklyn, New York, and changed the family name 3_________ Azimov. Azimov spoke Yiddish and English at home with his family and so never learned more 4_________a little Russian. By the age of five he was a keen reader. His parents owned a series of sweet shops and the whole family was expected 5_________ work in them. Azimov became fascinated with the science fiction magazines that 6_________ sold in the family shops, and began reading them. When he was eleven he began to write his own stories, and by the age 7________ nineteen, he was selling them to die science fiction magazines. His first publication was Marooned O ff Vesta, which was printed in the Amazing Stories magazine. But it was with his 32nd story, Nightfall, in 1941 that Asimov became really famous. The story is set on a planet 8_________ night falls only once every 2049 years. In 1964 Nightfall was voted the best short science fiction story ever written 9_________ the Science Fiction Writers of America. Many science fiction fans still agree widi this verdict. 10_________ leaving school, Azimov studied chemistry at Columbia University and went11_________to become a professor at the Boston University School of Medicine. However, in 12_________ 1950s he became a full-time writer. Asimov died on 6th April 1992. Ten years after his death, his wife revealed 13________ his deadi had been caused by AIDS. He had contracted HIV from a blood transfusion received during a heart bypass operation in December 1983. Unit 10 • Out of this world
I can understand and. react to an article, about space tourism. r Revision: Student’s Book page 106-107 1 Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs in the box. Use the correct tense and form. check over creep up go through head out keep out put on slowdown startup take in as it approached the traffic1 The car_________ lights. 2 Last year house prices dropped, but they are gradually ___________again. 3 When you have finished your essay,___________it _ _ for mistakes. 4 There was a huge roar as the engines of the rocket to sea. _ _ the 5 The ship left the harbour and 6 We stopped at the top of the hill to ____ wonderful views. 7 Can I _ _ _ _ _ my lines with you before the dress rehearsal of the play? 8 The astronaut- ________ her space suit before climbing into the capsule. 9 I don’t want the cats in here. Can you close the door t o _________ th em _______ ____? 2 Read the text, ignoring the gaps. Find out: 1 when the Galactic Suite will open 2 the dimensions of the pods that guests will stay in 3 how the guests will get to and from the Suite 4 how many pods the architects plan to build 5 which room caused the designers the most problems 6 how much it will cost to stay in the Suite for three days 7 which planet the company next intends to send holidaymakers to 3 Match sentences A-H with gaps 1-7. There is one sentence that you do not need. A There w ill be special rooms in which bubbles of water will float around. B That’s why the shuttle rocket will remain fixed to the space hotel, so guests know they can get home again. C Furthermore, the Galactic Suite is fully booked for the next three years. D For you will soon be able to have a holiday experience that is out of this world - literally. E From your room you will enjoy the amazing sight of 15 different sunrises every day as you orbit the Earth every 80 minutes. F However, it only sees this project as a first step. G As usual, you need to be rich to travel in style. H When they get tired of doing this, they will have great fun trying to stick to the walls in their Velcro suits, so that they can eat, sleep or simply admire the view from their enormous window. 4 Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 The Galactic Suite takes 1 hour and 20 minutes to orbit the Earth_____ 2 There is no single accommodation at the Galactic S u ite .____ 3 The shuttle rocket will return to Earth after dropping off the guests_____ 4 There are some rooms in the Space Hotel that have gravity_____ 5 A complete package holiday to the Galactic Suite is about two months_____ 6 A Spanish company is behind the development of the Galactic S u ite .___ Ch allen g e! Would you like to have a holiday on the Galactic Suite? Why? / Why not? Unit 10 • Out of this world
TAKE A SPACE BREAK If you are getting tired of going to your relatives for a weekend away, or having the same old holidays in the same old places, and if you are feeling especially brave and adventurous, then we suggest that you start saving your money now.1__________ Make your booking now for a few days in the Galactic Suite, the perfect way to broaden your horizons - in outer space. You will be able to stay in one of its amazing zero-gravity rooms, each one with spectacular views of planet Earth!2__________ The opening of the Galactic Suite is planned for 2012, and at first there will only be room for six guests at a time. Each of the three double bedrooms is in the shape of a pod, seven metres long and four metres high. The three pods will be joined together at one end to the main hotel, looking like a cluster of molecules. Each room will have almost no furniture, as guests will be floating around in zero gravity. 3 The Galactic Suite is being designed by a group of architects in Barcelona. Each pod is small enough to be transported inside a US space shuttle which will put them into space. Once the hotel is ready, the shuttle will also carry the guests to and from their destination, and will be ‘parked’ outside during their stay. Xavier Claramunt, one of the directors of the company working on the project, said, ‘There is fear associated with going into space. 4___________’ Eventually, the Spanish architects plan to have up to 22 pods clustered round a communal centre. Mr Claramunt admitted that there have been several design challenges during the project, the biggest of which has been how to design the bathrooms for zero gravity. ‘How to accommodate the more intimate activities of the guests is not easy,’ he added. But the designers may have solved the issue of how to take a shower in weightlessness. 5__________ You will have to catch your bath! Orbiting Earth won’t be a holiday option for the average-income family, however. 6___________Athree-day stay is expected to cost £2 million. This price also includes eight weeks of intensive training at a sophisticated space camp in the Caribbean. Mr Claramunt explained, ‘We have calculated that there are 40,000 people in the world who could afford to stay at the hotel.’ The Galactic Suite is a £1.5 billion project backed by a US company who are planning to make science fiction a reality.7___________The company is intent on colonising Mars. Anybody fancy a holiday on the Red Planet in 2020? Unit 10 • Out of this world
----------------------------- GRAMMAR Passive: advanced structures I can use advanced passive structures. 1 Complete the text with passive forms. Hundreds of UFO sightings 1_________________ (report) every year but the most famous UFO story is probably the ‘Roswell incident’ which took place in 1947. I t 2__________________ (allege) at the time that an alien spacecraft had crashed in the desert in New Mexico. Shortly after, a number of alien bodies 3_________________ (rumour) to have been removed from the wreckage by US soldiers. It4_________________ (take). (deny) (not know) where the bodies5_____________ For many years these reports 6____________ by military sources, who maintained that what 7_________________ (recover) was a top-secret research balloon, that had crashed. Finally, in 1997 the military admitted that bodies 8___________ indeed _________________ (take) from the wreckage, but that they were test-flight dummies th a t9_________________ (drop) from high altitude as part of an experiment. However, many people dismiss this version of events. Since 1947 numerous books10_________________ (write) on the incident, but the truth still remains shrouded in mystery. 2 Rewrite the sentences so that they have the same meaning. Use a different passive construction. 1 It is thought that the satellite burned up in the atmosphere. The satellite is __________________________________________ 2 It is alleged that he murdered his wife. He___________________________________ 3 It is said that he moved to the USA. 4 It is believed that terrorists planted the bomb. 5 It is now known that five people died in the accident. 6 It is reported that the car was stolen last night. 3 Rewrite the sentences using it + passive, or passive + to do / to have done. 1 People say that prices will go up next year. It is said that prices will go up nert '(ear._____________________ 2 People once thought that the Earth was flat. 3 People thinkthat we will one day colonise the moon. 4 They believe the thief stole all the paintings. 5 People suspected that the woman was a witch. 6 They claim that Henry wasn’t who he said he was. 7 They say that the weather is going to improve. 8 People consider him to be a very rich man. 4 Rewrite the sentences so that they have the same meaning. Use the passive and start with the word(s) given. 1 They gave the teacher a present at the end of the year. The teacher____________________________________________ 2 They don’t serve alcohol to people under 18. Alcohol________________________________________________ 3 Nobody has taught him good manners. H e_____________________________________________________ 4 My boss promised me a big pay rise. I __________________________ I 5 They gave me ten minutes to make up my mind. I ______________________________________________________ 1 6 They didn’t offer the job to Martin. The jo b _________________________________________________ 7 They gave a prize to the cleverest student. A prize : 1 8 £100 is owed to Harry by the bank. Harry__________________________________________________ Unit 10 • Out of this world
Presentation I can pr&scnt my opinions tfftctivdy. 1 Complete the phrases using the words in the box. accept alter deny far having maintain nevertheless opinion own people personally true way would 1 Admittedly, □ 2 As as I’m concerned ... u 3 But said that, 1still th in k th a t... □ 4 Butl still say th a t... □ 5 However, this doesn’t .. _ my view th a t... u 6 1wouldn’t th a t... □ 7 In my □ 8 It is __________th a t... □ 9 My view is th a t... □ 10 , 1still believe th a t... n 11 Of course, we have to th a t... □ 12 Others th a t... □ 13 . 1believe th a t... n 14 Some think th a t... □ 15 The__________1look at it , ... □ Put the phrases into three groups. Write a, b, c or d next to the phrases. a outlining the issue b making a point c acknowledging an opposing point d re-stating your original point f t 17 Read the exam question below and listen to the presentations. Are the sentences true or false? Do you think that life exists on other planets in our galaxy? Do you think we w ill ever make contact with alien life forms? 1 Both speakers believe that life must exist on other planets_____ 2 Neither speaker believes that we w ill ever make contact with alien life forms_____ f t 17 Listen again. Put the sentences in the order that you hear them. Personally, I believe th a t... In my vie w ... However, this doesn’t alter my view th a t... Of course, we have to accept th a t... Some people argue th a t... I would say that... Let’s be honest,... On balance, if you ask me, I’d say th a t... □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 5 Write a brief presentation (about 100 words) of your opinions on the exam question below. Use the ideas below to help you. Follow the plan in exercise 2, and give examples to back up the points you make. Do you think it might one day be necessary to colonise the moon or other planets in our solar system? Do you think it would be possible or desirable? Why it might be necessary/desirable: • Earth’s population is rapidly increasing • global warming and climate change • space tourism • mankind’s drive to explore and seek adventure Why it might not be possible/desirable: • should solve the problems on Earth • population control • inhospitable environment on other planets • breathable atmosphere • gravity • the danger of accidents • quality of life?
Preparation 1 Rewrite the sentences using the word given. 1 Many galaxies are shaped like discs, (shape) 2 The sky was the colour of slate, (coloured) 3 The alien was as big as a small house, (size) 4 You can see the wood from the road, (visible) 5 There’s a house at the end of this lane, (stands) 2 Combine the pairs of sentences into a single sentence. Use each structure (a-d) once. a after +-ing b having + past participle c a present participle d as + past simple 1 They left Italy. Then they drove to Spain. 2 Jack came into the room. At the same time, he tripped on the rug. 3 She knocked on the door. She went in. 4 I left the house. At the same time, it started to rain. 3 Write the story told in the pictures, or invent one of your own. Use the w riting guide to help you. W riting Guide 1 Set the scene and introduce the main character(s). 2 Describe the problem that the characters face. 3 Describe how the problem is solved. 4 Write the ending: what happened? How did people feel? Ch ec klist Have you: • followed the writing guide? • used sequencing clauses? • used a variety of expressions to make your descriptions more interesting and vivid? Unit 10 • Out of this world ■ '* H E E E 2 E S 1
Ex a m Ta s k - Reading Read the text below and for questions 1 -6 choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best according to the text. In Egyptian mythology, Apophis was the ancient spirit of evil and destruction. So it seemed a fitting name for a 390-metre wide asteroid that is potentially on a collision course with our planet. NASA has estimated that an impact from Apophis, which has an outside chance of hitting the Earth in 2036, .vould release more than 100,000 times the energy released in the nuclear blast over Hiroshima. Thousands of square kilometres would be directly affected by the blast but the whole of the Earth would see the effects of the dust released into the atmosphere. Apophis had been intermittently tracked since its discovery in June 2004 but, in December, it started causing serious concern. Projecting the orbit of the asteroid into the future, astronomers calculated that the odds of it hitting the Earth were alarming. As more observations came in, the odds got higher. The asteroid was placed at four out of ten on the Torino scale - a measure of the threat posed by a near-Earth object, where 10 is a certain collision. This was the highest of any asteroid in recorded history. Alan Fitzsimmons, an astronomer from Queen's University Belfast, said: 'When it does pass close to us in April 2029, the Earth will deflect it and change its orbit. There's a small possibility that if it passes through a particular point in space, the so-called keyhole, the Earth's gravity will change things so that when it comes back around again in 2036, it will collide with us.' The chance of Apophis passing through the keyhole, a 600-metre patch of space, is 1 in 5,500 based on current information. There is no shortage of ideas on how to deflect the asteroid. No technology has been left unconsidered, even potentially dangerous ideas such as nuclear powered spacecraft. The favoured method is also potentially the easiest - throwing a spacecraft at an asteroid to change its direction. The European Space Agency plans to test this idea with its Don Quixote mission, where two satellites will be sent to an asteroid. One of them, Hidalgo, will collide with the asteroid at high speed while the other, Sancho, will measure the change in the object's orbit. Decisions on the actual design of these probes will be made in the coming months, with the launch expected some time in the next decade. One idea that seems to have no support from astronomers is the use of explosives. In September, scientists at Strathclyde and Glasgow universities began computer simulations to work out the feasibility of changing the directions of asteroids on a collision course for Earth. In spring next year, there will be another opportunity for radar observations of Apophis that will help astronomers work out possible future orbits of the asteroid more accurately. If, at that stage, they cannot rule out an impact with Earth in 2036, the next chance to make better observations will not be until 2013. NASA has argued that a final decision on what to do about Apophis will have to be made next spring. 'It may be a decision in 2013 whether or not to go ahead with a full-blown mitigation mission, but we need to start planning it before 2013,' said Prof Fitzsimmons. In 2029, astronomers will know for sure if Apophis will pose a threat in 2036. If the worst-case scenarios turn out to be true and the Earth is not prepared, it will be too late. 1 Apophis A has the potential to destroy the whole of the Earth. B may cause damage comparable to that of a nuclear bomb. C is larger than any asteroid recorded by NASA so far. D has been given a name to match the threat it represents. 2 When Apophis was discovered, scientists A predicted the orbit it will make in the future. B immediately realised how dangerous it was. C decided they would never let it out of sight. D invented a scale to measure the threat it posed. 3 According to Professor Alan Fitzsimmons A it’s probable Apophis won’t come nearthe Earth in 2029. B passing through the keyhole may be a decisive factor. C in 2029, the asteroid may change the Earth’s gravity. D the chance of Apophis avoiding the Earth is 1 in 5,500. 4 Scientists believe that A we have no effective technology now to solve the problem. B the best way to deal with the asteroid would be to blow it up. C a controlled collision could stop Apophis from hitting the Earth. D nuclear powered spacecraft is too difficult a solution. 5 Hidalgo and Sancho A will be sent to change the direction of Apophis. B will be sent into space within the next ten years. C are expected to carry out some measurements in Apophis. D will be sent to blow up an asteroid. 6 Scientists know that A 2013 w ill be too late to start planning a mitigation mission. B they will send a mitigation mission in 2013. C they have to begin planning a mitigation mission in 2013. D the last moment to send a mitigation mission will be 2029. Get ready for your Exam 5
Exam Task - Use of English Complete the text with suitable words. Use one word only in each gap. Here's a conversation worth talking 1__________ : a mother dolphin chats w ith her baby...over the telephone! 2___________special call was made in an aquarium in Hawaii, where the mother and her two-year-old calf swam in separate tanks connected by a special underwater audio link. The tw o dolphins began squawking and chirping to each other - distinctive dolphin chatter. 'It seemed clear that they kn e w 3___________they were talking w ith,' says Don White, whose Project Delphis ran the experiment. 'Information was passing back and forth pretty quickly.' But w hat did they say? That's what scientists are trying to find 4__________ by studying wild and captive dolphins all over the world to decipher their secret language. They haven't completely cracked the code yet, but they're listening...and learning. Scientists think dolphins 'talk' about everything from basic facts like their age to their emotional state. They may be saying things 5___________ 'there are some good fish over here,' or 'watch o u t6__________ that shark because he is hunting'. When the going gets tough, for instance, some dolphins ca ll7___________ backup. After being bullied 8___________a duo of bottlenose dolphins, one spotted dolphin returned to the scene the next day w ith a few pals to chase and harass one of the bully bottlenose dolphins. 'It's as 9__________ the spotted dolphin communicated to his buddies that he needed their help, then led them in search 10___________this guy,' says Herzing, who cannot forget watching the scuffle. Exam Task - Listening f t 18 Read the statements. Then listen to the recording and choose the best way to finish each statement. 1 Christine’s mum A is not a sports person. B does the same sport as Christine. C has never worked. 2 Ella A shares the same personality as her mum. B has inherited a love of craftwork. C isa member ofherm um ’s handball team. 3 Penny A wants to become a physician. B spends all hertim e with her mum. C is an only child. Exam Task - Writing You successfully graduated from secondary school yesterday. Write a short note (100-120 words) to your friends announcing this news and invite them to a party you plan to give. In your note, you should: • say when the party will be given • give directions to the party • tell your friends what to bring (e.g. food, drinks) • ask them to reply by a certain date Write your note in the appropriate style and format. I Pr e p a r a t io n : Speaking Use the Functions Bank on page 102 to help you. Exam Task - Speaking Part 3 - Sustained long turn You w ill be asked to talk about your country and its culture. Considerthe following points: • Your native town • Historical issues • Your country as a tourist destination (places of interest to recommend) • Public holidays in your country • National customs • Other Part 4 - Role play Work in pairs and role-play the following situation. Role 1 (You are a student) You are talking to the parent of your close friend who has some problems at school. His/her grades have not been very good recently and s/he has also been playing truant. Try to defend him /her and explain his/her behaviour without saying too much about your friend’s secrets. Role 2 (You are a parent) You are talking to a close friend of your son/daughter who has some problems at school. His/her grades have not been very good recently and s/he has also been playing truant. You are very unhappy about it and believe that your child spends too much time with his/her friends. Try to find out what is happening. You may use these ideas: • Unpopular/problematic subject/s • A youth gang • Bullying • Addiction (drugs, alcohol, etc.) • Other When you have finished, change roles and practise again. Get ready for your Exam 5
Exam c h a llen g e! 1 Read in g Read the article about a film entitled Bathory and complete the sentences (1-10). Use a suitable word or words (maximum three) from the text so that the sentences correspond to what the article says. The sentences do not follow the same order as the information appears in the text. History’s judgment of Elizabeth Bathory appeared unanimous - until now. According to legend, as well as several bestsellers, the 16th century Hungarian noblewoman who ruled over a vast kingdom from her castle above the village ofCachticein present-day Slovakia became so obsessed with attaining eternal youth she slaughtered more than 600 young girls to bathe in their blood. But in Bathory, Slovak director Juraj Jakubisko looks behind the myths and suggests the ‘Bloody Countess’ was actually a victim of a smear campaign rooted in political and ethnic strife. The film, which is the 69-year-old director’s first in English, had a €11.5-million budget, making it the most expensive Central European movie ever made. Since wrapping in 2006, it has created a buzz with showings at film festivals in Los Angeles and Berlin. ‘In today's digital age, fewer European feature film projects embrace major international stories on such a grand scale,’ Mike Downey, a co-producer from the UK-based Film and Music Entertainment production company, said about the film for Variety. ‘Juraj Jakubisko is a master of cinematic style, and we invested in his vision because it is a film of ambition, scope and scale destined for worldwide theatrical release.’ Jakubisko began the film’s long evolution bywriting the screenplay, which was translated into English before being sent to screenwriter John Paul Chappie. ‘The version of the script I received was immensely long, around 200 pages,’ Chappie told The Slovak Spectator. ‘I worked on shaping it more to western standards, which meant cutting down the amount of description and remodelling the dialogue from a literary style into lines that were more speakable and actable. Jakubisko’s translators helped me the whole time to make sure I kept faithful to the original intent.’ ‘There are so many legends about her which just aren’t true,’ Jakubisko told Czech Radio in May. ‘The idea that she bathed in the blood of young girls to retain her eternal youth for example. You can’t bathe in blood because blood clots. And even historians are divided about her legacy because for the older generation, Elizabeth Bathory was this Hungarian countess who murdered Slovak girls. ‘There is a lot of folklore and Bathory is a strong, warrior-like heroine who has a duty to her country, which stretched from the borders of Moravia all the way to the Adriatic Sea, and she basically had to do it single-handedly.’ ‘If Bathory combines critical and commercial success it could well change the profile of Slovak film by making it known internationally,’ Peter Hames, an expert on Central European film and author of The Czechoslovak New Wave, told TheSlovak Spectator. ‘For the same reasons, it would be likely to encourage other large budget films in the English language, since success is always followed by imitation.’ 1 The story is set in th e _________ _____ 2 Bathory is said to have wanted to succeed in staying ______________ for ever. 3 Bathory was also known under the nickname of the 4 According to Jakubisko, Bathory was a(n) _____________________of political disagreements. 5 They have never made such a costly film in _____________________before. 6 Jakubisko’s directing skills mean that the film will be distributed around th e ______________________ 7 The original script was rewritten to better suit 8 The amount of _______ in the original script was reduced. 9 _____________________ disagree about the role Bathory played in the past. 10 Bathory had moral and legal responsibility for Us e o f En g lis h 1 Complete the text with suitable words. Use one word only in each gap. SLEEPING HABITS The analysis published in October 2006 in Nature shows that meat-eating species sleep the most and grazing animals th e 1__________ . Sleep amounts range from 20 hours in the little brown bat to only two hours in the horse. Animals that have less sleep do not appear to make 2__________ for this by sleeping more deeply. The analysis concludes that sleep functions to keep animals safe by restricting waking to the hours when an animal is most likely to be successful3______ finding food and avoiding danger. Human sleep follows the rules that determine sleep time in other animals. Humans sleep somewhat less 4________animals with similar physiological features, suggesting that we m ay5__________ evolved to have more waking hours in order to better compete with other humans. Some animals can go without sleep for long periods of time with 6______ _ ill effects, whereas tack of sleep in 7__________ can be lethal. 8___________ explains 9_________ some animals can survive and reproduce optimally 10 though they are only awake for a few hours and eat very little, whereas others need to eat all day and must have reduced sleep time. Exam Challenge 1
Exam c h a llen g e! 1 2 Complete the text with the correct form of the words in brackets. A green consultant is a researcher, facilitator,1____________ (ADVISE), and educator. A good green building consultant has an understanding of issues, products and technologies relating t o 2____________ (SUSTAIN) sites, energy, water, indoor air quality, materials and construction practices. We help owners, architects and other design and construction professionals who are not as familiar with these issues to 3____________(SHORT) the time it would take to learn it all. We help them design and construct buildings in a cost-effective and m ore4____________ (ENVIRONMENT) responsible way. The most difficult thing is convincing people to do things 5____________ (DIFFERENT). Design professionals and construction contractors usually want to do things the way they have done them in the past because it’s less6____________ (RISK) and they don’t have to spend any time figuring out how to do something new. Another problem to be dealt with are buildings which are one of the biggest7____________ (CONTRIBUTE) to global8____________ (WARM) due to their typically5____________(EFFICIENT) energy use. Buildings account for 39% of total energy use, 68% of total electricity 10__________________(CONSUME)and 38% of the carbon dioxide emissions. When you understand that most people spend over 90% of their time indoors, this makes a lot of sense. Wr itin g 1 You have decided to join the discussion in a local newspaper about banning smoking in public places. Write an essay of 210-230 words entitled ‘Smoking in public places should be made illegal’ arguing your point of view. 2 Join the discussion in a local newspaper about the lifestyle of young people. Write an argumentative essay entitled ‘Young people do not live healthily. ’ Write 210-230 words arguing your point of view. S p ea k in g Ta s k 3 You w ill be asked to talk about animal rights. The following ideas may help you: • National parks and protected landscape areas in your country and their importance • Endangered species • Violation of animal rights (zoos, experiments carried on animals, having pets) • Your experience, e.g. visit to a zoo • Other Ta s k 4 Work in pairs and role-play the following situation. Role 1 - You are finishing secondary school and have decided to take a gap year before you start studying at university. You are thinking about working as a volunteer somewhere in Africa or Australia where you could both work and study English. You could also work as a volunteer anywhere in Europe. All options are tempting and you cannot decide. Discuss this with your friend and ask him /her to give you some advice. Role 2 - Your friend is finishing secondary school and has decided to take a gap year before s/he starts studying at university. S/he is thinking about working as a volunteer somewhere in Africa or Australia where s/he could both work and study English. S/he could also work as a volunteer anywhere in Europe. All options are tempting and s/he cannot decide. S/he wants you to give him /her some advice. Ta s k 2 Read the quotation below and express your opinion on it. These ideas may help you: • Do you agree or disagree with the quotation? Why? • Support your opinion with an example/your own experience. ' ‘Knowledge rests not upon truth alone, but upon error ^ ^ also. ’ Carl J u n g ____________ Ta s k l Look at the pictures showing a scene from daily life in order to compare and contrast them. These ideas may help you: • Environment/ setting • Architecture/ buildings • Mood • Advantages/ disadvantages of living there • People • Other Exam Challenge 1
Exam c h a llen g e! 2 Read in g Read the article about plastic shopping bags. Match each paragraph (A-E) to its summary (1-6). There is one number which you do not need to use. Plastic shopping bags and the environment A It’s easy to be green. Although we may be overwhelmed by the environmental catastrophes that seem to occur around us with alarming regularity, there is a simple way each and every person can make a difference. It doesn’t involve travelling the world to clean up oil spills or standing in the path of bulldozers to prevent land clearing. It actually involves shopping... B The environmental issues associated with plastic shopping bags have featured in the news recently, following the apparent success of the plastic bag tax in Ireland in reducing the number of plastic shopping bags that are used in that country. While this approach has also been suggested for addressing the problem in other countries, governments still tend to examine a number of options before deciding on a management plan. In the meantime, the best thing we can do forthe environment is simply reuse, or better yet, refuse a plastic bag when we go shopping. Easy! C Plastic shopping bags have a surprisingly significant environmental impact for something so seemingly innocuous. As well as being an eyesore, plastic shopping bags kill large numbers of wildlife each year. In the water, plastic bags can be mistaken for jellyfish by wildlife. This makes plastic bag pollution in marine environments particularly dangerous, as birds, whales, seals and turtles ingest the bags then die from intestinal blockages. Disturbingly, it is claimed that plastic bags are the most common man-made item seen by sailors at sea. D The biggest problem with plastic bags is that they do not readily break down in the environment, with estimates for the time it takes them to decompose ranging from 20 to 1,000 years. One of the disquieting facts stemming from this is that plastic bags can become serial killers. Once an animal that had ingested a plastic bag dies, it decays at a much faster rate than the bag. When the animal has decomposed, the bag is released back into the environment more or less intact, ready to be eaten by another misguided organism. The incredibly slow rate of decay of plastic bags also means that each bag we use compounds the problem, because the bags simply accumulate. E On top of the significant environmental costs, widespread use of plastic bags is also costly in terms of dollars and cents. Apart from the price of the bags themselves, which is four to six cents each, a great deal of money goes into collecting the bags (i.e. cleaning up!) once they’ve been discarded. 1 Plastic bags threaten not only natural environments but also urban ones. 2 Above all, bags are definitely not worth the money spent on them. 3 It is easy to get the wrong impression that plastic bags are underwater creatures. 4 Of great concern is the fact that a single bag can kill several living things. 5 Governmental policies on how to avoid using plastic bags vary from country to country. 6 You can help the situation and you don’t need to be an eager environmentalist. Us e o f En g lis h 1 Complete the extract with suitable words. Lily sat down and looked at the child in front of her. He was small and thin and wore a jacket that was 1_________ large for him. His eyes were half hidden 2__________ a long messy fringe. Where had he come from ?3_________ they had found him in the park, he had said nothing to 4__________at the police station. It was Lily’s responsibility to question 5___ ___ She smiled gently. ‘What’s your name?’ she asked. The boy looked at her across the table and said 6__________He blinked. S he7_________ seethat he didn’t understand. She tried again,8__________time in French. The boy’s expression did not change. He did not try to speak. Then she had an idea:9__________if he could not hear her? Nobody had guessed that he 10__________be deaf. Lily smiled 11__________the boy again and waved. He looked back at her, puzzled.12_________ would not do. Lily picked up the phone and called for assistance. Exam Challenge 2
2 Read the text and choose the correct form of the verbs (A-C). One day, after school, one of the girls in my class said she 1_____________________me a new way to get home. She wasn’t a nice girl, and I was a bit dubious about going with her... and to tell the truth, I was somewhat afraid of her because she was a bully. Anyway, Pat 2_____________________me away from our normal route into the residential streets around the school. A few twists and turns, and ... 13 ________________At that point, Pat said: ‘I’m going to leave you here, you 4_____________________ home,’ and then she ran. Of course I tried to follow her, but she must 5_____________________ herself because when I turned the corner, she wasn’t there. Being the brave, adventurous type of child, I only blubbered a little before trying 6_____________________my way back. Naturally enough nothing was familiar. At some point Pat appeared again - she m ust7___________________ me, watching to see what 18______________________ I distinctly remember 9_____________________ her, ‘I don’t like you!’ and then I marched off without looking back. Luckily for me I eventually recognised a street that I passed on my usual way home - that was a huge relief. Perhaps Pat was just being mischievous and she 10_____________________ me there and gone home herself. This is what I’ll never know. But I’m giving her the benefit of doubt because l‘m a nice person. 1 A will show B would show C would have shown 2 A led B has been leading C would lead 3 A was losing B would lose C was lost 4 A will never get B are never getting C have never got 5 A hide B have hidden C be hiding 6 A find B finding C to find 7 A be following B followed C have been following 8 A would do B had done C did 9 A telling B to tell C have told 10 A hadn’t left B wouldn’t have left C didn’t leave Wr itin g 1 Your friends are animat lovers and you want to go for a trip together. Write a letter to them (210-230 words) in which you describe a place you would recommend for the trip. 2 Your friends love doing sports and you want to spend a weekend together with them. Write a letter to them (210-230 words) in which you describe a place you would recommend for the weekend. In your letter include these points: • how you found out about the place • describe the place, its atmosphere and the animals you can see • activities you can do there • your opinion of the place Write your letter in an appropriate style. Do not write any dates or addresses. S p ea k in g Ta s k 1 These two pictures show people doing different kinds of painting. Compare and contrast them, say why the activity is important for these people and which of them you would prefer to do and why. Ta s k 2 You w ill be asked to talk about reading books. Consider the following points: • The importance of reading • Young people and literature. Reading books and watching films or television. • The future of books • Your favourite book Ta s k 3 Work in pairs and role-play the following situation. Role 1 - (You are a student.) After finishing secondary school you want to find a job in an English-speaking country and work and live there for at least a year. Your parents are against it and they want you to study at university. However, you do not want to study at the moment. Explain your reasons and try to persuade them. Role 2 - (You are a parent.) After finishing secondary school your child wants to find a job in an English- speaking country and work and live there for at least a year. However, you believe it is a waste of time and want your child to study at university. Give your reasons and try to persuade him/her. Exam Challenge 2
1 Complete the text with the correct words a-d. Making Monet John Myatt is a painter. He is not, he is the first to 1_____ , the world’s finest artist. He is, however, quite 2 the world’sfinest forger. In 1998John Myatt was sentenced to a year in prison for his part in what was described 3 the 20th-century’s biggest 4 art fraud. For eight years, between 1986 and 1994, he and his London-based accomplice, John Drewe, passed off over 200 works of art as 5_____ ‘found’pieces by surrealists, cubists, impressionists. They sold, for tens of thousands of pounds, in the 6 London auction houses, Christie’s and Sotheby’s, and fooled Britain’s two most prestigious museums: the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Tate Gallery. One ‘Giacometti’was bought at auction in New York '______$300,000. Some say the British market has never quite 8 from the scandal. What Myatt is doing now, however, for up to £5,000 a painting, is forging to order, entirely legitimately. His ‘genuine fakes’are painted in 9 house paint, and stamped as ‘fake’on the back, and his 10 versions of, say, Giacometti’s Seated Nude, or Matisse’s The Pink Room, now grace ski lodges in Aspen and villas in Tuscany. 1 a reveal b admit c disclose d realise 2 a maybe b perhaps c eventually d possibly 3 a as b like c for d to 4 a new b contemporary c present d recent 5 a true b authentic c genuine d real 6 a major b important c significant d chief 7 a at b up to c from d for 8 a recuperated b recovered c rallied d repaired 9 a typical b ordinary c usual d routine 10 a perfect b ultimate c ideal d exemplary UB 2 In many lines in this letter between a British girl and her American penfriend there is one wrong word which should not be there. Find the wrong word, cross it out and write it at the end of the line. Some lines are correct. Tick / the correct lines. There are two examples at the beginning. 31st July Dear Jack b&e-n How are you? Sorry I haven’t been written to _ _ J you for ages, but I’ve been really busy _____________recently. The last month I took my A level _________ _ exams - they’re the exams you take just ____________ before you will leave school. They were quite ____________ difficult but I did a lots of revision, so I think _____________ I did OK. I’ve applied to study economics _ _ ___ _ here in Bristol. _________ ___ No sooner when had the exams finished . than we went off on holiday to Menton. It’s ____________ situated in the south-west of the France. _____________ We spent a week there then drove inland and _____________ stayed in the village of Sospel. The weather _____________was great - it has only rained one day - and _____________ we had a fantastic time for swimming, and ______ ___ walking in the Mercantour National Park. _____________So, now I’m back home. There’s a little to do, _____________ but that suits me fine! Mum’s been _____________ encouraging to me to get a summer job but ____________ I prefer it to just hang about with my friends, _____________ read books and watch TV. _____________ That’s about all for now. Write soon and tell _____________ me your news. Best wishes Emily Mark Review 1 • 1-2
1 Complete the text with the correct form of the words in brackets. 2 Choose the best verb forms. It's a dog’s Life Five puppies have been born in the w orld’s first 1___________ (CLONE) of a pet dog for a paying customer. They are th e 2___________ (GENE) doubles of a dog called Booger, whose death from cancer two years ago left h is 3___________(OWN) Bernann McKinney so upset that she sold her house to raise the £25,000 needed to - in her eyes - bring him back to life. Ms McKinney rescued Booger from a dogs’ home. He became an 4__________ (DISPENSE) part of her life after defending her and saving her life when she was attacked by another dog. Miss McKinney said, ‘Booger was my partner and my friend. The puppies are 5__________ (EXACT) the same as their daddy.’ RNL Bio, the Korean 6__________ (ORGANISE) that cloned the dogs, said the 7__________ (PROCEED) was so straightforward that it could clone 300 dogs a year for people whose pets had died. The Booger puppies, who were born last week, have black coats and identical white spots below their necks. 8___________ (SCIENCE) Lee Byeong-chun said all five puppies were healthy, although there were slight 9__________ (VARY) in weight. A 10____________(DELIGHT) Ms McKinney said the ir birth had healed the pain of Booger’s death. ‘It is a miracle for me because I was able to sm ile again, laugh again and just feel alive again,’ she explained. Q Q 25th August Dear Emily, Thanks foryour letter. I hope you kould/m anaged to pass your A level exams. When 2are you finding o ut/w ill you find out if you’ve got a place at college? We didn’t have any exams at the end of term, thank goodness. 3l’ve been/ I’d been offered a place at the University of Texas in Austin to study law, providing 4I get/Pll get good grades in my exams next May. I guess I’d better work harder this year! Yourvacation sounded great. 15didn’t do/haven’t been doing much lately, but tomorrow I’m off on a camping holiday in Florida. I don’t particularly like camping but I was persuaded to go by my friends. This time next week 6H l probably s it/l’ll probably be sitting in a tent in Florida wishing I was back home. I hope I don’t get bitten by the mosquitoes! Anyway, 7l’ll send/l’d send you a postcard. As soon as 8I return/l’ll return from Florida I’m starting work in the local store. The pay isn’t great but 9I can/i’ll be able to earn enough to pay back the money 10l borrowed/ had borrowed from my parents for the vacation. I look forward to hearing from you again. Best wishes Jack Review 2 • 1-4
as back by for for in like on through throughout The oldest newspaper | in the world i 1_________centuries, readers have thumbed2_________the pages of Sweden’s Post-och Inrikes Tidningar newspaper. No longer. The world’s oldest paper still3________ circulation has dropped its paper edition and now exists only in cyberspace. The newspaper, founded in 1645 4________Sweden’s Queen Kristina, became an Internet- only publication on 1st January. It’s a fate that may await many of the world’s most famous newspapers. ’We think it’s a cultural disaster,’ said Hans Holm, who served 5_________the chief editor of Post-och Inrikes Tidningar for 20 years. ‘It is sad when you have worked with it for so long and it has been around for so long.’6_________in the seventeenth century, Queen Kristina used the publication to keep her subjects informed of the affairs of state, and the first editions, which were more 7________ leaflets, were carried by courier and put on notice boards in cities and tow ns8_________Sweden. The paper edition was certainly no mass-market tabloid.9_________the contrary, it had a meagre circulation of only 1,000 or so, although the web-based version is expected to attract more readers. The newspaper is owned by the Swedish Academy, known 10_________awarding the annual Nobel Prize in Literature. Despite its online transformation, Post-och Inrikes Tidningar remains Number 1 on a ranking of the oldest newspapers still in circulation. -------------------------------------------------------- B H 1 Complete the text w ith the words in the box. Mark 1st December Dearjack, ________How are things with you?You said in your you've be-en last letter that(you beerfyoffered a place at ____________ the University ofTexas. I suppose your _________ exams are quite soon now, don’t they? I hope that you enjoy yourself and that you ____________ don’t have to working too hard this year. __________I got my A level exam results in August, and _________ I’m pleased to say that I had passed all of _____________them. I did particularly welt in my maths exam, what I was realty pleased about. ____________ Since then I’ve also started university. _____________ I told you, haven’t I, that I’m studying __________economics at the university here in Bristol? _____________I’ve made lots of new friends and the social life is great - though my parents keep telling me work harder. I’m still living __________ at home, but I’d like to move into a flat _____________with a couple of friends. _ ................I’m spending Christmas with my family, ________and then my friend Mike has invited me ____________ going skiing with him in France after New _____________Year. That should be fun. _____________Where you are spending Christmas? _____________ Do you go away? __________Have a great Christmas and New Year! Emily 2 Find and correct ten more m istakes in this letter. Mark Review 3 • 1-6
Rev iew i -s ■ 1 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Include the word in brackets. 1 I wish you’d told me that you were going to be late, (might) You _ ____ ____ _ that you were going to be late. 2 You haven’t eaten since breakfast. I’m sure you’re hungry, (must) You haven’t eaten since breakfast. You 3 It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport, (needn’t) You_____________________ me at the airport. 4 I didn’t phone you because I thought you were out. (would) I _____ if I’d known you were in. 5 Don’t walk alonein the park at night, (must) You ____________________ alone in the park at night. 6 ‘I won’t go to bed! It’s only nine o’clock!’ said Jamie, (refused) Jamie_____________________ because it was only nine o’clock. 7 ‘Why didn’t you phone me?’ said John to Sally, (asked) John________________________________ him. 8 How were you able to get across London in 45 minutes? (manage) H o w _ _________ _ get across London in 45 minutes? 9 It’s his arrogance that annoys me. (what) is his arrogance. 10 I don’t particularly want to go out tonight, (feel like) I ________________________________tonight. 2 Complete the lette r w ith the words in the box. You need to use some words more than once. at for in of over to up with 14th February Dear Emily I hope you had a good Christmas 1______ family. I’m sorry I haven’t written 2______ been very busy3 schoolwork. All home with your a while, but I’ve a sudden everybody is working really hard this term, and there’s so much to learn. Of course, I’d be 5____ _ a better position now if I’d worked a bit harder last year! Did you receive my postcard from Florida last summer? You’ll have realised when you read it that I didn’t really ta ke 6 camping! I hope your skiing holiday was more fun. I’d like to take 7 skiing - maybe you can teach me to ski if I come over to see you one day. It isn’t that difficult, is it? Next term, I’ll be working even harder, so I might not have a great deal8 time to write. But I promise to write more often as soon as my exams are 9_______ That’s all . now. Happy Valentine’s Day! Best wishes Jack Review 4» 1-8
1 Complete the te xt w ith suitable words. The first man in space Yuri Gagarin was born in 19 3 4 in a village, now renamed Gagarin, near Smolensk in Russia. His parents worked 1 a farm , and his father was also a skilled carpenter. Yuri was 2 third of four children, and his elder sister helped to raise him while his parents worked. 3 a teenager he started w ork in a steelworks, at the 4 tim e continuing his studies at the technical high school in Saratov. While there, he joined the Aeroclub' and learned to fly 5 his spare time. He soon preferred flying to working in the steelworks, and on leaving college in 195 5, he joined the air force and learned to fly fighter planes. His daring and skill led to his being singled out fo r training in the Soviet space programme. Gagarin was only 1 .5 7 m etres tall. His small size was an advantage, as the spacecraft he 6 to fly in, Vostok, did not have 7 room inside fo r large people. Vostok was launched from the Baykonur site in the Kazakh desert on 12th April 1 9 B 1 . Although his flight around the Earth 8 only one hour and 4 5 minutes, Gagarin became the firs t person to travel into space and orbit the Earth. A fte r the flight, Gagarin became an instant celebrity, and 9 appearances all 10 the world to prom ote the Soviet achievement. He then returned to his form er job, flying fighter planes. But on 2 7 March 19BB, while on a training flight he died when he lost control of his plane and crashed. He was buried with honours alongside the wall of the Kremlin in Moscow’s Red Square. I—|-------------------------------------|------- B BMark 21st May Dear Jack .................... I’ve just moved into a new flat! At the I'm sharing moment,(fsha?g)it with two friends, but we ___________ might try to find a fourth person. It’s great to _____________ be independent, although I miss sometimes _____________my mum’s cooking! ___________ Well, I’m halfway through the summer term _____________and, to be honest, I haven’t working hard ____________ enough. I’m quite worried for my exam _____________ results. (I’ve just been taking five exams!) _____________ How is your work going? You don’t have exams at the end of the year, don’t you? __________ __ I thinkyou should come to Britain when your __ _____ term will have ended. There’s lots to do here _____________ in Bristol in the summer, and you are able to ________stay at our flat. Our term finishes around the ____ middle of June, so I won’t work if you come ____________ in July. ____________ That’s all for now. Sorry this letter is such _____________ short, but I’m exhausted. What I need that is ____________ a really long sleep! Best wishes 2 Find and correct ten more m istakes in this letter. Mark Review 5 • 1-10
F u n c t i o n s F j ÎtTTT' ESTABLISHING THE TOPIC The photos are connected with [the topic o f]... (i0 ... are to do with ... (lF) ... are linked b y... (lF) ... relate to ... (lF) ... show different aspects o f... (lF) STRUCTURING YOUR PRESENTATION I’d like to begin by sa yin g ... (3F) The first th in g I’d like to say is th a t... (3F) First o f a ll,... / F irstly,... (3F) S eco n d ly,... (3F) F ina lly,... (30 SPECULATING It could be th a t... o r ... (1F) It’s hard to say w h e th e r... o r ... (1F) P resum ably,... (lF) I w ould guess th a t... (1F) DEDUCING From th e ir expressions, I’d say th a t... ( i 0 Judging by her expression, I’d say th a t... (lF) It’s clear from th e ir expressions th a t... (lF) They [look very happy], so cle a rly ... (lF) They look as if th e y ... / as though th e y ... (1F) It looks as i f ... / as though ... (lF) The fact th a t [they’re sm iling] w ould suggest th a t... (1F) PARAPHRASING I d o n ’t know w hat it’s called in English. (7F) It’s a kind o f ... (7F) It’s like a ... (70 I mean ... (7F) In other w o rd s ,... (70 ... so to speak (70 TALKING ABOUT STATISTICS, GRAPHS AND CHARTS A third / quarter of (pe o p le ...) (5F) Two-thirds / three-fifths o f (people ...) (50 One in three / ten (people ...) (50 Four out o f five (people ...) (50 50% o f (people ...) (50 increase / rise by 25% (50 decrease / fall by 10% (50 the num ber o f ... fell sharply / steadily (50 rose sharply / steadily (50 fluctuated (50 stayed the same (50 According to the c h a rt/g ra p h ,... (50 the m ajority o f (people ...) (50 the percentage o f (people who ...) (50 OUTLINING THE ISSUE Some people th in k th a t... ( io 0 Others m aintain th a t... ( io 0 GIVING OPINIONS I believe / I don’t believe ... (30 In my view / opinion,... (30 I agree with ... / I disagree with ... (30 As far as I’m concerned ... (io0 Personally, I believe th a t... (io0 I’m convinced th a t... (2D) My view is th a t... (io0 The way I look at it,... (io 0 My own view is th a t... (io 0 To my m ind,... (1C) One advantage / disadvantage o f... is th a t... (2D) There are strong arguments in favour of / against.. I really think... EMPHASISING A POINT We m ust re m e m b e rth a t... (60 There’s no d o u bt in my m ind th a t... (60 Let’s not forget th a t... (60 I really do th in k th a t... (60 It’s im portant to bear in m ind th a t... (60 I believe very strongly th a t... (6 0 I’ m absolutely convinced th a t... (60 Nobody could deny th a t... (60 When it comes down to i t , ... (8C) GIVING EXAMPLES For example,... (30 For instance,... (30 ..., say,... (30 I’m going to give some examples of... (30 such as (io 0 To give you an example:... (2D) Functions Bank
Fu n c t i o n * ; f V i : GIVING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION W hat is m o re ,... (3F) F urtherm ore,... (3F) ACKOWLEDGING AN OPPOSING POINT It is true th a t... (10F) I w o u ld n ’t deny th a t... (10F) Of course, we have to accept th a t... ( io 0 A d m itte d ly ,... (10F) RE-STATING YOUR ORIGINAL POINT However, this doesn’t alter my view th a t... (10F) But I w ould still say th a t... (10F) But having said that, I still th in k th a t... (10F) Nevertheless, I still believe th a t... (10F) SUMMING UP So, to sum u p ,... (30 In summ ary, th e n ,... (3F) It seems clear to me th a t... (3F) AGREEING I agree com pletely. (8F) I couldn’t agree more. (8F) That’s w hat I th in k too. (8F) That’s how I see it too. (8F) I th in k you’re absolutely right. (8F) 1th in k you’re spot on. (8 0 I’d go along w ith that. (1C) Absolutely. (1C) PARTIALLYAGREEING That’s true, b u t... (70 I see your point b u t... (1C) It may be true th a t..., b u t... (5D) I adm it th a t.... H ow ever,... (5D) I’ m w illin g to concede th a t.... N evertheless,... (5D) DISAGREEING I totally disagree. (8 0 I’m afraid I disagree. (2D) I really can’t agree w ith you. (8 0 I take the opposite view. (8 0 I’m o f the opposite opinion. (80 That’s not how I see it at all. (80 That’s not the way I look at it. (80 Surely you don’t th in k th a t... (1C) I’m not sure about that. (1C) I th in k it’s wrong to say th a t... (5D) I disagree with the view th a t... (5D) You have to adm it th a t... (8C) TALKING ABOUT PROS The main benefit o f ... is ... (20 ... is generally a good th in g because ... (20 One positive aspect o f ... is (th a t)... (20 TALKING ABOUT CONS On the other h a n d ,... (20 As for the d isadvantages,... (20 One disadvantage of... is (that) (20 A nother drawback is (th a t)... (20 ... is not a good idea because ... (20 Functions Bank
W RITIM VfJ'l! MAGAZINE ARTICLE A Journey I Never Want to Repeat Have you ever been in a situation where you thought you m ight die? That's what happened to me while I was on holiday in Greece two years ago. We had been staying at a holiday resort on the mainland for nearly a week when we decided to visit one of the nearby islands. First, we booked the trip at our hotel, then we walked down to the harbour and found our boat.The captain welcomed us on board and we sat down near the front. At first, the weather was good and the sea was calm. However, after about fifteen minutes, the wind became much stronger.Then dark clouds filled the sky, and it was clear that a storm was about to start.Ten minutes later, it was pouring with rain and the sea was extremely rough. It was absolutely terrifying! The captain's voice came over the tannoy: 'We can't approach the island. I'm worried that we m ight hit the rocks if we go too close.' All we could do was wait for the storm to pass. Meanwhile, the boat was rocking violently from side to side and all of the passengers were feeling very ill as well as frightened. Finally, after about 45 minutes, when the storm passed and the sea became calm once more, we were able to finish our journey. Being at sea during a storm isn't an experience I want to repeat. In futu re ,1 I'll certainly check the weather forecasts before booking a boat trip! Think of a good title for the article (if one hasn’t been specified in the exam task). Start your account with an introduction that will encourage your reader to continue reading. You can address the reader directly, especially with questions. Use an informal, lively style to maintain the reader’s attention. You can use direct speech, exclamation marks and extreme adjectives. Divide your article into paragraphs. You can use sequencing expressions to order events or opinions. Finish your article with a definite conclusion, or a summary ofw hatyou have said. If appropriate give your opinion, or say how it affects your life now. Divide your essay into four paragraphs. Write an interesting introduction to your essay that will encourage your reader to continue — reading. In the second paragraph include points in favour of the statement. In the third paragraph include points against the statement. The fourth paragraph should be a conclusion balancing the arguments for and against the statement and offering your own opinion.' Use linking expressions such as As a result, On the other hand, Furthermore, On balance to guide your reader through your essay. ESSAY (FOR AND AGAINST) 'Students shouldn't have to pay to study at university.' Discuss. ► A lthough the governm ent gives money to universities, students still have to pay fo r their university education. They pay tuition fees and also need money to live on w hile they are studying. However, some people argue th a t education should be free, including university education. It is hard to deny that poorer people in our society sometimes miss the chance to study at university because they cannot afford it. As a result, they have few er opportunities w hen they apply fo r jobs, and often remain at a disadvantage throughout their lives. This is unfair. Free university education w ould ensure th a t everybody has an equal chance to study at a higher level. In addition, it w ould mean that universities could attract the most able students and not the ^wealthiest. On the other hand, free university education w ould cost the governm ent a lot o f money and they w ould have to raise this money through taxation. Some people m aintain th a t it is unfair to tax ordinary w orking people so that a m inority can study at university. Furthermore, they question how useful university education really is for the country as a w hole, and argue that vocational training w ould be more beneficial. On balance, I believe th a t the advantages o f providing free university education outw eigh the disadvantages. W hile free education costs everybody a little more in taxes, it creates a fairer system and more opportunities fo r poorer people to do well. Writing Bank
ESSAY (OPINION) ‘Large, powerful cars are a danger to everyone and should be banned.’ Do you agree? Why? Why not? Few people would deny th a t global warming is a serious problem, and th a t reducing carbon emissions is the main way to tackle i t . Large, powerful cars produce fa r more carbon emissions than cars w ith small engines, and fo r th is reason, ^ I believe they should be banned. f F irs t and foremost, large cars w ith very powerful engines are completely unnecessary in today’ s world. Our c ity streets are f u l l o f these vehicles, craw ling along at ten kilom etres per hour and creating huge amounts o f p o llu tio n . An e le c tric car would be ju s t as fa s t in a busy c ity and would produce no carbon emissions at a ll. Moreover, large cars are more dangerous fo r pedestrians and c y c lis ts because they are heavier and more lik e ly to cause serious in ju ry or death i f there is a c o llis io n . At a time when we are encouraging people to walk or cycle instead o f d riv in g , we should aim to make our stre e ts as safe as possible, and th a t includes banning unnecessarily large cars. Of course, not everybody would agree w ith th is p o sitio n . Some people maintain th a t they have a genuine need fo r a very large car. For example, fa m ilie s w ith a lo t o f children may claim th a t only large vehicles, or ‘ people c a rrie rs ’ as they are sometimes known, provide enough room. A ll things considered, I re a lly do th in k th a t large, powerful cars should be made ille g a l. While i t ’ s tru e th a t they are useful fo r some fa m ilie s , they create an unacceptable amount o f p o llu tio n and cause irre v e rs ib le damage to the environment. Divide your essay into five paragraphs. Write an interesting introduction to your essay that will encourage your reader to continue reading. Include your own opinion. In the second paragraph, include the main point in support of your opinion. In the third paragraph, include another point in support of your opinion. In the fourth paragraph, include points in support of the opposite opinion. The fifth paragraph should be a conclusion. Restate your opinion, but briefly mention the opposite side of the argument as well. Use linking expressions such as First and foremost, Moreover, For example, All things considered to guide your reader through your essay. In the first paragraph, include the name of the person, what he or she does, and the reason for your choice. The second paragraph should include a physical description. In the third paragraph, mention the person’s ■ main characteristics and give examples. The fourth paragraph should explain what makes this person special, with examples of behaviour and achievements. The final paragraph should sum up your thoughts about the person^ DESCRIPTION OF A PERSON I t i s so m e tim e s d i f f i c u l t t o t h in k o f fam o u s p e o p le who a r e g o o d r o l e m o d e ls. H ow ever, I h av e a lw a y s a d m ire d th e a c t r e s s R a c h e l W eisz b e c a u s e sh e i s n o t o n ly b e a u t i f u l b u t a l s o i n t e l l i g e n t an d p r i n c i p l e d . R a c h e l W eisz i s 170 c e n t im e t r e s t a l l an d h a s lo n g , d a rk h a i r an d brow n e y e s . A lth o u g h sh e w as b o rn in E n g la n d , h e r f a t h e r w as b o rn in H u n gary an d h e r m o th er in A u s t r i a . H er m ixed c u l t u r a l b a c k g ro u n d no d o u b t c o n t r i b u t e s t o h e r e x o t i c b e a u t y . U n d e n ia b ly , W eisz h a s a lw a y s b e en on e o f th e m ost t h o u g h t f u l an d i n t e l l i g e n t s t a r s o f th e b i g s c r e e n . F o r e x a m p le , a g e d f o u r t e e n , sh e tu r n e d down w ork a s a m odel an d a c t r e s s b e c a u s e sh e w as w o r r ie d t h a t i t w ould i n t e r f e r e w ith h e r e d u c a t io n . Sh e c o m p le te d an E n g lis h d e g r e e a t C am b rid ge U n iv e r s it y b e f o r e la u n c h in g h e r c a r e e r in film s . B e c a u se o f h e r b e a u t y , W eisz i s o f f e r e d r o l e s in a l l k in d s o f ro m a n tic b l o c k b u s t e r s , b u t sh e i s v e r y c a r e f u l a b o u t w hich p a r t s sh e a c c e p t s . One o f h e r m o st s u c c e s s f u l r o l e s w as in th e O sc a r- w in n in g 2 005 film , 'T h e C o n sta n t G a r d e n e r ', w hich i s a b o u t c o r r u p t io n in K en ya. I t i s a m ark o f h e r c a r in g a t t i t u d e t h a t , d u r in g th e film , sh e an d h e r c o - s t a r s s e t up a c h a r i t y c a l l e d th e C o n sta n t G a rd e n e r T r u s t t o h e lp p e o p le in K enya who a r e l i v i n g in o v e r t y . In my o p in io n , R a c h e l W eisz i s a g o o d r o l e m odel b e c a u s e sh e h a s n e v e r a llo w e d fam e t o g o t o h e r h e a d . A lth o u g h sh e i s v e r y s u c c e s s f u l , sh e s t i l l sp e n d s tim e h e lp in g p e o p le who a r e l e s s f o r t u n a t e th a n h e r s e l f . Writing Bank
Wr it im FJÜÏÏT DESCRIPTION OF A PLACE Of all the cities I have visited, the one I like most is Barcelona. I spent five days there in 2007 when I was on holiday with my parents and it made a big impression on me. Barcelona is a large city in the north-east of Spain, in a region called Catalonia. It is situated on the Mediterranean coast about 150 kilometres south of the Pyrenees. The city itself is quite hilly, and there are mountains to the north-west, including the famous Montserrat where there is a Benedictine abbey which can be reached by cable car. There are many beautiful places to visit within the city. There are parks and beaches, as well as a busy port which was renovated in preparation for the Olympic Games in 1992. In the heart of the city, you can find Las Ramblas, which are wide streets full of pedestrians, cafés and street performers. My favourite building in Barcelona is the huge church called the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi. Although work began on the church in 1882, it has never been completed and continues to this day. However, it is open to visitors,who can climb the incredibly tall towers and enjoy amazing views across the city. Barcelona is a great place to visit because it has so many different things to offer: beaches, parks, architecture and culture. It also has a modern and lively atmosphere which I love. In the first paragraph, include the name of the place and the reason for your choice. The second paragraph should describe the general location and landscape of the place. In the third paragraph, describe what the place has to offer: notable landmarks, facilities, etc. In the fourth paragraph, give a more detailed description of one particular aspect or part of the place. The final paragraph should sum up your thoughts about the place. FILM REVIEW Include information about the title and genre of the film, its director and the main actor or actors in the first paragraph. Outline the plot in the second paragraph. Say what you liked and did not like about it in the third paragraph. In the final paragraph, say who you would recommend the film to and why. One o f th e b e s t film s t h a t I have se e n r e c e n tly i s c a l l e d 'The Bourne U ltim a tu m ', an a c t io n m ovie d ir e c t e d by Paul G re e n g ra ss and s t a r r in g M att Damon. I t i s b a se d on a n o v el by R o b ert Ludlum and i s th e t h ir d and fin al p a r t o f a t r i l o g y ab o u t th e same c h a r a c te r , Ja s o n B ou rn e; th e f ir s t i s c a l l e d 'The Bourne I d e n t i t y ', and th e seco n d i s 'The Bourne Suprem acy'. The film t e l l s th e s t o r y o f Ja s o n B ou rn e, a tr a in e d a s s a s s i n who rem em bers n o th in g ab o u t h is p a s t l i f e o r th e o r g a n is a t io n t h a t t r a in e d him . A ll he knows i s t h a t a new g e n e r a tio n o f a s s a s s i n s i s now t r y in g to k i l l him . He n eed s to find th e p e o p le b eh in d t h i s o r g a n is a t io n and p u t a s to p to t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s , b e fo r e th ey p u t a sto p to him! The p ace o f th e film i s f r a n t i c and th e a c t io n i s non­ to p . In g e n e r a l, th e a c t in g i s e x c e lle n t and M att Damon in p a r t i c u l a r g iv e s a g r e a t p e rfo rm an ce . The o n ly flaw in th e film i s t h a t th e r e a r e a few p la c e s where th e p lo t i s n ot v e ry r e a l i s t i c . F or exam ple, a t one p o in t, Ja s o n Bourne i s in v o lv e d in a h o rr ific c a r c r a s h b u t w alk s away c o m p le te ly u n in ju re d . In my o p in io n , 'The Bourne U ltim atum ' i s th e b e s t o f th e th re e film s in th e t r i l o g y . The m inor p ro b lem s w ith th e p lo t a r e ou tw eigh ed by th e f a c t th a t th e film h as you on th e edge o f y o u r s e a t from s t a r t to fin ish . I w ould c e r t a i n l y recommend i t to anybody lo o k in g f o r a t h r i l l i n g and f a s t - p a c e d a c t io n film . Writing Bank
BOOK REVIEW One of the best books that I have read in the past year is called ‘Holes’. It’s by an American writer called Louis Sachar and is his best known novel. ‘Holes’ tells the story of a boy called Stanley Yelnats, who is wrongly convicted of a crime and sent to an institution for young offenders in the middle of the Texan desert called Camp Green Lake. There he and the other offenders spend their days digging holes in the sand as punishment. The cam p’s m otto is: ‘If you take a bad boy and make him dig a hole every day in the hot sun, it will turn him into a good boy’. The plot really comes alive when Stanley and his friend, Zero, decide to escape from the camp and set off across the desert. The main strengths of the book are its exciting plot and well- developed characterisation. None of the inmates at Camp Green Lake is a stereotype; they are all believable characters. The novel is quite complex, mixing the story of Stanley with tw o other stories set in the past. At the end of the book, these stories come together in a series of coincidences. It’s a clever ending, but perhaps a little too neat to be totally convincing. Although this entertaining and thought-provoking novel is aimed at teenagers, I would recommend it for adults too. It is certainly a book I will remember for a long time. Include information about the title of the book and the author in the first paragraph. Outline the plot in the second paragraph. Say what you liked and did not like about it in the third paragraph. In the final paragraph, say who you would recommend the book to and why. FORMAL LETTER Start Dear Sir or Madam ifyou don’t know the name of the person you are writing to. Use the person’s title (Mr, Mrs, Ms) and their surname if you do (Dear Mrs Samson). State your reason for writing in the first paragraph. Avoid contractions. Use formal expressions. Use a phrase to bring your letter to a close. End your letter with Yours faithfully if you started with Dear Sir or Madam, and Yours sincerely ifyou started with the person’s title and surname. Sign your name and print it in full afterwards. Use the abbreviation enc. ifyou are including anything with the letter such as a CV, an application form, a reference. D e a r S i r o r M adam, I am w r i t i n g t o a p p l y f o r t h e t e m p o r a r y p o s t o f Sum m er Camp A c t i v i t y C o - o r d i n a t o r , a s a d v e r t i s e d i n The T im e s l a s t S a t u r d a y . I am a s e c o n d y e a r s t u d e n t a t B r i s t o l U n i v e r s i t y a n d am c u r r e n t l y t a k i n g my e n d - o f - y e a r e x a m s. T he sum m er v a c a t i o n b e g i n s on 2 1 s t J u n e a n d e n d s on 2 3 r d S e p te m b e r , a n d I am h o p in g t o fin d a j o b f o r a s m uch o f t h a t p e r i o d a s p o s s i b l e . L a s t sum m er, I w o rk e d f o r a co m p an y c a l l e d Su n n y D a y s w h ic h o r g a n i s e s h o l i d a y s f o r c h i l d r e n w ith d i s a b i l i t i e s . My d u t i e s in c lu d e d a r r a n g i n g s p o r t s a n d o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s an d t a k i n g t h e c h i l d r e n f o r e x c u r s i o n s . I w as c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a h a r d - w o r k in g a n d r e s p o n s i b l e e m p lo y e e , a n d my m a n a g e r a t S u n n y D ay s h a s a l r e a d y o f f e r e d t o p r o v i d e a r e f e r e n c e , s h o u ld y o u r e q u i r e o n e . I am e n c l o s i n g my C u r r ic u lu m V i t a e a n d I lo o k f o r w a r d t o h e a r i n g fro m y o u i n d u e c o u r s e . Y o u rs f a i t h f u l l y , K e v in W a te r s t o n e e n c . CV Writing Bank
Unit 1 Unit 2 Present perfect simple We use the present perfect for actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past. We also use the present perfect for actions that have recently been completed. I've visited "Paris so man>| times. Dave's had a motorbike accident. He's in hospital at the moment. Present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous for actions that started in the past and are still in progress. Hermione's been going out with Frank for si* months. They're veq happ'j. Past simple We use the past simple for an action that happened at a specific time in the past and to describe a sequence of short actions in the past. M'f grandfather got married in 1^45. ! went to the shops, bought a book and then went to a cafe. The past continuous We use the past continuous to describe longer actions in the past. It is often used in conjunction with the past simple, which describes a short action that interrupts a longer one. It was raining. children were placing in the park. Tack was reading his newspaper when he heard a scream. Past perfect simple We use the past perfect simple to talk about a completed event or action that happened before another event or action at a specific time in the past. Penn') had heard all about the man in the gre>f suit before she met him at Toe's C M . Past perfect continuous We use the past perfect continuous with action verbs and for and since to say how long an action had been in progress before a specific time in the past. We also use it to show the cause of something that happened in the past. We don’t use the past perfect continuous with state verbs such as be, know, like, etc. 1i>imon had been driving for two hours when he realised someone was following him. “Dir Malcolm was exhausted. He'd been placing golf all afternoon. Grammar Reference Determiners Determiners are used before a noun and include articles (a, an and the) and quantifiers {all, any, both, each, every, few, etc.). Most quantifiers can be used with the preposition of, e.g. most of, a few of, several of. Most of the people in the room had known about the surprise guest. However, no and every cannot be used in this way. Instead, none of and every one of are used. None of the hotels were suitable for such important visitors. Verb patterns Some verbs are only followed by the -ing form (avoid, enjoy, imagine, feel, suggest, consider, etc.) and some verbs are only followed by the infinitive form [agree, decide, expect, happen, manage, want, etc.). Some of the possible verb + infinitive structures are: verb + infinitive {agree, promise, seem, expect, refuse, want, etc Mark has agreed to work with P-ichard on the new project, verb + object + infinitive with to {force, persuade, allow, inspire etc.) M'f mum allowed me to drive her car to the beach, verb + object + past participle {get and have) Febecca had her hair cut in the new hairdresser's on 6owle'( Poad. There are also some verbs that can be followed by both an -ing form and an infinitive form but with a difference in meaning (remember, try, go on, stop, etc.). I remember meeting Lord Lucan in Mozambique in if15. Did '(ou remember to lock the door this morning?
Unit 3 Unit 4 will We use will to talk about future facts and predictions. It is also used to make instant decisions about the present and to make offers and promises. I will be 2-1 in Tune. I'm 60 excited. I'll bu'f '(ou a new соat for 'jour birthday going to We use going to to talk about future plans that we have already made. It is also used to make predictions about the future based on what is happening now. Tone's going to take us to 6*reat Yarmouth on Sunday. Do 'jou want to come? Look at that man in the red shirt. I think he's going to соme over here. Present continuous The present continuous is used for future arrangements. It is often used to talk about future plans that we have made with other people. I'm meeting Micia for drinks tonight and Harq and £helsea are coming round for dinner tomorrow. Present simple The present simple is used to talk about future events that are scheduled or timetabled. The bus eaves at 2-.l‘5 p.m. and the match starts at ? p.m. Future continuous The future continuous is used to talk about an action that w ill be in progress in the future. It is also used to talk about something that we expect w ill happen, and to make polite enquiries. This time ne*t '(ear we'll be living in Hawaii. She'll probably be cooking dinner when I get home. Will ^ou be wanting ice with '(our martini, M r &ond? Talking about ability We usually use can or can’t to talk about ability in the present. Phoebe can speak three languages. We normally use will be able to to talk about ability in the future, although we can use can and can’t when we want to talk about future arrangements. The bab^ will be able to talk in a gear's time. I can meet 'jou on Friday but I can't see ^ou at the weekend. We only use could to talk about general ability in the past. We also use could with verbs of perception such as see, hear, taste, feel and smell. I could swim 100 metres when I was ten ^ears old. When we talk about past ability on one occasion we use expressions like managed to do or succeeded in doing. However, we can use could with verbs of perception to talk about one occasion in the past, and we can also use the negative form, couldn’t, to talk about ability in the past on one occasion. In i W A rthur managed to climb Mount Everest. On the peak he could see an amazing view of the Himalayas. He couldn't take an'j photos, though, because his hands were too cold. Nominal clauses Nominal clauses function as nouns in a sentence. They often begin with that. In formal sentences it is possible to begin a sentence with a nominal clause that begins with that. In informal English, it is usual to use it followed by is, seems, appears, etc. That he spoke to >fou first is unusual. It's unusual that he spoke to '(ou first. Nominal clauses can also begin with what and alt. What is used to mean ‘the thing which’ and all is used to mean ‘everything which’. What I like best about this jo b are the working hours. All we have achieved in this world we must be thankful for. Future perfect The future perfect is used to talk about a completed action or event in the future. The future perfect continuous is used to say how long an action in the future has been in progress for. 2-012- we'll have been married for 2-5 '(ears. Men will have been driving for eight hours b^ the time he arrives here. Grammar Reference
Unit 5 Unit 6 Reported speech Tenses, personal and possessive pronouns, time expressions and demonstrative adjectives are all often changed when we use reported speech. 'I'm going to meet '(ou tomorrow night,' said £hris. £hris said he- was going to meet he-r the following evening. When the reporting verb is in the present simple or the present perfect we don’t normally change the tense of the verb in the reported sentence. Neither do we change the tense if we are reporting a past perfect verb or would, could, should and had better. 'I'm the best placer in the world.' Ponaldo sa^s he's the best placer in the world. 'You could do a lot better than this,' said the teacher. The teacher said we could do a lot better than that. In reported questions we make the same tense changes as in reported statements. The word order changes in reported questions and we add if I whether when we report questions that require yes / no answers. 'Where's ^our mother?' asked the police officer. The police officer asked where rri'f mother was. 'Would 'fou like a cup of coffee?' asked the waiter. The waiter asked me if I would like a cup of coffee. Reporting verbs Apart from say and tell there are a number of verbs that can be used to introduce reported statements. These verbs are used with a variety of structures. verb + infinitive with to We offered to help. verb + object + infinitive with to I reminded him to do his homework. verb + gerund Sam suggested going for a pizza. verb + preposition + gerund He's always boasting of being a good footballer. verb + object + preposition + gerund ■She warned us against smoking. verb + that + should-dause He requested that we should pa') for it. Question forms Question words such as what, where, who, etc. are used to make subject and object questions. In object questions the question words are the objects of the question. We use auxiliary verbs between the question word and the subject of the question. Where did Maria go? ‘She went to the shop to buf some milk. In subject questions the question words are the subjects of the questions. We don’t use auxiliary verbs in these questions: Who lives in the old house? Teff Delaware lives there. He's <c>. In indirect questions we use affirmative word order and verb forms after the question words. I'd like to know where Maria went ^esterda'f. Question tags Question tags are used to turn statements into questions. We add negative tags to affirmative statements, and affirmative tags to negative statements. If the statement includes an auxiliary or modal verb, this is repeated in the tag. If there isn’t an auxiliary verb or a modal verb in the statement, we use do or did. You're Professor “Simpson's wife, aren't ^ou? g>rian doesn't like coffee, does he? Tag questions Tag questions are used to respond to a statement. Affirmative tag questions are used with affirmative statements and negative tag questions are used with negative statements. Octopuses are veq intelligent. Are the'f? “Sarah doesn't like fifing. Doesn't she? Unit 7 Advice, obligation and prohibition We often use must when the speaker wants to express their own feelings about the importance or necessity of something. When the obligation is external and comes from other people, we often prefer to use have to. I realty must phone m'j parents tonight. You have to pa<j income ta* when -fou get a job. We use should and ought to to express advice. You should see a doctor about that cough. You ought to take more exercise. Grammar Reference
We use must to express obligation or an order. Hard hats must be worn on the building site. We use mustn’t to express prohibition. Visitors mustn't feed the- animals. We use have to to express obligation. Passengers have to wear seat belts. We use need to express necessity. We need to buy some food before we go into the jungle. We use don’t have to and needn’t to express tack of necessity. Cyclists don't have to wear crash helmets in Britain. Speculating Modal verbs are used to talk about the certainty or the possibility of something happening. In the present we use must and can’t to talk about certainty. It must be Tohn. Who else would call on us at this time? It can't be Mary. ‘She's in New York all week. We use might, may and could to talk about possibility. It might be Kathmandu but it could be Lhasa. In the past we use must have and can’t have to talk about certainty. We use might have, may have and could have to talk about possibility. A bird can't have eaten the meat. It might have been a fo* or a dog. Unite Modals in the past We use should have and ought to have + past participle to say what the right thing to do was. Mary really should have told Carnaby that she was going out with Peter. We use might have and could have + past participle to complain that somebody didn’t do the right thing. You could have done the washing up before you left the house. We use needn’t have + past participle to talk about something which happened but wasn’t necessary. I needn't have brought a sleeping bag as there were plenty of blankets. We use didn’t need to + infinitive to talk about something which didn’t happen because it wasn’t necessary. I didn't need to go shopping this morning because Toanna had ordered everything online. Mixed conditionals We use the third conditional to refer to hypothetical situations in the past and the second conditional to refer hypothetical situations in the present or future. If 1had been older, I would have asked her to marry me. If he were a millionaire, he'd build a new hospital for the poor. A mixed conditional refers to both the past and the present. It combines both the third conditional and the second conditional. If we hadn't gone the wrong way, we would be at the party now. If I were American, I would have voted for a different president. Unit 9 Habitual behaviour in the present We use the present simple, often with an adverb of frequency, to talk about habits and routines in the present. However, when we want to comment on someone’s annoying habits in the present we use the present continuous with always. We can also suggest irritation by stressing will when we comment on someone’s habits. Matthew gets up every day at half past seven. He's always slamming the door when he leaves the house. He will speak when we're trying to watch TV. Habitual behaviour in the past We use used to to talk about past states and habits. We also use would to talk about past habits, but not states. We can also suggest irritation by stressing would when we comment on someone’s habits. My granddad used to ride a motorbike to work. When they were children, they would go swimming every summer. She would always keep everyone waiting. Future in the past We use was going to + infinitive without to when we talk about past things which were still in the future at that time. We also use was about to in this way. Ashley was going to leave the house when he noticed the kitchen was on fire. Belinda was about to panic when she remembered what her mother had said. Grammar Reference
Was to and was to have We use was to + infinitive without to to talk about the future in the past. We use it when we talk about something that actually happened. Grandpa Toe was to live- in that house for the rest of his life. We use was to have + past participle to talk about something we expected to happen but didn’t. I was to have started a new jo b in Cairo when I heard the terrible news. Unit 10 Passive The passive is formed with the correct form of the verb be + past participle. The passive is used when we don’t want to say, or we can’t say, who performed the action. Oh no! M'j house has been burgled! The train has been delated t>f % minutes. The passive is also used to put the main focus at the beginning of the sentence. If we want to say who carried out the action we introduce the person’s name with the preposition by. The president has been shot dead while on holiday Liverpool were beaten Horsham in the FA (m p last night. Passives with verbs such as know and believe Verbs such as know, believe, think, etc. are often used in the passive form after the subject it. it + passive (present or past) + that It is believed b^ some people that aliens ey-ist. These verbs are also frequently used in the following passive structure. subject + passive (present or past) + to do I to have done The sun was thought to go around the earth. Aliens are thought to have started the human race. Passive verbs with two objects Verbs such as give, offer, send, award, show, etc. often have two objects, a person and a thing. Either of these objects can become the subject of a passive structure. The choice depends on what you want to make the main focus of the sentence. S’obb'j Davro was awarded the Oscar for £est Supporting Actor. Grammar Reference
WORDLIST Word Phonetics Translation Unit 1 Against the odds argumentative (a) /,a:gju'mentativ/ big-headed (a) /.big'hedid/ bow (v) /bau/ broad-minded (a) /,bra:d'maindid/ cheerful (a) /'tjia fl/ clamber (v) /'klæmba(r)/ compliant (a) /kam'plaiant/ considerate (a) /kan'sidarat/ costume (n) /'kDstjuim/ courteous (a) /'k3:tias/ dependable (a) /di'pendabl/ deteriorate (v) /di'tiariareit/ determined (a) /di't3:mind/ devotion (n) /di'voujn/ drift (v) /dnft/ earnest (a) /'3:mst/ filthy (a) /'fil0i/ flag (v) /flæg/ flexible (a) /'fleksabl/ furious (a) / ‘fjuarias/ generous (a) /'d 3enaras/ grab (v) /græb/ grumpy (a) /'grAmpi/ haul (v) /ho:l/ hideous (a) /'hidias/ horrified (a) /'hDrifaid/ hot-headed (a) /(hDt'hedid/ ill-mannered (a) /.il'mænad/ inconsiderate (a) /jnkan'sidarat/ inflate (v) /in'fleit/ inhibited (a) /in'hibitid/ insecure (a) /.insi'kjoa(r)/ jovial (a) /'d 3auvial/ level-headed (a) /.leAl'hedid/ line (of a play) (n) /lain/ methodical (a) /ma'0Ddikl/ miserable (a) /'mizrabl/ modest (a) /'mDdist/ naïve (a) /nai'iiv/ narrow-minded (a) /.nærau'maindid/ obstinate (a) /'obstinat/ outgoing (a) /.aut'gauii)/ pour (v) /po:(r)/ presumably (adv) /p ri‘zu:mabli/ pretentious (a) /pri'tenjas/ prompter (n) /'prompta(r)/ relieved (a) /ri'liivd / reserved (a) /ri'z3:vd/ resigned (a) /ri'zaind/ rot (v) /fDt/ self-confident (a) /.selfkonfidant/ shake (v) /Jeik/ slump (v) /skm p/ sob (v) /sob/ sophisticated (a) /sa'fistikeitid/ spontaneous (a) /spon'teinias/ stubborn (a) /'stAban/ superficial (a) /,su:pa'fijl/ thoughtful (a) /'8a:tfl/ thoughtless (a) /'0a:tlas/ tight-fisted (a) /.tait'fistid/ tolerant (a) /'tolarant/ unassuming (a) /,Ana'sju:mir|/ unreliable (a) /.Anri'laiabl/ unsystematic (a) /.Ansista’mætik/ voracious (a) /va'reijas/ WÊÊÊKt.. Word Phonetics Get ready for your exam 1 administer (v) /ad'mmista(r)/ dispense (v) /di'spens/ epidemic (n) /.epidem ik/ harness (n) /'ha:nas/ lead (n) /li:d/ legendary (a) /'led33ndri/ subsidise (v) /'sAbsidaiz/ tend (v) /tend/ unabashed (a) /.Ana'bæjt/ Unit 2 For what it’s worth (un)furnished (a) /'f3:nijt/ amenities (n) /a'mi:natiz/ bargain (n) /'ba:gan/ barn (n) /ba:n/ basement (n) /'beismant/ block (n) /b b k / bolt (v) /bolt/ character (n) /'kaerakta(r)/ conversion (n) /k3n'v3:Jn/ credit (n) /'kredit/ dear (a) /dia(r)/ debt (n) /det/ detached (a) /di'taetjt/ enterprising (a) /'entapraizir)/ exploitation (n) /.ekspbi'teifn/ financial (a) /fai'naenjl/ fortune (n) /'fo:tju:n/ gas central heating (n) /.gaes sentral 'hiitirj/ genuine (a) /'djenjuin/ greed (n) /gri:d/ hard up (a) /,ha:d 'ap/ lease (n) /li:s/ linen (n) /'lim n/ mains (n) /meinz/ open-plan (a) /.aupan'plasn/ ostensibly (adv) /o'stensabli/ overpriced (a) /,auva'praist/ period (a) /'piariad/ precariousness (n) /pri'keariasnas/ precious (a) /'prejas/ priceless (a) /'praislas/ profit (n) /'p ro fit/ prosaically (adv) /pra'zenkli/ rent (n) /rent/ rip off (phrv) /.rip 'of/ rye (n) /raj/ slink (v) /single/ splash out (phrv) /.splaej ‘aut/ stampede (n) /st£em'pi:d/ status (n) /'steitas/ stroke (n) /strauk/ tenant (n) / ‘tenant/ warehouse (n) /'weahaus/ well-off (a) /.wel'Df/ worthless (a) /'W3:0las/ Get ready for your exam 2 benefactor (n) /'bemfækta(r)/ enamel (n) /i'næml/ staggered (a) /'stægad/ Translation W ordlist
WORDLIST Word Phonetics Unit 3 From cradle to grave adolescence (n) /,æda'lesans/ adulthood (n) /'ædAlthud/ answer back (phrv) /,a:nsa 'bæk/ bald (a) /bo:ld/ ban (v) /bæn/ bash (v) /bæj/ be born (v) /bi 'bo:n/ be brought up (v) /bi ,bro:t 'Ap/ be buried (v) /bi 'berid/ bob (n) /bob/ bossy (a) /'bDSi/ bring out (phrv) /.brirj 'aut/ brush under the carpet /,brAj Anda öa 'ka:pit/ (idiom) care home (n) /'kea haum/ childhood (n) /'tjaildhod/ combative (a) /'knmbativ/ come down to (phrv) /kAm 'daun ta/ confusing (a) /kan'fjuizii)/ conscientious (a) /.kDnJi'enJss/ cotton wool (n) /,kDtn 'wul/ crew cut (n) /'kru:kAt/ cut down (on sth) (phrv) /,kAt 'daun on/ decisive (a) /di'saisiv/ diligent (a) /'dilid3ant/ disruptive (a) /dis'rAptiv/ do sth up (phrv) /,du: 'Ap/ dump (v) /dAmp/ end up (phrv) /,end 'Ap/' engagement (n) /m'geidjmant/ frank (a) /frægk/ freckles (n) /'freklz/ gain (v) /gern/ get on with (phrv) /.get 'Dn wiö/ get sb down (phrv) /,get 'daun/ graveyard (n) /'greivja:d/ grow up (phrv) /,graü 'Ap/ growl (v) /graul/ grown-up (n) /'graünAp/ hold sth/sb up (phrv) /,haald 'Ap/ inadvertently (adv) /,in3d'v3:t3ntli/ infancy (n) /'infansi/ isolated (a) /'aissleitid/ jet off (phr v) /,d3et 'Df/ kid (n) /kid/ look down on sb (phrv) /,lük 'daon on/ marginalise (v) /'ma:d3in3laiz/ maturely (adv) /ma'tjüali/ middle age (n) /,m idl 'eid3/ moan (v) /maon/ moody (a) /'mu:di/ moustache (n) /ma'sta:J/ OAP (n) /,aü ei 'pi:/ old age (n) /,3öld 'eid3/ own up (to sth)(phrv) /,3on 'Ap/ pale-skinned (a) /.peil'skind/ pass away (phr v) /,pa:s s'wei/ past it (a) / ‘pa:st it/ pension (n) /'penfn/ plump (a) /pUmp/ ponytails (n) /'paoniteilz/ put sb down (phrv) /,put 'daun/' put sth down to (phrv) /,put ‘daun ta/ put up with sth/sb (phrv) /,pot 'Ap wiö/ quick-tempered (a) /,kwik'tempad/ reasonable (a) /'riiznabl/ rebel (v) /n'bel/ receding hairline (n) /ri,si:dii] 'heslain/ retire (v) /ri'taisfr)/ rosy-cheeked (a) /.rauzi'tjirkt/ ...................................................... round-faced (a) /.raund'feist/ .............................................. row (v) Irani .............................................. scruffy (a) /'skrAfi/ .............................................. set sth up (phrv) /.set 'Ap/ .............................................. settle down (phrv) /,setl 'daun/ .............................................. shabby (a) /'Jjebi/ ...................................................... shrewd (a) /Jru:d/ .............................................. storm out (phr v) /,sto:m 'aut/ ...................................................... stuck in a rut (idiom) /,stAk in a 'rAt/ ................................................ toddler (n) /'tDdla(r)/ .............................................. turn into (phrv) /,t3:n'ints/ .............................................. unpredictable (a) /.Anpri'diktabl/ ...................................................... well-dressed (a) /.wel'dresti witty (a) /'witi/ ...................................................... wrinkles (n) /'rirjklz/ ...................................................... youth (n) /ju:6/ Translation Word Phonetics Get ready for your exam 3 ancestry (n) /'aensestri/ chronicle (v) /'kromkl/ diagnose (v) /'daiagnauz/ painstakingly (adv) /'peinsteikiijli/ resolve (n) /ri'ZDlv/ start the ball rolling /,sta:t 6a 'bo:l,raolii)/ (idiom) stumble upon sth/sb /'stAmbl a.prni/ (phrv) swap (v) /swDp/ tap dance (n) /'taep da:ns/ track down (phrv) /.traek 'daun/ unearth (v) /An 3:0/ Unit 4 Man and beast animal rights (n) /,Eeniml 'raits/ antennae (n) /aen'teni:/ antlers (n) /'sntbz/ bark (v) /ba:k/ beak (n) /bi:k/ boar (n) /ba:(r)/ bull (n) /bul/ bunch (n) /bAntf/ buzz (v) /bAZ/ calf(n) /ka:f/ cattleC n) /'kaetl/ chatter (v) /'tfaeta(r)/ chick (n) /tjik/ claw (n) /kb:/ cockerel (n) /'kokaral/ colony (n) /'kolani/ console (n) /'konsaul/ damage (n) /'d®mid3/ dense (a) /dens/ dog collar (n) /'dog ,kob(r)/ evolve (v) /i'vdIv/ ewe (n) /ju:/ exceptionally (adv) /ik'sepjanali/ fang (n) /fer)/ feather (n) /'fe6a(r)/ fin (n) /fin/ flock (n) /flDk/ foal (n) /faol/ further education (n) /.fsiSafr) edju'keijn/ gadget (n) /'gsdsit/ gill (n) /gil/ Translation W ordlist
WORDLIST Word Phonetics Translation /hen/ /h3:d/ /h3:d/ /,haind 'leg/ /his/ /huif/ /ho:n/ /in'tjuntivli/ /'nAkl/ /laem/ /'m£eml/ /mein/ /meo(r)/ /mi'au/ /psek/ /pa:m/ /po:/ /'pig 1st/ /pail/ /pro’tekt/ /.put 'da.ua! /raem/ /n 'triiv / /ro:(r)/ /skeilz/ /sku:l/ /skraetj/ /Jel/ /smouk/ /sau/ /skwoik/ /skwiik/ /'station/ /swo:m/ /'sin03saiz/ /teil/ /'tentokl/ /'to:tJa(r)/ /trains'mit/ /tAsk/ /'wtsko(r)/ /'wisl/ /wir)/ /wiS'staend/ Get ready for your exam 4 /o'ses/ /'kAstsdi/ /,li:gl repnzen'teijn/ /'pAniJV /'sentans/ /'Jeltsfr)/ /'JMV Unit 5 In the news /s'kju:z/ /'advent/ /od'ventjo ,stoiri/ /o'ledjidli/ /'aelogori/ /s'piilig/ /asks/ /b sk/ /bsn/ /,bi 'set/ hen (n) herd (n) herd (v) hind leg (n) hiss (v) hoof (n) horn (n) intuitively (adv) knuckle (n) lamb (n) mammal (n) mane (n) mare (n) miaow (v) pack (n) palm (n) paw (n) piglet (n) pile (n) protect (v) put (an animal) down (phr v) ram (n) retrieve (v) roar (v) scales (n) school (n) scratch (v) shell (n) smoke (n) sow (n) squawk (v) squeak (v) stallion (n) swarm (n) synthesise (v) tail (n) tentacle (n) torture (n) transmit (n) tusk (n) whisker (n) whistle (v) wing (n) withstand (v) assess (v) custody (n) legal representation (n) punish (v) sentence (to death) (v) shelter (v) shuttle (v) accuse (v) advent (the advent of) (n) adventure story (n) allegedly (adv) allegory (n) appealing (a) axe (v) back (v) ban (v) be set (v) Word Phonetics bid (v) /bid/ biography (n) /bai'ografi/ blast (n) /bla:st/ blaze (n) /bleiz/ boast (v) /'boast/ boost (v) /buist/ breach (v) /bri:tj/ cash (n) /ksj/ clash (v) /klaej7 collude (v) /ko'luid/ confess (v) /kon'fes/ cop (n) /kDp/ counterpart (n) /'kauntopait/ crime story (n) /'kraim ,stoiri/ cunning (a) /'ka nI / curious (a) /'kjuorios/ dart (v) /da:t/ dedicated (a) /’dedikeitid/ exhilarating (a) /ig'zilsreitiri/ fall (v) /foil/ fantasy (n) /'fasntssi/ fast-moving (a) /,fa:st'mu:vir)/ fierce (a) /fras/ fine (n) /fain/ fluctuate (v) /'fUktJueit/ funny (a) /'fAni/ governing (a) /'gAvanirj/ gripping (a) /'gripirj/ historical story (n) /hi'stDrikl ,stoiri/ hit (v) /hit/ horror story (n) /'hors ,sto:ri/ hover (v) / ‘hDV3{r)/ humorous story (n) /'hjuimarss ,stoiri/ immensely (adv) /i'mensli/ impose (v) /im'pouz/ intricate (a) /'intrikot/ invaded (a) /in'veidid/ lash out (phr v) /.lsej 'aut/ light-hearted (a) /.lait'haitid/ loom (v) /luim / majority (n) /mo'd3Droti/ make off with (phrv) /.meik D f wiS/ manipulative (a) /m o'nipjabtiv/ mass-circulation (a) /,maes s3ikjo'leiJn/ moving (a) /'muivii]/ mystery (n) /'mistri/ novel (n) /'nDvl/ obsession (n) /ob'sejn/ play (n) /plei/ plea (n) /plii/ pledge (v) /pled3/ plot (n) /plot/ poetry (n) /'poootri/ pretend (v) /pri'tend/ privacy (n) /'privosi/ probe (n) /proob/ provoke (v) /pro'vouk/ publicity (n) /pAb'llSOti/ pursue (v) /po'sju:/ quit (v) /kw it/ relentlessly (adv) /ri'lentbsli/ riddle (n) /'ridl/ rise (v) /raiz/ romance (n) /roo'miens/ run (a story)(v) /rAn/ ruthless (a) /'rui01os/ sack (v) /saek/ satirical (a) /so'tirikl/ scary (a) /'skesri/ science-fiction story (n) /.saions'fikjn .stoiri/ Translation W ordlist 115
WORDLIST Word Phonetics serious (a) /'sisrias/ sharply (adv) /'fa:pli/ short story (n) /jD:t 'sto:ri/ soap opera (n) / 's s o p ,D prs/ solely (adv) /'saulli/ spark (v) /spa:k/ spring up (phrv) /,s p r ig 'лр / steadily (adv) /'stedili/ sting (v) /stiq/ successive (a) /sak 'sesiv/ surge (n) /S3:d3/ the public eye (in/out /6 э .р л Ь к к 'ail of ~) (idiom) thought-provoking (a) / 'б о .Ч р г э.у э и к щ / top (a) /tDp/ trace (a call) (v) /treis/ twist (in a plot) (n) /tw ist/ wed (v) /w ed/ Get ready for your exam 5 allusion (n) /э'1и:зп/ bestow (v) / b i'sta o / corruption (n) /кэ'глр|п/ embodiment (n) / im 'b D d im s n t/ endow (v) / in 'd a u / expose (v) /ik'spaoz/ fundamental (a) / .fA n d a 'm e n tl/ indomitable (a) / in 'd D m ita b l/ noble (a) /'пэиЫ/ overlook (v) /,эоуэ'1ик/ submission (n) /sab'mijn/ Unit 6 Points of view admit (v) /ad'mit/ assert (v) /s's3:t/ assume (v) /a'sjuim/ at random (idiom) /at 'randam/ audience (n) /‘aidians/ bearsth in mind (idiom) / ,b e a (r ) in 'maind/ Buddhism (n) /'bodizam/ census (n) /'sensas/ challenger (n) /'tjiriind33(r)/ Christianity (n) /.kristi'snati/ church (n) /tfaitf/ comment (v) / 'k D m en t/ connect (with) (v) /ka'nekt/ contestant (n) /kan'testant/ conventional (a) /kan'venjanl/ convince (v) /kan'vins/ convinced (a) /kan'vinst/ crew (n) /kru:/ crucial (a) /'kru:JT/ deception (n) /di'sepjn/ decline (v) /di'klain/ deduce (v) / d i'd ju :s/ deny (v) /di'nai/ discrimination (n) / ,d is k r im i'n e ijn / distressing (a) /di'stresirj/ doubt (have doubts) (n) /daot/ doubt (v) / d aot/ dull (a) /dAl/ episode (n) /'episaud/ fix (results in a show) (v) /fiks/ frame (of a TV / freim / programme) (n) Translation Word Phonetics go along with sb/sth / ,д э и a 'ln tj w id / ( p h r v ) guess (v) /ges/ guilt (n) /gilt/ gurdwara (n) / g3 :'d w a :r a / head-to-head (a) / ,h e d ta 'h e d / Hinduism (n ) 'h in d u irz o m / hoax (n ) /hauks/ identify yourself with / a i'd e n t ifa i j a : , s e lf w i6 / sb/sth (phrv) infer (v) / in 'f3 :(r)/ innocent (a) /'in asan t/ insist (v) /in'sist/ Islam (n) / 'iz la :m / isolation (n) / .a is a 'le ifn / Judaism (n) / 'd 3 u :d e n za m / lawyer (n) /'Ьуэ(г)/ memorise (v) / 'm e m a ra iz / mosque (n) /m Dsk/ non-violent (a) / ,n D n 'v a ia la n t/ on air (idiom) /,Dn 'еэ(г)/ persuade (v) / p a 's w e id / producer (n) / p ra 'd ju :s a (r)/ quiz (v) /k w iz/ ratings (n) /'reitirjz/ realise (v) /'riialaiz/ reject (v) / n 'd 3 ekt/ self-evidently (adv) / .s e lfe v id a n tli/ Sikhism (n) / 's i:k iza m / sponsor (n) / 's p o n s a (r)/ surface (v) /'s3ifis/ suspicious (a) /sa 'spifa s/ synagogue (n) / 'sin a g D g/ target (n) / 'ta :g it/ temple (n) /’te m p i/ undoubtedly (adv) / A n 'd a u tid li/ vehemently (adv) /’v iia m a n tli/ wonder (v) / 'w A n d a (r ) Translation Get ready for your exam 6 alert (v) /s'tet/ data mining (n) /'deits ,mainir)/ drawback (n) /'droibsk/ monitor (v) ,;lmDnit3(r)/ reluctant (a) /ri'Uktant/ retrieval (n) /n'triivl/ soar (v) /so:(r)/ Unit 7 Putting access (n) be to blame (idiom) beckon (v) bleaching (n) bypass (n) cactus (n) carbon dioxide (n) carbon emission (n) carbon footprint (n) charming (a) climate change (n) cloud forest (n) committed (a) consumption (n) cope (v) coral reef(n) deal with sth/sb (phrv) the world to rights /‘tekses/ /,bi: ts 'b leim / / Ъ е к э п / /'blirtJiTj/ / 'b a ip o :s / /'kEektas/ / ,к а :Ь э п d a i'D k s a id / / ,к а :Ь э п i'm ijn / / ,к а :Ь э п 'fu tp r in t/ / 'tja im irj/ / 'k la im s t ,t je in d 3 / / 'k la u d .fD n st/ / k a 'm itid / / k sn 'sA m p J n / / кэир/ / ,к о г э 1 'ri:f/ / 'd i:l w i 6 / W ordlist
WORDLIST Word Phonetics Translation Word Phonetics decompose (v) /,di:kam'pauz/ ........................................ ....... supply (n) /sa'plai/ deforestation (n) / di^fbri'steijn/ ............................................... swathe (n) /sweiô/ destructive (a) /di'strAktiv/ ............................................... thermostat (n) / ’93:mastæt/ developing country (n) /di'velapm .kAntri/ ........................................ ....... threat (n) /0ret/ dairy-free (a) /.desri'fri:/ ........................................ ....... thrive on (phrv) /'Graiv Dn/ digger (n) /'diga(r)/ ........................................ ....... trap (v) /træp/ dire (a) /'daia(r)/ ........................................ ....... trigger (v) /'triga(r)/ disgust (n) /dis'gASt/ ........................................ ....... tumble dryer (n) /.tAmbl 'draia(r)/ drought (n) /draot/ ............................................... turbine (n) /'t3:bain/ economic growth (n) /,i:ka,nDmik 'grau0/ ............................................... urgent (a) /'3:d3ant/ endangered species (n) //m,demd33d 'spi:Ji:z/ ........................................ ....... vegan (n) (a) /'viigan/ energy-saving (a) /'enadji.seiviij/ ........................................ ....... vegetarian (n) (a) /,ved3a'tearian/ extinct (a) /ik'stnjkt/ ........................................ ....... vulnerable (a) /'vAlnarabl/ fauna (n) /’fo:na/ ................................................. waste (v) /weist/ fertiliser (n) /'f3:talaiza(r)/ ................................................. whole-grain (a) /'haulgrein/ flora (n) /'flairs/ ........................................ fossil fuel (n) /'fDsl ,fju:al/ ........................................ Translation global warming (n) greedy (a) greenhouse effect (n) greenhouse gases (n) halal (a) heat wave (n) heavy goods vehicle (n) high-fibre (a) hybrid (a) ice cap (n) impressed (a) /.gbubl ’waimir)/ /'griidi/ /'grimhaus i.fekt/ /,gri:nhaos 'gæsiz/ /'hælæl/ /'hiuwerv/ /.hevi 'godz ,vi:akl/ /,hai'faiba(r)/ /'haibrid/ /'aïs kæp/ /im'prest/ industrialised country (n) /in'dAstrialaizd ,kAntri/ interest group (n) /'intrest ,gru:p/ ivy (n) /'aivi/ kiss goodbye to sth /,kis gud'bai ta/ (idiom) kosher (a) /'kauja(r)/ landfill site (n) /'lændfil ,sait/ low-calorie (a) /.bu'kæ bri/ low-carb (a) /,bu'ka:b/ low-sodium (a) /.lau'saudbm/ lumber (v) /'lAmba(r)/ melt (v) /melt/ methane (n) /'mi:0ein/ monument (n) /'mDnjamant/ natural habitat (n) /.nætral hæbitæt/ nuclear power (n) /,nju:klia 'paua(r)/ oak (n) /auk/ on standby (a) /dn 'stændbai/ orchid (n) /'o:kid/ organic (a) /o:'gænik/ packaging (n) /'pækad3irj/ palm (n) /pa:m/ pine (n) /pam/ polyp (n) /'pDlip/ poppy (n) /'popi/ primeval forest (n) /prai,mi:vl ‘forist/ public outcry (n) /.pAblik 'aotkrai/ pump sth out (phrv) /,pAmp 'aut/ recyclable (a) /,ri:’saikbbl/ redistribution (n) /,ri:distri'bju:Jn/ renewable energy (n) /ri,nju:abl 'enad3i/ rev up (phrv) /,rev 'Ap/ rose (n) /rauz/ run-off (n) /'rAnof/ sea level (n) /'si: levl/ secure (v) /si'kjua(r)/ sell-by date (n) /'selbai ,deit/ solar panel (n) /,saub 'pænl/ solar power (n) /.saola 'paua<r)/ specialise (v) /'spefalaiz/ struggle (n) /'strAgi/ sunflower (n) /'sAnflaua(r)/ Get ready for your exam 7 barbarian (n) /bai'bearian/ civilised (a) /'sivalaizd/ contradict (v) /.kDntra'dikt/ cultivated (a) /'kAltiveitid/ dominate (v) /'dDmineit/ elaborate (a) /r'iæbarat/ exhaustive (a) /ig 'zaistiv/ intervention (n) /.inta'venjn/ invariably (adv) /m'veariabli/ lengthy (a) /'legBi/ notion (n) /'naujn/ obesity (n) /ao'biisati/ regulated (a) /'regjaleitid/ toxin (n) /'tDksin/ trace (n) /treis/ wild (a) /waild/ wreck (v) /rek/ Unit 8 Caught in the net address bar (n) /a'dres ,ba:(r)/ application (n) /.æ pli'keijn/ back button (n) /'bæk ,bAtn/ bid (n) /bid/ broadband (n) /'braidbænd/ call sth off (phrv) /,ka:l 'Df/ carry on (phrv) /.kæri 'on/ command (n) /ka'ma:nd/ compulsion (n) /kam'pAlJn/ conflict (v) /kan'flikt/ conflict (n) /'kD nflikt/ decrease (v) /di'kriis/ decrease (n) /'di:kri:s/ desktop (n) /'desktop/ document (n) /'dDkjamant/ drag (v) /dræg/ entrepreneur (n) /,Dntrapra'n3 (r)/ envy (v) /'envi/ export (v) /ik'spait/ export (n) /'ekspait/ faulty (a) /'fa:lti/ gender (n) /'d 3enda(r)/ generation (n) /,d3ena'reijn/ hack (v) /hæk/ hard drive (n) /'ha:d .draiv/ have sb on (phrv) /,hæv 'on/ icon (n) /'aikon/ inundate (v) /'inandeit/ legacy (n) /'legasi/ log off (phr v) /,lDg 'Df/ W ordlist f 117
WORDLIST Word log on (phrv) menu (n) milestone (n) minimise (v) non-profit (a) opt out of sth (phrv) outcry (n) parental lock (n) pass sth on (phrv) permit (v) permit (n) petition (n) produce (v) produce (n) profile (n) protest (v) protest (n) put sb off (phrv) record (v) record (n) reference (n) refund (v) refund (n) reputation (n) save (v) scroll (n) sector (n) set off (phrv) show off (phrv) skill (n) software (n) suspect (v) suspect (n) swiftly (adv) take sth on (phrv) three-dimensional (a) thumbnail (n) trace (v) transport (v) transport (n) virtual (a) virus (n) web browser (n) wireless network (n) Phonetics /.log 'Dn/ /'menju:/ /'mailstaun/ /'mimmaiz/ /.non'profit/ /.Dpt 'aut/ /‘aotkrai/ /pa.rentl 'lDk/ /,pa:s 'Dn/ /pa'mit/ /‘p3:mit/ /pa'tijn/ /pra'dju:s/ /'prDdjuis/ /'praufail/ /pra'test/ /'prautest/ /.put 'Df/ /ri'koid/ /'reka:d/ /'refrans/ /ri'fAnd/ /‘ ri:fA n d / /.repju'teijn/ /seiv/ /skraol/ /'sekta(r)/ /.set ‘Df/ /Jau 'Df/ /skil/ /'sDftWea(r)/ /sa'spekt/ /'sAspekt/ /'swiftli/ /.teik 'Dn/ /.Oriidai'menjanl/ /'0Amneil/ /treis/ /tnen'spa:t/ /'trasnspoit/ /'v3:tfual/ /'vairas/ /'web .braoza(r)/ /'waialas ,netw3:k/ Translation Get ready for your exam 8 acquaintance (n) /a'kweintans/ bare your soul (to sb) /.bea jo: 'saul/ (idiom) gossip (v) /'gDsip/ innermost (a) /'inamaost/ Internet service /.intanet 's3:vis provider (n) pra.vaida(r)/ repercussion (n) /.riipa'kAjn/ Unit 9 A step on the ladder academic (a) arduous (a) background (n) barrister (n) bricklayer (n) call off (phrv) chant (v) come along (phrv) compulsory (a) /.ffika'demik/ /'a:djuas/ /'bffikgraund/ /'bsristafr)/ /'brikleia(r)/ /,ko:l 'Df/ /tja m t/ /.kAm a'lDij/ /kam'pAlsari/ Word Phonetics construction (n) /kan'strAkfn/1 core (a) /ko:(r)/ crush (v) /krAjV dedicated to (a) /'dedikeitid ,ta/ degree (n) /di'gri:/ dilemma (n) /di'lema/ director of studies (n) /da.rekta(r) av 'stAdiz/ end your days (idiom) /.end jo: 'deiz/ fade away (phrv) /.feid a'wet/ flexible (a) /'fleksabl/ further education (n) /,f3:5a(r) edju'keijn/ gaze (v) /geiz/ graduate (n) /'gr£ed3uat/ higher education (n) /.haia(r) edju'keijn/ influx (n) /'mfUks/ joiner (n) /'d3oina(r)/ lecturer(n) /'lektfara(r)/ massive (a) /'msesiv/ maternity leave (n) /ma't3:nati ,li:v/ melting pot (n) /’meltir) ,pDt/ minimum wage (n) /.minrmam 'weidy motivate (v) /'mautiveit/ nine to five (idiom) /.nain ta 'farv/ notice (n) /'nautis/ nurse (n) /n3:s/ overtime (n) /'auvataim/ pass sb by (phrv) /,pa:s 'bai/ poverty (n) /'povati/ predominantly (adv) /pn'dDminantli/ promote (v) /pra'maut/ reception class (n) /ri'sepjn ,kla:s/ redundant (a) /ri'dAndant/ repeat (a year in school) (v) /ri'pi:t/ reputation (n) /.repju'teijn/ resent (v) /ri'zent/ resign (v) /ri'zain/ retail (a) /'riiteil/ (get) the sack (n) /'get 6a 'sjek/ sales assistant (n) /'seilz a.sistant/ scholar (n) /'skDla(r)/ shatter (v) /'Jsta(r)/ shift work (n) /'Jiftw3:k/ software developer (n) /'sDftwea di.velapa(r)/ solicitor (n) /sa'lisita(r)/ store manager (n) /'sta: .masnidjafr)/ surgeon (n) /'S3:d3an/ undergraduate (n) /.Anda'grad3uat/ unemployed (a) /.Amm'pbid/ vocational (a) /va'keijanl/ web designer (n) /'web di.zaina(r)/ well-presented (a) /.wel pri'zentid/ Get ready for your exam 9 angst-ridden (a) /'sgst.ridn/ destitute (a) /'destitju:t/ diplomatic (a) /.dipla'm stik/ disguise (v) /dis'gaiz/ euphemism (n) /'ju:famizam/ grubby (a) /'grAbi/ indicator (n) /'mdikeita(r)/ irrelevance (n) /i'retovans/ menial (a) /'mi:nial/ posh (a) /poJ7 privileged (a) /'privalid3d/ reliance (n) /riiaians/ Translation 118 W ordlist
WORDLIST Word Phonetics Unit 10 Out of this world altitude (n) /'aeltitjuid/ asteroid (n) /'ffistaroid/ astronaut (n) /'asstranoit/ astronomer (n) /a'strDnamalr)/ atmosphere (n) /'ffitmasfrafr)/ banter (v) /'bsent3(r)/ booster (n) /'bu:st3(r)/ capsule (n) /'kaepsju:l/ capture (v) / ’ksptja tr)/ check over (phrv) /.tjek '3üva(r)/ comet (n) /'kDmit/ confession (n) /ksn'fejn/ constellation (n) /.kDnstsieiJn/ contract (v) /ksn'trcekt/ controversial (a) /,kDntr3'v3:Jl/ cope (v) /ksup/ cosmos (n) /'kDzmos/ crash-land (v) /.kraej'laend/ crater (n) /'kreita(r)/ creep up (phrv) /,kri:p 'Ap/ crew (n) /kru:/ disappear (v) /,dis3'pi3(r)/ dress rehearsal (n) /.dres n'h3:sl/ flee (v) /flii/ flying saucer (n) /.flainj ’sD:s3(r)/ galaxy (n) /'gaebksi/ get at (phrv) /'get sll get away (phrv) /.get s'wei/ get back (phrv) /,get 'baEk/ get behind (phrv) /.get bi'hamd/ get by (phrv) /,get 'bai/ go through (phrv) /,g3ö ‘6ru:/ gravity (n) /'gravsti/ hatch (n) /h s tj/ head out (phrv) /,hed 'aot/ heresy (n) /'herssi/ ignite (v) /ig'nait/ instinctively (adv) /m 'stigktivli/ intact (a) /in 'ts k t/ keep out (phrv) /,ki:p 'aut/ launch (v) /b :n tf/ lever (n) /'li:v3(r)/ man-made (a) /.maen'meid/ manoeuvre (n) /m3'nu:v3(r)/ manuscript (n) /'msenjuskript/ meteor (n) /'m i:tio:(r)/ mission control (n) /,m ijn kan'trsül/ mission (n) /'m ifn / orbit (v) & (n) /'xbit/ planet (n) /'plsenit/ put on (phrv) /,püt 'Dn/ ray gun (n) /'rei ,gAn/ re-enter (v) /,ri:'ent3(r)/ risky (a) /'riski/ rotate (v) /rso'teit/ ruins (n) /'runnz/ satellite (n) /'sstslait/ scepticism (n) /‘skeptisizsm/ simulator (n) /'simjaleitatr)/ slow down (phrv) /,sl3ü 'daun/ solar system (n) /'saub ,sist3m/ space shuttle (n) /'speis jA tl/ space station (n) /'speis ,steijn/ spacecraft (n) /'speiskra:ft/ start up (phr v) /,sta:t 'Ap/ supernova (n) /,su:p3'n3ovs/ take in (phrv) /,teik 'in/ the naked eye (idiom) /03 .neikid 'ai/ Translation tombstone (n) touch down (v) vanish (v) velocity gauge (n) vibration (n) Word /'tuimstsan/ /,tA t| 'daon/ /‘væmj/ /vs'lossti .geidÿ /vai'breijn/ Phonetics Get ready for your exam 10 engage in (phrv) hibernate (v) realism (n) regain (v) spacecraft (n) /m'geidj in/ /'haibsneit/ ./'riolizm. /ri'gein/ /‘speiskra:ft/ Translation W ordlist

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Solution

  • 2. ^ Against the odds 2 For what it’s wor Talking Past and P3 about people perfect tenses Value and p n price Determiners Worst Britons Survival at sea Buying abroad Down and out О Exam i p l9 »Reading • Use of English • Listening • Writing • Speaking ^ From cradle to gra Stages of life P21 Animals p29 Talking about the future Talking about ability Young and old Fox hunting EXAM 2 p37 »Reading • Use of English • Listening • Writing • Speaking Headlines Reported speech: Newspapers p39 statements and questions Opinion and p47 belief Question forms Religion Exam 3 p55 »Reading • Use of English • Listening • Writing • Speaking Global wanning Advice, obligation and prohibition ^ Caught in the The Internet Modals in the past Our vanishing planet Social networking sites Exam 4 p73 »Reading » Use of English • Listening »Writing • Speaking Teenagers in Britain Half human, half beast Photo­ journalism TV scandals Waste not, want not Another world Past perfect simple and continuous Verb patterns Future continuous and future perfect Nominal clauses Talking about photos Discussing pros and cons Presenting arguments Topic presentation Reporting verbs Talking about statistics Question tags Speculating: present, past and future Mixed conditionals Expressing opinions Role-play Discussion Exam 5 p91 »Reading • Use of English • Listening • Writing »Speaking Magazine article Essay: for and against Description of a person Descriptive essay Review Essay: opinion Essay:for and against Biography p75 Working life Habitual behaviour (present and past) In search of a better life Making a name for yourself Future in the past Job interview Letter of application p83 Space Passive Science fiction Space tourism Passive: advanced structures Presentation Narrative Exam C h a lle n g e s 1-2 p93 Reviews 1-10 p97 F u n c tio n s B ank p i02 W r itin g B ank pi04 G ra m m a r Reference p ios W o r d lis t p ii3 f Wherever you see this symbol, you will find interactive practice *• in the corresponding section of the MultiROM. IN YOUR CD PLAYER Track 1 IF Speaking: Talking about photos, page 9 10 5F Speaking: Talking about statistics, page 45 2 IF Speaking: Talking about photos, page 9 11 6 FSpeaking: Expressing opinions, page 53 3 2F Speaking: Discussing pros and cons, page 17 12 Get ready for your exam 3, page 56 4 Get ready for your exam 1, page 20 13 7F Speaking: Role-play, page 63 5 3F Speaking: Presenting arguments, page 27 14 8 FSpeaking: Discussion, page 71 6 3F Speaking: Presenting arguments, page 27 15 Get ready for your exam 4, page 74 7 4FSpeaking: Topic presentation, page 35 16 9F Speaking: Job interview, page 81 8 Get ready for your exam 2, page 38 17 10FSpeaking: Presentation, page 89 9 5F Speaking: Talking about statistics, page 45 18 Get ready for your exam 5, page 92
  • 3. I coin dtscnbt somcûncs personality. 1 Writethe opposites ofthese personalityadjectives. 1 d a b I s t i c a t e d d e d n s i d e r a t e c h e e r f u I 2 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. considerate naive 1 My neighbours are so noisy at night. I wish they’d be more 2 I can say anything I like in front o f my grandmother. She’s very__________________ for her age. 3 It was very_________________ of you to leave your bike unlocked and think nobody would steal it. 4 His exam results are always fantastic, but he’s too __________________to talk about them. 5 My sister is so .............. - she’squitehappy to sing in front of a room full of people. 6 Luke is so__________________- he’s always in a bad mood. i I I m a n n e e d 3 Choose the correct wordtocomplete the sentences. 1 The children had been as good asABC/goldallmorning. 2 Finally,after 10 years in prison, Rodney found himself as free as a bird / bee. 3 Stories about strange creatureswho live deep m the forest are as old as silk / the hills. 4 You have to be as quietas aneel /a mouse, oryou’ll wake my parents up. 5 Our dog looks quitefierce,but infact, he’s as gentle as a lamb / mule. 6 You should eat more. You’reas thin as a rake /feather! 7 lulie has been as busy as a bee /bird getting everything ready forthe conference. 8 Don’tletBen trickyou into doing allhiswork - he's as styas an eel /a fox! Complete these sentences with yourown ideas sothat they showthe meaning ofthe adjectives. Grace is so argum entative. Last night, for ewmpit. she started an argument with a complete stranger in a cafI. 1 Martin isvery considerate. He often_________________ 2 Iwish you weren’tso narrow-minded. You never 3 My m u m isa verygenerous person. She always 4 Ruth isso unreliable. She never Unit 1• Against the odds
  • 4. Complete the sentences with the past simple or present perfect simple. _ (eat) a bowl of1 You can’t be hungry. You _ pasta ten minutes ago! 2 Lauren is probably the most intelligent person I ______________ (meet). 3 W e______________ (catch) four fish already, and we’ve only been here an hour! 4 When he was a child, his family 5 Don’t put the laptop away - I _ using it yet. 6 I ______________ (know) her for years, and I think she’s very level-headed. 7 Gail picked up her coat and the restaurant. 8 How many tim es___________ (live) in India, (not finish) (walk) out of (you / phone) your boyfriend so far today? Choose the best tense, simple or continuous, to complete the e-mails. □ = :0 i Reply ReplyAll dp Forward -- Dear I ’ m you to s gett Chi The and i nto seei Lov e, Li sa Kyle sorry I haven't !written / been writing to for so long. I ’ve 2meant / been meaning end you an e-mail ever since I 3got / was ing back to Peru from my trip around e and Argentina with my boyfriend, Gino. trip was great, but unfortunately Gino I 4f e 1 1 / w a s falling out. I w o n ’t go details. Anyway, w e ’ve only 5seen / been ng each other once since then. *jReply ^ReplyAII _!?Forvard Dear Kyle OK, if you insist! One day about halfway through the trip, we 6w a i t e d / w e r e waiting for a train at the station when I noticed that a man ' l o o k e d / w a s looking at me, as if he 8t r i e d / w a s trying to remember something. After a while, he 9came / was coming up to me and asked if my name was Lisa. To cut a long story short, it turns out that we both 10 grew / were growing up in the same village in Wales! While we “ chatted / were chatting, Gino suddenly “ w a l k e d / w a s walking off! He “ d i d n ’t admit / w a s n ’t admitting it, but he was jealous! Can you believe it? Lo ve , Li sa m I can. correctly use a variety of past avA perfect tenses. Complete each sentence with the past simple and past continuous. 1 lt_ (get) dark by the time we (arrive) at the holiday chalet. As I ______________ (prepare) lunch, I my hand. They_______ they_______ You________ We ^ (cut) (discover) some ancient ruins when _ (build) the new supermarket. (start) talking while I _____________ (talk)! _ Qust / leave) when the policeman (knock) on the door. __________(find) Lewis, he 4 6 When th e y_________ (live) in New York under a false name. Complete the dialogue with an appropriate past tense of the verbs in brackets. Kyle I saw Lisa last week. She 1______________ (just /arrived) back from a year in Latin America. Alyssa Really? W hat2______________ (she / do) there? Kyle Well, sh e 3______________ (work) as an English teacher forthree months in Peru. Then she 4______________ (travel) around Chile and Argentina. Alyssa And 5______________(she / change) as a result of the experience? She was quite naive before she 6_________ (go), in my opinion. She looks different. She 7______________(not have)Kyle Alyssa Kyle her hair cut since before she left! 8______________(she / meet) anybody while she 9______________(travel)? A boyfriend, I mean. Yes. While she10______________ (work) at the school in Peru, she 1 (start) going out with one of the otheryoung teachers. He 12___________ (live) in Lima for a year before she arrived, so he showed her around. Alyssa And is she still in touch with him? Kyle No, she isn’t. Something weird 13______________ (happen) in Argentina. She 14______________ (not want) to tell me about it, but 115_ Alyssa What? Tell me! (insist)! Continue the dialogue. Write another four lines, two for each speaker. Use exercise 2 to give you ideas. Kyle ________________________________________________ Alyssa ____ Kyle ________________________________ A ly s s a ________________________ Unit 1 »Against the odds
  • 5. »► Worst Britons I m u express my opinions on well-known. people. Revision: Student’s Book page 7/ 1 1 Complete the summary with the words in the box. celebrities commentators figures poll Prime Minister public votes In 2002, the BBC conducted a 1 ......_ to discover which famous Britons were considered to be the greatest of all time by the general2_______________ In first place on the list was Winston Churchill, who was Britain’s 3______________during the Second World War (1939- 45). Churchill received around half of all the 4_______________Some social5_____________ were surprised that none of the top ten was alive. This showed that, while many people are interested in 6__________ ,they do not regard them as equal to great7______________ from history. ' Read the text about the 100 Worst Britons. Which of the following are definitely on the list? doctors EH film stars CD high court judges EH lawyers EH members of the royal family EH politicians EH reality TV contestants EH singers EH TV presenters EH Are these sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 People who were in prison could not vote in the Channel 4 100 Worst Britons poll_____ 2 jade Goody won the reality TV show Big Brother_____ 3 Seven former Pop Idol contestants are in the list_____ 4 The list suggests that TV presenters are not popular with the British public_____ 5 The text suggests Queen Elizabeth II is unpopular because of her role, not her personality_____ 6 The text suggests Richard Branson is unpopular because people are jealous of his success_____ Ch allen g e! Choose two famous, living people from your country that you would put in a list of 100 Worst Celebrities. Explain why you have chosen them. 1stperson: (nam e)_________________________________________ reason____________________________________________________ 25tperson: (nam e)_________________________________________ reason ____________________ ____ _______________ In 2003, a year after the BBC’s poll to discover the 100 greatest Britons, Channel 4 allowed viewers to vote for the 100 worst Britons. Unlike the BBC, Channel 4 did not allow votes for people who were not alive at the time of the poll. They also excluded people who were in prison or awaiting trial. Many of the people in the list of 200 Greatest Britons are there because of significant achievements in the world of science, music, literature and exploration. Many of those in the 100 Worst Britons list are there precisely because, in the opinion of the voters, they haven’t achieved anything worthwhile but are nonetheless in the public eye. Number 4 in the list, Jade Goody, became famous for appearing in the reality TV show, Big Brother. And although the Reality TV show, Pop Idol has been a huge hit in the UK, it provides the list with no fewer than seven people, including judges, presenters and former contestants. And judging by the list, the British public has a particular dislike forTV presenters and politicians. Most interesting are the people who appear in both the 100 Greatest list and the 100 Worst list. These are controversial figures who have large numbers of supporters but who are also detested by large numbers of people. Two former Prime Ministers fall into this category: Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher. Two singers also appear on both lists: Cliff Richard, who first became a pop star in the 1950s and is still performing, and Robbie Williams, who has millions of fans worldwide but whose personality many people find arrogant. The reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, appears as number 10 on the list of greatest Britons and number 24 on the list of worst Britons. This might be a reflection of the public’s attitude to the monarchy as an institution, rather than the personality of the Queen herself. Entrepreneur and adventurer, Richard Branson is on both lists, too. Many people admire his energy and achievements, building successful companies in the fields of air travel, music, publishing, mobile phones and even space tourism. However, many people also dislike his public image and his frequent publicity stunts. In fact, looking at the list as a whole, being in the public eye too much seems to be the main cause of disapproval. Although he is a hero for many young footballers, number 91 on the list of 100 Worst Britons is David Beckham - and his wife, Victoria, is number 13. — ........................................................................................................ .I------—— —— ---- Unit 1»Against the odds
  • 6. I C<AVl U.VAùrSto[VA <avA react to 0 survival story Revision: Student’s Book page 8 -9 1 Complete the table of related nouns and adjectives. noun adjective horror i 2 relieved obstinacy 3 4 determined resignation 5 6 miserable 2 Rewrite the sentences using verbs in the box. clamber deteriorate drift grab pour rot sob 1 Water was flowing into the boat very quickly. 2 With difficulty, we climbed onto the rocks. 3 The wooden floor was so old and damp that it had fallen apart. 4 The little boy was crying noisily and pointing to his sister’s ice cream. 5 A thief suddenly took hold of my bag and ran off. 6 He dropped a leaf into the water and watched it move slowly under the bridge. 7 As she got older, her health got worse. 3 Read the text, Trouble at Sea, quickly. In what way could you describe Violet Jessop as both very unlucky and very lucky? She was unlucky because _________________ She was lucky because Choose from sentences A-G the sentence which fits each gap (1-6). There is one sentence that you do not need. A Initially, she worked with the Royal Mail Line like her mother, but later moved to a company called White Star. B Violet wrote that she was lying in bed but not quite asleep when the collision occurred. C That is why she decided not to accept another job on a large passenger ship. D But even at this early age, Violet was a survivor and recovered fully from her illness. E She was sucked under the boat and hit her head on the keel, but she survived. F Both ships were badly damaged, but managed to struggle back to port. G It was so badly damaged that it sank, with the loss of 30 members of the crew. Find these words and phrases in the text. There is one in each paragraph. Paragraph 1: a phrase meaning ‘personally’ (3 words) Paragraph 2: a serious disease________ Paragraph 3: a female member of a ship’s crew Paragraph 4: a word that means ‘very good’ ___ Paragraph 5: a phrase meaning a new ship’s first voyage (2 w ords)________________________ Paragraph 6: a bomb that is hidden in the s e a _____ Paragraph 7: the period of life when you have finished w orking________ Ch allen g e! Imagine that you were one of the survivors of the Titanic who escaped in a lifeboat. Write a short text saying what you saw and how you felt. Unit 1 "Against the odds
  • 7. Most people never experience at first hand the fear and excitement of a disaster at sea. Violet Jessop experienced it three times! She did not go looking for danger, but reading the story of her life, it sometimes seems that danger came looking for her. Violet was born in A rgentina, the first of six children born to Irish em igrants, W illiam and K atherine Jessop. H er father was a sheep farmer. As a child, Violet became very ill with tuberculosis, and her doctor told her parents that she would die w ithin w eeks.1________ T he death of her father led the family to return to Britain, w here her m other needed to w ork to provide an income. She found a job as a stew ardess for the Royal M ail Line, a shipping company, while Violet and her brothers and sisters w ent to live at a convent school. W hen her m other had to stop w ork because of poor health, Violet gave up school to became a stew ardess herself.2________ Violet didn’t w ant to work for W hite Star because their ships sailed across the N orth A tlantic and often encountered bad weather. Nevertheless, Violet became a stew ardess for the W hite Star Line w orking 17 hours a day for less than £ 3 a m onth. She was serving on board the Olympic when it collided with HM S Hawke in 1911. 3_________ Violet was quite happy w orking on the Olympic and didn’t really w ant to join the Titanic, another ship owned by the same company. However, her friends persuaded her that w orking on the largest passenger ship in the w orld would be a wonderful experience. V iolet Jessop’s own account of the T itanic’s m aiden voyage talks about a translated H ebrew prayer that an old Irish w om an had given her. T he prayer w'as supposed to protect her against fire and water. Violet, w ho was a devout Catholic, read the prayer as she relaxed in her cabin only hours before the T itanic sank. 4_____ Immediately, she was ordered to go on deck. As w ater poured into the ship and it began to sink, she helped a group of women into a lifeboat, and after eight hours in the boat, V iolet and the others w ere rescued by another ship. A bout 1500 other passengers w ere not so lucky: they died in the tragedy. W hen the G reat W ar broke out in 1914, Violet served as a nurse with the British Red Cross on board a ship called the Britannic. As a medical ship, the B ritannic was safe from enem y attack because of an international agreem ent. However, tow ards the end of 1916, the ship collided with a m ine in the Aegean S ea.5_________ A t the tim e of the collision, Violet herself was on deck and was throw n over the side of the ship into the sea by the force of the explosion. 6_________ She was picked up out of the w ater and taken to safety. Years later, a doctor told her that she had actually fractured her skull in the accident. D espite these three separate incidents, Violet Jessop continued to w ork at sea for another 34 years. She retired in 1950 and enjoyed m any years of retirem ent before her death in 1971 at the age of 84. Unit 1«Against the odds
  • 8. mm GRAMMAR Past perfect simple and continuous 1 Look at the time line. Then complete the text using the past perfect continuous with for or since. 1990 Boy band Take That (Robbie Williams, Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, Mark Owen and Jason Orange) start performing together 1992 Take That start having hits 1996 Take That split up 1998 Gary Barlow starts writing songs for other performers 2000 Howard Donald becomes a DJ in Germany 2001 Jason Orange becomes a psychology student 2004 Mark Owen starts running his own record label 2006 Take That reunite without Robbie Williams for a hugely successful world tour By the time Take That started having hits, they (perform / for) had been performing together for two fears. When they split up in 1996, they (have hits / since) 1__________________ ______________________ They got back together in 2006. Gary Barlow (write songs / since) 2______________________________ _. Howard Donald (work as a DJ / for) Jason Orange (study psychology / for) ' . and Mark Owen (run 2 Yesterday, Ava began an expedition to climb Mount Everest. Had she completed her preparation schedule? Write sentences in the past perfect simple, affirmative or negative. gain U kilos in weight ✓ complete a physical training regime ✓ stu<tf basic Nepalese X obtain long-term weather forecasts ✓ plan a route to the summit ✓ get to know the other climbers in the group X spend a week at high altitude ✓ She had gained k kilos in weight. Study the verbs below. Tick the verbs which are not usually used in continuous tenses (state verbs). belong □ enjoy LJ know imagine Z j spend I I think understand LJ wait □ Complete the sentences with the past perfect simple or continuous of the verbs from exercise 3. 1 NothingTara did surprised him, because he ______________ her well since childhood. 2 She was glad when the bus arrived, as sh e______________ more than half an hour in the cold. We were sad when the concert ended, because we ______________it so much. I was amazed when Fran phoned, because I ______________about her just a minute earlier. record label / since)! 5 When he finished speaking, I realised that I ____________ only a fraction of what he’d said. 6 The bracelet was particularly precious to her because it ______________ to her grandmother. 7 I was a little disappointed when I saw the hotel room because I ______________ something bigger. 8 Her parents decided that she______________ too much time with her boyfriend. Unit 1»Against the odds
  • 9. SPEAKING Talking about photos I can. talk, about a jivtvi topic illustrated by photos. 1 © 0 1 Complete the extract from the Speaking exam. Then listen and check. as though connected hard imagine judging say show like would guess ‘The photos are _________with the topic of school. Both photos 2_____________- students in class. In the first photo 13 __________ that they’re about 13 years old. It looks 4______________ a science lesson, and 5____________ by the students’ expressions, I’d 6______________ that they are enjoying their lesson. They look interested and it looks 7______________they are working hard. Most of them are looking at the experiment and working together. They are all wearing uniform - it’s quite an old-fashioned-looking uniform, so I 8______________ that it’s a private school, but it could be a state school. It’s 9_____________ - to say.’ 2 © 0 2 Order the words to make sentences about the second photo. Then listen to the speaker and check your answers. 1 they I are years 17 reckon old about 2 mixed of girls it’s and class a boys 3 to tell what it’s of difficult lesson in they’re kind i m - Ch allen g e! Can you explain what these quotations about education mean? Use your own words. 1 ‘The roots of education are bitter, but the fruits are sweet.’ Aristotle 2 ‘Education is what remains when you have forgotten everything you learned in school.’ Einstein V .. ■■■■ZZZ/ Unit 1»Against the odds 4 it they’re be lesson in that maths could a 5 as is one if looks them it asleep of 6 clear front the in that the interested it’s girl desk isn’t 3 Write about these photos, comparing and contrasting them. Use phrases from exercises 1 and 2.
  • 10. I t<AWH/ritt <AVWA^tAlinc (Artldt giving <AK (Account o f (An, tvtvtt. Preparation 1 Read the jumbled parts of an article. Match the paragraphs (A-D) with the paragraph plan below. A I’d been staying with my aunt and uncle at their house near the sea. The weather had been fantastic, and I’d been going to the beach every day for a swim. There was a large, flat rock about five hundred metres out to sea, and I enjoyed swimming out to it. I’d even started timing myself to see how quickly I could get there. B When I finally reached safety, I was so relieved. It felt as if I’d been swimming for ever. If the distance had been twenty metres further, I wouldn’t have made it. I’d never been so exhausted in my life! After that day, I always checked the times of the tides before I went swimming! C This is something that happened to me about three years ago. At the time, I wasn’t really frightened, but looking back, it was quite a dangerous incident. In fact, in some ways, I was lucky to survive. One afternoon, I swam to the rock as usual and climbed onto it for a rest, as it was a warm and sunny day. I was so tired that I fell asleep. Only when I woke up did I realise that the tide was coming in - and fast! The rock was now more than a kilometre out to sea! Could I swim that far? I wasn’t sure, but I had no choice. I dived into the sea and started swimming. Paragraph 1: Introduction Paragraph 2: Background information Paragraph 3: Main events Paragraph 4: Conclusion 2 Find at least one example in the article of: 1 a sequencing word or phrase 2 a phrase or sentence followed by an exclamation mark 3 an extreme adjective 4 stylistic inversion Rewrite the highlighted sentences from the article using stylistic inversion. Begin like this: 1 Had__________________________________________________ 2 Never________________________________________________ 3 S o _ _ _______________________ A Think of something that happened to you which was dangerous or frightening. Make notes. Where were you? __________________________ What happened? __________________________ When did it happen? _________________________ Who was involved? __________________________ How did you f e e l ? _________________________ 5 Use your notes from exercise 4 to write an article about the event. Follow the paragraph plan from exercise 1. W riting Guide Write a brief introduction saying where and when the event happened. Don’t go into detail at this stage. Explain the background to the event. Say why you were there, what you had been doing, etc. Describe what happened. Remember that the past simple is the most commonly used tense for this kind of narration. Write a brief conclusion. Say what you learned from the event and how it affected you. Ch e c k lis t Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • used appropriate tenses for each part of the article? • used stylistic inversion or a feature from exercise 2? checked your work for mistakes? 10 1 Unit 1»Against the odds
  • 11. I coin, talk. about money <mdfinance,. 1 Complete the chart with adjectives made from the nouns. 1 price 6 economy 2 price 7 profit 3 worth 8 value 4 finance 9 worth 5 cost 10 economy 1 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 Choose the correct adjective. 1 We’re spending too much money. We need to be more economic / economical. 2 The food at that restaurant is great, but it’s very pricey / precious. 3 The website provides valuable / profitable advice on choosing the right university course. 4 Economists are predicting that rising interest rates will create economical / financial chaos. 5 I thought the painting I inherited from my grandmother was worth a lot of money, but it turned out to be worthless / precious. 6 Businesses often prefer to sell goods on the Internet, because it is more profitable / valuable. 7 A worthy / priceless collection of Michelangelo drawings was destroyed in the fire. 8 At the end of the last century we experienced a period of rapid profitable / economic growth. 9 They wanted to buy a house in London, but it would have proved too costly / over-priced. 10 Trying to improve the lives of poor people is a valuable / worthy ambition for any politician. 11 In my opinion DVDs and CDs are ridiculously overpriced / valuable. 12 This necklace isn’t worth a great deal but it’s very worthy / precious as it belonged to my mother. A • • • • • Extension: Expressions connected with money 3 Match a -j with 1-10 to make expressions connected with money. a be dirt 1 aside b cost 2 somebody off c rip 3 a killing d pay through 4 the nose (for something) e make 5 cheap f tighten 6 a fortune g put 7 off h be well 8 your belt i splash 9 hard up i be 10 out (on something) 4 Rewrite the sentences using expressions from exercise 3. 1 The skiing holiday was great but it cost a lot of money. 2 Jason paid far too much for his new car. 3 They haven’t had much money since Sam lost his job. 4 We spent a lot of money on a new computer. 5 Sarah got a bonus at work, which she’s going to save for the future. 6 Nowadays printers hardly cost anything. 7 I think you were charged far too much by the garage. 8 We’ll have to economise to avoid getting into debt. Ch allen g e! Write sentences using the words given. 1 afford ......... ........................................... 2 be worth 3 change (verb) 4 cost (verb) 5 ow e_________ 6 value (verb)- ^ fP’ I ** Unit 2 • For what it’s worth 11
  • 12. I can use determiners to describe quantities. 1 Complete the news article with a/an, the or no article. Crime Doesn’t Pay Jane Wilson only had a few pounds in 2_ so she decided to limit herself to 3______ .bank. £10 cash withdrawal. But when she went to the ATM to withdraw 4________money, she discovered to her amazement that she had £100,000 in her account. Jane was used to living on £100 5________ week, but over6________ next few days 7________ 25-year-old lived the life of 8 lottery winner, even though she knew the money wasn’t hers. She splashed out on 9________thousands of pounds worth o f10________clothes, took out nearly £10,000 in 11________ cash and booked12________ luxury holiday to 13_____ USA. She also spent money on her family and gave 14________ money to a charity that helps 15________ Choose the correct option: some, any or nothing. 1 Peter hasn’t got some / any / — long hair. 2 Can I have some / any / — grapes, please? 3 I haven’t got some / any / — money in the bank. 4 I don’t like some / any / — strong cheese. 5 Call me at some / any / — time. It doesn’t matter when. 6 What some / any / — beautiful flowers! 7 Some / Any / — cars use a lot of petrol, others are more economical. 8 Some / Any / — train from this platform goes to Hastings. Complete the sentences with few, a few, little or a little. 1 It usually snows a lot here in the winter but last year there was very__________ snow. I bought this jacket___________ days ago. I’ve run out of bread. Could you give m e __________ ? Sam’s determined to leave school. There’s __________ use in trying to change his mind. __ _____tourists visit the Arctic. It’s dangerous. Sorry I’m late. I lost my w ay________ times coming here. __________ people stay in this hotel because it’s ridiculously expensive. I don’t understand this. I need___________ help. 16 staff at 17 .bankdisabled. However, soon realised their mistake and froze Jane’s account. She knew there was no point in running away, so she stayed at 18________ home and waited for19________ police to knock door. In court she pleaded guilty to stealingon 20 the money and was given a two-year suspended sentence. 4 Complete or write a sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence. Include the word in brackets. 1 It doesn’t matter which road you take, (any) You can take ar>(__________________________ road. 2 We don’t have a lot of time, (much) W e_______________________________ 3 My brother plays football and so do I. (both) M y_____________________________________________________ 4 It didn’t rain on Tuesday and it didn’t rain on Wednesday, (either... or) It_______________________________________________________ 5 The shops are all closed, (none) ___________________________________________________open. 6 The food wasn’t good. And it wasn’t cheap, (neither... nor) The fo o d _______________________________________________ 7 There aren’t any easy answers, (no) 8 Not many of my relatives live nearby, (few) 9 My parents haven’t got much money, (little) 10 He read the magazine from beginning to end. (whole) 11 The majority of graduates quickly find a job. (most) 12 All of us want to be happy, (every) Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
  • 13. « Buying abroad I can talk aboiit British emigration. * Revision: Student’s Book page 17 1 Complete the sentences with words from the box. basement conversion detached lease open-plan period top-floor unfurnished 1 The flat we live in w as______________ so we had to buy furniture. 2 We live in a ______________ house. Our nearest neighbour is 100 metres away. 3 Sally recently moved into a new barn_____________ Until last year the building was part of a farm. I don’t lik e ______________ houses. I prefer to have separate rooms. We live in th e _________ . flat, so when you arrive ___________ cottage, but in go down the steps. 6 Tom’s home looks like a __________ fact it was only built five years ago. 7 We have fabulous views across the city from our ^ ______________ flat. 1 8 We have a 12-m onth_____________ on our house. > Read the text quickly. Which paragraph (A-D) tells you about: 1 which countries UK emigrants go to?_____ 2 why people choose to emigrate?_____ 3 future emigration?_____ Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 About 600,000 Britons live abroad permanently or for part of the year. ____ 2 The top six destinations are other English-speaking countries. ____ 3 The majority of emigrants are middle-aged. ____ 4 Some people emigrate to find somewhere cheaper to live. ____ 5 Emigrants can’t usually afford to buy property. ____ Express information from the text using these numbers. 1 500,000_______________________________________________ 2 1,300,000_____________________________________________ 3 750,000 _ 4 1,000,000. A Every three minutes someone in Britain boards a plane or a ferry and travels abroad to start a new life. Emigration from the UK lias increased dramatically over the past 10 years and now at least five and half million British citizens live permanently overseas. It is estimated that a further 500,000 Britons spend part of the year abroad, either spending extended periods in second homes, or working. This means that 10% of British people are living abroad at any one time. B Six of the eight most popular destinations for Britons seeking a new life abroad are other English-speaking countries: Australia (with 1.3 million expatriates), the US (0.7 million), Canada (0.6 million), Ireland (0.3 million), and New Zealand and South Africa (each with about 0.2 million). The second most popular country overall, however, is Spain, where three quarters of a million British people have settled permanently. C Why do so many people choose to leave die UK and settle abroad? The majority are either young people without families, who arejust starting their careers, or people at the end of their working life who are seeking to retire. Other reasons for emigrating are to find a better climate, better quality of life (many complain that the UK is too expensive), or tojoin other family members who’ve already left the UK. Whatever die reason, cheap ;tir travel and free movement within the European Union mean that emigrating is easier than ever. Moreover, high property prices in the UK mean that people can exchange a fairly modest house in the ITK for somediing much grander overseas. D It is predicted that a further one million Britons will leave in the next five years. So, has this led to a decline in the UK population? No, because for every two people who emigrate, three people move to the UK from abroad. Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
  • 14. I can understand an article about an author and kis work. Revision: Student’s Book page 18-19 1 Complete the sentences using the words in the box. cut down equivalent income poverty rent run out of spend waste 1 I’ve. money. Can I borrow some from you? 2 A shocking 37 million Americans live in ___ , according to a recent report. 3 Credit cards tem pt some people to _____ _ more than they earn. 4 The_ __________for the flat we live in comes to £500 a month. 5 In 1850, a slave in the American South cost the ___ ____ of £25,000 in today’s money. 6 The government has _ _ ____ expenditure on health and education. 7 Don’t _______ _ your money on expensive designer clothes that you don’t need. 8 Of the Earth’s six billion people, half live on an ____________ of under $2 a day. V_____________________________________________________________- 2 Read the text, ignoring the gaps. Answer the questions. 1 Which other two famous works by Orwell are mentioned in the text? and 2 In which city did Orwell work in a hotel? 3 Why couldn’t he find work in London at first? Match sentences A-G with gaps 1 -6. There is one sentence that you do not need. A He recounts how this life had a severe effect on his humanity. B Having found a job and started to earn some money, life improved dramatically for him. C However, when this work dried up, he had to start selling his possessions while he tried to search for more work. D Until his boss returns, he finds himself sleeping on the streets of the city with the other poor and unemployed. E Still I can point to one or two things I have definitely learned by being hard up. F He finds himself working seventeen and a half hours a day in the restaurant, almost without a break. G However, Orwell was also completely against totalitarianism in any form. Are the sentences true or false? (The answers may be in the sentences in exercise 3.) Write T or F. 1 Down and Out in Paris and London is an exact account of Orwell’s experiences in the two c itie s .____ 2 Orwell took a job in a hotel because he was fed up of teaching and w ritin g .___ 3 He earned very little money working in the hotel. __ 4 One night Orwell couldn’t sleep because someone was killed near his ro o m .____ 5 Orwell slept outside in the open in both Paris and London. ____ 6 Orwell thought that it was the workers’ own fault that they had such dreadful working co n d ition s.___ 7 Orwell had a lot of sympathy for tramps and beggars.____ 8 Orwell thought that socialism was good as long as it didn’t turn into totalitarianism. ____ flXXXXZS Challen g e! QXZX23I Imagine that you are homeless and unemployed. Write a short text saying how you find food, where you sleep, and how you feel. Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
  • 15. D ow n ana out in P a ris an George Orwell is one ofBritain’sbest-known authors ofdie 20th century, responsible for such famous works as Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. However, diere was a period in his life when things didn’t go so well for him. Down and Out in Paris and London is Orwell’s semi-autobiographical account of living in poverty in both cities. The narrative begins in Paris where Orwell lived for two years, attempting to make a living by giving English lessons and writing reviews and articles for magazines.1_________ After days without food, he finally found a hoteljob with his Russian friend, Boris. There he ended up working long hours as a dishwasher and kitchen assistant in a hotel, where he earned barely enough to survive. He describes his routine life as one of die working poor in Paris as: slaving dien sleeping, slaving then sleeping, then drinking on a Saturday night through to Sunday morning, which briefly made his life seem bearable.2_________ He describes a murder which happened just outside his window, and says ‘The diing that strikes me in looking back, is diat I was in bed and asleep within three minutes of the murder ... We were working people and where was the sense of wasting sleep over murder?’ In tlie hope of a betterjob and more money, Orwell moves to working in a restaurant, but the owner doesn’t pay him for ten days and so he is reduced to sleeping on a park bench rather than facing his landlady over non-payment of rent. 3_________ He blames die dreadful existence of his fellow workers for turning them all into zombies: ‘[They have] been trapped by a routine which makes thought impossible. If [they] thought at all they would long ago have ... gone on strike for better treatment. But diey do not think, because they have no leisure for it; their life has made slaves of diem.’ Orwell travels to London having been promised that ajob is waiting for him. However, he can’t start work because his new employer has gone on holiday. 4 At die end of die book, Orwell summed up what he had learned from his experience ofliving in poverty: ‘At present I do not feel that I have seen more than die fringe ofpoverty.5_________ I shall never again think diat all tramps are drunken scoundrels, nor expect a beggar to be grateful when I give him a penny, nor be surprised ifmen out of work lack energy.’ These experiences led Orwell to strengthen his democratic socialist beliefs. He blamed wealthy people for being ignorant of the reality of poverty. He said that the rich were afraid of the poor: they didn’t want to give them freedom from poverty, because they thought that the poor would then threaten their own way of life. 6_________His subsequent novels, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty- Four, depict worlds where people in authority have gone horribly out of control. He showed us how7 difficult it is to make a fair and just society, but he didn’t want the human race to stop trying. I Lona on Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
  • 16. I can. identify and use a variety of verb patterns. 1 Complete the text. Use the infinitive or -ing form of the verbs in brackets. 9 0 0 * ............. ............. « C + www.lottoforum.com * Q, m ___ Lotto F0RUM ( LOGON )( POST ARTIICLE I REPLY ) I can't bear1 (listen) to lottery winners who insist that they will carry on' (live) in exactly the same way as they did before. Although they may really hope3________________ (continue) their lives unchanged, I admit to 4________________ (have) a serious problem believing them, if they hadn't intended 5_______________ (change) their lives at all, then why on earth did they want6________________ (buy) a lottery ticket in the first place? Suddenly receiving a lot of money, when you had none before, can't fa il7________________ (have) a huge effect on anybody's life. Lottery winners who propose 8_______________ (give away) ALL of their winnings are very rare indeed. And once you decide9________________ (spend) a lot of money on something - a big new house, for example - you will become a different person. It's unavoidable, no matter who you are. But if there are any lottery winners who are having difficulty10________________ (deal with) their new riches, then they are welcome to give some of their money to me! 2 Write the correct form of the verb. 1 a I remember (send) Jim a birthday card though he says he didn’t receive it. b Please remember__________ (lock) the door when you leave the house. 2 a I regret________ (tell) you that you’ve lost your place in the volleyball team. b I regretted___________ (tell) my parents that I’d decided not to study medicine. 3 a We drove all day, stopping only___________ (have) lunch at a service station, b Will you please stop ________ _ (criticise) me. 16 1 Unit 2 • For what it’s worth 4 a Despite losing an arm in an accident, Fred went on ___________ (play) football. b George studied languages and went o n __________ (teach) French. 5 a I trie d ___________ (take) the bus to work but it was always overcrowded. b The thief trie d __________ (take) my credit card but I stopped him. 3 Rewrite the sentences using the verb in brackets. 1 I told Mike that he should get an early night, (advise) 1advised Mite to get an earl-; night.________________________ 2 I said I would give Jenny a lift into town, (agree) 3 It was easy for me to repair the broken vase, (have difficulty) 4 Dad told me I couldn’t stay out late, (let) 5 We’re thinking about selling our car. (consider) 6 I think it’s really nice to relax in front of the TV in the evening, (enjoy) 7 I finally succeeded in solving the crossword, (manage) 8 I told Millie not to forget to bring some CDs to the party, (remind) Challen g e! Write true sentences using the verbs in the box followed by another verb in the correct form. can’t stand fail fancy hope let keep on 1 __________________________________
  • 17. SPEAKING Discussing pros and cons 1 Put the words in the correct order to make phrases for trying to persuade another person. Add punctuation. 1 admit / you / to / have / that 2 agree / but / wouldn’t / that / you 3 at / look / it / way / well / this 4 think / just / about 5 with / there’s / but / nothing / surely / wrong 6 that / you / deny / can’t 2 Complete the phrases for discussing pros and cons using the words in the box. benefit consequences creates disadvantages drawbacks favour for other positive several thing Pros The main 1______________ of... is ... ... is generally a good 2______________ because ... ... has3______________ things in its 4_____________ ... produces some 5_ Cons On the 6___________ A s7_________ hand,... effects - for example, th e' But there are ____ However, it also 10_ But some of the 11_ too. _ problems, are less attractive. 3 $ 03 Listen. Which question from 1-4 below are the students discussing? 1 What are the pros and cons of shopping in shops? EH 2 What are the advantages of online shopping? EH 3 What personal experience, if any, do you have of online shopping? EH 4 What are the pros and cons of online shopping? EH m k Q 03 The following phrases can be used to introduce both pros and cons. Listen again and tick those that the student used. Introducing the first argument One advantage/disadvantage of... is (th a t)... EH The most obvious advantage/disadvantage of... is (th a t)... EH One positive/negative aspect o f... is (th a t)... EH ... is/isn’t a good idea because ... EH Introducing subsequent arguments Another advantage/disadvantage is (that)... EH Not only that b u t... EH Another important point is th a t... EH An even stronger argument for/against... is (tha t)... EH 5 Write a short paragraph giving two more advantages of online shopping and two more disadvantages. Use phrases from exercises 2 and 4 to introduce them. Use the ideas in the box to help you or invent your own. Pros shop 24 hours a day convenient stay at home wider choice compare prices gifts for people who live a long way from you buy things from anywhere in the world Cons identity theft genuine website? goods out of stock delivery charges complaining returning faulty goods speaking to real people Unit 2 • Forwhat it’s worth
  • 18. Essay: for and against I can present tWe arguments for avA against in- an essay■ Preparation 1 Match 1 -6 with a -f. Underline the words and phrases that express contrast. 1 I don’t believe that money makes you happy. EH 2 Much as I would like to be rich. I I 3 Having money can remove a lot of everyday worries. EH 4 Many people are happy. I I 5 The love of money is the root of much evil, EH 6 The love of money makes people commit crime. EH a Nevertheless, it would be unfair to argue that money is the sole cause of crime, b in spite of the fact that they haven’t got much money, c On the contrary, I think that money is often the cause of great unhappiness, d it wouldn’t necessarily make me happier, e However, it can’t solve all our problems, f whereas money itself is not. 2 You are going to write an essay entitled: Money is the root o fall evil. Discuss. Make notes for an introduction. Use these ideas to help you, or think of your own. It’s a very old saying. How does money cause evil? We can’t live w ithout money. Fair to blame money for all evil? One of many causes? 4 Think of points that you could include, and write at least three under each of these headings. Pros Monfr'f mates people commit crime-._________________________ Cons 5 Decide whether, in your opinion, the pros or the cons are stronger arguments, and why. You w ill express this opinion in the final paragraph. Use these phrases to help you. On balance,... To sum up, I would say th a t... While it’s true th a t..., I firmly believe th a t... Some people feel strongly th a t.... However, I believe ... It can be argued th a t... It’s true to say th a t.... Nevertheless,... 6 Write your essay, following the w riting guide below. Complete the phrases with the words in the box. argued hand However maintain important one opposite Presenting one side of the argument Firstly, it’s 1______________ to state th a t... On the 2______________ hand, ... It is som etim es3________ _ _ th a t... Moreover,... / Furthermore,... / What is m ore,... Presenting the other side of the argument 4 On the oth e r5______________ ,... Some people take the 6_____ view, and claim / 7______________th a t... Moreover,... / Furthermore,... / What is m ore,... W riting Guide Paragraph 1 Introduction. Some background information. Paragraph 2 Two or three arguments for, with examples. Paragraph 3 Two or three arguments against, with examples. Paragraph 4 Summary and your opinion. 41 C h e c k lis t B Have you: • written 200-250 words? • followed the writing guide? • included phrases for introducing arguments? • checked your work for mistakes? Unit 2 • For what it’s worth
  • 19. Exam Task - Reading Read the text. Then read statements 1 -8 and find the paragraph (A-D) in the text which contains information about them. Write the correct letter in the table. Finally, decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F). The Importance of Money A A great philosopher once said ‘Money is a barrier against all possible evils.’ Money can prevent the sufferings that come with poverty like cold and hunger. Even though sickness cannot be totally obliterated by money, it can be considerably relieved by it. Giving away money to charity can also provide us with the satisfaction of relieving others from suffering. With money, we can obtain an advanced education that may aid us in the development of genius and extraordinary achievements. It gives us the leisure to devote a part of our time to culture and art. Money can provide a powerful diversion for all our troubles by permitting distraction from the anxieties that assail us. B So we must try to get a thorough understanding of all that we may possibly do, in an honourable and legitimate way, to conserve wealth. Even to those who have inherited wealth, idleness can be a certain cause of ruin. A great fortune needs genuine labour for efficient administration. Those who leave this duty to strangers may pay a penalty fortheir negligence. This is why a rich man, who wants to preserve and increase his fortune, should be his own business manager. C Even artists must know the price that their work is worth. It is necessary for the artist to be a businessman in order to have the right to be a genius. History is full of examples of this. The great Shakespeare laboured as a theatre manager to obtain the necessary leisure to produce his dramatic masterpieces. Edison worked as a telegraph operator to pay the bills white he ‘moonlighted’ as an inventor. D From the bottom to the top of the ladder, it is necessary to amass money in order to apply it to some great cause. Money is the means by which we may fulfil our purpose in a larger and better way. Everyone should, in his own way, make an effort to amass some money. Some will apply money to their daily wants. Others seek to swell the fortune that they desire to leave to their children. Some only desire money so they can devote it to some noble enterprise or charity. Finally, a large number see money chiefly as a means of immediate gratification. True/False A-D 1 You cannot buy health. 2 You have to work hard to manage your finances. 3 Creative people don’t need to be skilful in business and financial matters. A Giving money to those worse off than you offers its own reward. 5 People can have very different reasons for accumulating wealth. 6 Money cannot distract us from our worries. 7 Everyone, however rich, should take care of their own money. 8 Some people save money for future generations. Exam Task - Use of English Complete the text with the correct form of the words in brackets. A fter three decades of being either endangered or threatened, America's bald eagle, its symbol of 1_____________________(PROUD), has made a 2_____________________(REMARK) comeback. In June the U.S. took the high-flying bird off the Endangered Species Act's 'threatened' list. For a century (1870-1970) bald eagle populations, which used to inhabit3_____________________ (MOUNTAIN) areas of the United States, 4_____________________ (SEVERE) declined because of hunting, habitat 5_____________________(LOSE) and the use of DDT. In 1963, there were only 417 breeding pairs. By 1970, people feared it was facing near6_____________________ (EXTINCT). Further problems, such as habitat destruction, food- 7_____________________(CONTAMINATE), and 8_____________________(LEGAL) shooting raised concerns. Now, there are 9,789 breeding pairs in the United States, all of which are protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle 9_____________________(PROTECT) Act, which prohibits anyone w ithout a permit from shooting, poisoning, wounding, killing, capturing, trapping, collecting, molesting and disturbing bald eagles. While the eagles have made a 10_____________________ (SUCCESS) return, there are still 541 animals in the United States listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Get ready for your Exam 1
  • 20. Exam Task - Listening $ 0 4 You w ill hear four teenagers talking about their achievements. Read the statements. Then listen and match the speakers 1 -4 to sentences A-E. There is one extra sentence. A ‘A dramatic experience changed everything and started me on this path.’ B ‘I was lucky to meet people who helped and motivated me.’ C ‘I’ve been doing it for ages, but for a long time my profession was simply a hobby.’ D ‘Talent is important, but I wouldn’t be here if not for my ambition and hard work.’ E ‘My profession consumes me and I like it that way.’ sentence speaker 1 speaker 2 speaker 3 speaker 4 : Pr e p a r a t io n : Writing ^ Use the W riting Bank on page 104 to help you. Exam Task - Writing There is a competition in your school magazine and the winning entry w ill be published. You are invited to describe a sporting event in which you took part as a child. Write an article in 210-230 words. In your article, you should: • include a title • explain what event it was • mention your role in it • say what happened • explain why it was memorable Write your article in the appropriate style and format. : P r e p a r a t io n : Speaking I Use the Functions Bank on page 102 (Giving opinions) to ^ help you. Exam Task - Speaking Task 1: These two pictures show people who have achieved something. Compare and contrast them and say how you think these achievements are important to each person. These ideas may help you: • Situation/environment/setting • Facial expression • Mood • Emotions • Possible follow-up activities (e.g. celebration, future job/ career) • Other Task 2: Read the quotation below and express your opinion on it. These ideas may help you: • Do you agree or disagree with the quotation? Why? • Support your opinion with an example/your own experience. ‘What you get by achieving your goals is not as important as what you become by achieving your goals. ’ Zig Ziglar- J J Get ready for your Exam 1
  • 21. 1 Match the stages of life in the box with a -f on the diagram. Then write the years each stage begins and ends, in your opinion. • • • • • Extension: Phrasal verbs with up and down adolescence adulthood childhood infancy middle age old age a b 30 40 50 60 70 80 from from from from from from _to . _to _to _ _to _ _to . t o . 2 Solve the anagrams to make words with sim ilar meaning. 1 a baby 2 a young child 3 a teenager 4 children 5 old people (an) nnifat (a) etdlord (an) esdotcanle skid (the) yellerd 3 Match the verbs in the box with the definitions. bring up bury pass away retire settle down die start to have a quieter way of life raise (a child) stop doing your job because you have reached a certain age put a dead person into a grave 4 Rewrite the sentences using a phrasal verb from the box. (sb = somebody, sth = something) bring sb down do sth up hold sb up look down on sb own up to sth put up with sth put sth down to set sth up 1 I won’t tolerate this kind of behaviour! I won't put up with this kind of be-haviourl_______________ 2 He attributes his success to hard work. 3 He established a company to import Polish food. 4 This rain is depressing me. 5 It will cost a fortune to renovate this house. 6 He thinks he’s superior to everybody! 7 I hope I’m not delaying you. 8 She confessed to having lied. 5 Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1 I find it hard to put up w ith __________ 2 It gets me down when people 3 I should cut down 4 This town would be a better place to live if they did up h allen g e! Write six sentences about yourself at the six different stages of life from exercise 1. Use the past, present or future, as appropriate. During infancy,____________ ___________________ _ As a child,____________________________________________ During adolescence, :______________________ As an ad u lt,__________________________________________ In middle age, ________ In old age, ________ Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
  • 22. Complete the sentences with a future form of the verbs in brackets. Use each of the forms in the box once. present continuous present simple w ill going to 1 Hurry up! Our flight _ (leave) in an hour! 2 I ___________ (send) you a postcard, I promise. 3 W e (spend) a week on a boat and a week at a hotel. 4 I _ (take) lots of photos while I’m away. Complete these predictions with will or going to. 1 There’s water on the floor over there. Somebody _ slip on it. 2 The sky is so dark! It ___ ___ rain. 3 I didn’t do very well in my exams, but I’m sure I ________ do better next year. 4 I reckon I _ get married before I’m thirty. 5 She’s driving too fast. Lookout! She ___ _crash. Write offers in response to these problems. Use your own ideas. 1 ‘I can’t find my wallet.’ I'll help n(ou look for it.__________________________________ 2 ‘I’m really cold.’ 3 ‘I don’t understand this text.’ 4 ‘I’m worried about my history exam tomorrow.’ 5 ‘I haven’t got enough money for the bus.’ 6 ‘I’ve left my packed lunch at home.’ 7 ‘I need a new outfit for a party this Saturday.’ 4 Match the two halves of the sentences. Complete them with the words in the box. as soon as by the time in case unless until when 1 Please wait here I I 2 You should pay back this money EH 3 __________we’ve found the campsite, EH 4 I’ll be relieved I I 5 ___ ______he asks really nicely, EH 6 Take a credit card with you EH a ______________you can. b __ ________you run out of money. c it will be dark. d I get back. e I won’t help him. f _ I’ve finished all my exams. 5 Improve this e-mail by making five changes to future forms. Reply Reply All ^Forvard 'A '- Hi Holly! 4&. How are you? Thanks for your text. I’m going tn 1nndnn tomorrow, but we ran meet in the morning before I’ll go. My train will leave at 11.45. Shall we meet at the coffee shop at 10.30? I’m not minding if you’re a bit late. Pete tells me you’re taking a year off before university. Are you qoinq to spend some time abroad? Promise me you aren't going to forget about your friends bark home! Mayhe I’m even visitinq von (if von qo somewhere nice). love Ruth w 6 Imagine you are Holly. Write an e-mail replying to Ruth. Mention your plans for next year and tomorrow’s arrangement. Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
  • 23. Young and old I can understand and react to an article about the elderly. Revision: Student’s Book page 29 Complete the colloquial phrases. V _ 2 stuck in a r_ off to LA = flying to LA _ it = too old _ _ _ _ _ = bored with the same routine man like a mad t____________= wildly b____________the drums = hitting the drums Read the text. Why does an ageing population create problems for a country’s economy? Tick the reasons that are mentioned. a more houses need to be built HU b older people spend less money LD c a smaller proportion of the population is at work [U d taxes go up □ e healthcare costs are higher [U f they all require free games consoles □ Flossie Chambers, 89, playing tenpin bowling When I’m 64 ... In 2007, a British newspaper reported that elderly residents of the Sunrise Senior Living Centre were addicted to the Nintendo Wii. Apparently, the craze started when one of the chefs brought in a console that belonged to his son. Residents aged between 80 and 103 enjoyed playing the games so much that they demanded that staff buy one immediately. However, ‘good news’stories related to the care of the elderly are rare. Britain does not have a good record when it comes to caring for its elderly citizens. While in many other countries, older people often live with their children, this is much less common in the UK. Over 3.5 million older people in Britain live alone, and many do not even have regular visitors. About 500,000 people over 65 live in care homes run privately or by the state, where they may suffer 3 Are these sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 A British newspaper contained a story about elderly people playing computer games. ____ 2 News stories about the care of the elderly in the UK are usually quite positive. ____ 3 Most elderly people in the UK do not live with their children. ____ 4 Increases in life expectancy do not necessarily lead to an ageing population. ____ 5 By 2024, about a quarter of the adult population w ill be retired. ____ 6 Three quarters of people say they would pay more tax to provide better care for the elderly. ____ Ch allen g e! Write three sentences comparing the situation described in the text with the situation in your country, from boredom, depression and even physical mistreatment. Like most developed nations, the UI< has an ageing population. This is partly because families are having fewer children, and partly because people are living longer. For the first time in our history, there are more people in the UI< aged over 60 than under 16. Of course, any increase in life expectancy is good news but there are financial consequences. In the early 1900s when pensions were first introduced, people at work outnumbered pensioners by 22 to one. It was easy for the government to pay for pensions out of taxation. However, by 2024, there will only be three people of working age for every pensioner. Inevitably, the working population will need to pay more tax to meet the pensions bill. The nation’s healthcare costs are also increasing as the population grows older. About 50% of all spending on health services in the UI< is for people over the age of 65. Finding better ways of caring for an ageing population is gradually becoming a priority in the UK. A survey in 2007 revealed that 75% of British people would be prepared to pay more tax in order to improve care for the elderly (although this is not the same as actually voting for a party that plans to raise taxes). In the future, both the government and families will have to do more. Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
  • 24. I Mvi understand a report about teem^ers. Revision: Student’s Book page 30-31 1 Complete the adjectives in these sentences. 1 Something or somebody that is impossible to predict is unpredict________ 2 Somebody who can be trusted to behave sensibly is respons___ 3 Something which is difficult to understand is confus________ 4 Somebody who acts in a rational, logical way is reason . 5 Somebody who likes to start arguments is argument________ 6 Somebody who changes mood all the time is mood^_ ____ 2 Complete the sentences using an appropriate tense of the phrasal verbs in the box. come down to endup get on with grow up storm out of turn into 1 We didn’t like each other at first, but w e __ being friends. 2 A large company bought the building an d__________it a supermarket 3 It’s difficult to ____ myworkwhen people keep phoning me. 4 I was born in London, but I ______________ in the countryside. 5 Finding a good place to live often ___________ luck. 6 Sophie ________ the office when her boss accused her of stealing. •- . ) Read the article. Choose the best summary of the report’s conclusions: a, b or c. a The government needs to provide more money so that teenagers are less bored and more involved in their communities. b Most teenagers are valuable members of the community, but the government needs to focus on the small minority who become involved in crime, c There are enough recreational facilities for young people, but more money needs to be spent on dealing with the consequences of teenage crime. 4 Choose the correct answers. 1 The Youth Review was carried out by A the Government. B young people. C a charity, with support from the Government. D a charity, with support from a company. 2 According to Lily Allen, the main message from young people is A they want more opportunities. B they don’t want to get into trouble. C they don’t need more things to do. D they don’t agree that there is a crisis. 3 What is the main cause of anti-social behaviour, according to young people? A Boredom. B Gangs. C A lack of information. D A lack of detention centres. 4 What would the Youth Centres recommended by the report offer to young people? A Help with their problems. B A place to meet. C A place to learn. D All of A-C. 5 What would be the purpose of electing Young Mayors, according to the text? A It would help teach young people how the political system works. B It would allow laws to be passed giving young people free public transport. C It would give young people a voice in the community. D It would make young people think more seriously about the issues that affect them. 5 Explain the significance of these figures from the text. 80% The- percentage- of teenagers who sa>( the>( have- nothing to do and nowhere to go.__________________________________________________ 1 16,000 2 12% 3 62% 4 £13 billion 5 £1.6 billion 6 £35,000 Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
  • 25. YouthReview New statistics show that, as schools in Britain prepare to break up for the holidays, over 1 million teenagers could be wandering the streets because there is nowhere else to go. The year-long enquiry consulted 16,000 UK teenagers and recommends radical action to transform their lives, including a ‘youth hub’ in every community to tackle anti-social behaviour and crime. The Review, undertaken by children’s charity 4Children and supported by Nestlé, comes at a time of unprecedented debate about the welfare of young people in the UK - with statistics demonstrating worrying trends in all aspects of teenagers’ lives from risky behaviour to youth-on-youth violence and anti-social behaviour. Researchers spent 12 months touring each region of the country and consulting over 16,000 teenagers of all ages to find out what life is truly like for young people today in the UK and how they themselves believe that improvements can be made. Publicising the report today, pop star and youth icon Lily Allen said: ‘I want to see a new start for teenagers in communities where they have nothing to do, nowhere to go and nowhere to call their own. The Youth Review has consulted 16,000 teenagers across the country and their message was clear: they said to give young people more of a stake in communities and give us more opportunities. The number of teenagers who go off the rails is a problem for us all and instead of helping them only after they’re in crisis we need to stop them getting into trouble in the first place.' The enquiry discovered: • Young people were fearful for their own safety, with 60% of young people in deprived areas becoming victims of crime in their community. • 80% of young people said they had nowhere to go and nothing to do outside school and hung around on the streets as a result. • 70% of teenagers said that, in their opinion, young people got involved in anti-social behaviour because they were bored. • More than 70% of 11-16 year olds said that they have witnessed anti-social behaviour over the last year, whilst 12% of young people belong to a gang. • 62% said that they did not know where to go to get help or information if they needed it. • Youth crime costs up to £13 billion per year compared to £1.6 billion spent by the government on positive prevention and youth programmes. It costs £35,000 to put a young person in a detention centre for a year. The Review is calling for an urgent transformation of support for teenagers. It recommends a programme of government investment and action to provide positive opportunities for all young people, with early support and intervention for troubled teenagers to prevent difficulties escalating. The key recommendations are: • A Youth Centre in every community providing dedicated spaces for young people to meet, as well as access to music, creative arts, sports, classes and specialist intervention and support for teenagers in difficulty. • Mobile Intervention Teams to work in areas of high deprivation and unrest - offering teenagers specialist and positive support. • Action on bullying and a new Victim Support scheme for young people who have been the victims of crime. • Young Mayors elected in every area to give teenagers representation and a say in their community. • Free public transport and leisure for all young people under 18 to ensure access for all. Oona King, Chair of the Review said: ‘Growing up can be tough and we are simply not doing enough to help the next generation to flourish. On average we spend 17p for each young person per day on youth services and this has to change. Young people need to be a part of our communities otherwise we spend billions dealing with the consequences of anti-social behaviour, crime and violence.’ " - ' ■ . ,- , ■ Ch allen g e! How could the government improve the lives of young people where you live? Make three recommendations. 1 ......... 2 3 — V J Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
  • 26. ------------------------------------------- GRAMMAR Future continuous and future perfect I can talk, about actions at different times in tWefuture. 1 Look at Ricky’s plan for when he finishes his education. Then complete the sentences using the future perfect simple, affirmative or negative. 2.012. (*t ajob in an IT firm. 201? become a manager in the firm. 2014 Leave the firm and start a company 2015 Sell company and retire. 20l(* Move to the Caribbean. 2-0n 6iet married. 2-010 ■Start a family If everything goes according to plan for Ricky... 1 By 2015, he__________________________ (start / company). 2 By 2013, h e _____________________________ (leave / IT firm) 3 By 2016, he _________________________ (move / Caribbean) 4 By 2020, h e _______________________________ (get married) 5 By 2018, he______________________________ (start a family) 2 This time next month, Zoe w ill be on holiday. What w ill she be doing? Look at the pictures and write sentences in the future continuous. This time next month ... 1 ‘5he'U be having dinner in a restaurant. 2 _________________________ 3 ___________________________________ 4 ___________________________________ 5 ___________________________________ 3 Complete the sentences with the future continuous (will be doing) or the future perfect simple {will have done) of the verbs in the box. finish learn sit tidy wear work when 1 Let’s plan a party for next week. W e_________ our exams by then. 2 The house is a mess now, but we ______ before our parents get home. 3 What outfit do you think she________________ she arrives? 4 I’m afraid I can’t come to your wedding next month because I _____________________ abroad. 5 The first night of the play is next Saturday. I hope you _____________________ your lines by then! 6 At dinner, yo u _____________________ next to me. A Complete the text messages. Use the future continuous, future perfect simple or future perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets. . (drive) around Spain next year. Can I come and visit you in Madrid? I _______________ (not liv e ) in M adrid! I 3_______________ (move) to B arcelon a. But you can come and see me th e re . What tim e o f year? REPIY OK (arrive) in Barcelona around March, I reckon.I 5_______________(travel) for about six weeks by then. OK, fine. I 6_______________ (not liv e ) in B a rc e lo n a f o r v e ry lo n g , so I w on 't know i t v e ry w e l l . REPLY OK That's OK. We can explore together. Hopefully, 17______________(learn) some Spanish by then. REPLY OK Good! A lth ou gh you 8_______________ (not sp eak ) much S p a n ish in B a rc e lo n a . They sp e ak C a ta la n . 5 Write one sentence saying what you w ill have done and one saying what you w ill be doing in five years’ time. 1 _________________________________________ 26 Unit 3 • From cradle to grave Ü
  • 27. ■ SPEAKING Presenting arguments l u n present arguments to support m y opinions effectively. Choose the correct words in the useful phrases, a I’d like to begin by telling / saying th a t... b First of everything / a ll,... c In my s ig h t/v ie w ,... d For instance / in sta n t,... e I don’t a ccept/allow that. Read the extract from a debate, ignoring the gaps. Match it with the proposition a, b or c. a Your teenage years are the most difficult of your life. Do you agree? Why? / Why not? b The Government should spend more money on providing free leisure facilities for teenagers. Do you agree? Why? / Why not? c In today’s society, teenagers have more power and influence than ever before. Do you agree? Why? / Why not? Tom I don’t think adults really listen to teenagers’ opinions. For1_________, governments often make changes to the education system without even asking students what they think. What’s 2 ____ issues which teenagers really care about, 3____ _ the environment, only become important when adults start caring about them too. Megan 1don’t really 4_________ with that. In m y5_______ teenagers have a lot of different ways of saying what they think - chat rooms, for example. Tom But I don’t . that anyone in authority really listens to those opinions. They don’t have any effect. 3 £#05 Complete the extract in exercise 2 with the words in the box. Then listen and check. ' agree believe example more opinion say I " «e A 4 9 06 Listen to a student debating one of the other propositions in exercise 2 with her teacher. Which proposition is i t ? ________ 5 Çè06 Complete these extracts from the debate with the words in the box. Then listen again and check. cash generalise pressure stages independence permission about people’s lives.It’s impossible to ______ Because of the _ _ of exams, many students never really get a chance to relax. Teenagers often have very little ___________to spend. Teenagers do not have ...... If I want to go and stay with a friend, I have to ask ___________first. Teenage years are more difficult than othe r______ life. . in Imagine you are preparing to debate the other proposition from exercise 2. Decide which of these ideas support the proposition and underline them. Then add one more idea on each side of the argument. • boredom is a cause of crime • private gyms, etc. are expensive • politicians don’t know what teenagers enjoy • parents should pay for their own children’s leisure • sports, etc. improve health and fitness • free facilities help poor but talented sports people • it’s better to spend the money on education • work experience is more use than leisure Choose two ideas from exercise 6 that you agree with. Use them to make notes for your debate. Include some phrases from exercises 1 and 3. [first idea + example]__________________________________ [second idea + example] Unit 3 • From cradle to grave f 27
  • 28. m Description of a person Preparation 1 Read the paragraphs. Which girl and boy in the photos are they describing? Ja s m in e is medium height and quite slim. She’s got red-brown hair which she usually has in a bob. Sometimes, when it’s long enough, she has a pony tail. She’s usually well- dressed and likes to wear quite trendy clothes. I wouldn’t describe her as beautiful, but she’s good-looking, and she has a very attractive smile. g irl____ A n t h o n y is quite tall, with broad shoulders. He’s got straight, dark hair which he usually keeps very short. In fact, at the moment, he has a crew cut! He’s pale­ skinned with brown eyes and quite a thin face. He doesn’t pay a tot of attention to his clothes, and often looks a bit scruffy. Once he grew a moustache, but his friends just laughed at him until he shaved it off. boy____ Match these descriptive words and phrases to the people in the photos in exercise 1. Use a dictionary if necessary. skinny plump layered hair dark-skinned fair hair dyed fringe Describe yourself using words and phrases from exercises 1 and 2. I can vJrite a detailed description of a person I admire. Match the personality adjectives on the left with words on the right with similar meaning. artistic shrewd tolerant frank quick-tempered diligent emotional patient hard-working honest sensitive creative argumentative clever Decide which two words from exercise 4 best describe your own personality and add two more. Use them to complete the sentences. I tend to b e ______________ People often find m e. I have a _____________ I can b e _____________ side. Choose somebody in your English class that you know and like. Make notes in the paragraph plan below. 1 Personal details (name, age, how long you have known them, etc): 2 Appearance: 3 Personality: 4 What I like most about him / h e r: 7 Use your notes from exercise 6 to write a description of your classmate. Use the w riting guide below. W riting Guide 1 Decide whether you want to include all the information from your notes. 2 Think about how to link details into longer sentences. Use the paragraphs in exercise 1 to get ideas. 3 Remember to write in paragraphs. | Ch ec klist ^ Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • provided enough detail in the physical description? • used appropriate phrases from exercise 4 for describing personality? • included an example in paragraph 4? • checked your work for mistakes? Unit 3 • From cradle to grave
  • 29. Man and beast VOCABULARY Animals 1 Label the parts of the animals. I m u identifythe différentpartsofananimal. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2 Complete the animal idioms and match them with the meanings. If you are in th e . If it is raining__ If you are having a If you let th e ______ house, EH _ and________, EH of a time, EH .out of the bag, EH . comeIf you talk about something until th e ____ home, EH If you escape th e _________ race, EH you give away a secret, it is raining very heavily. you move out of the city and find a way of life that is less competitive and aggressive. you are really enjoying yourself. somebody is annoyed with you. you talk about it incessantly. • » • • • Extension: Collective nouns 3 Put the nouns in the correct group. bees birds books cards cows dishes dolphins flowers insects goats grapes penguins seals sheep whales wolves a flock o f__ a herd o f__ a bunch o f_ a pack o f__ a school of_ a swarm of_ a pile of _ v Unit 4 • Man and beast
  • 30. ability in and future. 1 Complete the rules with the words in the box. You w ill need to use some words more than once. be able to being able to can/can’t could couldn’t managed to do succeeded in doing w ill be able to _to talk about ability in theWe normally use_________ present. We normally use______________ to talk about ability in the future. However, we often use______________ to talk about future arrangements. We use______________ when we need an infinitive and _____________ when we need an -ing form. for general ability in the past.4 We only use. When we’re talking about one occasion, we use a different expression, such a s______________o r_______________ 5 However, we use the negative _whether we are talking about general ability or one occasion. 6 We use______________with verbs of perception, like see, smell, hear, taste feel, even if it’s one occasion. Choose the correct form. 1 I can’t / don’t manage to swim very well. 2 Fran couldn’t / wasn’t able to find her mobile. 3 The police finally managed to / could finally catch the gang of shoplifters. 4 David didn’t manage to / didn’t succeed in finish his homework on time. 5 I could / have been able to swim since I was six. 6 I got a pay rise last month so I could / was able to buy a new car. 7 We need to leave right now. Can you / W ill you be able to take the bags out to the car? 8 Jon didn’t succeed in reading / couldn’t read very well when he was little. 9 I don’t like not being able to / not managing drive. Complete the text with can, could, be able to, manage or succeed. Use the correct form. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. . ride since I was about six. afford to buy a horse,My parents ____________ but there was a riding school nearby where I 3_________________ learn. At first I A.__________ control the horse by myself but I soon learned how to make it do what I wanted. Last month I entered a show-jumping competition. Unfortunately, 15________________ to win any prizes but at least I 6________________ finishing the course without falling off. In a few weeks we’re moving to a different part of the country, but I hope 7_________________ carry on riding, and if I’m lucky one day I might 8________________ have my own horse. 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word in bold. 1 Julian isn’t a very good swimmer, can Julian______________________________________________________________________ very well. 2 Do you know where I can possibly find a chemist’s that is open? able Do you know where I m ight_____________________________ ____________ a chemist’sthat is open? 3 Jenny wasn’t able to find a jobuntil she moved to Manchester, succeed Jenny_________________________________________a job until she moved to Manchester. 4 Will you manage to find the way to my house without a map? able _____________________________________________the way to my house without a map? 5 I’m much betterthan my brother at tennis but he succeeded in beating me yesterday, manage I’m much better than my brother at tennis but h e __ __________________________________ me yesterday. 6 Harry couldn’t find his passport so he missed his flight, able Harry missed his flight because h e ______________________ ___________________his passport. 7 How were you able to afford such an expensive television? manage How_________________________________________such an expensive television? 8 I wasn’t able to go to school yesterday as I was ill. could I was ill yesterday so I __________________________________ ________to school. Unit 4 • Man and beast *2 Talking about ability I can. describe tU>e past, present
  • 31. •*<« Foxhunting I can understand an article, about fo k Wanting. Revision: Student’s Book page 39 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. groom kittens owners pets put down stuffed treat x 2 welfare 1 Some dog____________ taketheirdogs to see a pet psychologist. 2 Some people______________ their animals better than they______________ their elderly relatives. 3 Dogs and cats are the most popular ___________in the UK. 4 You can see a lot o f______________ animals in the museum. 5 Our cat gave birth to five ______________ last week. 6 It is advisable to ______________ your dog once a week. 7 My sister works for an anim al charity. 8 Unfortunately our dog became very ill and we had to have i t _______________ 2 Read the text quickly. Is foxhunting with dogs legal in Britain? YesD N o d 3 Complete the text with appropriate words. 4 Are the sentences true or false? Write Tor F. 1 Fox hunting started because farmers needed to kill foxes. 2 Foxes kill more animals than they need to survive_____ 3 Opponents of hunting argued that it wasn’t necessary to kill any foxes_____ 4 There is disagreement as to whether shooting foxes is cruel or not_____ 5 Lots of people are employed in the hunting industry-------- 6 Since the ban support for hunting has decreased-------- 5 Find words that mean: 1 a type of dog often used in hunting:__________ 2 chasing; running after:_________ 3 an animal or insect that destroys food, plants, etc.: 4 an animal that kills otheranim als:. 5 young sheep:__________ 6 to question whether something is true: _ 7 showing kindness:__________ 8 people who live in cities:__________ 9 the smell that an animal leaves behind: FoxhuntingFox hunting, with packs of hounds and people on horses pursuing foxes across 1_______English countryside, has been around for about 300 years. It began 2_______ a sport practised by rich land-owners, but farmers were quick to welcome fox hunting as a means of getting rid 3_______ what they saw as a dangerous pest. Foxes in Britain have no natural predator and they kill a lot of lambs, chickens and piglets - usually far more 4 they can eat. Over the centuries, fox hunting became an important part5_______ rural life in Britain. However, in the last few decades of 6_______ twentieth century, opposition 7_______ foxhunting increased, and animal welfare organisations tried to 8_______ it banned. They didn’t dispute that the fox population needed to 9_______controlled, but argued that hunting caused the foxes unnecessary suffering and that there were more humane methods of killing foxes, such 10________shooting them. Supporters of fox hunting,11_______ the other hand, argued that shooting foxes is more cruel than hunting, as the animals 12_______rarely killed outright and often die slowly of their wounds. They also pointed 13_______ that hunting played a vital role in rural communities and thousands of jobs depended 1A_______it. Moreover, they claimed that opponents of hunting were mostiy city-dwellers with little knowledge or understanding of the rural way of life. Nevertheless,15----------- government finally made hunting with hounds illegal 16_______2005, a measure supported17________two-thirds of British people. Since then, many hunts have switched to ‘drag hunting’, in which the dogs follow a scent (on a piece of cloth that is dragged along the ground) rather than a live animal. Hunting seems 18_______ be as popular as ever, with most hunts claiming an increase in membership. Moreover, public opinion has changed, with half of British people now believing 19_______ the ban should be lifted. C Q £ Challen g e! C E Q D fc Should all hunting be banned? What’s your opinion? Why? V
  • 32. Revision: Student’s Book page 40-41 1 Write the name of at least one animal that makes these noises. bark buzz chatter hiss miaow roar squawk 8 squeak 9 whistle 2 Look at the pictures. Do you know the names of these mythical creatures? Read the text quickly and match the names to the pictures. I can talk. about vcwtwcts frowi Qre&k mythology. 3 Find twelve parts of the body in the texts and complete the chart. Animal or human Animal 4 Read the texts. Which mythical creature: was particularly dangerous for women? _ _ lived near a city?________ changes character and appearance from myth to myth?_________ killed itself?________ lived deep under a palace? _ ate people?________ had the head of a woman and the body of a bird?_________ 8 was particularly dangerous for travellers? _ 9 had to be imprisoned?________ 10 was used by the gods to hurt people?____ 11 represented people’s basic instincts?____ 12 was killed by somebody from Athens?____ ( O Z Z D C h a lle n g e ! X Q 3 Q | Find out and write about another mythical creature. Think about these things: 1 Where is the myth from? 2 What did the creature look like? 3 What did it do? 4 Was it dangerous? Why? 32 1 Unit 4 • Man and beast
  • 33. M ythical creatures o f A n cient Greece A T h e S p h in x In Greek mythology, the Sphinx was a monster with the head of 2 woman, the body of a lion and the wings of an eagle. Its name comes from the Greek verb ‘sphingo’which means ‘to strangle’ - which is what it did to its unfortunate victims. According to fie stories, it sat on a tall rock by the road that led to Thebes, ind stopped travellers on their way to and from the city. It would then ask them the following riddle: ‘What walks on four legs in the morning, on two legs in the afternoon, and on three legs in the evening?’No traveller was ever able to answer the riddle, and so they were all killed by the Sphinx. Then one day, a young man called Oedipus managed to solve the riddle. When challenged by the Sphinx, he replied that a human crawls on its hands and feet xs ababy, walks on two legs as an adult, and finally uses a walking stick in old age. On hearing this, the Sphinx threw itselffrom the rock and died, and the grateful citizens ofThebes made Oedipus their king. B T h e C e n t a u r s According to Greek myths, centaurs were a tribe of creatures which were half-horse and half-human.They had the head, chest 2nd arms of a man, and the body, tail and legs of a horse. In later mvths, they also had horns and wings. Centaurs were said to live in the woods and mountains ofAncient Greece.The Greeks believed that they were savage and cruel, and a particular danger to women, who they attacked and carried off. For the Greeks, tentaurs symbolised our dark,primitive natural instincts, and the battles between humans and centaurs mirrored the struggle between civilisation and barbarism. However, Chiron, the gentlest 2nd wisest ofthe centaurs,was a great teacher and became tutor to Achilles,Jason and other heroes of Greek mythology.The story goes that when he died, Chiron became the constellation, Sagittarius. C T h e M in o t a u r In Greek mythology, the Minotaur had the body of a man and the head of a bull. Pasiphae, wife of Minos King of Crete, looked after the Minotaur when it was young, but soon it became aggressive and started causing terror and destruction. At that point, Minos ordered his architect, Daedalus, to construct a gigantic labyrinth under the royal palace to hold the Minotaur. The people of Crete never saw the Minotaur again but they heard it roar and felt the ground shake as it ran around in the labyrinth. The Minotaur only ate human flesh and every year King Minos sent seven boys and girls from Athens into the tunnels of the labyrinth to face the Minotaur. They were never seen again. Then one year,Theseus, son of the King of Athens, volunteered to go into the labyrinth and kill the Minotaur. Ariadne, daughter of King Minos, gave Theseus a ball of string which he unwound as he went into the labyrinth, in order that he could find his way out again. Theseus found the Minotaur and killed it. As soon as he emerged from the labyrinth, there was a huge earthquake which destroyed the palace and buried the Minotaur’s body forever. D T h e H a r p ie s Harpies were first described by Homer in the Odyssey as beautiful fair-haired wind spirits, but in later myths they were transformed into ugly, noisy, foul-smelling birds, with insatiable appetites. They had sharp claws and wings, and the faces of ugly old women. Their name translates as ‘snatchers’or ‘grabbers’as they were known for snatching away people and things from the Earth. In the myths, there were three harpies and they were sisters. When they were born, they were so hideous that their parents hid them away. However, the Greek gods used them to punish people with whom they were angry.They put King Phineas on an island with the harpies. Every time he was about to eat, the harpies arrived and stole the food from his hands before he could put it into his mouth. Phineas was eventually rescued byJason and the Argonauts, who killed one of the harpies and chased the others to the islands of the Strophades, where they remained for the rest of their lives. Unit 4 • Man and beast
  • 34. I Can r&COgnise, iAnd MJfc nOWltnal clauses in written and spoken English. 1 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. 1 Keith isn’t answering his phone. That’s strange. It's strange that Keith isn't answering his phone._______ 2 You are here now. That’s the important thing. The_______________________________________________ 3 Chelsea scored five goals. That was amazing. It_________________________________________________ 1 The- fact that animals 2 That the animals 3 Another criticism is 4 5 4 Philip couldn’t come to my party. That was a shame. It_________________________________________________ 5 The man was seen at the scene of crime. This fact proves nothing. The fa ct________________________________________________ 6 A man won the lottery on two separate occasions. That’s almost beyond belief. It______________________________________________________ 2 Underline pairs of sentences in the text and rewrite them as single sentences. Are zoos a good thing or a bad thing? The animals are kept in unnatural conditions. This is one of the biggest criticisms of zoos. The animals are not free to roam. However, this does not mean that they suffer. Zoos are only there to attract visitors and generate profit. This is another criticism. Zoos also do a lot of good work. That is beyond doubt. Zoos have helped to save endangered wildlife from extinction. That is one of their greatest achievements. The number of people who visit zoos and learn about animal conservation is increasing. That is encouraging. 6 3 Rewrite the sentences using all. 1 I just need a bit more money. All I need is a bit more momyj.______________________________ 2 I just need a bit of peace and quiet. 3 I’ve only got £5 on me. 4 You just need to say sorry. 5 Tom just wants a good night’s sleep. 6 I just need a little more time. k Rewrite the sentences with what to give more emphasis. 1 I intend to get really fit. What I intend to do is get really fit.__________________________ 2 Ice on the road probably caused the accident. 3 Education is really important. 4 I’d really like to travel round the world. 5 Frank’s laziness worries me. 6 The ending of the film surprised me. 7 I need to work faster.
  • 35. Topic presentation I cangive a presentation, on a set topic vJitk confidence. Complete the phrases with prepositions from the box. ago at before for in 1 Two centuries__________ , ... those days, the modern era,... thousands of years,... 2 ___ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 A few decades__________ , 6 _________ ancient societies, ... 7 _________ that tim e ,... ^ 07 Listen to the presentation. What is the speaker’s overall opinion? : Is wrong to keep animals in zoos. LJ t sn’t wrong to keep animals in zoos, d %t 07 Listen again and complete the phrases the speaker uses. Introduction 1 Zoos have been a popular form of entertainment for a ve ry______________________ 2 it is only in ____________________ years that... Main part 3 M y_______________ 4 Some people_____ 5 They a lso ________ 6 There may once have been som e. _ is th a t... _th a t... th a t... in this to say th a t... that in an „, I disagree th a t... w o rld ... 7 Nowadays, it is _ Conclusion 8 So_____________ 9 While it’s ______ 10 I __________ believe th a t... 4 Look at the exam question below and decide what your overall opinion is. Write a brief introduction that puts the question in a historical context. Use the information in the box to help you. Should we allow scientists to experiment on living animals in order to further scientific knowledge and to find cures for human diseases? First animal testing: over 2,000 years ago. Has led to a lot of medical advances. 5 Now write the main part of your presentation. Use phrases from exercise 3 and these ideas to help you, or use your own ideas. Why we should allow experiments: • find cures for human diseases • test drugs on animals before giving to humans • regulations - animals in laboratories don’t suffer unnecessarily Why we shouldn’t allow experiments: • no right to inflict suffering on animals • other ways of testing drugs (e.g. computer simulations) • animals - same rights as humans 6 Write the conclusion. Sum up your ideas in one or two sentences. Use phrases from exercise 3 to help you. 1 Unit 4 • Man and beast
  • 36. WRITING Descriptive essay I can- Write- a detailed descriptive essay. Preparation 1 Complete the text with the words in the box. Use your dictionary to help you. 2 Make notes about a national park in your country. Introduction (where? most important features?)_______________ appearance comprises covers course designated endangered explore located protected size spectacular variety varieties Landscape (description) Vegetation (plants & trees) W ildlife (rare or endangered species?) Conservation (why and how?) 3 Use your notes to write a description of the national park in your country. Follow the plan below. W riting Guide Paragraph 1 Introduction Paragraph 2 The landscape and vegetation Paragraph 3 Wildlife Paragraph 4 Conservation Ch ec klist | ... ... si Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • written 200-250 words? • checked the spelling and grammar? J The Everglades National park is1______________ on the southern tip of Florida, in the USA, and 2______________ a vast wetland quite unlike any other in the world. It has been 3______________ a World Heritage Site. The Everglades is basically a huge area of shallow, slow-moving water th a t4______________ an enormous area - over 6,000 square kilometres. Visitors can therefore easily5______________the Everglades by boat, kayak, or canoe, but it is easy to get lost or ground the boat in shallow water, so great care needs to be taken.There is a huge 6______________of plants, including the famous mangrove trees that grow out of the water and many 7______________of rare orchid. The area boasts many rare and 8______________ species, such as the American crocodile, Florida panther, and West Indian manatee.The Everglades are most famous for alligators, which, despite their fearsome 9______________ are normally wary of people. It is also possible to see 10______________ flocks of water birds feeding in the shallows and on mud flats. The Everglades used to cover an area twice the 11______________of the present national park, but in the 12______________of the twentieth century much of the original land was drained and given over to agriculture. In 1934, the area was designated a national park is now 13_______________from further development. The Everglades National Park Unit 4 • Man and beast
  • 37. Ex a m Ta s k - Reading Jead the following article about bag snobs. Some parts j f the text have been removed. Complete the text by -atch in g the sentences (A-G) to the gaps in the text 1- 6). There is one letter which you do not need to use. V i friend Julia is one of the biggest bag snobs I know. »'•e’re not talking Gucci or Chanel, although she would definitely be fussy in the high-fashion department too. Not for all the cash in the world would she walk rown the street sporting an Asda carrier. As for Netto - she Aould much prefer death by 1,000 lashes in a public park ~ian leave her house with one of those. :_____ I regularly shop in Asda and will happily be seen *.ith one of their carriers. I also frequent Netto, and carry me bright yellow bag with pride. My children, however, are -o t so comfortable with Netto bags. ‘No way! I’m not taking that,’ my eldest daughter protested when I handed her one j f the - in my opinion fairly robust - carriers to transport rookery ingredients to school. 3 And there are plenty of them around. A survey -as revealed us to be a nation of bag snobs, with 56 :e r cent of Britons believing their choice of supermarket •eflects their place on the social ladder. One in eight reople believe shopping at certain stores can make a :erson appear wealthier. People spend on average £260 a year extra to be seen in the right shops, a survey has revealed. Many regard the supermarket they shop in as a great status symbol, with ■Vaitrose topping the league, and cut-price stores such as Netto at the bottom. 4 Take Lidl. I was elated after my first visit - it was so cheap. The bags aren’t bad-looking either. And when surfing the web to check out what’s hot and what’s not in the carrier bag department (yes, such sites do exist), I came across much praise for some supermarket carriers as robust and durable. That brings me to Harrods. People seem to hang on to these bags for years. 5 But they don’t care - it’s the name that’s important. For some, however, no name is good enough. 6_____ ‘I could never walk into town with my stuff in a carrier bag,’ she said. I made a quick though sadly unsuccessful, attempt to hide my old Tesco bag, which contained my purse, tissues, phone and other essentials. A A friend of mine refuses to use a carrier of any sort outside the supermarket car park. B All I can say is that people must be crazy to miss out on the fantastic bargains to be had in cut-price stores. C I recently mentioned to my bag snob friend how much I disliked some supermarket carrier bags. D I am referring to carrier bags - the plastic ones we use at the checkout. E Through no fault of mine, she is well on her way to becoming what is commonly known as a ‘bag snob’. F They are so reluctant to part with this scrap of plastic that it becomes a crumpled mess. G I’m the complete opposite. Ex a m Ta s k - Use o f English Complete the text with suitable words. Use one word only in each gap. Everyone can have a bad day. The bus is late, your computer goes on the blink and the coffee machine has 1__________ down again. But w hat happens when every day is a bad 2__________ and your frustration is escalating 3__________ of control? According to psychologists, anger is 4___________increasingly common problem nowadays. Calls to round-the-clock helplines 5__________ risen significantly over the past year - n o t6__________ from those feeling simmering resentment but also those suffering abuse from an angry colleague. So 7__________ can you control the rage? Think about exactly who you are angry at and write down possible solutions. Recognise the things that you cannot change and accept 8__________ . Relaxation techniques, like exercise or meditation, also 9___________in handy. Finally, 10__________ of being frustrated, try to look at the positive side and be happy about the good things in your life. Get ready for your Exam 2
  • 38. Exam Task - Listening © 0 8 You w ill hear part of a radio programme about life in a monastery in Thailand. Read sentences 1-10. Then complete the sentences 1-10 with one word according to the information you hear. 1 The first animal was brought to the monastery by the 2 Later they also gave unwanted___________to the monks. 3 In the winter of 1999 they had the firs t___________in the monastery. 4 Before it appeared there, its owner wanted to have it 5 In July 1999 this anim al___________ 6 The areas surroundingthe monastery entice many for some of 7 One animal is worth up to ___________ 8 When they started looking after the animals, the monks had had no ________ in how to treat them. 9 The monastery has changed into a(n)___________ 10 The monks are constructing a(n)_____ the animals. Pr e p a r a t io n : Writing Use the W riting Bank on page 107 to help you. Exam Task - Writing You have just returned from holiday in Greece. During the return flight, one of your suitcases got lost and Floria Airlines hasn’t found it so far. Write a letter of 100-120 words to the airline company. In your letter: • say why you are writing • describe what you have lost • request the quick return of your luggage • suggest a possible solution if it is not found Write your letter in the appropriate style and format. Pr e p a r a t io n : Speaking Use the Functions Bank on page 102 to help you. Exam Task - Speaking Part 4 - Role play Work in pairs and role-play the following situation. Role A - You are B’s son/daughter. It is your 18th birthday in two weeks and you want to give a party to which you would like to invite your friends and schoolmates. Discuss it with your parent, B, and ask him /her for help with preparations. Role B - You are A’s parent. It is his/her 18th birthday in two weeks and s/he wants to give a party. You are not going to be at home then and so want to discuss the ‘party house rules’. You are willing to help with the preparations. You may use these ideas: • kind of party (costume?) • what to prepare • party‘house rules’ • who does what (shopping, invitations, decorations, etc.) Role B starts the conversation. When you have finished, change your roles and practise again. Get ready for your Exam 2
  • 39. a Pre-Christmas surge boosts retail profits b Blaze at shop sparks police probe c Shop chief to quit as 1000 jobs axed Match the headline words (1-16) with the words in the box argument / fight attempt be about to happen cause/set off cut get married increase (v.) investigation m anager/head most important mystery police officer promise request (n) resign support (v.) 1 loom (v.) 9 cop 2 pledge 10 riddle 3 bid 11 top (adj.) 4 quit 12 plea (n.) 5 boost (v.) _ 13 probe (n.) 6 back (v.) 14 chief 7 clash 15 spark (v.) 00 axe (v.) 16 wed F u e l p ric e s u rg e rio ts ------- Soap stars to on Caribbean beach in­ complete the headlines with words from exercise 2. Then write a complete sentence explaining each headline. Voters green campaign 1500 jobs to be d at car^ factorw | P M s to boost Education spe . __ _ __ J f U L Z J L Ch allen g e! iilX J l Find some interesting headlines on British newspaper websites (e.g. www.mirror.co.uk). Write them here along with explanations. 1 ______________________________________________ |Cop hero dies in terrorists V
  • 40. 1 Change the direct speech to reported speech. 1 ‘I hate reading newspapers.’ Toby says_____________________________________________ 2 ‘I’d like to listen to the news on the radio.’ Sue said______________________________________________ 3 ‘You haven’t been listening to me.’ Sam complained______________________________________ 4 ‘I’ll be working at home tomorrow.’ My dad said__________________________________________ 5 ‘You shouldn’t be so sensitive.’ Chris says____________________________________________ 6 ‘I hadn’t expected Tom to arrive so soon.’ Jeff explained_________________________________________ 2 Read the dialogue and complete Mandy’s report of the conversation. Mandy What are you doing? Kevin I’m writing a letter to the newspaper Mandy What’s the letter about? Kevin It’s about crime rates in our town. There should be more police! Mandy You should mention that recent bank robbery. Kevin I will, if I can find the name of the bank. Mandy Have you looked online? Kevin I can’t. Somebody has stolen my laptop! I aske-d Kevin what___________________________________ He explained that___________________________________ I asked___________________________________, and Kevin replied ____________________________________ He saidth a t___________ _______________________ Isaid ____________________________ and Kevin said______________________if. Iasked________ ___________________________ Hesaid______________________ because___________________________________ ! 3 Imagine you are a journalist preparing an article about a bank robbery. Report the questions you asked one of the members of staff. 1 How long have you worked at the bank? I asked h im ___________ 2 What is your job title? I asked h im __________________________________________ 3 Did you see the robbery? I asked h im __________________________________________ 4 How much money did the robbers steal? I asked h im __________________________________________ 5 Was it a frightening experience? I asked h im __________________________________________ 6 Is it the first robbery at the bank? I asked h im __________________________________________ A Match the answers (a—f) with the questions in exercise 3. a I’m not sure, but probably £20,000 or more. □ b I’m the assistant manager. □ c Yes, I did. I was serving a customer. □ d No. It happened four years ago. □ e For six years. □ f Yes, it was, but everybody stayed calm. □ 5 Now complete your article. Yesterday, there was a robbery at the ABC Bank in the High Street. I spoke to Sam Wilson, the assistant manager, who told me that he 1___________________________________ at the time of the robbery. He wasn’t sure exactly2______________ ____________________ but estimated th a t3__________________ __________ or more. He said th a t4_________________________ experience but he insisted that everyone5________________ __________________________ Mr Wilson informed me that another robbery 6________________________________________ _________________________________________at the same bank. Unit 5 • In the news * KaS B
  • 41. Newspapers I CO[Vl UVAvrStCVA 0[VA rOACt tO (AVI a rticle , (About B ritis h newspapers. Revision: Student’s Book page 51 1 Complete the definitions with words from the box. circulation dailies gossip column quality newspaper tabloid 1 The number of copies that a newspaper regularly sells is called its ______________ 2 A regular article in a newspaper about the private lives of famous people is called a _____________ 3 Newspapers which are published Monday to Saturday are called_____________ 4 A newspaper which contains little serious analysis is called a ____________ 5 A newspaper which contains a lot of serious analysis is called a _____________. 2 Complete the text. Use the words given to form new words that fit the gaps. 3 Choose the correct answers. 1 In 1500, Wynkin de Worde started... A the first printing shop in Fleet Street. B the first daily newspaper in England. C the first weekly pamphlet in London. 2 Fleet Street was ideally situated for gathering what kinds of news stories? A Royal, political and cultural. B Business, political and crime. C International, crime and sports. 3 Why did the newspapers pay for the journalists’ food and drink? A The journalists did not earn high salaries. B The bars and restaurants were owned by the newspapers. C The long meals were part of the journalists’ work. 4 Since the 1980s, Fleet Street has lost its unique atmosphere mainly because A the journalists started using mobile phones. B the newspapers have moved their offices to other parts of London. C many journalists have been replaced by computers. 5 Peter McKay compares journalists today with battery hens because A they earn so little money. B they are not very popular with the general public. C they work alone, as if they were in cages. Fleet Street is a street in the centre of London,1 named (name) after the Fleet River which used to run nearby. It is also synonymous with the2______________(England) press because of its3______________ (history) links with newspapers. The first printer in Fleet Street was called Wynkin de Worde, and opened his shop in 1500. Soon, the area became well known for the printing of books and pamphlets and during the 1700s, the first4______________ (day) newspapers appeared. By the middle of the 20th century, almost every major newspaper in England had its head office in Fleet Street. It was the perfect 5 __ (locate) for gathering news: close to the City, the 6______________ (finance) centre of London; the Old Bailey, which is the main 7______________(crime) court, and the Palace of Westminster (the British parliament). There were also plenty of pubs and restaurants on Fleet Street where journalists would spend hours interviewing their ‘contacts’ while enjoying large quantities of 8______________(expense) food and drink which their employers paid for! During the 1980s, it became clear that technology was changing the way newspapers were produced and that new premises were needed. The Times and TheSun, both owned by Rupert Murdoch, were the first to move away from 9______________(centre) London to the eastern edge of the capital. Gradually, all the other papers followed. Printing became10______________ (computer). Journalists began spending more time on their mobile phones and less time on their11______________(prolong) business lunches. But many older journalists are still unhappy about the changes. One of them, a gossip columnist called Peter McKay, wrote in The Independent in 2005: ‘Fleet Street was a seething mass of printers, advertisers and journalists, drinking and punching each other every night, all night. People12______________(literal) never went home: there was a Turkish bath we went to for a shave in the morning ... Nowadays we sit in the far corners of London, like battery hens at computer terminals, pecking out our stuff and never meeting one another.' Unit 5 »In the news
  • 42. Photo-journalism I can understand an article about a pkoto-jourmlist. Revision: Student’s Book page 52-53 Complete the text with words from the box. invite misery obsession paparazzi privacy public eye publicity-hungry pursue responsible Do we have an unhealthy1_ . with the private . They say . However, _celebrities are lives of famous people? Many celebrities claim that the journalists and 2______________ w h o 3___________ them make their lives a 4 _ _ that they have a right to 5 _______ many people argue th a t6_________ them selves7 __________ for this state of affairs. They benefit from being in the 8_____ ________and often actively 9_ _ _ _ _ attention from the press. v ____________________________________________________________ y 2 Read the first two paragraphs of the text. Explain in your own words the difference between a photo-journalist and a member of the paparazzi. 4 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1 Why are some news photographers called photo­ journalists? 2 How can a picture change government policy? 3 In what two ways did Joseph White influence his daughter’s future? 4 How did Margaret Bourke-White gain the respect of her peers? 5 What economic event from American history did Bourke- White record? 6 What was Bourke-White allowed to do that women had not done before? 7 What important talent did Bourke-White possess? 3 Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. For each statement write the letter of the paragraph where you find the evidence for your decision. 1 Photo-journalists are no less ruthless than paparazzi. 2 Margaret Bourke-White’s father was born in The Bronx in New York__________ 3 When Margaret was growing up, it was not common for women to study at university__________ 4 When Margaret was an industrial photographer, she was surrounded by men who refused to accept that a woman could do her job ____ 5 During the 1930s, her most famous photographs showed people enjoying the ‘American dream’__________ 6 She published a book containing images of the Great Depression__________ 7 Margaret spent a lot of time in dangerous situations during her career__________ 8 Her impatience to get a good photo was one of the keys to her success_______ 5 Match the highlighted verbs in the text with these definitions. 1 recorded the details of _________ 2 forced _________ 3 was a perfect example of _________ 4 left somewhere you can’t get away from _________ 5 made sure ___ _____ 6 hit by an underwater bomb _________ 7 received from an older relative _______ ^ i i i Ch allen g e! Q X D f c Imagine you are a photo-journalist. Think of three things you want to take a photograph of in order to bring them to the public’s attention. 1 ____________________________________________ 2 ___________ 3 _________________________________________________________ V_____________________________________________________J Unit 5 »In the news
  • 43. Pictures that tell a storyA Press photographers are often criticised for the way they chase after celebrities, robbing them of their privacy and sometimes even putting them at risk of physical injury. They have the reputation of being ruthless and insensitive: they will do anything they need to do in order to get an embarrassing or revealing photo of a famous person. B However, not all press photographers can be labelled paparazzi. There is a long tradition of photographers who use their skill to show the truth about current events and to bring important issues to the attention of the public. These photographers are called photo-journalists, because their pictures tell a story. They may be just as ruthless as the paparazzi in their attempts to get the right shot, but their aim is not primarily to make money - it is to make sense of the world. Some of the most famous photo­ journalists in history have been particularly interested in showing the injustices that are often hidden from the public’s view. On a few occasions, a single photo has changed public opinion and compelled governments to act in a different way. C Margaret Bourke-White was born in 1904 in The Bronx, a suburb of New York City. Her father, Joseph White, who originally came from Poland, worked in the printing industry as an engineer. Unusually for that time, he believed that girls and boys should receive an equal education, and ensured that his daughter Margaret continued her education through school and university. He was also a keen amateur photographer and Margaret nherited his love of cameras. Chrysler Building, New York, 1931 D In the 1920s, Margaret became the first woman to be employed as a photo-journalist. She photographed major industrial and construction projects: steel factories, bridges, dams and skyscrapers. It was a man’s world, but Margaret earned respect wherever she went because of her intelligence, her personality and above all, the quality of her pictures. E In the 1930s, she documented the suffering of poor people during the Great Depression and published them in a book called You Have Seen Their Faces. It was a classic work of photo-journalism which epitomised the problems of American society at that time. One of her most famous pictures from that decade shows a line of poor black Americans queuing for food in front of a poster advertising the American way of life. The message is clear: ‘Look at the difference between the dream and the reality!’ Bread Line during the Louisville flood, Kentucky. 1937 F Her career as a photo-journalist brought excitement and danger. She was the first female photographer to be allowed into combat zones during World War II. During her working life, she was on a boat that was torpedoed in the Mediterranean, she was stranded on an Arctic island, she was in Moscow during bombing raids, and she was rescued from a river after her helicopter crashed. G Technically, Margaret Bourke-White was a skilful and innovative photographer. She also had the personal qualities that are necessary for a successful photo­ journalist, such as bravery, perseverance and patience. But perhaps most importantly, she had the gift of knowing where the next big news story was going to happen. She somehow always managed to be in the right place at the right time. Units • In the news
  • 44. Reporting verbs I can- report what people have said in- a variety of vjays. 1 Change the sentences into reported speech. Use the reporting verbs in the box and a that clause. admit announce complain explain promise 1 ‘It’s not fair!’ He complained that it wasn't fair.________________________ 2 ‘It was my fault.’ I______________________________________ 3 ‘I won’t stay out late tonight.’ S he ’_______________ 4 ‘I went to bed early because I was feeling tired.’ I __________ 5 ‘I’m going to take early retirement.’ He________________________________ 2 Write the words in the correct order. Then match three of the sentences with the pictures. Write the numbers in the speech bubbles. 1 you / to / the / 1/ near / not / sit / edge / warned 2 I / me / another / that / tell / insisted / should / she / joke 3 I / now / this / T-shirt / against / understand / why / advised / you / me / wearing 4 I / messy / being / can’t / you / of / accuse / well 5 admit / she / your / doesn’t / him / number / giving / to 3 Complete the sentences with a preposition if necessary and the infinitive or-ing form of the verbs in the box. get give help pay revise steal swim use 1 The police accused him 2 Tania offered__________ Toby’s mobile. me a lift to the station. a new job.3 I congratulated Daniel_________ 4 Fred agreed______________ me with the housework. 5 Harry’s dad encouraged h im ______________ well before the exam. 6 My dad forbade me __________his computer. 7 The lifeguard warned us n o t______________ from that particular beach. 8 Joanna insisted______________for the meal, even though she was short of money. 4 Complete sentence b so that it has a sim ilar meaning to sentence a. Use the word in bold. 1 a ‘You must come home before midnight,’ said Mr Jones to his son. insisted b Mr lones insisted that his son should come home before midnight. 2 a ‘I’m not going to buy you a new DVD player,’ said Kate, refused b Kate__________________________ her a new DVD player. 3 a ‘I think you should apply fora place at university, ‘ my dad said to me. encouraged b My dad _______________________ for a place at university. 4 a ‘Why don’t we go out for a meal,’ said Fred, suggested b Fred__________________________ for a meal. 5 a ‘I’m really sorry I broke the vase,’ said Millie, apologised b M illie __________________________the vase. 6 a ‘Eat fruit every day,’ Dr Jones said to her. recommended b Dr Jones___________________________fruit every day. 7 a ‘Well done for passingyour driving test,’ said my dad to me. congratulate b My d a d ___________________________my driving test. 44 1 Unit 5 »In the news ► t * 4 5 !3 Z B S E
  • 45. * i 09 Listen and write down the decimals, fractions and percentages that you hear. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Match the fractions with their equivalents. 1 half = _____ 2 a quarter = _____ 3 nine tenths = ____ 4 a fifth = _____ 5 three quarters = _____ 6 a third = _____ a 25% b One in three, c 20% d 0.5 e Nine out of ten. f 0.75 3 Write these numbers and fractions as words. 1 »/* = a quarter 2 V s= --------------- 3 Vio = --------------- 4 2/ 3 = ---------------- 5 1 3/ a = ___________ 6 2 V2= __________ h Look at the sales charts. Which chart shows sales: 1 fluctuating? EH 2 staying the same? EH 3 rising steadily? EH 4 falling sharply? EH 5 rising sharply? EH 6 falling steadily? EH 5 0 1 0 Listen to the manager of a language school talking about the number of students attending classes. Draw a graph that matches the statistics. 250 200 150 100 50 April May )une July August September 6 Complete the sentences about the statistics in the chart. How do people get to work? 2000 2008 Car 49% 46% Bus 27% 25% Train 19% 19% Bicycle 3% 7% On foot 2% 3% 1 In 2008, 2% fewer people _ .than in 2000. 2 Between 2000 and 2008, by 50%. 3 Between 2000 and 2008, _ more than doubled. 4 There was no change in by 3%. 6 A quarter of the people Extra Practice ■ > Unit 5 • In the news k5
  • 46. I CAVl W rite (A rtVitVJ of <ATV series. Preparation 1 Complete the review with the words and phrases in the box. character comedian favourite follows furthermore little memorable originally one personalities reason recommend set short 2 Find the words in the box in the review and match them with the definitions (1- 8). of all time be broadcast script packed with cast date(v) episode storyline 1 all the actors in a film, play, etc________________ 2 a single TV show that is part of a series_______________ 3 to become old-fashioned and out of date_______________ 4 ever_______________ 5 full o f_______________ 6 the written text of a TV programme or play_______________ 7 be shown on TV_______________ 8 p lo t_______________ 3 Write a review of a TV sitcom or drama series that you really like. Follow the plan. W riting Guide Paragraph 1 • name of the programme, type of programme, background information Paragraph 2 • the story and the characters Paragraph 3 • what you like about it Paragraph 4 • overall opinion and recommendation Ch e c k lis t Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • used the present simple to talk about the characters and the story? • counted the words and added or removed details to adjust the length? • checked the spelling and grammar? My favourite TV show of all time is Friends. It’s an American sitcom about a group of friends who live in New York. It was 1___________ broadcast between 1994 and 2004, but it is still often shown on TV. The story is m ainly2____________in the coffee shop below the apartment block where most of the characters live, and i t 3____________the frequently complicated lives of the six friends. There are three guys and three girls, all with clearly defined 4____________ In the early series of the show, Monica and Rachel share an apartment. Monica is the bossy, organised 5___________ , while Rachel is fashion-conscious and a 6____________spoiled. Phoebe is a bit of a hippy and rather strange. Across the hall from the girls’ apartment is where Joey and Chandler live. Joey gets all the girls, and Chandler gets none! Chandler is the group’s 7___________ , although everyone is really funny. The fin a l8____________is Ross, Monica’s brother, who is a professor of palaeontology. The 9____________I like Friends so much is that it always makes me laugh. The script is really clever, the storylines are great and every episode is packed with hilarious jokes. 10___________ , the cast is really strong, although my absolute 11____________character has to be weird and wonderful Phoebe. However, they are all 12____________and they interact really well together. In 13___________ , it’s a clever sitcom that hasn’t dated at all. I can watch the episodes again and again and still find them funny. I would 14____________this to anyone who needs cheering up. Units • In the news
  • 47. Read the sentences and complete the puzzle. 1 I don’t that global warming is caused only by human activity. I think there are other factors too. 2 ____ it! You made a mistake. 3 He didn’t exactly say so, but he _ . strongly that I had misled him. 4 It is that the plane crashed in the jungle, but nobody knows for sure. 5 Try to the meaning of the word from the context. 6 I _____ that we’ll find life on other planets in the solar system. 7 I _____ whether Harry knows he’s got his jumper on back to front. . that you borrow my phone. It’s no trouble. 2 Rewrite the sentences using the words given. 1 I am absolutely sure that Tom is lying, (convinced) 2 I don’t think the present government will win the election, (doubt) I can use the, language of opinions and beliefs. 4 Jason made me feel certain that I was wrong, (persuade) 5 David doesn’t accept the idea that money is more important than friendship, (reject) 6 Kate reluctantly accepted that the accident was her fault, (admit) 7 Harry became aware that Joe wasn’t listening to him. (realise) 8 The police asked the witness lots of questions about what she had seen, (quiz) Extension: Expressing opinions 3 Choose the correct preposition. 1 She managed to persuade the police about / of her innocence. 2 Do you believe in / about God? 3 What do you think about / over nuclear power? 4 Are you in / on favour of / to capital punishment? 5 Chris has strong views on / over marriage and divorce. 6 I’m not convinced of / to the government’s ability to avoid a recession. 7 I don’t have any doubts on / about Jamie’s schoolwork. He’s doing very well. 8 In / On my view, there should be a complete ban on smoking. 9 To / In my mind, hunting is wrong. 10 I don’t go along to / with the view that we should ban advertising on TV. 3 Samantha said that she had not hit her little brother, (deny) Extra Practice Unit 6 • Points of view
  • 48. I can write indirect questions. 1 Write subject or object questions. 1 Something is moving in that tree. What's moving in that free-?_________________________ 2 One of the girls started crying. Whidi girl started crying?___________________________ 3 James met somebody in town. 4 Somebody came into the room. 5 Celia gave him something to read. 6 Something is missing from the drawer. 7 I’d like one of those sandwiches. 8 Henry has got something in his pocket. 9 Somebody fell off their chair. 10 Sarah ran over something in her car. 2 Put the words in the correct order to make indirect questions about the photo. .. - ■-. ■ ■ .•-rfs*** •'vS«-fSPSap AroRSfc•- , •- -- --»5- w ■ ' ' ■' ' . ' ' • ' ' ' ' ' ? :•*- - r, j a - 1 is / any / it / Have / what / you / idea / ? 2 where / know / came / you / it / from / Do / ? 3 it’s / an / know / if / really / alien spacecraft / like to / I’d / . 4 photo / you / tell / the / Could / who / took / me / ? 5 genuine / wonder / is / the / 1/ if / photo / . Unit 6 • Points of view 3 Rewrite the questions, making them less formal. 1 With whom did you discuss your plans? 2 Whom did you meet at the party? 3 To whom did Tom give the money? 4 With whom did you stay? 5 To whom did you speak? 4 Write indirect questions. Use each of the phrases in the box once. 1wonder... I’d like to kn ow ... Could you tell me ...? Can you tell me ...? Have you any idea ...? Do you kn ow ...? Would you mind telling m e ...? 1 Where do you live? 2 What time do you plan to leave? 3 When does the next train from Brighton arrive? 4 What happened? 5 Would you be willing to donate some money to charity? 6 Why are you smiling? 7 Will you need a taxi?
  • 49. ►► I can discuss the Church of England. Revision: Student’s Book page 61 1 Complete the chart. religion adjective follower place of worship 1 Buddhist 2 temple 3 Christian 4 church 5 Hindu 6 temple 7 Islamic 8 mosque 9 Jewish 10 synagogue 11 Sikh 12 gurdwara 2 Complete the text with appropriate words. Th e C h u r c h OF En g l a n d .the first or secondChristianity arrived in Britain 1-------- centuries, probably via Ireland and Spain, but it only became firmly established when the Pope sent St Augustine from Rome in the sixth century 2__________ convert the people of Britain, especially the newly arrived Saxons, to Christianity. __ the help of Christians already living in Kent, Augustine established his church in Canterbury and became 4_____ first in die series of Archbishops of Canterbury, unbroken to this day. theFor the next 1,000 years, England was part _____ Roman Catholic Church. But in 1534, during die reign of King Henry VIII, the English church separated from Rome. The die split was diat Henry VIIIprinciple reason _____ wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Pope Clement V II refused to agree ' Henry’s request and so Henry decided to become head of the Church of England himself 8__________order to ensure diat die divorce went dirough and that he could man y the second of his six waves. England briefly rejoined 9__________ Roman Cadiolic Church during die reign of Queen Mary in 1555, but reverted to protestantism after her sister Elizabedi I came to the throne. In die seventeenth century diere was conflict10__________ the Puritans, who wanted further reform, and the church, 11_________ wanted to retain traditional beliefs and practices. 3 Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 St Augustine came to Britain via Ireland and Spain____ 2 Augustine was the first to introduce Christianity to Britain_____ 3 Some Christians who already lived in Britain helped Augustine to set up his church_____ 4 England remained in the Catholic Church until the sixteenth century_____ 5 King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church because the Pope wouldn’t do what he wanted_____ 6 Catherine of Aragon was Henry’s second wife_____ 7 England briefly became a Catholic country again when Elizabeth became queen_____ 8 There was a struggle between the church and the Puritans_____ 9 King Charles I was on the side of the Puritans_____ 10 Catholics were discriminated against for many years following the Restoration of the monarchy_____ 11 The heir to the British throne can marry whoever he or she likes_____ This led12_____ was executed 13_ .a bloody civil war in which King Charles I the Puritans. However, the monarchy and the Church of England were restored in 1660, and to this day, die British monarch is still the head of the Church of England. For many decades following the Restoration of 1660, Catholics elected14were excluded from public life and could not to Parliament, but gradually diev were granted full rights and liberties. However, the heir to the British throne 15__________ still forbidden by law to marry a Cadiolic. Unit 6 • Points of view 49
  • 50. TV scandals I can understand an article about TV scandals. Revision: Student’s Book page 62-63 I Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. Use some of the verbs twice. admit appear argue decline find maintain 1 The doorman refused to ______________the teenagers into the nightclub. 2 Despite being______________guilty by the court the man still — _ his innocence. 3 Have you ever ________ on TV? 4 H arriet my offer of a lift, saying she preferred to walk. 5 It costs a lot of money to ______ _such a large house and garden. 6 Why can’t you ju s t______________ that you are wrong? 7 My little brother and sister are a lw a y s ___________ with each other. 8 The ratings for TV quiz shows have ____________ in recent years. 9 Do you think that scientists will one day___________ a cure for cancer? 10 I t ___________ thatthecontestanthadbeen cheating. 11 The students_ fora day’s holiday before the exams, but the teachers rejected the idea. -________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ S ! Read the text quickly. How many of the programmes actually admitted deceiving the v ie w e rs ? _______ I For questions 1-12, choose the correct TV programme: A, B, CorD. Which TV programme: 1 showed a sequence of events in the wrong order? EH 2 is particularly popular with children? EH 3 made a lot of money from the viewers? EH 4 was about the daily life of somebody well known? EH 5 invited viewers to enter competitions? EH 6 invited viewers to name a pet animal? EH 7 implied that the presenter did something which in fact he didn’t do? EH 8 is broadcast in the morning? EH 9 showed somebody getting angry? EH 10 had to pay a large fine? EH I I showed people how to cook food? I I 12 deceived the viewers on two separate occasions? EH 4 Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 In 2007 the British public were deceived by TV companies_____ 2 Two programmes cheated their viewers in competitions_____ 3 All of the programmes showed events that weren’t true. 4 Only one of the scandals lead to the TV company paying a fine_____ 5 None of the shows were cancelled as a result of the scandals_____ 6 Two of the shows apologised to their viewers_____ 7 All the people involved in the scandals lost their jobs_____ 5 Match the highlighted words in the text with these definitions. 1 to arrange a result dishonestly in advance______ 2 people who watch TV__________ 3 well known for being ba d __________ 4 become know n_________ 5 going out quickly and angrily ___ 6 a series of scenes from a TV programme or film shown in advance to advertise i t _______ 7 said sorry__________ 8 give money back_________ 9 made to appear real when it in fact isn’t __________ 10 got money illegally by tricking somebody_______ M X n X L C h a lle n g e ! Q 3 2 Z X X Do you ever take part in TV phone-ins? Why? / Why not? Unit 6 • Points of view
  • 51. Itmustbetrue- 1sawiton TVIn 2007 there was a string of scandals in which TV programmes rigged phone-in competitions or misled viewers in other ways. The extensive press coverage led to a loss of confidence in the TV companies, which were perceived by the public as greedy and dishonest. Here are four of the most notorious cases ... A Blue Peter C GMTV 3lue Peter is one of the UK's most famous and popular children’s TV programmes - it is also the longest-running. In January last year viewers ■•.ere invited to visit the programme's website and choose a name for a pet kitten that appeared on the show. Thousands of children took part in the poll and the most popular name turned out to be Cookie. However, the : rogramme-makers ignored the voters’ wishes and named the cat Socks 'stead, allegedly because they were worried that the name Cookie would encourage childhood obesity. When the deception came to light the editor of the programme was sacked. The presenters made a humble apology Dn air, and Socks was joined by a second kitten - this time called Cookie, t wasn’t the first time the programme had deceived its viewers. A few ~Dnths prior to the kitten-naming scandal, the presenters had faked the * nner of a phone-in competition. B A year with the Queen - October Peter Fincham, the head of the TV channel BBC 1, was forced :: resign after a scandal caused by a trailer for a documentary which - srepresented the Queen. The documentary follows the life of the Queen n d other members of the royal family over a period of months as they zarry out their daily duties. At the documentary’s press launch, Peter -ncham told journalists that in the programme the monarch would be =-: ivn angrily storming out of a photoshoot with the renowned American photographer Annie Leibovitz. However, the footage of her supposedly sturmy exit (after Miss Leibovitz asked her to remove her tiara) was in fact f ned as she arrived for the session, and had then been edited to make r look as if she got angry during the interview. It was also later revealed Mr Fincham knew on the day of the press launch that the trailer was - s eading, but didn't tell anybody. The BBC apologised to the Queen but she was said still to be ‘extremely ngry’ about being misrepresented in the trailer. However, she made no objection to the screening of the documentary and it was broadcast just :e :re Christmas. An investigation by the TV industry regulator has revealed that GMTV (‘Good Morning Television’) defrauded viewers out of about £40 million. Over a four year period, viewers were invited to take part in phone-in quizzes using premium-rate phone lines. What the participants didn’t realise, however, was that the winners were determined before the phone lines closed. Between January 2003 and March 2007, over a third of the calls received were not entered into the competitions. 25 million viewers therefore each spent up to £1.80 on calls which gave them absolutely no chance of winning the competition. Over this period, GMTV made nearly £50 million in profit from its phone-ins. The company admitted full responsibility, was fined £2 million and offered to refund viewers. However, the head of the company refused to sack any of the employees responsible for the deception. Celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay was accused of deceiving viewers on his highly popular cookery programme. Channel 4, the TV channel that broadcasts the programme, admitted that a scene which appeared to show Ramsay catching fish off the south coast of Britain had in fact been faked. The celebrity chef was seen on-screen diving into the water, armed with a spear-gun. He was then shown returning to the beach holding several large fish which he seemed to have caught. However, although Ramsay did in fact take part in the fishing expedition, he failed to spear any fish. It was revealed that a spear-fishing expert, Dave O'Callaghan, had in fact caught the fish which Ramsay then barbecued on the beach. Channel 4 apologised to viewers and blamed the independent television company that had made the programme for misrepresenting the true facts. D Celebrity Chef Unité • Points of view ■ 51
  • 52. 1 can, use question, tags and tag questions. 1 Match the question tags in the box with the sentences. can’t he? did he? doesn’t he? has he? wasn’t he? won’t he? 1 Harry was driving too fast,____________ 2 This time tomorrow John will be arriving in New York, 3 Fred said nothing stupid,. 4 John can sw im ,__________ 5 Peter lives in Liverpool,________ 6 Steve hasn’t been to the States, 2 Complete the sentences with question tags. 1 You don’t like bananas,____________ 2 Don’t be late,____________ 3 There isn’t any bread,____________ 4 Kate and George had to go to London,________ 5 Everyone loves cartoons,____________ 6 I didn’t step on y o u rto e ,____________ 7 Nothing really happens in the film ,____________ 8 We must leave now ,____________ 9 You never help with the housework,__________ 10 You won’t mind if I bring my sister to the party, 11 Let’s get a ta ke-away,____________ 12 Everything in the garden looks beautiful, 13 You hadn’t realised I was here,__________ 14 Nobody wants to go o u t , ___________ 15 Pass me the dictionary,____________ 16 Do help yourself to more coffee, 3 Add question tags to the dialogue. Mum Boy Mum Boy Mum Boy Mum Boy Mum Come on, Joe. Let’s go. You’re ready, Yes, Mum. It’s only 8 o’clock, 2_______ No, it’s ten past. You’ve got your schoolbag, Yes, Mum. And don’t forget your football kit, 4______ No, Mum. You’ll come straight home after school, 5_ No, I’m going to Mandy’s. I told you, 6___ No, you didn’t, but that’s OK. 4 Write tag questions. 2 A The boss wants to speak to you immediately. _______________I wonder what she wants. 3 A I must leave soon. _______________I’ll get your coat then. 1 A B 2 A B 3 A B 4 A B 5 A B 6 A B 7 A B 8 A B 9 A B 10 A B 11 A B 12 A B Aren't '(on? Would you like an apple then? 4 A Ben won’t do his homework. _______________I’ll have a word with him. 5 A Everyone has gone home. They forgot to turn out the lights. 6 A I might buy a new car next week. _____________ Have you sold your old one? 7 A It’s started to snow. _______________We’d better wrap up warm. 8 A Nobody replied to my letter of complaint. _______________That’s shocking. 9 A Mark crashed his car yesterday. _______________Is he OK? 10 A Liam is planning to row across the Atlantic. _______________He must be mad. 11 A Fiona hadn’t locked the car. _______________No wonder it was stolen. 12 A Everything is fine. . I’ll leave you to it, then. 52 Unit 6 • Points of view
  • 53. SPEAKING Expressing opinions I m u express my opinions about a variety of subjects. 1 Complete the phrases for emphasising a point. Use the words in the box. bear believe convinced deny doubt forget remember think 1 We must _ 2 There’s no 3 Let’s not _ 4 I______ th a t... in my mind th a t... th a t... __________ very strongly th a t... It’s important to ______________ in mind th a t... 6 I’m absolutely^ 7 Nobody can 8 I really d o ____ th a t... . th a t... th a t... Which of these sentences are opinions and which are examples that support opinions? Write 0 or E. 1 Babies and toddlers should be looked after at home not sent to nurseries. EH 2 The air in city centres where cars are banned is much cleaner. EH 3 Some countries have benefited greatly from membership of the EU. EH - The UK government doesn’t spend enough money researching alternative energy sources. EH 5 It’s been shown that children who are cared for at home when they are very young do better at school. EH 6 People should use public transport ratherthan their cars. EH 7 Only 5% of electricity in the UK is generated from renewable sources. EH 8 The country has received a lot of money to build new roads. EH Vatch each opinion in exercise 2 with an example. Opinion QH Example EH Tcinion EH Example EH Opinion EH Example EH Gsinion EH Example EH 4 Q 11 Listen to two students. Which of these four questions are they answering? Is their opinion ‘yes’, ‘no’ or ‘undecided’? 1 Should we encourage more girls to do science at school? Why? / Why not? 2 Should the law prevent people under the age of 21 from buying cigarettes? Why? / Why not? 3 Has membership of the European Union been good for Poland? Why? / Why not? 4 Should we ban cars from all city centres? Why? / Why not? 6 Student A Question _ Student B Question _ Yes EH No EH Undecided EH Yes EH No EH Undecided EH Look at the sentences from the listening below. Find words or phrases that: introduce a personal opinion ________ concede an argum ent______________ mean ‘without doubt’ _________ mean ‘generally speaking’ A Personally, 1really enjoy physics but it seems, on the whole, that boys enjoy science subjects more than girls. B Admittedly, cars cause a lot of pollution and the air would undoubtedly be much cleaner if we didn’t drive so much. Prepare to give your opinion on question 2 or 3 in exercise 4. Write notes. Use one or more of the phrases in exercise 1 to emphasise the points you make, and think of an example to back up your opinion. Unit 6» Points of view
  • 54. I MVl Write an opinion-based essay. Preparation Read the exam task and the essay. Why isn’t it a very good model? 1 The introduction is too short. I I 2 The writer’s opinion isn’t clear. ED 3 The essay is too short. ED 4 There are a lot of grammar and spelling mistakes. ED 5 The writer only states his/her opinion and doesn’t give arguments supporting the opposite opinion. ED 6 The style is too informal. ED 7 The conclusion is too short. ED Write an essay of 200-250 words on the following topic: We have become too reliant on computers. Do you agree? Nowadays almost every aspect of our lives is affected by computers. Some people thinkthat computers can solve almost any problem, but I believe that we rely too much on them. Firstly, if a computer that controls vital equipment in a large organisation breaks down, the consequences can be very serious. For example, if the computers in hospitals or air traffic control crash, then many lives could be lost. Secondly, in the modern world, too many decisions are taken by computers and not by people. We will eventually lose our ability to make judgements for ourselves. What is more, computers are replacing people and taking their jobs. For example, online shops wilt eventually replace real shops and lots of people will lose their jobs. Thirdly, computers are changing the way we live. Children rely too much on computers for entertainment. They spend hours playing games on the computer and forget how to play with other children or amuse themselves. They don’t learn how to be creative - they just have to click the mouse and press keys. To sum up, I believe that we have become too reliant on computers. , K 197 words Write C next to the phrases for contrasting points, and A next to those for making additional points. And y e t,... ED Furthermore,... ED Having said th a t,... ED However,... ED Moreover,... ED Nevertheless,... ED On the other hand,... ED Sim ilarly,... ED We should also remember th a t... ED What is m ore,... ED 54 J Unit 6 • Points of view 3 Complete the expressions with the words in the box. balance clear deny having maintain though worth 1 It is also hard to __________that... 2 __________said that, it is true that ... 3 It is _________ that... 4 It is also _________ bearing in mind that ... 5 Even_________ in some cases ... I would s till__________ that in most cases ... 6 However, o n _________ , I believe th a t... 4 Read the essay title. What is your initial reaction? Do you: ✓ agree with the statement? X disagree with the statement? Computers have made the world a better and safer place. Do you agree? ED 5 Think of two or three points that support your opinion. Make notes in your notebook. 6 Think of one or two points that support the opposite opinion. Make notes. 7 Write your essay (200-250 words), following the plan in the w riting guide below. W riting Guide Paragraph 1 Introduction. Explain the title and give your initial opinion. Paragraph 2 First argument in support of your opinion. Paragraph 3 Second argument in support of your opinion. Paragraph 4 Arguments supporting the opposite opinion. Paragraph 5 Summary including a re-statement of your opinion. Ch ec klis t Have you: • followed the writing plan? • written 200-250 words? • included examples that support your arguments? • checked the spelling and grammar? ^ t "42S3S2SBSBi
  • 55. Lxam Task - Reading 1Reading • Use of English ’ Listening »W riting »Speaking d the following article about online survey websites, e parts of the text have been removed. Complete the by matching the sentences (A-G) to the gaps in the text - 6). There is one letter which you do not need to use. _ must have seen those online survey websites. They _ slick and inexpensive. They have neat interfaces -*■ let you create your own survey and invite others to -ticipate; they can make you look really talented and ress others. 1 It certainly sounds like the results of ~se surveys provide real information that can be used in decision-making process. There’s no guarantee that the survey you create is -5 able. And if it can’t be proven reliable, you can’t prove —at its results are valid. ft':hout being reliable and valid, any survey is worthless, n simple terms, reliability means the results would look t ie same if you repeated the survey with the same people r e next day. Validity means your instrument measures ■ fiat you say it measures and not something else. 3_____ At east with the latter, you know when it stops working. K questionnaire, on the other hand, will always produce -jm erical results, even if they’re meaningless. A_____ =i>r as long as questionnaires and surveys have existed, t has been known that you can’t just throw a bunch of statements together with some agree/disagree scales, and ::m e up with accurate comprehensive data. 5 And -a n y behavioural scientists, who ought to know better, have become willing accomplices by sponsoring these ~:es and promoting their use. The same IT industry did amazing things with the a-:omobile engine, with internal computers that monitor a--gine functioning and optimize timing and ignition while we drive. 6 But the same sophistication has not been built into the typical online questionnaire. Just because the 5-'vey provider doesn’t talk about it does not mean it is all being taken care of somewhere inside the computer. 5 d if you are considering a serious project and need to base t on reliable survey data, remember that a quick, ‘cost elective’ online survey may actually cost you much more. A However, the Internet has allowed some IT people to turn the process of designing and implementing surveys into a ‘do-it-yourself’ activity. B We do have to be aware of the difference between a ‘do- it-yourself survey and one with reliability and validity. C Some have catchy tag lines like ‘The easiest way to ask, the fastest way to know’, or ‘Because knowledge is everything’. D We’re now able to drive 100,000 miles without thinking about when we need to ‘tune’ the engine. E But there’s that ‘dirty little secret’ they don’t want you to know about the surveys and questionnaires produced by non-specialists. F An unreliable questionnaire is worse than an unreliable car. G As a result, you could be making serious decisions based on survey results that don’t mean anything. Exam Task - Use of English Complete the text with the correct words (A-D). A noisy parrot called Peanut, who likes to imitate sounds, helped save Kenny Donovan and his four-year-old son from a house fire by mocking the 1 of a smoke alarm. The tw o had 2 asleep on the sofa in the living room of their semi-detached house in Birmingham 3_____ watching a movie. After hearing Peanut4 the fire alarm they awoke to find their home on fire. 'He was really screaming his head off,' Kenny said. The smoke alarm had gone 5_____ , but it was the bird's call that caught Kenny's attention. Grabbing his son and his bird, he safely got them out of the house. The fire ,6_____ destroyed the kitchen and bedroom ,7 under investigation.8 Peanut, it was the fact that they fell asleep downstairs on the sofa that helped save them. They may n o t9 the alarm or the bird if they 10_____ asleep in their bedrooms, where an air conditioner drowns out most of the noise around the house. 1 A sound B noise C shout D call 2 A fall B felt C fallen D feel 3 A during B from c while D as 4 A imitating B to imitate c imitated D has imitated 5 A on B out c up D off 6 A what B which c however D that 7 A stays B remains c stands D returns 8 A Beside B Aside from c Out of D Next to 9 A heard B hear c had heard D have heard 10 A were B would be c had been D have been Get ready for your Exam 3
  • 56. Exam Task - Listening $ 12 You w ill hear part of an interview with a famous literary critic. Read statements 1 -7. Then listen and decide if each statement is true (T) or false (F) according to the information you hear. True False 1 The author of A Short History of Nearly Everything did not like science when he was a student. 2 Bill Bryson is a popular guidebook writer. 3 In order to write the book, Bryson interviewed many scientists. 4 The book they discuss concentrates on historical events. 5 The book contains anecdotes about various scientists. 6 Marcus believes the only problem with the book is that the language is too scientific. 7 The interviewer has already read the book. I Pr e p a r a t io n : Writing ^ Use the W riting Bank on page 107 to help you. Exam Task - Writing A British travel agency has published an advertisement in Travel Times and is looking for people to work as restaurant and bar staff on their cruise ships in Scandinavia. Write a letter of application of 210-230 words to the manager of the travel agency. In your letter include: • personal information • why you would like to work for them • useful personal qualities • relevant work experience Write your letter in the appropriate style and format. : Pr e p a r a t io n : Speaking ^ Use the Functions Bank on page 102 to help you. Exam Task - Speaking Part 1 - Short interview Work in pairs. One of you plays the role of the student, the other of the teacher/examiner. Start with Set 1, then exchange roles and continue with Set 2. Role 1 - the student Do not read the questions. Listen carefully to your partner and answer all his/her questions in detail. If you do not understand, ask your partner to repeat the question. Role 2 - the teacher Your role is to read each question to your partner. Choose 3 -5 questions from the list below. Give your partner enough time to answer each of them. Set 1 - Topic: Foreign languages • Why do you study English? • Is it important to study more than one foreign language? Why (not)? • Which jobs require a good knowledge of foreign languages? Explain. • What is an ideal language lesson for you? • Would you like to improve your language knowledge? Why (not)? • Would you like to study abroad? Where? What? Why (not)? Now change roles and use the questions in Set 2. Set 2 - Topic: The Internet • Why do people of your age use the Internet? • Do you thinkthat the Internet plays an important role in today’s society? Why (not)? • What are the alternatives to the Internet (other sources of information)? Are they useful today? Why (not)? • Can you imagine life without the Internet? Explain. • What are the possible dangers/disadvantages of the Internet? • What do you think about online dating? Get ready for your Exam 3
  • 57. Global warming I can, talk about the reasons for avid comtcjuLcnits ofglobal farming. I Complete the facts with the words in the box. atmosphere caps carbon C02 Earth emissions energy footprint industrialised sea solar warming Climate Facts Each year, humans add about 30 billion tonnes o f 1_________ into the 2___________ but half of it is absorbed by the forests and oceans. Scientists are working on a way to collect ; ___________power from space and send it back to 4____________as a giant laser beam. Global5 = _ 6 is causing the ice . to melt and th e 7_______ levels to rise - and they’re rising faster because water expands as it gets warmer. : ___________ countries are currently only -esponsible for about 50% of carbon 9___________ , but they are responsible for 80% of the man-made C02that is already in :ne atmosphere. ® Leaving your DVD player on standby _-v produces the same10___________ emissions each year as the average K citizen of Burundi. Being a vegetarian reduces your carbon ____________(the amount of emissions caused by one person’s lifestyle) because :he production of meat and dairy products uses a lot o f 12 ____ 4 Extra Practice ,---- 2 Choose the correct word to complete the collocations in these sentences. Then read the sentences and circle T (true) or F(false). 1 Wind power is a type of fossil fuel / power. T F 2 The majority of the Earth’s fresh water is contained in the ice caps / levels. T F 3 Trees and plants help to increase the greenhouse warming / gases in the atmosphere. T F 4 Petrol is a form of recyclable / renewable energy. T F 5 The destruction of forests has led to an increasein the number of dangerous / endangered species. T F 6 Climate change / warming will create more extreme weather conditions. T F 7 Solar waves / panels generate electricity. T F 3 Explain how each of these things is good or badfor our planet. Include the word in bold. 1 energy-saving light bulbs electricity are good because thfrf use- less electricity than normal light bulbs.______________________________________________ 2 wind turbines clean They are__________ because_____________________________ 3 tumble dryers electricity They are _ because 4 long-haul flights carbon emissions They are__________because________ 5 recyclable packaging household waste It i s __________because__________________ Ch allen g e! Suggest three changes that could be made to your school to reduce its carbon footprint. 1 ______________________________________________ 2 3 ________________________________________________________ Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
  • 58. HittUbli Advice, obligation and prohibition 1 Decide what the underlined part of each sentence means and circle a or b. 1 You really must try these biscuits - I made them, a It’s absolutely necessary that you tr y ... b I really think you should tr y ... 2 You don’t have to eat your sandwiches in the canteen at our school. a It isn’t necessary to eat your sandwiches ... b It’s against the rules to eat your sandwiches ... 3 You mustn’t wear boots in the house, a It isn’t necessary to wear boots ... b It’s against the rules to wear boots ... 4 We ought to spend less on phone calls, a It’s very important to spend less ... b It would be a good idea to spend less ... 5 They have to move house before the end of the year, a It’s obligatory for them to move house ... b It’s a good idea for them to move house ... 2 Complete the advice with a suitable modal verb. 1 ‘You___________ tell Holly about passing your driving test. She might ask for lifts all the tim e.’ 2 ‘You really____________remember to switch the lights off at night, otherwise you waste electricity.’ 3 ‘I don’t th in kyo u ____________walk home a lo n e - it’stoo dangerous.’ 4 ‘If you’re in Barcelona, you sim ply____________see the Gaudi buildings.’ 5 ‘No wonder you’re sleepy. You____________stay up so late! 3 Give an example of something that you ... 1 have to do but hate doing. 2 don’t have to do, but enjoy doing. 3 ought to do often, but only do occasionally. 4 should do less. 5 mustn’t do at home. Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights 4 Complete the dialogue with the words in the box. Use each word once. don’t have have to must mustn’t need needn’t should shouldn’t Jake Let’s pick up some holiday brochures. Cathy Holiday brochures? Why? Jake W e1 _________ to book our summer holiday soon or alt the good deals wilt have been taken. Cathy OK, but w e 2___________ to get brochures - they’re a waste of paper. We 3___________ search online. It’s better for the environment. Jake If you’re so worried about the environment, we 4___ _______ goon holiday at all. Flying produces lots of C02! Cathy Who said anything about flying? We 5__________ fly anywhere. I’m thinking of a walking holiday in Belgium. I’ve already found a company online that organises tours. Jake Look, you 6___________ bookanythingwithout discussing with me first. Do you understand? Cathy A ctually... it’s already booked. Sorry! Jake Well phone up and cancel it! Even if you 7___________ pay a fine, cancel it! Cathy Calm down! I was joking. You really 8___________ try to develop a sense of humour. 5 Complete these sentences with your own ideas. Use a suitable modal verbs. 1 If you want to learn Mandarin, yo u ____________________ 2 No wonderyou can’t sleep. You______________________ 3 Don’t just sit there looking miserable. You 4 If the girl / boy of your dreams won’t pay you any attention, you __________________________________ 5 If you want to lead a long and healthy life, you
  • 59. I can understand an article about environmental issues. '■evision: Student’s Book page 73 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. coral outcry global growth interest primeval species vehicles 1 Conservationists are working to protect endangered __________ around the world. 2 Much of the jungle in the'Congo is __________ forest. 3 A rise in sea temperatures w ill damage the world’s __________reefs. 4 Carbon emissions tend to increase in line with economic . 5 Nearly all scientists today accept that ________ warming is a reality. 6 The revelation that toxic waste is being exported to developing countries has caused a pu blic_________ 7 Many old buildings in the village have been damaged by the heavy goods__________ that pass through. 8 The ‘green’ movement includes various__________ groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth. 2 : ead the text quickly, ignoring the gaps. According to the •riter, what is the answer to the question in the title? 3 Complete each gap in the text with a suitable word. 4 -re these sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 Even people who care about the environment are reluctant to give up flying_____ 2 People would make fewer flights if the government encouraged them to fly less often_____ 3 The British are gradually reducing the number of short flights that they make. ____ - Short-haul flights create a quarter of the UK’s total carbon emissions_____ 5 Compared to a decade ago, fewer destinations are available today for low-cost flights from the UK_____ 6 The leader of the study had not expected to find so much hypocrisy_____ What’sgreen and flies?City Breaks: Prague from £ ^ 4 0 № V p London to Krakow from£ 1 7 0 H ' j S o — £ 8 0 re, J N I Barce,ona They insist 1_ . buying organic food and recycling every last scrap of paper or glass - and they’re not slow to tell you about it. But when it comes ' . giving up their trips to Krakow and weekend breaks in Prague, it seems that even the ‘greenest’ people in the UK are reluctant to make the sacrifice. A study by Exeter University has revealed the huge number of supposedly environmentally-friendly Britons who refuse to give up low-cost flying in spite 3__________ the damage to the planet. The authors of the study say this ‘eco-hypocrisy’ shows 4_________ difficult it will be for governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by urging people to cut down on air-travel. Environmental campaigners argue that cheap short-haul flights, 5__________are becoming more and more popular among the British, have caused a massive increase in carbon emissions over the past few years. Although pollution from flights accounts for just seven per cent of the UK’s total greenhouse gas output, the figure 6_________ predicted to reach 25 per cent over the next few decades. Taking cheap flights to other European cities for a short holiday has become almost an addiction for the British over the past decade most popular destinations are Krakow,or so. Among ____ Budapest, Prague, Brussels and Barcelona, and the low-cost airlines are adding new cities to the list all the time. Tickets cost 8_________ little as €80 for a return flight, so you don't have to be well-off to travel abroad several times a year. Dr Stewart Barr, 9__________ led the focus group study, said that, although the study was based on only 64 people, the findings reflected a widespread trend. ‘Most10__________the committed environmentalists said they still travelled on low-cost airlines, 11_________ though they realised it was problematic,’ he said. ‘But they couldn't see a way around it. We were surprised because we thought that people would transfer their attitudes towards environmentalism in the home to their holidays, but the difference was more striking 12__________we had imagined. The UK’s addiction to cheap flights looks hard to break.' Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
  • 60. r Waste not, want not I can, u nd e rsta n d an, article- a b o u t fo o d waste,. Revision: Student’s Book page 74-75 1 Choose the correct preposition in these sentences. 1 Is the government to blame of / for the amount of traffic on our roads? 2 She wasn’t impressed by / of my efforts to lead a greener lifestyle. 3 At university, I specialised at / in Environmental Studies. 4 The Soil Association is committed in / to promoting organic food in the UK. 5 I beckoned for / to the waiter, but he ignored me. 6 The government does not allow journalists to have access in / to their plans for nuclear power. 7 She found it hard to cope for / with three young children while her husband was out at work. 8 The UK’s annual C02emissions from aviation are about 37 million tonnes, which amounts in / to 7% of its total emissions. 9 We should deal at / with the problem of climate change before it gets out of hand. 2 What is a ‘freegan’? Choose the best definition. a Somebody who collects food that supermarkets throw away and gives it to people who need it. b Somebody who grows their own food instead of buying it. c Somebody who eats food that has been thrown away as a protest against consumerism. d Somebody who refuses to pay for food as a protest against capitalism. Look through the text, ignoring the gaps. What is the main objective of the SWAG campaign? a To encourage people to cook in more imaginative ways, b To encourage people to spend less money in supermarkets. c To encourage people to put less of the food they buy in the bin. d To encourage people to recycle more of their household rubbish. A Read the text carefully. Match sentences A-G with gaps 1 -6 . There is one sentence that you do not need. A Within that, there is more of an awareness, especially from the people who lived through the Second World War. B For this reason, consumers are reluctant to alter their shopping habits, in spite of the evidence. C Freeze leftovers so that they can be eaten at a later date. D These are members of the public who aim to share their practical hints and tips to help avoid food waste. E It offers tips, hints and simple recipes which enable people to make the most of the food they buy and prepare. F Most is dumped in landfill, where it gives off greenhouse gases. G Think about the meats for the week and check cupboards before going shopping. 5 Match the two halves of these expressions from the text. 1 to launch 2 to have an impact on 3 to come up with 4 to make 5 to make up the environment 20% of the total an idea a campaign improvements Do older members of your family have a different attitude to wasting food? Give an example, and say why you think the difference may exist. Ch allen g e! Think of a dish which uses left-over food (for example, cooked meat, cooked potato or other vegetables). Write a short recipe or description. Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
  • 61. War on waste People in the UK throw away about a third o f the food :ney buy. Food waste makes up nearly 20 per cent : f the to tal household bin - and around h a lf o f this could actually have been eaten. N ot only does this cost consumers a huge am ount o f money, but it also zamages the environm ent. Firstly, there is the damage caused by producing the unnecessary food in the first :lace. And secondly, there is the fact th a t all the food e throw away creates hundreds o f tones o f dom estic w a ste .1_________ Expertssay preventing the waste .vould have the same im pact as removing one in five cars from the road. Now, various organisations are trying to crack down on food waste. For example, a campaign has been aunched north o f the border by SWAG (the Scottish Waste Awareness Group), w ith the support o f leading chefs and food writers. They are focusing on four key ^'eas where improvements can be made: planning meals, spring food properly, using up leftovers and buying accurate amounts. Dr Nicki Souter, SWAG's campaign director, said: A ttitudes to food waste are very sim ilar across the age ro u p s , apart from the 60-plus g e neratio n.2________ B jt if you look at the adult population as a whole, t. oically we waste a lot o f food. Every tim e we cook rice or pasta, it's d iffic u lt to get the portion size right. ______________________________________________ The aim o f this campaign is to get the public thinking about the issue o f food waste and ultim ately doing som ething to lim it the problem.' Another organisation which is campaigning on the same issue is called Love Food Hate Waste. According to the campaign, the key foods wasted in the home are fresh fru it and vegetables, meat and fish, bakery and bread products and dairy products. The main reasons are preparing too much food or letting it go past its use-by date. And the campaign says 90 per cent o f people do not even realise how much is being disposed of. The Love Food Hate Waste campaign has come up w ith the idea o f having 'cham pions'.3________ There is also a website to raise public awareness. 4____ _ Here is a selection o f the practical advice on offer: • Portion sizes: Buy loose fru it and vegetables to get the exact am ount th a t you need. Look out for smaller size options and measure portion sizes when you cook. • P lanning:5_________. That way you w o n 't buy food th a t is already in your fridge! • Storage: Learn the difference between use-by dates, where the food can go o ff quickly, and best-before dates, which tend to affe ct quality rather than safety. Follow the storage instructions on food, and rotate the food in the fridge and cupboard so th a t you know w hat needs using fir s t.6________ • Recipe ideas: Use leftovers and check the campaign website fo r tips. For example, leftover vegetables and potato can be fried together w ith bacon and onion to make a traditional British dish called 'bubble and squeak'! Bubble and squeak Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
  • 62. Speculating: present, past and future I coin- speculate, (About events. Underline the modal verb in each sentence and decide whether it refers to the past, present or future. 1 We’d better take an umbrella. It might rain, future 2 Where does Connor live? Grace may know - I’ll ask her________ 3 She can’t have a brother - she told me she was an only child________ 4 Ask at reception. They might have found your passport________ 5 By the time we reach the airport, it could be too late!_______ Complete the sentences with must, might or can’t. 1 She go to this school. I’ve never seen her before. 2 Look, it’s already dark outside. It _ be later than we realised. 3 This be my phone, it’s red. Mine has a green case. 4 £3.75 fora coffee? You be serious! 5 You_ _ _ be exhausted. You’ve been working for nearly six hours without a break. 6 rm n o ts u re w h o s e la p to p th is is .lt belong to my aunt. 7 Dan and Ali haven’t arrived yet. They be lost. 8 Aunt May called. S he come by tomorrow if she has time. Continue each sentence in your own words. 1 Bella’s crying. Somebody must have _____ ________ 2 You got less than 10% in your exam. You can’t have 3 I’m not sure where Tilly is. She may have. 4 Judy hasn’t phoned me for weeks. She must have 5 The restaurant has gone out of business. They can’t have 6 Witnesses saw strange lights in the sky. They might have Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights 4 Complete the dialogue with must (have), might / may / could (have), and can’t (have) and the verbs in the box. be be break into go leave look need open Jake That’s strange. My mum isn’t here, but the window’s open. Cathy S he1_____________________it for some fresh air and then gone out, I suppose. She’s usually really careful about things like that. S he2 ___________________ the house in a real hurry. Jake Cathy Jake I hope everything’s OK. Look at those muddy footprints on the floor! I’ll phone my mum. Hmm. Her phone’s switched off. Cathy Have you any idea where she3________________ ? Jake She’s often out at this time. She 4_____________________ to work - or to the gym. .to come home asCathy I think she 5________________ soon as possible. Jake Why? Cathy Well, there’s only one explanation for the open window and the footprints. A burglar 6_____________________ your house! Jake You’re right. Actually, look at these footprints. They7_____________________ mine or my mum’s, They’re too big. Cathy If I were you, I’d call the police. And don’t touch anything! The police 8_____________________ for the burglar’s fingerprints. Ch allen g e! Write three sentences about this photo. Use might (have), must (have) and can’t (have). K 4 H B '
  • 63. 2 f t 13 Listen to two students discussing ways to make their school greener. Which three items from exercise 1 do they describe? 1 ________________ 2 ________________ 3 _____________________ 3 f t 13 Listen again. Complete these extracts with the correct word. 1 Label the pictures with the words in the box. bin bins burning compost cycle panel rack recycling solar stove turbine wind wood 1 What about those things that you put on th e ________ ? 2 You know, fo r________ electricity. 3 Wood is a renewable________ 4 What about those m etal________ for burning wood in? 5 That way, we’d send less waste to sites. 4 Choose the correct word in these sentences. 1 All new public buildings must use low energy/power light fittings. 2 My grandparents’ home is much warmer since they installed double glass/glazing. 3 If you’re thirsty, there’s a drink/drinking fountain next to the steps. 4 Don’t throw your empty bottles away! Put them in the recycling bin/can. 5 Put the nine items from exercises 1 and 4 into the correct group. 1 They are sources of energy. 2 They help reduce energy consumption. 3 They are an alternative to throwing rubbish away. 4 They encourage ‘greener’ behaviour. 6 Try to think of one more item for each group in exercise 5. Extra Practice Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights
  • 64. Preparation Read the task. Decide whether you agree or disagree with the statement. ‘Making personal lifestyle changes will never stop global warming.’ Do you agree or disagree? Read the eight jumbled parts of the essay (a-h). Match them with the paragraph plan in column 2. a Moreover, most ‘green’ choices have negative consequences as well as positive ones. For example, energy-saving light bulbs contain mercury, a poisonous metal that could pollute the environment when the bulbs are thrown away, b However, others maintain that carbon emissions are increasing so quickly in developing countries, like China and India, that there is nothing we can do to prevent climate change, c On the other hand, environmental campaigners argue that individual choices can make a big difference if millions of people a lto g e th e r. If everybody in the UK switched off theirTV at night, it would reduce the amount of C02released into the atmosphere by a significant amount. d And while it’s true that governments can do more than individuals, I feel that individuals definitely have an important role to play, e Some people believe that we can reduce global warming if we all do our best to live a ‘greener’ lifestyle, f Another argument in favour of changing your lifestyle is that we can’t expect developing countries to care about their emissions unless the West sets a good example, g It is argued that personal lifestyle choices can only make a tiny difference to a country’s carbon emissions. For Instance, using energy-saving light bulbs in your home makes an insignificant difference compared to the electricity that used by, say, a factory, h On balance, I believe that individuals should do everything they can to reduce carbon emissions. I caw vJntt 01for 0vU ajetinst css0ty. Paragraph plan Paragraph 1 (Introduction) sides of the argument: 1 e 2_________ a brief introduction to both Paragraph 2 - arguments supporting the opposite view from your own: Paragraph 3 - arguments supporting your own view: 5 , 6 Paragraph 4 (conclusion) - a summary of the issue and clear statement of your own view: Match the highlighted phrases in the essay with their equivalent phrases below. In contrast____ Furthermore... All in a ll... ___ My view is th a t___________ Some people claim th a t... For exam ple______________ Read the task. Decide whether you agree or disagree. Then make notes following the same paragraph plan as the one in exercise 2. ‘To help prevent climate change, governments should ban individuals from flying more than once a year.’ Do you agree or disagree? Use your notes from exercise 4 to write an essay. Use the w riting guide below to help you. W riting Guide Use phrases from exercise 3 to help structure each paragraph. You don’t have to summarise both sides of the argument in the introduction; you can give some background information about the topic instead. Make sure the conclusion clearly states your own opinion, even if it mentions the opposite view. Ch ec klist Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • included examples to support some of the points? • checked your work for mistakes? V___________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________________ Ok Unit 7 • Putting the world to rights 1
  • 65. i Caught in the net P m I - VOCABULARY The Internet І can describe- how to use- the- Internet. nd 15 more words associated with the Internet Dmputers in the wordsearch. (—>|) and desktop drag icon password restart web browser w (c 0 M M A N D) R T Y W D U P A S S W 0 R D P 1 E A E S D F W 1 С 0 N R S С R 0 L L E G H J К E К L A z X С В V В В N L T M T H U M В N A 1 L E 0 Q 1 w E R R T С U A S p 1 N 0 P A 0 S К D D S F G G H J К W L В Z D N X D S A V E S С и D R E V R Y В N M E Q T 0 E T P J S s W M R F T С S W w G T R T Y P V 0 U S 0 A S E D F G H J N M В R К L M 1 N 1 M 1 S E A К V 1 R U S Z X С V N R В N M Q R E S T A R T H M 2 Match 1-12 with a-1 and complete the sentences with *.ords from the boxes. address bar minimise operating system scroll thumbnail wireless network 1 If the end of the document is hidden from view, Q 2 To see a larger version of the photo, | | 3 I used to use Windows XP, I I - Are there wires running between your computer and m o d e m ,Q 5 If you’d like to practise the vocabulary and grammar from this unit online, O 6 If you don’t need to look at this webpage, Q a or are you connected to a __________________? b you need to ______________down. c but you don’t want to close it either, you can just ______________ it. d click on th e ______________ e type www.oup.com /elt/global/products/solutions/ ?cc=pl into th e __________________ f but now I use a different__________________ 7 After downloading a software update, Q 8 When you buy a computer, | | 9 I can’t log on to the network because Q 10 It’s easier to keep track of documents I I 11 To open the application, 2_ 12 To attach the photo to the e-mail, Q g you usually get a free. _such as Safari, Netscape or Internet Explorer, h if you store them in folders on the the hard drive. i you’ll probably need t o _________ j simply click on it a n d ____________ k click on th e _______________on the desktop. I I’ve forgotten m y_______________ or in „y o u r computer, it onto the window. Ґ • • • • • Extension: Phrasal verbs with off and on 3 Rewrite the sentences using the phrasal verbs in brackets. 1 Keep walking until you reach the traffic lights, (carry on) 2 The strike was cancelled at the last minute, (call off) 3 Take a chocolate and then give them to Ed. (pass on) 4 Jodie left at five p.m. and arrived home at six. (set off) 5 George agreed to do a lot of extra work because he needed the money, (take on) 6 Don’t disturb Jamie while he’s concentrating, (put off) Ch allen g e! Describe in detail something you did on a computer and how you did it (e.g. downloading something, sending an attachment with an e-mail, etc.) Extra Practice Unit 8 »Caught in the net I 65
  • 66. Modals in the past 1 Complete the text in the cartoons. Use a verb from the box and each of these modals verbs once: might have, needn’t have, ought to have and shouldn’t have. book bring stay up leave 66 1 Unit 8 »Caught in the net I cowi use, modal verbs to talk. (About the past. 2 Complete the sentences with a modal in the past and the verbs in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 Wegot lost onthe way. We turned left when w e _ ______________________ right, (turn) 2 Ispent all morning looking for my camera. Y o u ____ ______________________ me that you’d borrowed it! (tell) 3 Thanks for the sandwich, but you . _________ it. I had lunch in town, (make) 4 It only took fifteen minutes to get home because I _ _________________________ long for a bus. (wait) 5 Josh________________________________ me know that he wasn’t coming home. I cooked dinner for him. (let) 6 ‘I’ve got stomach ache.’ ‘Well, yo u____________________ all those chips.’ (eat) 7 You________________________ lots in the fridge, (buy) 8 Jeff lent me some money, so any milk. There’s any from the cash machine, (get) 3 Read the situations. What might the people have said? Write sentences using the words in brackets. 1 Jim didn’t do very well in his school-leaving exams, (ought / do revision) Jim’s dad: You ought____________________________________ 2 Melanie bought Fred some new socks. Fred had already bought some the day before, (might / tell) M elanie:______________________________________________. 3 Jack went out without telling his parents. But he only went next door to see his friend, (needn’t / worry) Jack:_______________________________________________ 4 Harry thought he needed some petrol, but when he checked, the tank was full, (didn’t need / fill) Harry:______________________________________________ 5 Jenny borrowed her sister’s shoes without telling Anna. Anna was annoyed, (should / ask) Anna:________________________________________________
  • 67. I can understand article about social and react to an networking sites. A A Revision: Student’s Book page 83 Complete the text with words from the box. (You do not need to use all the words.) compulsion conclusion feature late launched networking personal options opt out plea protests users website FaceBook is a social . site popular with people in th e ir2 3 teens and early twenties. It allows to upload information about themselves onto the 4_________ , including photos and video. However, when a new 5__________ was 6__________ which automatically sent details of any changes to other users, FaceBook was inundated with members. Privacy8____ allowing members to from _were quickly introduced of the new feature. Be careful what you say People1 use social networking websites could 2_____ Dutting them selves at risk of becoming v ic tim s 3_____ dentity theft. Identity fraud occurs when a criminal Dretends4 be someone else and uses stolen oersonal details to obtain goods or services. One in five of the UK population now visit social networking sites, and more and 5 consumers are signing up every day. The chances are that, when they register, they w ill enter their date 6 birth, address, e-mail address, job, and marital status. Fraudsters can use this inform ation 7 steal an individual’s identity and open a bank account or ouy goods in their name. Giving away personal details 5 as the names of your children or pets is particularly 2 Complete the text with appropriate words. 3 Read the text. Are the sentences true or false? 1 Users of social networking sites could become victims of identity fraud_____ 2 Fraudsters are joining social networking sites and pretending to be someone else-------- 3 People often use the names of members of their family or of pets as passwords_____ 4 Approximately 10% of people in the UK think they have had their identities stolen_____ 5 Employers often use social networking sites to find information about people applying for jobs-------- 6 Information on social networking sites can only be read by other members of the website_____ 4 Find words in the text that mean: 1 a person who has been tricked____ 2 to get, especially by making an effort ______ 3 things that can be bought_________ 4 person who cheats somebody to get m oney_________ 5 person who is applying for a job . ___ 6 to find new people to join a company_________ risky since these are often used 9 passwords. Identity theft is 10 growing problem in the UK. About one 11 ten Britons claims t o 12 been the victim of identity theft, and i t 13 estimated that the crime costs year.the economy about £1.5 billion 14_ Another potential problem is that social-networking sites have become a tool for potential employers. Twenty per c e n t15 UK companies routinely conduct web searches to find background inform ation about the p e o p le 16_____ are applying for jobs with them . They are sometimes able to check17 job applicants have described them selves honestly and accurately in their applications. Some employers also try to learn som ething about an applicant’s personality and judge w hether he or she is the kind 18 person they would like to recruit. Many of the young people who put photos and comments on these sites believe19 the inform ation is private, or only read by the other members of the site. But ifyou use social networking sites and you are applying for a job, you’d do well to make sure there is nothing online that you would not like your prospective employer 20 . see. Unit 8 »Caught in the net 67
  • 68. Another world I cun- understand an- article about online gawies. Revision: Student’s Book page 84-85 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. advertisers avatars created currency imaginary online games software engineer virtual worlds 1 Roo Reynolds’ job is to play ___ . 2 Players of games like Second Life move and act in __________ which are populated by____________ 3 Entropia Universe w as. by a company called Mindark. It is based on the planet of Calypso. . are very interested in the virtual populations of online games. Digital worlds often have their ow n _____________ such as the Linden Dollar. The only full-time employee of Linden Lab is Jim Purbick, a ___ . Read the text quickly. What is the problem with online games? a People can become addicted to them, b People spend all their money on them, c Too many teenagers are playing them. Read the text again and carefully choose the best answers. 1 A study has shown th a t... A some of the players of online games gamble and take drugs. B 11% of players are addicted to online games. C people who play online games are depressed. D 7,000 players showed signs of addiction. 2 According to the study ... A it is mostly children who experience addiction problems. B gaming sites are too expensive for most people. C the majority of gamers were adults. D very few gamers are over 30. 3 The main problem with online games is ... A not enough women play them. B too many people log on at the same time. C it’s impossible to switch off the computer while the game is in progress. D people find it difficult to stop playing because the game never ends. 4 Online games are particularly dangerous fo r... A people who may be predisposed to spending too much time playing. B everyone who plays too much. C people who don’t have much money. D people who don’t understand the financial consequences of playing. 5 In some countries ... A compulsive gamers have to attend special clinics. B compulsive gamers can be cured of their addiction. C help is given to compulsive gamers. D people are much less critical of online games. 6 Which sentence best sums up the conclusion of the study? A Online games are essentially harmless. B Everyone who plays too much will eventually become addicted. C Online games should be banned. D Online games are dangerous for a minority of people who play excessively. 7 Kevin from Liverpool... A stopped playing online games because he had a problem with his computer. B thinks that players can’t tell the difference between virtual worlds and real world. C thinks thatyou gain nothing from online games. D thinks that fighting battles and killing dragons are great achievements. 8 Martin from C ardiff... A thinks that playing online games is no worse than watching TV. B thinks that people who watch a tot of TV also have a serious addiction. C has been playing online games for five years. D wishes he could play EverQuest again. _ _ ( K Q X Ch allen g e! O X Z B I Do you play computer games online? Why? / Why not? Unit 8 »Caught in the net
  • 69. 0 0 w w w .w orld o f warcraft.com » D iS T O The world of online gaming is a growing phenomenon aith millions of young men and women around the dobe logging on to join in role-play games which alow them to interact with other players. EverQuest and World of Warcraft are two of the biggest online 5ames. Seven million people subscribe to World of tercraft and join a virtual world of Lord of the Rings ~$e characters. However, a study of 7,000 online computer gamers 'as revealed that one in nine were displaying the same signs of addiction as gamblers and drug users. The subjects, mostly male and with an average age :f 21, were asked to fill out two questionnaires. The addictive signs they displayed included withdrawal symptoms such as depression and craving, loss of ^xitrol and neglect of other activities. "he results will prove alarming for parents whose nSdren spend hours on the computer. EverQuest, - fantasy game in which players populate a virtual -stical world of dragons and wizards has proved r) be particularly addictive, and has been blamed t>r marriage break-ups, child-neglect and even an :bsessive player’s suicide. An EverQuest widows’ support group has been set up for people who never see their partners because they are always playing the game. The study is the work of Professor Mark Griffiths, director of the International Gaming Research Unit at Nottingham Trent University, in the UK. ‘Addicted’ gamers were compared to the remaining ‘normal’ players and it was found that they played for much longer periods and were ‘significantly’ more likely to report withdrawal symptoms. Last night Prof Griffiths said it was a largely adult phenomenon because most online gaming sites require a credit card subscription. (Fees are typically about £8 a month.) The average age of an online gamer is 29 to 30. However, he did find that some teenagers were playing, after parents subscribed to the sites. About 20 per cent of players are women, drawn by the social and co-operative element of the games. ‘Although I think genuine addiction is fairly low, the thing about online gaming is that the game never stops,’ said Prof Griffiths. ‘With a stand-alone game, you can switch it off and come back the next day, but with an online game it’s very difficult to log off when you know half the world has just logged on. Many gamers play excessively and display few negative effects. There is nothing wrong in itself with doing something excessively, and unlike gambling, gaming has little or no financial consequence. However, the 24-hour a day never-ending online games may provide a potentially addictive medium for those with a predisposition for excessive game playing.’ In other parts of the world, such games have come in for much greater criticism. In China a girl died after playing World of Warcraft for three days with barely a break, and a woman in the USA blamed a game for the death of her 21-year-old son, who had a history of mental health problems, and shot himself while still sitting at his computer. In these countries a whole host of special treatments and clinics are available which claim to hold a cure for the compulsive gamer. In South Korea, the authorities have become so concerned by the numbers of young people spending too much time on computers that the government launched a nationwide addiction hotline to help combat the problem. GAMING FORUM Kevin, Liverpool I used to play games every day, but last month I deleted every game on my com puter and cancelled my subscription to Warcraft. The problem is that you get totally immersed in the games and become oblivious to the real world. What have you achieved after 11 hours in a virtual world? You m ight have developed your virtual character, fought a battle, killed a few dragons, but such achievements are illusory - when you return to the real world you’re at exactly the same point as when you started. Martin, Cardiff I started playing EverQuest five years ago, and for the next two years the game dom inated my life. But they were w onderful years and I have no regrets. I had the most amazing experiences and made loads of friends through the game. OK, so it’s escapism, but how is it any different from watchingTV? I know people who spend seven or eight hours a day watching TV but no one ever suggests they have a serious addiction.
  • 70. GRAMMAR Mixed conditionals I can talk about the covutcfuencej of an im a jim ry event in the past or present. 1 Match the halves of these mixed conditional sentences. 1 If I hadn’t lost my job, Q 2 If I had a car, HJ 3 If I didn’t live in Rome, HH 4 If I hadn’t asked you to dance at Joe’s party, EJ 5 If I’d left earlier, CD a we wouldn’t be going out now. b we’d be able to afford a holiday, c I’d be there now. d it would have been more difficult to learn Italian, e I’d have given you a lift to the station. 2 Complete these mixed conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 If I (pay) more attention in French classes when I was at school, I (understand) what that man is saying. 2 She__________________ (not be) at this school now if her parents__________________(not move) to this town three years ago. 3 If I __________________(not like) pasta,I __________________ (not have) it for dinner last night. 4 If I ________________ (be) taller,I _____________ the police force when I left school. 5 You__________________ (have) a lot of money now if you __________________ (invest) wisely. ___________(not be) so cold this morning, ________ (not wear) my fur coat. _____________ (pay) attention, (join) 6 If it 7 If you yo u__ 1 I failed my maths exam last month. That’s why I’m taking it again. 2 I haven’t got much money. That’s why I didn’t buy a new car. 3 Dave didn’t write to Emily. That’s why she’s cross with him. 4 Bill is learning German. That’s why he spent the summer in Munich. 5 Poland beat Belgium. That’s why they’re playing in the European Cup. 6 Ellen hasn’t got a mobile. That’s why she couldn’t phone you last night. 7 Harry lost his iPod. That’s why he’s looking miserable. 8 Madeleine isn’t feeling well. That’s why she didn’t go to school yesterday. (can) work out the answer.
  • 71. Discussion I can discuss my opinions o f newspaper stories. 1 Complete the expressions using the words in the box. completely couldn’t disagree how of opposite really right see spot think way 1 agree _a b I ___________ a That’s what I b That’s how I agree more. ^too. it too. I think you’re absolutely „ I think you’re ___________ I totally______________ I _______________can’t agree with you. I take th e ___ I’m _________ on. .view. That’s not. b That’s not the. _the opposite opinion. I see it at all. ___________ I look at it. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 2 »# 14 Listen. What are the people discussing in each conversation? Match the questions with the conversations and decide if the people agree or disagree with each other. a Are computer games bad for you? Conversation___________Agree / Disagree b Should there be computers in every classroom? Conversation Agree / Disagree c Do young people spend too much time using computers? Conversation Agree / Disagree d Will computers soon be more intelligent than humans? Conversation_________ Agree/Disagree e Was the world a better place before the invention of computers? Conversation _ ______ Agree/Disagree ^ 14 Listen again. Tick the expressions in exercise 1 that you hear. 4 Read the story below. Do you agree or disagree with these statements? Use expressions from exercise 1. 1 It was Oliver’s fault. 2 Mr Coster shouldn’t have left his son in the car. 3 Oliver should have been sitting in the back seat. 4 It was just an unlucky accident. No one was to blame. 5 The police should have arrested Mr Coster. A toddler crashed his father’s car into a parked police van after figuring out how to release the handbrake and take the car out of gear, putting it in neutral. Jeffrey Coster left his three-year-old son Oliver in the car for just a couple of minutes while he went into a shop to buy some milk. He left his young son in the front with his seat belt on. He had parked the car securely in gear, with the handbrake on and the front wheels turned towards the kerb. However, Oliver managed to imitate what he had seen his father do to release the handbrake, put the gear into neutral and steer it as it rolled down the hill, eventually hitting a police van parked nearby. The front of Mr Coster’s car was damaged, but luckily Oliver was unharmed and it didn’t cause any damage to the police van. Police saw the funny side and didn’t arrest Oliver or his father. 5 Do you agree or disagree with these opinions? Use expressions from exercise 1. 1 We should spend less money on space exploration and more on helping people in developing countries. 2 Teenagers watch too much TV. 3 Men and women should share the housework. Unit 8 «Caught in the net
  • 72. I can write- the biography o f a, person. Preparation 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. (There are two extra words.) company designed employed entrepreneur launched graduated grew up website The co-founder ofYouTube Chad Hurley was born in 1977 and 1 in Pennsylvania. He 2 from high school and went on to study Fine Art at university. He was hired as a graphic designer by PayPal in 1999 and 3 their current logo. As he didn’t wish to work for PayPal any longer, he left the 4 in 2002. He found it difficult to send video clips by email, so he designed a 5 for sharing videos. YouTube w as6 in 2005 and is now one of the most popular websites in the world. 2 Rewrite each sentence in exercise 1 using an adverbial participle clause. 1 Born in ____________________________________________ 2 3 4 5 6 3 Turn the notes below about Steve Chen, another co-founder of YouTube, into a continuous text using time expressions from the box. (You may need to make other changes.) At the age of 12,... By the time he was 15,... In [year]... Between [year] and [year]... That summer / autumn / spring / w in te r... Having completed ..., During this tim e ,... After leaving school / university... When he left school / university ... About a year / a month / six months la te r... Born: 1978, in Taiwan. Age 15: emigrated to the USA. 1993-6: attended high school. 1996: went to University of Illinois. Studied Computer Science. 1999: Worked for PayPal. Met Chad Hurley. May 2005: left PayPal, started to develop YouTube. December 2005: YouTube launched. Was immediate success. October 2006: Google bought YouTube for $1.6 billion. Age 27: was a millionaire. W riting Guide k Research information about one of the people in the box. (They have all founded important websites or search engines.) Make notes under some of the headings below. Jeff Bezos (Amazon) Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook) Pierre Omidyar (eBay) Larry Page (Google) Sergey Brin (Google) Chris DeWolfe (MySpace) Tom Anderson (MySpace) David Filo (Yahoo) Jerry Yang (Yahoo) Jawed Karim (YouTube) 1 Introduction: name, nationality? why have you chosen him/her? 2 Birth and education: born where/when?parents? schoo.' university? good student? 3 Early childhood experiences: memorable events? historical background? 4 Early experiences of work: firstjob? other occupations? i 5 Main achievement: give details and background. 6 Other work: give details and examples. 7 Relationships, marriage and children. 5 Use your notes to write a biography (200-250 words) of the person. Ch e c k lis t Have you: • written 200-250 words? • divided your biography into paragraphs? • included time expressions and adverbial participle clauses: • checked the spelling and grammar? » H E B S S B I
  • 73. • Reading • Use of English •Listening »W riting «Speaking Exam Task - Reading Read the article about emoticons. Then for questions 1 -4 :hoose the best answer A, B, C or D, according to the text. '.verity-five years after they were invented as a form of ;omputer-geek shorthand, emoticons are now everywhere. The smiling, winking and frowning faces that -^a bit the computer keyboard have evolved into a ouasi-accepted form of punctuation. These sweet Hieroglyphs have conquered both the young and the old, as our daily communication relies more and more on text 'ather than the spoken word. There was a time when emoticons seemed naively youthful. Yet nowadays, applied appropriately, emoticons can no longer be dismissed as juvenile. They come in handy in many adult social interactions, and help avoid serious miscommunications. Psychologists say it is only natural. People instinctively look for signals of intimacy in the human face. This results -rom countless generations of evolution, during which oeople relied on these signs as life-or-death signals to survive. When infants are given a series of geometrical aatterns, their eyes will naturally be drawn to those that seem to represent a face. Faced w ith the absence of facial expressions in e-communications we should make up for it by composing e-mails that make it clear through our a^guage that we are being cheerful, but that of course Tappens only in the ideal world. And so we've turned to emoticons. A t first glance it seemed that only the younger generation took to the little faces. But in fact, in a recent emoticon survey of 40,000 users of Yahoo Messenger, 52 per cent of the respondents were older than 30. -m ong those, 55 per cent said they use emoticons every day. 82 per cent considered women more likely to use emoticons. But for men, who have a hard time using ternis of tenderness, emoticons can be very helpful in conveying the affection. f Emoticons have now entered even the most serious areas of life. One military veteran says that he uses plenty c* emoticons in his communications even w ith admirals at the Pentagon, where they provide a certain cover for ^-gh-ranking leaders to comment on sensitive matters. *A wink says quite a lot,' he says. 'It could be a thousand C e re n t things - but I know w hat it means. It's a kind of code.' Also on Wall Street, businessmen will use the term ■QQ'(from an emoticon symbolizing crying eyes) into ::nversation as a sarcastic way of saying 'boo hoo.' Supposedly, it all started in 1982. Scott Fahlman, a "ofessor of computer science, was linked to an electronic diversity bulletin board where computer enthusiasts oosted their opinions. In one note a joke about elevators .>.as misinterpreted by some as a safety warning. So |Fahlman suggested using :-) as a way to indicate jokes and :-( for serious remarks. Fahlman's 'joke markers' spread quickly and w ithin a month or so techies at Xerox were circulating a list of strikingly sophisticated new emoticons. He never received a trademark for his invention, and never made a dime from it. Before long, emoticons had accomplished w hat Esperanto never could, a universal lingua franca. 1 In the past, emoticons were A perceived as rather childish. B used instead of punctuation. C causing some misunderstandings. D only smiling, winking and frowning. 2 The use of pictures representing the human face A helped people to survive in the past. B makes our e-mails more cheerful. C is spreading among the older generation. D is hard for men who are not affectionate. 3 Which of these sentences is true? A The Pentagon leaders refuse to comment on their use of emoticons. B In military communication emoticons can have special meanings. C Walt Street businessmen especially like the crying emoticon. D ‘QQ’ is a special Wall Street code emoticon. 4 Professor Fahlman A came up with the smiling emoticon because he liked jokes. B used his connections to spread the idea of emoticons. C first came up with the idea of using the smiling emoticon. D was a huge fan ofthe idea of a lingua franca and Esperanto. Exam Task - Use of English Complete the sentences with the correct form ofthe words in brackets. 1 The coral reef is _ . (THREAT) by changes in the climate caused by global warming. 2 The photographer w a s _____________________(JUST) accused of harassing the star as all the accusations turned out to be false. 3 The . (MAJOR) of residents taking part in the survey agreed that airport noise was the greatest nuisance in this area. 4 In order to promote eco-friendly thinking, the school decided to participate in a _____________________ (COMPETE) to find the greenest primary school in the country. 5 H er_____________________ (COMPLAIN) about unfair treatment was disregarded as she did not support it w ith any proof. Get ready for your Exam 4 73
  • 74. Ex a m Ta s k - Listening 15 You w ill hear three volunteers talking about their work. Read questions 1 -7 below. Then match the questions to the three speakers by marking X in the correct box. Which person Juliet (A) Bill (B) Evelyn (C) 1 has been involved in volunteering for the longest period of time? 2 helps people from all age groups? 3 has to rely on others in his/her work? 4 doesn’t need to contact the people he/she helps? 5 combines his/her volunteer work with their job? 6 helps people who are at home on their own? 7 helps people who can’t go out? * P r e p a r a tio n : Writing ^ Use the W riting Bank on page 105 to help you. Ex a m Ta s k - W riting There is a discussion in your school magazine about shopping facilities. You want to contribute by writing a short essay (210-230 words) discussing traditional and online shopping. In your essay, discuss: • shopping times • shelf space/endless offers • price comparisons • other reasons for and against online shopping Write your essay in the appropriate style and format. P r e p a r a tio n : Speaking Use the Functions Bank on page 102 to help you. Ex a m Ta s k - Speaking Part 2 - Sustained long turn Task 1: Look at these two pictures showing people commuting to work. Compare and contrast them. These ideas may help you: • Setting/location • Emotions/feelings • Advantages/disadvantages of each means of transport • Environmentalissues • Other Task 2: Read the quotation below and express your opinion on it. These ideas may help you: • Do you agree or disagree with the quotation? Why? • Support your opinion with an example/your own experience. 7 travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move. ’ .f Robert Louis Stevenson 7 Get ready for your Exam 4
  • 75. ! A step on the ladder VOCABULARY Working life I ccvi talk. about wiy working Life,. .abel the photos with words from the box. brick-tayer civil servant farmer fast-food employee miner nurse pilot surgeon Look at the chart. Match jobs 1 -4 with the other four jobs from exercise 1. 1 2 3 4 It’s usually well paid. / / You often have to wear a uniform. / / You deal with the general public. / / You do a lot of paperwork. / ! You attend a lot of meetings. / ; You often work outdoors. / You work with your hands. / / 3 In your own words, explain the difference between these terms. 1 to hand in your notice / to get the sack 2 to resign / to retire 3 to do shift work / to work part time 4 to work full time / to work overtime Extension: The job market Match the job adverts with the general fields below. Then name one other job in each field. legalQ ] re ta ilQ constructionQ leisure□ h e a lth Q 1 Senior electrical engineer Must have proven track-record working on large and complex projects. Apply with CV. Salary in the region of £50K + benefits. _______ 2 Cosmetic surgery nurse Must be fully qualified and well organised, with relevant experience. Salary: £19,000 p.a. 3 Senior solicitor Minimum 5 years’ experience. Candidates should apply online in the first instance. Salary £38-50,000 depending on age and experience. _____ 4 Youth sports programme worker The successful candidate will be a self-starter, have good organisational skills and be capable of working in a team. Salary £28K per annum_______________ 5 Showroom assistant Must have good people skills as well as the ability to perform under pressure. Send CV and covering letter. Salary £20,000 plus bonus______ Write a job advertisement for the post of English teacher at your school. What general field does it belong to? Extra Practice Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
  • 76. Habitual behaviour (present and past) Complete the text with would or used to and the verbs in the box. Use used to only when would is not correct. get out hate leave live push walk work A lex1_______________ on the twelfth floor of a block of flats. Every morning, he 2_____ ________his flat around 8 o’clock in the morning and take the lift down to the ground floor. Then, he 3_______________ to the bus stop and catches the bus to work. Because Alex A _______________as a waiter in a busy restaurant, he was always tired when he finished work in the evening. But in spite of that, on arriving back at his block of flats and getting into the lift, Alex 5_______________ the button to go only as far as the ninth floor. He 6______________ of the lift and walk slowly up the stairs to his flat on the twelfth floor. He7_______________those stairs. So why did he do it? <&3> 2 Read the text in exercise 1. Can you explain Alex’s behaviour? (Answer on page 120.) 3 Complete this description of what you normally do on Saturdays. Use will (or won’t) for habitual behaviour. On Saturdays, I’ll usually get up a t____________________ Then . After that _. Later I can- talk about past and present habits. Match the sentences that go together. Complete the seconc sentence with the present continuous for habits. 1 He’s really ill-mannered. 0 2 She’s very unreliable. □ 3 He’s incredibly hot-headed. □ 4 She’s very naive. □ 5 He’s really big-headed. □ 6 She’s extremely tight-fisted. □ a (constantly / say) how great he is. b (always / make) important decision without thinking first. c (always / be) He's always being rude to people. d (continually / let) other people pay for her, just to save money. e (forever / miss) appointments. f (constantly / trust) people who turn out not to be trust-worthy. Write second sentences in a similar way to exercise 4. Use your own ideas. 1 He’s very insecure_________________________________ 2 She’s very argumentative. 3 He’s very grumpy. 4 She’s totally thoughtless. Match the sentences that go together. Complete them with will or would. ‘I got the sack from my last job.’ HD ‘My next-door neighbour thinks I fancy her.’ I I ‘Jack’s trainers smell awful.’ EJ ‘Lucy gave my guitar to a charity shop.’ EH ‘My uncle’s had another accident.’ EH ‘Well yo u _________keep calling round to see her.’ ‘Well yo u _________play it until two in the morning.’ ‘Well h e _________ride his motorbike too fast.’ ‘Well you ________ turn up late every day.’ ‘Well h e _wear them every day.’ Challen g e! Complete these sentences in your own words 1 I used to but now 2 I didn’t use to but now Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
  • 77. A A Revision: Student’s Book page 95 1 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 The USA accepts more legal / lawful immigrants than any other country in the world. 2 In the 18th century, immigrants were dominantly / predominantly from Ireland, Britain, Canada and Germany. 3 Many immigrants saw America as the ‘land of chance / opportunity’. 4 There are many people of Polish ancestral / ancestry in the USA. 5 America became a ‘melting / mixing pot’ of different races. 6 For millions, Ellis Island was the doorway / gateway to a new life. 7 Immigrants had to pass the inspection before setting foot on American earth / soil. Read the text. Choose the best summary: a, b or c. a Many Britons are moving to Australia because the quality of life there is better. However, it’s difficult for them to find a good job. b Australia is trying to attract British workers by convincing them that they will have a better life there. However, this could leave Britain short of several kinds of key workers. c In the 1950s and 1960s, many Australians came to Britain to work. The situation is now reversed, and Britons are applying for work in Australia. Are these sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 There are not enough professionals in Australia to fill the available jobs_____ 2 Australia’s sunny climate is being used to persuade British workers to emigrate_____ 3 Australia is only trying to attract office workers, not manual workers_____ 4 The normal immigration process will be made faster for people with the right qualifications_____ 5 The text suggests that many British workers will be keen to leave their family behind_____ 6 The text implies that if too many British workers emigrate, it will create problems in the UK_____ I can, understand an, article, and talk, about migration,. Australia wants to poach 20,000 British workers to solve a serious labour shortage. Professionals, from doctors and nurses to hairdressers and pastry chefs, are being invited to start a new life Down Under. The publicity campaign shamelessly compares the British climate with Australia’s ‘glorious weather and miles of sandy beaches’. It is the most aggressive recruitment drive since a million Britons known as the ‘Ten Pound Poms’ - after the £ 10 fare they paid for the journey - emigrated to Australia in the fifties and sixties. (‘Pom’ is a colloquial Australian word for somebody from Britain.) Among the workers Australia is seeking are electricians, carpenters, engineers, bricklayers, accountants and cabinet makers. Those who fit the criteria - in terms of age, skills and experience - will be fast-tracked for visas. Oonagh Baerveldt, of the Australian Visa Bureau, said: ‘It’s often not a difficult decision to leave the British weather behind, but there are serious considerations with regard to leaving family and friends.’ There are also fears the latest scheme will deepen the crisis for the National Health Service and other British services already struggling under severe shortages of staff. Australia’s plans could even create a hairdressing crisis, it was claimed. Ray Seymour, general secretary of the National Hairdressers’ Federation, said: ‘We have a shortage of skilled hairdressers and this is going to make it worse. But it’s very sunny over there and there is a strong possibility that a lot of hairdressers will be tempted.’ Ch allen g e! Imagine you were starting a campaign to attract skilled workers to your country. What would you say in order to encourage them to come? Unit 9 • A step on the ladder 77
  • 78. Making a name for yourself I can understand an article about successful dropouts. Revision: Student’s Book page 96-97 1 Complete the summary of the text, The Brit School using the words in the box. corridors entertainment fall name rehearse scene solo state-funded The Brit School is a 1_ secondary school where, in addition to all the normal subjects, the stu­ dents also learn about the 2 _ _ industry and how to be successful in it. The 3______________ of the school are usually full of noise as the students 4_ __ _ _ together. Most of them dream of being stars, but the school provides them with a good educa- _ _ _ back on in case their dreamstion to _________ do not come true. However, several former students of the Brit School are already making a 6_ _ _ _ for themselves. These include Katy Melua, who recently completed a 7_ ____________ tour of the USA, and the Kooks, who are an established part of the UK music Look through the text quickly, ignoring the gaps. Did each person drop out of school or university? 1 Bill Gates dropped out o f . 2 Russell Simmons dropped out o f __________ 3 Uma Thurman dropped out of _ _ _ . Match sentences A-G with gaps 1 -6. There is one sentence that you do not need. A In fact, it is estimated that he has donated more than half his fortune to charities. B She was unusually tall, with a sharp, angular face, big ears and very large feet. C His father was a teacher and his mother was a recreation director. D In fact, it was a lie: they hadn’t written a single line of code. E However, she returned to school later in order to take her exams. F This is a special school which offers classes to children who are already pursuing a career in the performing arts. G Just like that, I saw how I could turn my life in another, better way. 4 Complete these sentences about the three people in the text. Write Gates, Simmons or Thurman. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 crime. dropped out of education because of a friend, could easily have ended up leading a life of is involved in a lot of different kinds of businesses. boasted about some work before it had actually been done. _________ received unkind comments from other children j at school. started a fashion label and a record label. _ _ . _ decided on a future career after one particular night. _ dropped out of two different schools. 5 Find words in the text that mean: 1 to obtain or achieve something, especially when this means using a lot of e ffo rt_____________ 2 working together with somebody in order to produce or achieve som ething______________ 3 well known for being bad ______________ 4 a thing of value, especially property that a person or company ow ns______________ 5 to be laughed at or made jokes about, either in a friendly way or maliciously for em barrassm ent______________ 6 completing a course in education at high school or colleg e ______________ Ch allen g e! Find out about someone who has been successful ‘against the odds’. Write a paragraph about them. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
  • 79. For most people, a good education is the first step on the ladder of success. Whatever career you dream of pursuing, you are likely to need the right qualifications. Of course, there are always exceptions. Not every billionaire businessman or internationally famous celebrity began in a promising way! Bill Gates Bill Gates was a good student who managed to secure a place at Harvard University, often regarded as the best university in the world. However, he did not finish his degree. The main reason for this was that his childhood friend, Paul Allen, persuaded him to leave. At that time, PCs for the home had just been invented. One of the first models was called Altair, and was manufactured by a company called MITS. Paul Allen and Bill Gates wrote to MITS and told them that they had written a version of the programming language BASIC that was perfect for the Altair.1 When MITS asked for a demonstration, Gates and Allen worked fast, and wrote the software injust eight weeks. Soon, they were collaborating with MITS full time, and formed their own company, Microsoft. Today, Microsoft employs more than 64,000 people in 85 countries. Bill Gates is probably the richest person in the world and is widely considered to be the world’s most generous humanitarian. 2____ Russell Simmons Russell Simmons was born into a respectable, middle- class family.3 But Simmons rebelled. He abandoned school,joined a notorious gang, and started selling drugs on the street. But everything changed one night in 1977 when he saw a man called Eddie Cheeba performing a mixture of poetry and music to a wildly enthusiastic audience. (Of course, this kind of music later became known as rap and hip-hop.) In his autobiography, Simmons describes the moment like this: ‘4 I decided to put [everything] into promoting music.’Simmons became the ‘godfather of hip-hop’and built a huge business empire around his record label, DefJam. His fashion label, Phat Farm, is known around the world and he has also launched TV shows, a soft drink (DefCon3 soda), a new kind of Visa card and many other business projects. In total, his assets are valued at over $500 million. Uma Thurman Uma Thurman, glamorous star of Quentin Tarantino’s Kill Bill films, was not always the epitome of female beauty. In fact, she was an odd-looking child.5 At school other children teased her, and when she was ten years old, a friend’s mother even suggested that she have cosmetic surgery to alter her nose. (Luckily, she ignored the advice.) By the age of 15, Thurman had decided that she found school boring, and she left to seek work as an actress. For a while, she continued her education at the Professional Children’s High School. 6 However, she dropped out before graduating because her acting career was beginning to take off. She appeared in many films throughout the 1990s, including Tarantino’s 1994 masterpiece Pulp Fiction and the 1997 science fiction classic, Gattaca. Today, she continues to be a respected and successful actress and model. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
  • 80. I COm use different structures to ta lk about the fu tu re in- tk& past. Choose the best future in the past expression in these sentences. 1 She was to have started / would start her new job last Monday, but she was ill. 2 Some of the fans started to leave because the match was about to end / would end. 3 Even though it was a brief trip, she was remembering / would remember it forever. 4 She was being / would be in town later that afternoon because she was taking / would take her dog to the vet’s. 5 When he met Claire, he had no idea how important she was being / was to be in his life. 6 They met in 1987 and were to remain / were going to remain friends for more than twenty years. Complete the sentences using future in the past expressions from exercise 1. ‘I can’t go to the cinema. I’m going out for dinner.’ She- couldn't go to the cimma because- she- was going out_________ for dinner.__________________________________________________ 1 ‘There’s no time to argue. The train leaves in five minutes!’ There was no time to argue because __ _____ 2 ‘I’m excited. I’m going to meet Prince William.’ She was excited because ______________ 3 ‘We must find our seats. The show starts in two minutes.’ They had to find their seats because __ ___ 4 ‘I’m looking for a job. I’ll have to pay my university fees.’ She was looking for a job because. __ ________ ________ 5 ‘She’s nervous. She’s taking her driving test soon.’ She was nervous because_____________ _ 6 ‘I know I’ll never forget this wonderful day.’ He knew __________________________________ ; B t Reply Reply All i^Forvard X A 3^ ju|y It’s the first day of my gap year. I’m about to leave on a six- month trip around Europe. I’m going to spend the first month in Spain working at a holiday camp and the second month in France on a language course. After that, I’ll decide where to go next! I won't get another chance to go travelling for a while, so I’m really going to make the most of the experience. I’ll definitely have some interesting stories to tell at the end of it! love Connor It was 3rd July, and the first day of Connor’s gap year. He was about to _ _ __ _ _ 4 Invent excuses to complete these sentences. 1 I was about to invite you to my birthday party but 2 I was going to hand in my homework on time but 3 I was planning to work harder this year but Rewrite the e-mail as part of a narrative in the past. Include future in the past where necessary. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder * £ * 4 3 3 3 S 2 1
  • 81. I can ask and answer questions in, a job interview. 1 Complete this extract from an interview with questions a -f a How long have you been in your current job? b So why do you want to come and work here? c What would you say your main qualities are as an employee? d Would you be interested in going full-time at a later date? e What do you enjoy most about your work? f Do you realise that this is a part-time position? Interviewer 1_____ Alice I’m honest, hardworking - and I’m a self-starter, too. Interviewer Good! We like self-starters in this company. Alice Interviewer Alice I’ll have been there three years exactly next month. 3 Lots of things, really. But I suppose the best thing is working as part of a team. And also, dealing with the public - I really like that. Interviewer _____ Alice I just think it’s the right time in my career for a new challenge. Interviewer I see.5_____ Alice Yes, I do. I’m planning to start a degree course with the Open University, so I need time for that, understand. 6_____ Perhaps. I hadn’t really thought about it. 16 Listen to the whole interview and check your answers to exercise 1. What other two questions does the interviewer ask? Interviewer Alice 16 Listen again. Complete the phrases used at the beginning and end ofthe interview. Who says them? Write A (Alice) or I (Interviewer). I’d like to ___________m yself.______ Pleased to ___________ you______ I’d like to start by talking about y o u r Well, thanks fo r___________in_______ We’ll be in ___________ very soon____ look forward to . . from you. _ Read the job advertisements. Which job was Alice being interviewed for? How do you know? The National Portrait Gallery is looking for a parttime marketing executive tojoin their busy promotional team. Experience of similar work is essential, as is a positive attitude. Salary negotiable, depending on qualifications. t h e B B B is looking for a trainee producer to work in its Manchester studios. No experience required, but candidates must demonstrate enthusiasm and the ability to learn. An interest in current affairs and / or the arts is essential. Starting salary: £24,500 for a 35-hour week. Hermes is looking for a senior retail assistant to join a friendly and effective team at its internationally renowned store in Knightsbridge, London. Great people skills are essential, and knowledge of other languages would be a distinct advantage. Salary dependent on age and experience. It must have been because_________ 5 Imagine that you are being interviewed for one of the other jobs in exercise 4. Write three questions for the interviewer and appropriate answers for yourself. Choose expressions from exercise 3 to begin and end the interview. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder
  • 82. Preparation Match the missing parts of the letter (1-7) with their correct position (a-h). 12th May 2009 M T Porter 112 Mill Street Milton Keynes MK12 7FG Mark Porter Trinity College Broad Street Oxford 0X1 3BH Dear Sir or Madam Yours faithfully © □ I am writing to apply for a place on your summer school course entitled The Great Romantic Poets, which I saw advertised on the Internet. I am 19 years old and a first-year English student at the University of Buckingham. I am a Canadian national and have a two-year visa allowing me to study in the UK. I am particularly interested in your summer school for two reasons. Firstly, I intend to specialise in the Romantic Period next academic year. And secondly, I am keen to attend as many courses as possible during my relatively short time in this country. I have two queries about the course. Firstly, could you tell me whether non-residential places are available? I have friends in Oxford with whom I could stay. Also, I would be grateful if you could let me know whether you envisage running a similar course at any other time of year. I enclose my CV which includes details of my academic qualifications to date, as well as a personal profile. I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience. © □ ® D (DD I C<AVI write. 0[ Itttcr (Applying fo r <ApliACe, on a cowcst. 2 Which eight of the highlighted words and phrases in the letter are quite formal English? 3 Complete this paragraph plan for the letter in exercise 1. Use the phrases in the box. Personal information Questions Reason for writing Request for a reply Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 4 Read the advertisement and the task below. Plan your letter following the paragraph plan in exercise 3. Decide what two questions to ask. Brit School Summer Course We are offering two three-week courses during the summer vacation to allow students from all the over the world to sample the unique ‘Brit School’experience. Find out why the school has produced some of the best-known and successful pop acts of the last ten years. Places are strictly limited, so apply early with full CV and covering letter explaining why you should be accepted onto the course. Write to:Henry Grouse, Summer SchoolCo-ordinator,TheBrit School,PO Box455, London Ch ec klis t Have you: • followed the paragraph plan? • included two queries in your letter? • checked your work for mistakes? You have seen this advertisement online. Write a letter applying for a place on the course. Write 200-250 words. 5 Write your letter. Use the w riting guide below to help you. W riting Guide 1 Use the correct layout for a formal letter (see exercise 1). 2 Use appropriate formal language. Avoid slang or colloquial expressions. Use full forms rather than contractions. 3 Remember to sound as enthusiastic as possible about the course you are applying for. Unit 9 • A step on the ladder ►'«433225231’s .
  • 83. Read the clues and do the crossword. Down 1 a group of stars that forms a shape in the sky 2 a tiny planet 3 the part of a rocket that the astronauts travel in 4 a large rock from space that makes a bright line in the sky as it enters the Earth’s atmosphere 6 a large hole in the ground (e.g. caused by a meteorite, a bomb or a volcano) Across 5 a scientist who studies the planets, stars, etc. 6 a huge piece of ice that orbits the sun, and looks like a bright star with a tail 7 the force that pulls things towards large objects like planets and the sun 8 an enormous system of stars in outer space 9 a very bright, exploding star 3 4 6 7 8 2 Complete the text with the words in the box. Change the verbs if necessary, astronauts atmosphere crew launch (v) mission mission control orbit (n) orbit (v) re-enter satellite space shuttle (x2) Space Station Space disasters On January 28,1986, the 1_ 2______________ with a 3____ was to carry a - Challenger was . of seven on board. ___________ thatIts 4_________ would 6______________ the Earth. But just 73 seconds after blast off, it lost contact with 7______________ and exploded, killing all seven 8______________ On 1st February 2003, the 9_ disintegrated as i t 10________ Columbia _the Earth’s 12 It was returning from the International which is in 13______________ around the Earth. • • • • • Extension: Space travel Complete the compound nouns with the words in the box. (Some are two-word compounds, some are single-word compounds.) craft down giant hole star system Way year a lig h t____ b black____ c solar____ d shooting _ e re d _____ f the Milky g space___ h tou ch ___ Ch allen g e! Try the space quiz. The answers are below. 1 Which astronomer first demonstrated that the sun, not the Earth, was at the centre of the Solar System? A Copernicus B Galileo C Hailey 2 What is th e ‘Great Bear’? A a supernova B a star C a constellation 3 What did Sir Isaac Newton discover? A gravity B Pluto C black holes 4 According to astronomers, about how old is the universe? A 7 billion years B 14 billion years C 21 billion years 5 Travelling in a modern spacecraft, how far could you get in three years? A to the nearest star B to Pluto C to Saturn DS a <7 V £ DZ v t i 8 E H E E 2 B 2 B I . Unit 10 • Out of this world
  • 84. I can identify and use différent forms o f the passive. 1 Choose the correct form: passive infinitive or passive -ing form. 1 Jason doesn’t mind to be teased / being teased. 2 I would like to be invited / being invited to Sue’s party. 3 Imagine to be followed / being followed everywhere by the paparazzi. 4 I’ll never forget to be blamed / being blamed at school for something I didn’t do. 5 Harry begged to be allowed / being allowed to stay out late. 6 I didn’t expect to be made / being made to wait for days fora doctor’s appointment. 7 You risk to be mugged / being mugged if you walk home late at night in that part of town. 8 I remember to be surprised / being surprised by the news. 2 Complete the sentences with an appropriate passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 By next Friday all the invitations_____________________ (send out). 2 The joyriders w h o _____________________ (arrest) by the police this morning were in a carthat _____________________(report) missing last night. 3 I had a feeling that I ___________ (follow). 4 ‘__________ these w indow s___________________(clean)?’ ‘No, not yet.’ 5 Right now the church_____________________ (renovate), so you can’t go inside. 6 At the end of the training course, the astronauts _____________________ (choose) for the next space mission. 3 Make the active sentences passive. 1 You can find the address on our website. 2 They shouldn’t send shoplifters to prison. 3 They must have lost my letter in the post. 4 They might have built this church in the 10th century. 5 They need to update the database. 6 They can’t have locked the door because someone had stolen the key. 4 Complete the texts with an appropriate passive form. Sometimes more than one answer is correct. The planet Venus 1_ __________ (name) after a Greek Goddess. Venus is approximately the same size as Earth and 2_________ often (call) Earth’s sister planet. Because Venus is the only planet 3.................... (give)afemalename, i t 4______ (decide) that most of the features on Venus should 5______________ (name) after women. (built) by the European SpaceBeagle 2 _________ Agency in 2003 to explore the surface of Mars. Having 7_______________(launch) from Kazakhstan, it reached Mars on Christmas Day 2003, but a few hours later, contact8______________ (lose). It might 9______________ (damage) during its descent through the Martian atmosphere, but its exact fate may never _________ (know). 10 ^ Z D Z D C n A L L E N G E lK Z Z Z Z Z B l I Find out about another event in the history of space exploration and write about it. Use the ideas to help you. • launched when / where? • purpose of the mission? • was it successful? Unit 10 • Out of this world ► V Extra Practice
  • 85. I can talk about a famous scitmce-fiction author. Revision: Student’s Book page 105' I ____________________________________ 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. adapted broadcast captured fictional fled news bulletin scandal 1 Did you hear the latest______________ on the radio? 2 Dan Brown’s novel, The Da Vinci Code was ______________ forthe cinema in 2005. 3 The Harry Potter books have______________ the imagination of teenagers all over the world. 4 The War of the Worlds radio programme caused a national_____________ in 1938 because many of the listeners didn’t realise that the events were 5 The Wimbledon final w as live to millions of home around the world. 6 Many people have ____ from persecution in Darfur. - — -- 2 Quickly read the text and find: 1 Asimov’s date and place of b irth :_______________ 2 His age when he wrote his first story:_______________ 3 The year he d ie d :_______________ 3 Complete the text with appropriate words. k Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 Asimov wrote more books than most 20th century writers_____ 2 He spoke three languages fluently------- 3 His parents expected him to read the magazines that were sold in the family shop_____ 4 His first story was an instant success------- 5 One of his stories in particular was much admired by other American science fiction writers_____ He taught at a university before taking up writing fulltim e_____ He died of AIDS contracted from a blood transfusion. _ Ch allen g e! about a writer who you admire. Include information .bout: nationality, date of birth type of books he/she wrote/writes other interesting events and facts Isaac Asimov is 1_________of ihe most successlul and prolific science-fiction writers of the 20th century. He wrote or edited more than .WObooks, the most famous of 2_________ are the Foundation series and die Robot series. Asimov was born IsaakJudah Ozimov in 1920, near Smolensk. In 1923 the family emigrated to the USA, settled in Brooklyn, New York, and changed the family name 3_________ Azimov. Azimov spoke Yiddish and English at home with his family and so never learned more 4_________a little Russian. By the age of five he was a keen reader. His parents owned a series of sweet shops and the whole family was expected 5_________ work in them. Azimov became fascinated with the science fiction magazines that 6_________ sold in the family shops, and began reading them. When he was eleven he began to write his own stories, and by the age 7________ nineteen, he was selling them to die science fiction magazines. His first publication was Marooned O ff Vesta, which was printed in the Amazing Stories magazine. But it was with his 32nd story, Nightfall, in 1941 that Asimov became really famous. The story is set on a planet 8_________ night falls only once every 2049 years. In 1964 Nightfall was voted the best short science fiction story ever written 9_________ the Science Fiction Writers of America. Many science fiction fans still agree widi this verdict. 10_________ leaving school, Azimov studied chemistry at Columbia University and went11_________to become a professor at the Boston University School of Medicine. However, in 12_________ 1950s he became a full-time writer. Asimov died on 6th April 1992. Ten years after his death, his wife revealed 13________ his deadi had been caused by AIDS. He had contracted HIV from a blood transfusion received during a heart bypass operation in December 1983. Unit 10 • Out of this world
  • 86. I can understand and. react to an article, about space tourism. r Revision: Student’s Book page 106-107 1 Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs in the box. Use the correct tense and form. check over creep up go through head out keep out put on slowdown startup take in as it approached the traffic1 The car_________ lights. 2 Last year house prices dropped, but they are gradually ___________again. 3 When you have finished your essay,___________it _ _ for mistakes. 4 There was a huge roar as the engines of the rocket to sea. _ _ the 5 The ship left the harbour and 6 We stopped at the top of the hill to ____ wonderful views. 7 Can I _ _ _ _ _ my lines with you before the dress rehearsal of the play? 8 The astronaut- ________ her space suit before climbing into the capsule. 9 I don’t want the cats in here. Can you close the door t o _________ th em _______ ____? 2 Read the text, ignoring the gaps. Find out: 1 when the Galactic Suite will open 2 the dimensions of the pods that guests will stay in 3 how the guests will get to and from the Suite 4 how many pods the architects plan to build 5 which room caused the designers the most problems 6 how much it will cost to stay in the Suite for three days 7 which planet the company next intends to send holidaymakers to 3 Match sentences A-H with gaps 1-7. There is one sentence that you do not need. A There w ill be special rooms in which bubbles of water will float around. B That’s why the shuttle rocket will remain fixed to the space hotel, so guests know they can get home again. C Furthermore, the Galactic Suite is fully booked for the next three years. D For you will soon be able to have a holiday experience that is out of this world - literally. E From your room you will enjoy the amazing sight of 15 different sunrises every day as you orbit the Earth every 80 minutes. F However, it only sees this project as a first step. G As usual, you need to be rich to travel in style. H When they get tired of doing this, they will have great fun trying to stick to the walls in their Velcro suits, so that they can eat, sleep or simply admire the view from their enormous window. 4 Are the sentences true or false? Write T or F. 1 The Galactic Suite takes 1 hour and 20 minutes to orbit the Earth_____ 2 There is no single accommodation at the Galactic S u ite .____ 3 The shuttle rocket will return to Earth after dropping off the guests_____ 4 There are some rooms in the Space Hotel that have gravity_____ 5 A complete package holiday to the Galactic Suite is about two months_____ 6 A Spanish company is behind the development of the Galactic S u ite .___ Ch allen g e! Would you like to have a holiday on the Galactic Suite? Why? / Why not? Unit 10 • Out of this world
  • 87. TAKE A SPACE BREAK If you are getting tired of going to your relatives for a weekend away, or having the same old holidays in the same old places, and if you are feeling especially brave and adventurous, then we suggest that you start saving your money now.1__________ Make your booking now for a few days in the Galactic Suite, the perfect way to broaden your horizons - in outer space. You will be able to stay in one of its amazing zero-gravity rooms, each one with spectacular views of planet Earth!2__________ The opening of the Galactic Suite is planned for 2012, and at first there will only be room for six guests at a time. Each of the three double bedrooms is in the shape of a pod, seven metres long and four metres high. The three pods will be joined together at one end to the main hotel, looking like a cluster of molecules. Each room will have almost no furniture, as guests will be floating around in zero gravity. 3 The Galactic Suite is being designed by a group of architects in Barcelona. Each pod is small enough to be transported inside a US space shuttle which will put them into space. Once the hotel is ready, the shuttle will also carry the guests to and from their destination, and will be ‘parked’ outside during their stay. Xavier Claramunt, one of the directors of the company working on the project, said, ‘There is fear associated with going into space. 4___________’ Eventually, the Spanish architects plan to have up to 22 pods clustered round a communal centre. Mr Claramunt admitted that there have been several design challenges during the project, the biggest of which has been how to design the bathrooms for zero gravity. ‘How to accommodate the more intimate activities of the guests is not easy,’ he added. But the designers may have solved the issue of how to take a shower in weightlessness. 5__________ You will have to catch your bath! Orbiting Earth won’t be a holiday option for the average-income family, however. 6___________Athree-day stay is expected to cost £2 million. This price also includes eight weeks of intensive training at a sophisticated space camp in the Caribbean. Mr Claramunt explained, ‘We have calculated that there are 40,000 people in the world who could afford to stay at the hotel.’ The Galactic Suite is a £1.5 billion project backed by a US company who are planning to make science fiction a reality.7___________The company is intent on colonising Mars. Anybody fancy a holiday on the Red Planet in 2020? Unit 10 • Out of this world
  • 88. ----------------------------- GRAMMAR Passive: advanced structures I can use advanced passive structures. 1 Complete the text with passive forms. Hundreds of UFO sightings 1_________________ (report) every year but the most famous UFO story is probably the ‘Roswell incident’ which took place in 1947. I t 2__________________ (allege) at the time that an alien spacecraft had crashed in the desert in New Mexico. Shortly after, a number of alien bodies 3_________________ (rumour) to have been removed from the wreckage by US soldiers. It4_________________ (take). (deny) (not know) where the bodies5_____________ For many years these reports 6____________ by military sources, who maintained that what 7_________________ (recover) was a top-secret research balloon, that had crashed. Finally, in 1997 the military admitted that bodies 8___________ indeed _________________ (take) from the wreckage, but that they were test-flight dummies th a t9_________________ (drop) from high altitude as part of an experiment. However, many people dismiss this version of events. Since 1947 numerous books10_________________ (write) on the incident, but the truth still remains shrouded in mystery. 2 Rewrite the sentences so that they have the same meaning. Use a different passive construction. 1 It is thought that the satellite burned up in the atmosphere. The satellite is __________________________________________ 2 It is alleged that he murdered his wife. He___________________________________ 3 It is said that he moved to the USA. 4 It is believed that terrorists planted the bomb. 5 It is now known that five people died in the accident. 6 It is reported that the car was stolen last night. 3 Rewrite the sentences using it + passive, or passive + to do / to have done. 1 People say that prices will go up next year. It is said that prices will go up nert '(ear._____________________ 2 People once thought that the Earth was flat. 3 People thinkthat we will one day colonise the moon. 4 They believe the thief stole all the paintings. 5 People suspected that the woman was a witch. 6 They claim that Henry wasn’t who he said he was. 7 They say that the weather is going to improve. 8 People consider him to be a very rich man. 4 Rewrite the sentences so that they have the same meaning. Use the passive and start with the word(s) given. 1 They gave the teacher a present at the end of the year. The teacher____________________________________________ 2 They don’t serve alcohol to people under 18. Alcohol________________________________________________ 3 Nobody has taught him good manners. H e_____________________________________________________ 4 My boss promised me a big pay rise. I __________________________ I 5 They gave me ten minutes to make up my mind. I ______________________________________________________ 1 6 They didn’t offer the job to Martin. The jo b _________________________________________________ 7 They gave a prize to the cleverest student. A prize : 1 8 £100 is owed to Harry by the bank. Harry__________________________________________________ Unit 10 • Out of this world
  • 89. Presentation I can pr&scnt my opinions tfftctivdy. 1 Complete the phrases using the words in the box. accept alter deny far having maintain nevertheless opinion own people personally true way would 1 Admittedly, □ 2 As as I’m concerned ... u 3 But said that, 1still th in k th a t... □ 4 Butl still say th a t... □ 5 However, this doesn’t .. _ my view th a t... u 6 1wouldn’t th a t... □ 7 In my □ 8 It is __________th a t... □ 9 My view is th a t... □ 10 , 1still believe th a t... n 11 Of course, we have to th a t... □ 12 Others th a t... □ 13 . 1believe th a t... n 14 Some think th a t... □ 15 The__________1look at it , ... □ Put the phrases into three groups. Write a, b, c or d next to the phrases. a outlining the issue b making a point c acknowledging an opposing point d re-stating your original point f t 17 Read the exam question below and listen to the presentations. Are the sentences true or false? Do you think that life exists on other planets in our galaxy? Do you think we w ill ever make contact with alien life forms? 1 Both speakers believe that life must exist on other planets_____ 2 Neither speaker believes that we w ill ever make contact with alien life forms_____ f t 17 Listen again. Put the sentences in the order that you hear them. Personally, I believe th a t... In my vie w ... However, this doesn’t alter my view th a t... Of course, we have to accept th a t... Some people argue th a t... I would say that... Let’s be honest,... On balance, if you ask me, I’d say th a t... □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 5 Write a brief presentation (about 100 words) of your opinions on the exam question below. Use the ideas below to help you. Follow the plan in exercise 2, and give examples to back up the points you make. Do you think it might one day be necessary to colonise the moon or other planets in our solar system? Do you think it would be possible or desirable? Why it might be necessary/desirable: • Earth’s population is rapidly increasing • global warming and climate change • space tourism • mankind’s drive to explore and seek adventure Why it might not be possible/desirable: • should solve the problems on Earth • population control • inhospitable environment on other planets • breathable atmosphere • gravity • the danger of accidents • quality of life?
  • 90. Preparation 1 Rewrite the sentences using the word given. 1 Many galaxies are shaped like discs, (shape) 2 The sky was the colour of slate, (coloured) 3 The alien was as big as a small house, (size) 4 You can see the wood from the road, (visible) 5 There’s a house at the end of this lane, (stands) 2 Combine the pairs of sentences into a single sentence. Use each structure (a-d) once. a after +-ing b having + past participle c a present participle d as + past simple 1 They left Italy. Then they drove to Spain. 2 Jack came into the room. At the same time, he tripped on the rug. 3 She knocked on the door. She went in. 4 I left the house. At the same time, it started to rain. 3 Write the story told in the pictures, or invent one of your own. Use the w riting guide to help you. W riting Guide 1 Set the scene and introduce the main character(s). 2 Describe the problem that the characters face. 3 Describe how the problem is solved. 4 Write the ending: what happened? How did people feel? Ch ec klist Have you: • followed the writing guide? • used sequencing clauses? • used a variety of expressions to make your descriptions more interesting and vivid? Unit 10 • Out of this world ■ '* H E E E 2 E S 1
  • 91. Ex a m Ta s k - Reading Read the text below and for questions 1 -6 choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best according to the text. In Egyptian mythology, Apophis was the ancient spirit of evil and destruction. So it seemed a fitting name for a 390-metre wide asteroid that is potentially on a collision course with our planet. NASA has estimated that an impact from Apophis, which has an outside chance of hitting the Earth in 2036, .vould release more than 100,000 times the energy released in the nuclear blast over Hiroshima. Thousands of square kilometres would be directly affected by the blast but the whole of the Earth would see the effects of the dust released into the atmosphere. Apophis had been intermittently tracked since its discovery in June 2004 but, in December, it started causing serious concern. Projecting the orbit of the asteroid into the future, astronomers calculated that the odds of it hitting the Earth were alarming. As more observations came in, the odds got higher. The asteroid was placed at four out of ten on the Torino scale - a measure of the threat posed by a near-Earth object, where 10 is a certain collision. This was the highest of any asteroid in recorded history. Alan Fitzsimmons, an astronomer from Queen's University Belfast, said: 'When it does pass close to us in April 2029, the Earth will deflect it and change its orbit. There's a small possibility that if it passes through a particular point in space, the so-called keyhole, the Earth's gravity will change things so that when it comes back around again in 2036, it will collide with us.' The chance of Apophis passing through the keyhole, a 600-metre patch of space, is 1 in 5,500 based on current information. There is no shortage of ideas on how to deflect the asteroid. No technology has been left unconsidered, even potentially dangerous ideas such as nuclear powered spacecraft. The favoured method is also potentially the easiest - throwing a spacecraft at an asteroid to change its direction. The European Space Agency plans to test this idea with its Don Quixote mission, where two satellites will be sent to an asteroid. One of them, Hidalgo, will collide with the asteroid at high speed while the other, Sancho, will measure the change in the object's orbit. Decisions on the actual design of these probes will be made in the coming months, with the launch expected some time in the next decade. One idea that seems to have no support from astronomers is the use of explosives. In September, scientists at Strathclyde and Glasgow universities began computer simulations to work out the feasibility of changing the directions of asteroids on a collision course for Earth. In spring next year, there will be another opportunity for radar observations of Apophis that will help astronomers work out possible future orbits of the asteroid more accurately. If, at that stage, they cannot rule out an impact with Earth in 2036, the next chance to make better observations will not be until 2013. NASA has argued that a final decision on what to do about Apophis will have to be made next spring. 'It may be a decision in 2013 whether or not to go ahead with a full-blown mitigation mission, but we need to start planning it before 2013,' said Prof Fitzsimmons. In 2029, astronomers will know for sure if Apophis will pose a threat in 2036. If the worst-case scenarios turn out to be true and the Earth is not prepared, it will be too late. 1 Apophis A has the potential to destroy the whole of the Earth. B may cause damage comparable to that of a nuclear bomb. C is larger than any asteroid recorded by NASA so far. D has been given a name to match the threat it represents. 2 When Apophis was discovered, scientists A predicted the orbit it will make in the future. B immediately realised how dangerous it was. C decided they would never let it out of sight. D invented a scale to measure the threat it posed. 3 According to Professor Alan Fitzsimmons A it’s probable Apophis won’t come nearthe Earth in 2029. B passing through the keyhole may be a decisive factor. C in 2029, the asteroid may change the Earth’s gravity. D the chance of Apophis avoiding the Earth is 1 in 5,500. 4 Scientists believe that A we have no effective technology now to solve the problem. B the best way to deal with the asteroid would be to blow it up. C a controlled collision could stop Apophis from hitting the Earth. D nuclear powered spacecraft is too difficult a solution. 5 Hidalgo and Sancho A will be sent to change the direction of Apophis. B will be sent into space within the next ten years. C are expected to carry out some measurements in Apophis. D will be sent to blow up an asteroid. 6 Scientists know that A 2013 w ill be too late to start planning a mitigation mission. B they will send a mitigation mission in 2013. C they have to begin planning a mitigation mission in 2013. D the last moment to send a mitigation mission will be 2029. Get ready for your Exam 5
  • 92. Exam Task - Use of English Complete the text with suitable words. Use one word only in each gap. Here's a conversation worth talking 1__________ : a mother dolphin chats w ith her baby...over the telephone! 2___________special call was made in an aquarium in Hawaii, where the mother and her two-year-old calf swam in separate tanks connected by a special underwater audio link. The tw o dolphins began squawking and chirping to each other - distinctive dolphin chatter. 'It seemed clear that they kn e w 3___________they were talking w ith,' says Don White, whose Project Delphis ran the experiment. 'Information was passing back and forth pretty quickly.' But w hat did they say? That's what scientists are trying to find 4__________ by studying wild and captive dolphins all over the world to decipher their secret language. They haven't completely cracked the code yet, but they're listening...and learning. Scientists think dolphins 'talk' about everything from basic facts like their age to their emotional state. They may be saying things 5___________ 'there are some good fish over here,' or 'watch o u t6__________ that shark because he is hunting'. When the going gets tough, for instance, some dolphins ca ll7___________ backup. After being bullied 8___________a duo of bottlenose dolphins, one spotted dolphin returned to the scene the next day w ith a few pals to chase and harass one of the bully bottlenose dolphins. 'It's as 9__________ the spotted dolphin communicated to his buddies that he needed their help, then led them in search 10___________this guy,' says Herzing, who cannot forget watching the scuffle. Exam Task - Listening f t 18 Read the statements. Then listen to the recording and choose the best way to finish each statement. 1 Christine’s mum A is not a sports person. B does the same sport as Christine. C has never worked. 2 Ella A shares the same personality as her mum. B has inherited a love of craftwork. C isa member ofherm um ’s handball team. 3 Penny A wants to become a physician. B spends all hertim e with her mum. C is an only child. Exam Task - Writing You successfully graduated from secondary school yesterday. Write a short note (100-120 words) to your friends announcing this news and invite them to a party you plan to give. In your note, you should: • say when the party will be given • give directions to the party • tell your friends what to bring (e.g. food, drinks) • ask them to reply by a certain date Write your note in the appropriate style and format. I Pr e p a r a t io n : Speaking Use the Functions Bank on page 102 to help you. Exam Task - Speaking Part 3 - Sustained long turn You w ill be asked to talk about your country and its culture. Considerthe following points: • Your native town • Historical issues • Your country as a tourist destination (places of interest to recommend) • Public holidays in your country • National customs • Other Part 4 - Role play Work in pairs and role-play the following situation. Role 1 (You are a student) You are talking to the parent of your close friend who has some problems at school. His/her grades have not been very good recently and s/he has also been playing truant. Try to defend him /her and explain his/her behaviour without saying too much about your friend’s secrets. Role 2 (You are a parent) You are talking to a close friend of your son/daughter who has some problems at school. His/her grades have not been very good recently and s/he has also been playing truant. You are very unhappy about it and believe that your child spends too much time with his/her friends. Try to find out what is happening. You may use these ideas: • Unpopular/problematic subject/s • A youth gang • Bullying • Addiction (drugs, alcohol, etc.) • Other When you have finished, change roles and practise again. Get ready for your Exam 5
  • 93. Exam c h a llen g e! 1 Read in g Read the article about a film entitled Bathory and complete the sentences (1-10). Use a suitable word or words (maximum three) from the text so that the sentences correspond to what the article says. The sentences do not follow the same order as the information appears in the text. History’s judgment of Elizabeth Bathory appeared unanimous - until now. According to legend, as well as several bestsellers, the 16th century Hungarian noblewoman who ruled over a vast kingdom from her castle above the village ofCachticein present-day Slovakia became so obsessed with attaining eternal youth she slaughtered more than 600 young girls to bathe in their blood. But in Bathory, Slovak director Juraj Jakubisko looks behind the myths and suggests the ‘Bloody Countess’ was actually a victim of a smear campaign rooted in political and ethnic strife. The film, which is the 69-year-old director’s first in English, had a €11.5-million budget, making it the most expensive Central European movie ever made. Since wrapping in 2006, it has created a buzz with showings at film festivals in Los Angeles and Berlin. ‘In today's digital age, fewer European feature film projects embrace major international stories on such a grand scale,’ Mike Downey, a co-producer from the UK-based Film and Music Entertainment production company, said about the film for Variety. ‘Juraj Jakubisko is a master of cinematic style, and we invested in his vision because it is a film of ambition, scope and scale destined for worldwide theatrical release.’ Jakubisko began the film’s long evolution bywriting the screenplay, which was translated into English before being sent to screenwriter John Paul Chappie. ‘The version of the script I received was immensely long, around 200 pages,’ Chappie told The Slovak Spectator. ‘I worked on shaping it more to western standards, which meant cutting down the amount of description and remodelling the dialogue from a literary style into lines that were more speakable and actable. Jakubisko’s translators helped me the whole time to make sure I kept faithful to the original intent.’ ‘There are so many legends about her which just aren’t true,’ Jakubisko told Czech Radio in May. ‘The idea that she bathed in the blood of young girls to retain her eternal youth for example. You can’t bathe in blood because blood clots. And even historians are divided about her legacy because for the older generation, Elizabeth Bathory was this Hungarian countess who murdered Slovak girls. ‘There is a lot of folklore and Bathory is a strong, warrior-like heroine who has a duty to her country, which stretched from the borders of Moravia all the way to the Adriatic Sea, and she basically had to do it single-handedly.’ ‘If Bathory combines critical and commercial success it could well change the profile of Slovak film by making it known internationally,’ Peter Hames, an expert on Central European film and author of The Czechoslovak New Wave, told TheSlovak Spectator. ‘For the same reasons, it would be likely to encourage other large budget films in the English language, since success is always followed by imitation.’ 1 The story is set in th e _________ _____ 2 Bathory is said to have wanted to succeed in staying ______________ for ever. 3 Bathory was also known under the nickname of the 4 According to Jakubisko, Bathory was a(n) _____________________of political disagreements. 5 They have never made such a costly film in _____________________before. 6 Jakubisko’s directing skills mean that the film will be distributed around th e ______________________ 7 The original script was rewritten to better suit 8 The amount of _______ in the original script was reduced. 9 _____________________ disagree about the role Bathory played in the past. 10 Bathory had moral and legal responsibility for Us e o f En g lis h 1 Complete the text with suitable words. Use one word only in each gap. SLEEPING HABITS The analysis published in October 2006 in Nature shows that meat-eating species sleep the most and grazing animals th e 1__________ . Sleep amounts range from 20 hours in the little brown bat to only two hours in the horse. Animals that have less sleep do not appear to make 2__________ for this by sleeping more deeply. The analysis concludes that sleep functions to keep animals safe by restricting waking to the hours when an animal is most likely to be successful3______ finding food and avoiding danger. Human sleep follows the rules that determine sleep time in other animals. Humans sleep somewhat less 4________animals with similar physiological features, suggesting that we m ay5__________ evolved to have more waking hours in order to better compete with other humans. Some animals can go without sleep for long periods of time with 6______ _ ill effects, whereas tack of sleep in 7__________ can be lethal. 8___________ explains 9_________ some animals can survive and reproduce optimally 10 though they are only awake for a few hours and eat very little, whereas others need to eat all day and must have reduced sleep time. Exam Challenge 1
  • 94. Exam c h a llen g e! 1 2 Complete the text with the correct form of the words in brackets. A green consultant is a researcher, facilitator,1____________ (ADVISE), and educator. A good green building consultant has an understanding of issues, products and technologies relating t o 2____________ (SUSTAIN) sites, energy, water, indoor air quality, materials and construction practices. We help owners, architects and other design and construction professionals who are not as familiar with these issues to 3____________(SHORT) the time it would take to learn it all. We help them design and construct buildings in a cost-effective and m ore4____________ (ENVIRONMENT) responsible way. The most difficult thing is convincing people to do things 5____________ (DIFFERENT). Design professionals and construction contractors usually want to do things the way they have done them in the past because it’s less6____________ (RISK) and they don’t have to spend any time figuring out how to do something new. Another problem to be dealt with are buildings which are one of the biggest7____________ (CONTRIBUTE) to global8____________ (WARM) due to their typically5____________(EFFICIENT) energy use. Buildings account for 39% of total energy use, 68% of total electricity 10__________________(CONSUME)and 38% of the carbon dioxide emissions. When you understand that most people spend over 90% of their time indoors, this makes a lot of sense. Wr itin g 1 You have decided to join the discussion in a local newspaper about banning smoking in public places. Write an essay of 210-230 words entitled ‘Smoking in public places should be made illegal’ arguing your point of view. 2 Join the discussion in a local newspaper about the lifestyle of young people. Write an argumentative essay entitled ‘Young people do not live healthily. ’ Write 210-230 words arguing your point of view. S p ea k in g Ta s k 3 You w ill be asked to talk about animal rights. The following ideas may help you: • National parks and protected landscape areas in your country and their importance • Endangered species • Violation of animal rights (zoos, experiments carried on animals, having pets) • Your experience, e.g. visit to a zoo • Other Ta s k 4 Work in pairs and role-play the following situation. Role 1 - You are finishing secondary school and have decided to take a gap year before you start studying at university. You are thinking about working as a volunteer somewhere in Africa or Australia where you could both work and study English. You could also work as a volunteer anywhere in Europe. All options are tempting and you cannot decide. Discuss this with your friend and ask him /her to give you some advice. Role 2 - Your friend is finishing secondary school and has decided to take a gap year before s/he starts studying at university. S/he is thinking about working as a volunteer somewhere in Africa or Australia where s/he could both work and study English. S/he could also work as a volunteer anywhere in Europe. All options are tempting and s/he cannot decide. S/he wants you to give him /her some advice. Ta s k 2 Read the quotation below and express your opinion on it. These ideas may help you: • Do you agree or disagree with the quotation? Why? • Support your opinion with an example/your own experience. ' ‘Knowledge rests not upon truth alone, but upon error ^ ^ also. ’ Carl J u n g ____________ Ta s k l Look at the pictures showing a scene from daily life in order to compare and contrast them. These ideas may help you: • Environment/ setting • Architecture/ buildings • Mood • Advantages/ disadvantages of living there • People • Other Exam Challenge 1
  • 95. Exam c h a llen g e! 2 Read in g Read the article about plastic shopping bags. Match each paragraph (A-E) to its summary (1-6). There is one number which you do not need to use. Plastic shopping bags and the environment A It’s easy to be green. Although we may be overwhelmed by the environmental catastrophes that seem to occur around us with alarming regularity, there is a simple way each and every person can make a difference. It doesn’t involve travelling the world to clean up oil spills or standing in the path of bulldozers to prevent land clearing. It actually involves shopping... B The environmental issues associated with plastic shopping bags have featured in the news recently, following the apparent success of the plastic bag tax in Ireland in reducing the number of plastic shopping bags that are used in that country. While this approach has also been suggested for addressing the problem in other countries, governments still tend to examine a number of options before deciding on a management plan. In the meantime, the best thing we can do forthe environment is simply reuse, or better yet, refuse a plastic bag when we go shopping. Easy! C Plastic shopping bags have a surprisingly significant environmental impact for something so seemingly innocuous. As well as being an eyesore, plastic shopping bags kill large numbers of wildlife each year. In the water, plastic bags can be mistaken for jellyfish by wildlife. This makes plastic bag pollution in marine environments particularly dangerous, as birds, whales, seals and turtles ingest the bags then die from intestinal blockages. Disturbingly, it is claimed that plastic bags are the most common man-made item seen by sailors at sea. D The biggest problem with plastic bags is that they do not readily break down in the environment, with estimates for the time it takes them to decompose ranging from 20 to 1,000 years. One of the disquieting facts stemming from this is that plastic bags can become serial killers. Once an animal that had ingested a plastic bag dies, it decays at a much faster rate than the bag. When the animal has decomposed, the bag is released back into the environment more or less intact, ready to be eaten by another misguided organism. The incredibly slow rate of decay of plastic bags also means that each bag we use compounds the problem, because the bags simply accumulate. E On top of the significant environmental costs, widespread use of plastic bags is also costly in terms of dollars and cents. Apart from the price of the bags themselves, which is four to six cents each, a great deal of money goes into collecting the bags (i.e. cleaning up!) once they’ve been discarded. 1 Plastic bags threaten not only natural environments but also urban ones. 2 Above all, bags are definitely not worth the money spent on them. 3 It is easy to get the wrong impression that plastic bags are underwater creatures. 4 Of great concern is the fact that a single bag can kill several living things. 5 Governmental policies on how to avoid using plastic bags vary from country to country. 6 You can help the situation and you don’t need to be an eager environmentalist. Us e o f En g lis h 1 Complete the extract with suitable words. Lily sat down and looked at the child in front of her. He was small and thin and wore a jacket that was 1_________ large for him. His eyes were half hidden 2__________ a long messy fringe. Where had he come from ?3_________ they had found him in the park, he had said nothing to 4__________at the police station. It was Lily’s responsibility to question 5___ ___ She smiled gently. ‘What’s your name?’ she asked. The boy looked at her across the table and said 6__________He blinked. S he7_________ seethat he didn’t understand. She tried again,8__________time in French. The boy’s expression did not change. He did not try to speak. Then she had an idea:9__________if he could not hear her? Nobody had guessed that he 10__________be deaf. Lily smiled 11__________the boy again and waved. He looked back at her, puzzled.12_________ would not do. Lily picked up the phone and called for assistance. Exam Challenge 2
  • 96. 2 Read the text and choose the correct form of the verbs (A-C). One day, after school, one of the girls in my class said she 1_____________________me a new way to get home. She wasn’t a nice girl, and I was a bit dubious about going with her... and to tell the truth, I was somewhat afraid of her because she was a bully. Anyway, Pat 2_____________________me away from our normal route into the residential streets around the school. A few twists and turns, and ... 13 ________________At that point, Pat said: ‘I’m going to leave you here, you 4_____________________ home,’ and then she ran. Of course I tried to follow her, but she must 5_____________________ herself because when I turned the corner, she wasn’t there. Being the brave, adventurous type of child, I only blubbered a little before trying 6_____________________my way back. Naturally enough nothing was familiar. At some point Pat appeared again - she m ust7___________________ me, watching to see what 18______________________ I distinctly remember 9_____________________ her, ‘I don’t like you!’ and then I marched off without looking back. Luckily for me I eventually recognised a street that I passed on my usual way home - that was a huge relief. Perhaps Pat was just being mischievous and she 10_____________________ me there and gone home herself. This is what I’ll never know. But I’m giving her the benefit of doubt because l‘m a nice person. 1 A will show B would show C would have shown 2 A led B has been leading C would lead 3 A was losing B would lose C was lost 4 A will never get B are never getting C have never got 5 A hide B have hidden C be hiding 6 A find B finding C to find 7 A be following B followed C have been following 8 A would do B had done C did 9 A telling B to tell C have told 10 A hadn’t left B wouldn’t have left C didn’t leave Wr itin g 1 Your friends are animat lovers and you want to go for a trip together. Write a letter to them (210-230 words) in which you describe a place you would recommend for the trip. 2 Your friends love doing sports and you want to spend a weekend together with them. Write a letter to them (210-230 words) in which you describe a place you would recommend for the weekend. In your letter include these points: • how you found out about the place • describe the place, its atmosphere and the animals you can see • activities you can do there • your opinion of the place Write your letter in an appropriate style. Do not write any dates or addresses. S p ea k in g Ta s k 1 These two pictures show people doing different kinds of painting. Compare and contrast them, say why the activity is important for these people and which of them you would prefer to do and why. Ta s k 2 You w ill be asked to talk about reading books. Consider the following points: • The importance of reading • Young people and literature. Reading books and watching films or television. • The future of books • Your favourite book Ta s k 3 Work in pairs and role-play the following situation. Role 1 - (You are a student.) After finishing secondary school you want to find a job in an English-speaking country and work and live there for at least a year. Your parents are against it and they want you to study at university. However, you do not want to study at the moment. Explain your reasons and try to persuade them. Role 2 - (You are a parent.) After finishing secondary school your child wants to find a job in an English- speaking country and work and live there for at least a year. However, you believe it is a waste of time and want your child to study at university. Give your reasons and try to persuade him/her. Exam Challenge 2
  • 97. 1 Complete the text with the correct words a-d. Making Monet John Myatt is a painter. He is not, he is the first to 1_____ , the world’s finest artist. He is, however, quite 2 the world’sfinest forger. In 1998John Myatt was sentenced to a year in prison for his part in what was described 3 the 20th-century’s biggest 4 art fraud. For eight years, between 1986 and 1994, he and his London-based accomplice, John Drewe, passed off over 200 works of art as 5_____ ‘found’pieces by surrealists, cubists, impressionists. They sold, for tens of thousands of pounds, in the 6 London auction houses, Christie’s and Sotheby’s, and fooled Britain’s two most prestigious museums: the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Tate Gallery. One ‘Giacometti’was bought at auction in New York '______$300,000. Some say the British market has never quite 8 from the scandal. What Myatt is doing now, however, for up to £5,000 a painting, is forging to order, entirely legitimately. His ‘genuine fakes’are painted in 9 house paint, and stamped as ‘fake’on the back, and his 10 versions of, say, Giacometti’s Seated Nude, or Matisse’s The Pink Room, now grace ski lodges in Aspen and villas in Tuscany. 1 a reveal b admit c disclose d realise 2 a maybe b perhaps c eventually d possibly 3 a as b like c for d to 4 a new b contemporary c present d recent 5 a true b authentic c genuine d real 6 a major b important c significant d chief 7 a at b up to c from d for 8 a recuperated b recovered c rallied d repaired 9 a typical b ordinary c usual d routine 10 a perfect b ultimate c ideal d exemplary UB 2 In many lines in this letter between a British girl and her American penfriend there is one wrong word which should not be there. Find the wrong word, cross it out and write it at the end of the line. Some lines are correct. Tick / the correct lines. There are two examples at the beginning. 31st July Dear Jack b&e-n How are you? Sorry I haven’t been written to _ _ J you for ages, but I’ve been really busy _____________recently. The last month I took my A level _________ _ exams - they’re the exams you take just ____________ before you will leave school. They were quite ____________ difficult but I did a lots of revision, so I think _____________ I did OK. I’ve applied to study economics _ _ ___ _ here in Bristol. _________ ___ No sooner when had the exams finished . than we went off on holiday to Menton. It’s ____________ situated in the south-west of the France. _____________ We spent a week there then drove inland and _____________ stayed in the village of Sospel. The weather _____________was great - it has only rained one day - and _____________ we had a fantastic time for swimming, and ______ ___ walking in the Mercantour National Park. _____________So, now I’m back home. There’s a little to do, _____________ but that suits me fine! Mum’s been _____________ encouraging to me to get a summer job but ____________ I prefer it to just hang about with my friends, _____________ read books and watch TV. _____________ That’s about all for now. Write soon and tell _____________ me your news. Best wishes Emily Mark Review 1 • 1-2
  • 98. 1 Complete the text with the correct form of the words in brackets. 2 Choose the best verb forms. It's a dog’s Life Five puppies have been born in the w orld’s first 1___________ (CLONE) of a pet dog for a paying customer. They are th e 2___________ (GENE) doubles of a dog called Booger, whose death from cancer two years ago left h is 3___________(OWN) Bernann McKinney so upset that she sold her house to raise the £25,000 needed to - in her eyes - bring him back to life. Ms McKinney rescued Booger from a dogs’ home. He became an 4__________ (DISPENSE) part of her life after defending her and saving her life when she was attacked by another dog. Miss McKinney said, ‘Booger was my partner and my friend. The puppies are 5__________ (EXACT) the same as their daddy.’ RNL Bio, the Korean 6__________ (ORGANISE) that cloned the dogs, said the 7__________ (PROCEED) was so straightforward that it could clone 300 dogs a year for people whose pets had died. The Booger puppies, who were born last week, have black coats and identical white spots below their necks. 8___________ (SCIENCE) Lee Byeong-chun said all five puppies were healthy, although there were slight 9__________ (VARY) in weight. A 10____________(DELIGHT) Ms McKinney said the ir birth had healed the pain of Booger’s death. ‘It is a miracle for me because I was able to sm ile again, laugh again and just feel alive again,’ she explained. Q Q 25th August Dear Emily, Thanks foryour letter. I hope you kould/m anaged to pass your A level exams. When 2are you finding o ut/w ill you find out if you’ve got a place at college? We didn’t have any exams at the end of term, thank goodness. 3l’ve been/ I’d been offered a place at the University of Texas in Austin to study law, providing 4I get/Pll get good grades in my exams next May. I guess I’d better work harder this year! Yourvacation sounded great. 15didn’t do/haven’t been doing much lately, but tomorrow I’m off on a camping holiday in Florida. I don’t particularly like camping but I was persuaded to go by my friends. This time next week 6H l probably s it/l’ll probably be sitting in a tent in Florida wishing I was back home. I hope I don’t get bitten by the mosquitoes! Anyway, 7l’ll send/l’d send you a postcard. As soon as 8I return/l’ll return from Florida I’m starting work in the local store. The pay isn’t great but 9I can/i’ll be able to earn enough to pay back the money 10l borrowed/ had borrowed from my parents for the vacation. I look forward to hearing from you again. Best wishes Jack Review 2 • 1-4
  • 99. as back by for for in like on through throughout The oldest newspaper | in the world i 1_________centuries, readers have thumbed2_________the pages of Sweden’s Post-och Inrikes Tidningar newspaper. No longer. The world’s oldest paper still3________ circulation has dropped its paper edition and now exists only in cyberspace. The newspaper, founded in 1645 4________Sweden’s Queen Kristina, became an Internet- only publication on 1st January. It’s a fate that may await many of the world’s most famous newspapers. ’We think it’s a cultural disaster,’ said Hans Holm, who served 5_________the chief editor of Post-och Inrikes Tidningar for 20 years. ‘It is sad when you have worked with it for so long and it has been around for so long.’6_________in the seventeenth century, Queen Kristina used the publication to keep her subjects informed of the affairs of state, and the first editions, which were more 7________ leaflets, were carried by courier and put on notice boards in cities and tow ns8_________Sweden. The paper edition was certainly no mass-market tabloid.9_________the contrary, it had a meagre circulation of only 1,000 or so, although the web-based version is expected to attract more readers. The newspaper is owned by the Swedish Academy, known 10_________awarding the annual Nobel Prize in Literature. Despite its online transformation, Post-och Inrikes Tidningar remains Number 1 on a ranking of the oldest newspapers still in circulation. -------------------------------------------------------- B H 1 Complete the text w ith the words in the box. Mark 1st December Dearjack, ________How are things with you?You said in your you've be-en last letter that(you beerfyoffered a place at ____________ the University ofTexas. I suppose your _________ exams are quite soon now, don’t they? I hope that you enjoy yourself and that you ____________ don’t have to working too hard this year. __________I got my A level exam results in August, and _________ I’m pleased to say that I had passed all of _____________them. I did particularly welt in my maths exam, what I was realty pleased about. ____________ Since then I’ve also started university. _____________ I told you, haven’t I, that I’m studying __________economics at the university here in Bristol? _____________I’ve made lots of new friends and the social life is great - though my parents keep telling me work harder. I’m still living __________ at home, but I’d like to move into a flat _____________with a couple of friends. _ ................I’m spending Christmas with my family, ________and then my friend Mike has invited me ____________ going skiing with him in France after New _____________Year. That should be fun. _____________Where you are spending Christmas? _____________ Do you go away? __________Have a great Christmas and New Year! Emily 2 Find and correct ten more m istakes in this letter. Mark Review 3 • 1-6
  • 100. Rev iew i -s ■ 1 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Include the word in brackets. 1 I wish you’d told me that you were going to be late, (might) You _ ____ ____ _ that you were going to be late. 2 You haven’t eaten since breakfast. I’m sure you’re hungry, (must) You haven’t eaten since breakfast. You 3 It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport, (needn’t) You_____________________ me at the airport. 4 I didn’t phone you because I thought you were out. (would) I _____ if I’d known you were in. 5 Don’t walk alonein the park at night, (must) You ____________________ alone in the park at night. 6 ‘I won’t go to bed! It’s only nine o’clock!’ said Jamie, (refused) Jamie_____________________ because it was only nine o’clock. 7 ‘Why didn’t you phone me?’ said John to Sally, (asked) John________________________________ him. 8 How were you able to get across London in 45 minutes? (manage) H o w _ _________ _ get across London in 45 minutes? 9 It’s his arrogance that annoys me. (what) is his arrogance. 10 I don’t particularly want to go out tonight, (feel like) I ________________________________tonight. 2 Complete the lette r w ith the words in the box. You need to use some words more than once. at for in of over to up with 14th February Dear Emily I hope you had a good Christmas 1______ family. I’m sorry I haven’t written 2______ been very busy3 schoolwork. All home with your a while, but I’ve a sudden everybody is working really hard this term, and there’s so much to learn. Of course, I’d be 5____ _ a better position now if I’d worked a bit harder last year! Did you receive my postcard from Florida last summer? You’ll have realised when you read it that I didn’t really ta ke 6 camping! I hope your skiing holiday was more fun. I’d like to take 7 skiing - maybe you can teach me to ski if I come over to see you one day. It isn’t that difficult, is it? Next term, I’ll be working even harder, so I might not have a great deal8 time to write. But I promise to write more often as soon as my exams are 9_______ That’s all . now. Happy Valentine’s Day! Best wishes Jack Review 4» 1-8
  • 101. 1 Complete the te xt w ith suitable words. The first man in space Yuri Gagarin was born in 19 3 4 in a village, now renamed Gagarin, near Smolensk in Russia. His parents worked 1 a farm , and his father was also a skilled carpenter. Yuri was 2 third of four children, and his elder sister helped to raise him while his parents worked. 3 a teenager he started w ork in a steelworks, at the 4 tim e continuing his studies at the technical high school in Saratov. While there, he joined the Aeroclub' and learned to fly 5 his spare time. He soon preferred flying to working in the steelworks, and on leaving college in 195 5, he joined the air force and learned to fly fighter planes. His daring and skill led to his being singled out fo r training in the Soviet space programme. Gagarin was only 1 .5 7 m etres tall. His small size was an advantage, as the spacecraft he 6 to fly in, Vostok, did not have 7 room inside fo r large people. Vostok was launched from the Baykonur site in the Kazakh desert on 12th April 1 9 B 1 . Although his flight around the Earth 8 only one hour and 4 5 minutes, Gagarin became the firs t person to travel into space and orbit the Earth. A fte r the flight, Gagarin became an instant celebrity, and 9 appearances all 10 the world to prom ote the Soviet achievement. He then returned to his form er job, flying fighter planes. But on 2 7 March 19BB, while on a training flight he died when he lost control of his plane and crashed. He was buried with honours alongside the wall of the Kremlin in Moscow’s Red Square. I—|-------------------------------------|------- B BMark 21st May Dear Jack .................... I’ve just moved into a new flat! At the I'm sharing moment,(fsha?g)it with two friends, but we ___________ might try to find a fourth person. It’s great to _____________ be independent, although I miss sometimes _____________my mum’s cooking! ___________ Well, I’m halfway through the summer term _____________and, to be honest, I haven’t working hard ____________ enough. I’m quite worried for my exam _____________ results. (I’ve just been taking five exams!) _____________ How is your work going? You don’t have exams at the end of the year, don’t you? __________ __ I thinkyou should come to Britain when your __ _____ term will have ended. There’s lots to do here _____________ in Bristol in the summer, and you are able to ________stay at our flat. Our term finishes around the ____ middle of June, so I won’t work if you come ____________ in July. ____________ That’s all for now. Sorry this letter is such _____________ short, but I’m exhausted. What I need that is ____________ a really long sleep! Best wishes 2 Find and correct ten more m istakes in this letter. Mark Review 5 • 1-10
  • 102. F u n c t i o n s F j ÎtTTT' ESTABLISHING THE TOPIC The photos are connected with [the topic o f]... (i0 ... are to do with ... (lF) ... are linked b y... (lF) ... relate to ... (lF) ... show different aspects o f... (lF) STRUCTURING YOUR PRESENTATION I’d like to begin by sa yin g ... (3F) The first th in g I’d like to say is th a t... (3F) First o f a ll,... / F irstly,... (3F) S eco n d ly,... (3F) F ina lly,... (30 SPECULATING It could be th a t... o r ... (1F) It’s hard to say w h e th e r... o r ... (1F) P resum ably,... (lF) I w ould guess th a t... (1F) DEDUCING From th e ir expressions, I’d say th a t... ( i 0 Judging by her expression, I’d say th a t... (lF) It’s clear from th e ir expressions th a t... (lF) They [look very happy], so cle a rly ... (lF) They look as if th e y ... / as though th e y ... (1F) It looks as i f ... / as though ... (lF) The fact th a t [they’re sm iling] w ould suggest th a t... (1F) PARAPHRASING I d o n ’t know w hat it’s called in English. (7F) It’s a kind o f ... (7F) It’s like a ... (70 I mean ... (7F) In other w o rd s ,... (70 ... so to speak (70 TALKING ABOUT STATISTICS, GRAPHS AND CHARTS A third / quarter of (pe o p le ...) (5F) Two-thirds / three-fifths o f (people ...) (50 One in three / ten (people ...) (50 Four out o f five (people ...) (50 50% o f (people ...) (50 increase / rise by 25% (50 decrease / fall by 10% (50 the num ber o f ... fell sharply / steadily (50 rose sharply / steadily (50 fluctuated (50 stayed the same (50 According to the c h a rt/g ra p h ,... (50 the m ajority o f (people ...) (50 the percentage o f (people who ...) (50 OUTLINING THE ISSUE Some people th in k th a t... ( io 0 Others m aintain th a t... ( io 0 GIVING OPINIONS I believe / I don’t believe ... (30 In my view / opinion,... (30 I agree with ... / I disagree with ... (30 As far as I’m concerned ... (io0 Personally, I believe th a t... (io0 I’m convinced th a t... (2D) My view is th a t... (io0 The way I look at it,... (io 0 My own view is th a t... (io 0 To my m ind,... (1C) One advantage / disadvantage o f... is th a t... (2D) There are strong arguments in favour of / against.. I really think... EMPHASISING A POINT We m ust re m e m b e rth a t... (60 There’s no d o u bt in my m ind th a t... (60 Let’s not forget th a t... (60 I really do th in k th a t... (60 It’s im portant to bear in m ind th a t... (60 I believe very strongly th a t... (6 0 I’ m absolutely convinced th a t... (60 Nobody could deny th a t... (60 When it comes down to i t , ... (8C) GIVING EXAMPLES For example,... (30 For instance,... (30 ..., say,... (30 I’m going to give some examples of... (30 such as (io 0 To give you an example:... (2D) Functions Bank
  • 103. Fu n c t i o n * ; f V i : GIVING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION W hat is m o re ,... (3F) F urtherm ore,... (3F) ACKOWLEDGING AN OPPOSING POINT It is true th a t... (10F) I w o u ld n ’t deny th a t... (10F) Of course, we have to accept th a t... ( io 0 A d m itte d ly ,... (10F) RE-STATING YOUR ORIGINAL POINT However, this doesn’t alter my view th a t... (10F) But I w ould still say th a t... (10F) But having said that, I still th in k th a t... (10F) Nevertheless, I still believe th a t... (10F) SUMMING UP So, to sum u p ,... (30 In summ ary, th e n ,... (3F) It seems clear to me th a t... (3F) AGREEING I agree com pletely. (8F) I couldn’t agree more. (8F) That’s w hat I th in k too. (8F) That’s how I see it too. (8F) I th in k you’re absolutely right. (8F) 1th in k you’re spot on. (8 0 I’d go along w ith that. (1C) Absolutely. (1C) PARTIALLYAGREEING That’s true, b u t... (70 I see your point b u t... (1C) It may be true th a t..., b u t... (5D) I adm it th a t.... H ow ever,... (5D) I’ m w illin g to concede th a t.... N evertheless,... (5D) DISAGREEING I totally disagree. (8 0 I’m afraid I disagree. (2D) I really can’t agree w ith you. (8 0 I take the opposite view. (8 0 I’m o f the opposite opinion. (80 That’s not how I see it at all. (80 That’s not the way I look at it. (80 Surely you don’t th in k th a t... (1C) I’m not sure about that. (1C) I th in k it’s wrong to say th a t... (5D) I disagree with the view th a t... (5D) You have to adm it th a t... (8C) TALKING ABOUT PROS The main benefit o f ... is ... (20 ... is generally a good th in g because ... (20 One positive aspect o f ... is (th a t)... (20 TALKING ABOUT CONS On the other h a n d ,... (20 As for the d isadvantages,... (20 One disadvantage of... is (that) (20 A nother drawback is (th a t)... (20 ... is not a good idea because ... (20 Functions Bank
  • 104. W RITIM VfJ'l! MAGAZINE ARTICLE A Journey I Never Want to Repeat Have you ever been in a situation where you thought you m ight die? That's what happened to me while I was on holiday in Greece two years ago. We had been staying at a holiday resort on the mainland for nearly a week when we decided to visit one of the nearby islands. First, we booked the trip at our hotel, then we walked down to the harbour and found our boat.The captain welcomed us on board and we sat down near the front. At first, the weather was good and the sea was calm. However, after about fifteen minutes, the wind became much stronger.Then dark clouds filled the sky, and it was clear that a storm was about to start.Ten minutes later, it was pouring with rain and the sea was extremely rough. It was absolutely terrifying! The captain's voice came over the tannoy: 'We can't approach the island. I'm worried that we m ight hit the rocks if we go too close.' All we could do was wait for the storm to pass. Meanwhile, the boat was rocking violently from side to side and all of the passengers were feeling very ill as well as frightened. Finally, after about 45 minutes, when the storm passed and the sea became calm once more, we were able to finish our journey. Being at sea during a storm isn't an experience I want to repeat. In futu re ,1 I'll certainly check the weather forecasts before booking a boat trip! Think of a good title for the article (if one hasn’t been specified in the exam task). Start your account with an introduction that will encourage your reader to continue reading. You can address the reader directly, especially with questions. Use an informal, lively style to maintain the reader’s attention. You can use direct speech, exclamation marks and extreme adjectives. Divide your article into paragraphs. You can use sequencing expressions to order events or opinions. Finish your article with a definite conclusion, or a summary ofw hatyou have said. If appropriate give your opinion, or say how it affects your life now. Divide your essay into four paragraphs. Write an interesting introduction to your essay that will encourage your reader to continue — reading. In the second paragraph include points in favour of the statement. In the third paragraph include points against the statement. The fourth paragraph should be a conclusion balancing the arguments for and against the statement and offering your own opinion.' Use linking expressions such as As a result, On the other hand, Furthermore, On balance to guide your reader through your essay. ESSAY (FOR AND AGAINST) 'Students shouldn't have to pay to study at university.' Discuss. ► A lthough the governm ent gives money to universities, students still have to pay fo r their university education. They pay tuition fees and also need money to live on w hile they are studying. However, some people argue th a t education should be free, including university education. It is hard to deny that poorer people in our society sometimes miss the chance to study at university because they cannot afford it. As a result, they have few er opportunities w hen they apply fo r jobs, and often remain at a disadvantage throughout their lives. This is unfair. Free university education w ould ensure th a t everybody has an equal chance to study at a higher level. In addition, it w ould mean that universities could attract the most able students and not the ^wealthiest. On the other hand, free university education w ould cost the governm ent a lot o f money and they w ould have to raise this money through taxation. Some people m aintain th a t it is unfair to tax ordinary w orking people so that a m inority can study at university. Furthermore, they question how useful university education really is for the country as a w hole, and argue that vocational training w ould be more beneficial. On balance, I believe th a t the advantages o f providing free university education outw eigh the disadvantages. W hile free education costs everybody a little more in taxes, it creates a fairer system and more opportunities fo r poorer people to do well. Writing Bank
  • 105. ESSAY (OPINION) ‘Large, powerful cars are a danger to everyone and should be banned.’ Do you agree? Why? Why not? Few people would deny th a t global warming is a serious problem, and th a t reducing carbon emissions is the main way to tackle i t . Large, powerful cars produce fa r more carbon emissions than cars w ith small engines, and fo r th is reason, ^ I believe they should be banned. f F irs t and foremost, large cars w ith very powerful engines are completely unnecessary in today’ s world. Our c ity streets are f u l l o f these vehicles, craw ling along at ten kilom etres per hour and creating huge amounts o f p o llu tio n . An e le c tric car would be ju s t as fa s t in a busy c ity and would produce no carbon emissions at a ll. Moreover, large cars are more dangerous fo r pedestrians and c y c lis ts because they are heavier and more lik e ly to cause serious in ju ry or death i f there is a c o llis io n . At a time when we are encouraging people to walk or cycle instead o f d riv in g , we should aim to make our stre e ts as safe as possible, and th a t includes banning unnecessarily large cars. Of course, not everybody would agree w ith th is p o sitio n . Some people maintain th a t they have a genuine need fo r a very large car. For example, fa m ilie s w ith a lo t o f children may claim th a t only large vehicles, or ‘ people c a rrie rs ’ as they are sometimes known, provide enough room. A ll things considered, I re a lly do th in k th a t large, powerful cars should be made ille g a l. While i t ’ s tru e th a t they are useful fo r some fa m ilie s , they create an unacceptable amount o f p o llu tio n and cause irre v e rs ib le damage to the environment. Divide your essay into five paragraphs. Write an interesting introduction to your essay that will encourage your reader to continue reading. Include your own opinion. In the second paragraph, include the main point in support of your opinion. In the third paragraph, include another point in support of your opinion. In the fourth paragraph, include points in support of the opposite opinion. The fifth paragraph should be a conclusion. Restate your opinion, but briefly mention the opposite side of the argument as well. Use linking expressions such as First and foremost, Moreover, For example, All things considered to guide your reader through your essay. In the first paragraph, include the name of the person, what he or she does, and the reason for your choice. The second paragraph should include a physical description. In the third paragraph, mention the person’s ■ main characteristics and give examples. The fourth paragraph should explain what makes this person special, with examples of behaviour and achievements. The final paragraph should sum up your thoughts about the person^ DESCRIPTION OF A PERSON I t i s so m e tim e s d i f f i c u l t t o t h in k o f fam o u s p e o p le who a r e g o o d r o l e m o d e ls. H ow ever, I h av e a lw a y s a d m ire d th e a c t r e s s R a c h e l W eisz b e c a u s e sh e i s n o t o n ly b e a u t i f u l b u t a l s o i n t e l l i g e n t an d p r i n c i p l e d . R a c h e l W eisz i s 170 c e n t im e t r e s t a l l an d h a s lo n g , d a rk h a i r an d brow n e y e s . A lth o u g h sh e w as b o rn in E n g la n d , h e r f a t h e r w as b o rn in H u n gary an d h e r m o th er in A u s t r i a . H er m ixed c u l t u r a l b a c k g ro u n d no d o u b t c o n t r i b u t e s t o h e r e x o t i c b e a u t y . U n d e n ia b ly , W eisz h a s a lw a y s b e en on e o f th e m ost t h o u g h t f u l an d i n t e l l i g e n t s t a r s o f th e b i g s c r e e n . F o r e x a m p le , a g e d f o u r t e e n , sh e tu r n e d down w ork a s a m odel an d a c t r e s s b e c a u s e sh e w as w o r r ie d t h a t i t w ould i n t e r f e r e w ith h e r e d u c a t io n . Sh e c o m p le te d an E n g lis h d e g r e e a t C am b rid ge U n iv e r s it y b e f o r e la u n c h in g h e r c a r e e r in film s . B e c a u se o f h e r b e a u t y , W eisz i s o f f e r e d r o l e s in a l l k in d s o f ro m a n tic b l o c k b u s t e r s , b u t sh e i s v e r y c a r e f u l a b o u t w hich p a r t s sh e a c c e p t s . One o f h e r m o st s u c c e s s f u l r o l e s w as in th e O sc a r- w in n in g 2 005 film , 'T h e C o n sta n t G a r d e n e r ', w hich i s a b o u t c o r r u p t io n in K en ya. I t i s a m ark o f h e r c a r in g a t t i t u d e t h a t , d u r in g th e film , sh e an d h e r c o - s t a r s s e t up a c h a r i t y c a l l e d th e C o n sta n t G a rd e n e r T r u s t t o h e lp p e o p le in K enya who a r e l i v i n g in o v e r t y . In my o p in io n , R a c h e l W eisz i s a g o o d r o l e m odel b e c a u s e sh e h a s n e v e r a llo w e d fam e t o g o t o h e r h e a d . A lth o u g h sh e i s v e r y s u c c e s s f u l , sh e s t i l l sp e n d s tim e h e lp in g p e o p le who a r e l e s s f o r t u n a t e th a n h e r s e l f . Writing Bank
  • 106. Wr it im FJÜÏÏT DESCRIPTION OF A PLACE Of all the cities I have visited, the one I like most is Barcelona. I spent five days there in 2007 when I was on holiday with my parents and it made a big impression on me. Barcelona is a large city in the north-east of Spain, in a region called Catalonia. It is situated on the Mediterranean coast about 150 kilometres south of the Pyrenees. The city itself is quite hilly, and there are mountains to the north-west, including the famous Montserrat where there is a Benedictine abbey which can be reached by cable car. There are many beautiful places to visit within the city. There are parks and beaches, as well as a busy port which was renovated in preparation for the Olympic Games in 1992. In the heart of the city, you can find Las Ramblas, which are wide streets full of pedestrians, cafés and street performers. My favourite building in Barcelona is the huge church called the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi. Although work began on the church in 1882, it has never been completed and continues to this day. However, it is open to visitors,who can climb the incredibly tall towers and enjoy amazing views across the city. Barcelona is a great place to visit because it has so many different things to offer: beaches, parks, architecture and culture. It also has a modern and lively atmosphere which I love. In the first paragraph, include the name of the place and the reason for your choice. The second paragraph should describe the general location and landscape of the place. In the third paragraph, describe what the place has to offer: notable landmarks, facilities, etc. In the fourth paragraph, give a more detailed description of one particular aspect or part of the place. The final paragraph should sum up your thoughts about the place. FILM REVIEW Include information about the title and genre of the film, its director and the main actor or actors in the first paragraph. Outline the plot in the second paragraph. Say what you liked and did not like about it in the third paragraph. In the final paragraph, say who you would recommend the film to and why. One o f th e b e s t film s t h a t I have se e n r e c e n tly i s c a l l e d 'The Bourne U ltim a tu m ', an a c t io n m ovie d ir e c t e d by Paul G re e n g ra ss and s t a r r in g M att Damon. I t i s b a se d on a n o v el by R o b ert Ludlum and i s th e t h ir d and fin al p a r t o f a t r i l o g y ab o u t th e same c h a r a c te r , Ja s o n B ou rn e; th e f ir s t i s c a l l e d 'The Bourne I d e n t i t y ', and th e seco n d i s 'The Bourne Suprem acy'. The film t e l l s th e s t o r y o f Ja s o n B ou rn e, a tr a in e d a s s a s s i n who rem em bers n o th in g ab o u t h is p a s t l i f e o r th e o r g a n is a t io n t h a t t r a in e d him . A ll he knows i s t h a t a new g e n e r a tio n o f a s s a s s i n s i s now t r y in g to k i l l him . He n eed s to find th e p e o p le b eh in d t h i s o r g a n is a t io n and p u t a s to p to t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s , b e fo r e th ey p u t a sto p to him! The p ace o f th e film i s f r a n t i c and th e a c t io n i s non­ to p . In g e n e r a l, th e a c t in g i s e x c e lle n t and M att Damon in p a r t i c u l a r g iv e s a g r e a t p e rfo rm an ce . The o n ly flaw in th e film i s t h a t th e r e a r e a few p la c e s where th e p lo t i s n ot v e ry r e a l i s t i c . F or exam ple, a t one p o in t, Ja s o n Bourne i s in v o lv e d in a h o rr ific c a r c r a s h b u t w alk s away c o m p le te ly u n in ju re d . In my o p in io n , 'The Bourne U ltim atum ' i s th e b e s t o f th e th re e film s in th e t r i l o g y . The m inor p ro b lem s w ith th e p lo t a r e ou tw eigh ed by th e f a c t th a t th e film h as you on th e edge o f y o u r s e a t from s t a r t to fin ish . I w ould c e r t a i n l y recommend i t to anybody lo o k in g f o r a t h r i l l i n g and f a s t - p a c e d a c t io n film . Writing Bank
  • 107. BOOK REVIEW One of the best books that I have read in the past year is called ‘Holes’. It’s by an American writer called Louis Sachar and is his best known novel. ‘Holes’ tells the story of a boy called Stanley Yelnats, who is wrongly convicted of a crime and sent to an institution for young offenders in the middle of the Texan desert called Camp Green Lake. There he and the other offenders spend their days digging holes in the sand as punishment. The cam p’s m otto is: ‘If you take a bad boy and make him dig a hole every day in the hot sun, it will turn him into a good boy’. The plot really comes alive when Stanley and his friend, Zero, decide to escape from the camp and set off across the desert. The main strengths of the book are its exciting plot and well- developed characterisation. None of the inmates at Camp Green Lake is a stereotype; they are all believable characters. The novel is quite complex, mixing the story of Stanley with tw o other stories set in the past. At the end of the book, these stories come together in a series of coincidences. It’s a clever ending, but perhaps a little too neat to be totally convincing. Although this entertaining and thought-provoking novel is aimed at teenagers, I would recommend it for adults too. It is certainly a book I will remember for a long time. Include information about the title of the book and the author in the first paragraph. Outline the plot in the second paragraph. Say what you liked and did not like about it in the third paragraph. In the final paragraph, say who you would recommend the book to and why. FORMAL LETTER Start Dear Sir or Madam ifyou don’t know the name of the person you are writing to. Use the person’s title (Mr, Mrs, Ms) and their surname if you do (Dear Mrs Samson). State your reason for writing in the first paragraph. Avoid contractions. Use formal expressions. Use a phrase to bring your letter to a close. End your letter with Yours faithfully if you started with Dear Sir or Madam, and Yours sincerely ifyou started with the person’s title and surname. Sign your name and print it in full afterwards. Use the abbreviation enc. ifyou are including anything with the letter such as a CV, an application form, a reference. D e a r S i r o r M adam, I am w r i t i n g t o a p p l y f o r t h e t e m p o r a r y p o s t o f Sum m er Camp A c t i v i t y C o - o r d i n a t o r , a s a d v e r t i s e d i n The T im e s l a s t S a t u r d a y . I am a s e c o n d y e a r s t u d e n t a t B r i s t o l U n i v e r s i t y a n d am c u r r e n t l y t a k i n g my e n d - o f - y e a r e x a m s. T he sum m er v a c a t i o n b e g i n s on 2 1 s t J u n e a n d e n d s on 2 3 r d S e p te m b e r , a n d I am h o p in g t o fin d a j o b f o r a s m uch o f t h a t p e r i o d a s p o s s i b l e . L a s t sum m er, I w o rk e d f o r a co m p an y c a l l e d Su n n y D a y s w h ic h o r g a n i s e s h o l i d a y s f o r c h i l d r e n w ith d i s a b i l i t i e s . My d u t i e s in c lu d e d a r r a n g i n g s p o r t s a n d o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s an d t a k i n g t h e c h i l d r e n f o r e x c u r s i o n s . I w as c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a h a r d - w o r k in g a n d r e s p o n s i b l e e m p lo y e e , a n d my m a n a g e r a t S u n n y D ay s h a s a l r e a d y o f f e r e d t o p r o v i d e a r e f e r e n c e , s h o u ld y o u r e q u i r e o n e . I am e n c l o s i n g my C u r r ic u lu m V i t a e a n d I lo o k f o r w a r d t o h e a r i n g fro m y o u i n d u e c o u r s e . Y o u rs f a i t h f u l l y , K e v in W a te r s t o n e e n c . CV Writing Bank
  • 108. Unit 1 Unit 2 Present perfect simple We use the present perfect for actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past. We also use the present perfect for actions that have recently been completed. I've visited "Paris so man>| times. Dave's had a motorbike accident. He's in hospital at the moment. Present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous for actions that started in the past and are still in progress. Hermione's been going out with Frank for si* months. They're veq happ'j. Past simple We use the past simple for an action that happened at a specific time in the past and to describe a sequence of short actions in the past. M'f grandfather got married in 1^45. ! went to the shops, bought a book and then went to a cafe. The past continuous We use the past continuous to describe longer actions in the past. It is often used in conjunction with the past simple, which describes a short action that interrupts a longer one. It was raining. children were placing in the park. Tack was reading his newspaper when he heard a scream. Past perfect simple We use the past perfect simple to talk about a completed event or action that happened before another event or action at a specific time in the past. Penn') had heard all about the man in the gre>f suit before she met him at Toe's C M . Past perfect continuous We use the past perfect continuous with action verbs and for and since to say how long an action had been in progress before a specific time in the past. We also use it to show the cause of something that happened in the past. We don’t use the past perfect continuous with state verbs such as be, know, like, etc. 1i>imon had been driving for two hours when he realised someone was following him. “Dir Malcolm was exhausted. He'd been placing golf all afternoon. Grammar Reference Determiners Determiners are used before a noun and include articles (a, an and the) and quantifiers {all, any, both, each, every, few, etc.). Most quantifiers can be used with the preposition of, e.g. most of, a few of, several of. Most of the people in the room had known about the surprise guest. However, no and every cannot be used in this way. Instead, none of and every one of are used. None of the hotels were suitable for such important visitors. Verb patterns Some verbs are only followed by the -ing form (avoid, enjoy, imagine, feel, suggest, consider, etc.) and some verbs are only followed by the infinitive form [agree, decide, expect, happen, manage, want, etc.). Some of the possible verb + infinitive structures are: verb + infinitive {agree, promise, seem, expect, refuse, want, etc Mark has agreed to work with P-ichard on the new project, verb + object + infinitive with to {force, persuade, allow, inspire etc.) M'f mum allowed me to drive her car to the beach, verb + object + past participle {get and have) Febecca had her hair cut in the new hairdresser's on 6owle'( Poad. There are also some verbs that can be followed by both an -ing form and an infinitive form but with a difference in meaning (remember, try, go on, stop, etc.). I remember meeting Lord Lucan in Mozambique in if15. Did '(ou remember to lock the door this morning?
  • 109. Unit 3 Unit 4 will We use will to talk about future facts and predictions. It is also used to make instant decisions about the present and to make offers and promises. I will be 2-1 in Tune. I'm 60 excited. I'll bu'f '(ou a new соat for 'jour birthday going to We use going to to talk about future plans that we have already made. It is also used to make predictions about the future based on what is happening now. Tone's going to take us to 6*reat Yarmouth on Sunday. Do 'jou want to come? Look at that man in the red shirt. I think he's going to соme over here. Present continuous The present continuous is used for future arrangements. It is often used to talk about future plans that we have made with other people. I'm meeting Micia for drinks tonight and Harq and £helsea are coming round for dinner tomorrow. Present simple The present simple is used to talk about future events that are scheduled or timetabled. The bus eaves at 2-.l‘5 p.m. and the match starts at ? p.m. Future continuous The future continuous is used to talk about an action that w ill be in progress in the future. It is also used to talk about something that we expect w ill happen, and to make polite enquiries. This time ne*t '(ear we'll be living in Hawaii. She'll probably be cooking dinner when I get home. Will ^ou be wanting ice with '(our martini, M r &ond? Talking about ability We usually use can or can’t to talk about ability in the present. Phoebe can speak three languages. We normally use will be able to to talk about ability in the future, although we can use can and can’t when we want to talk about future arrangements. The bab^ will be able to talk in a gear's time. I can meet 'jou on Friday but I can't see ^ou at the weekend. We only use could to talk about general ability in the past. We also use could with verbs of perception such as see, hear, taste, feel and smell. I could swim 100 metres when I was ten ^ears old. When we talk about past ability on one occasion we use expressions like managed to do or succeeded in doing. However, we can use could with verbs of perception to talk about one occasion in the past, and we can also use the negative form, couldn’t, to talk about ability in the past on one occasion. In i W A rthur managed to climb Mount Everest. On the peak he could see an amazing view of the Himalayas. He couldn't take an'j photos, though, because his hands were too cold. Nominal clauses Nominal clauses function as nouns in a sentence. They often begin with that. In formal sentences it is possible to begin a sentence with a nominal clause that begins with that. In informal English, it is usual to use it followed by is, seems, appears, etc. That he spoke to >fou first is unusual. It's unusual that he spoke to '(ou first. Nominal clauses can also begin with what and alt. What is used to mean ‘the thing which’ and all is used to mean ‘everything which’. What I like best about this jo b are the working hours. All we have achieved in this world we must be thankful for. Future perfect The future perfect is used to talk about a completed action or event in the future. The future perfect continuous is used to say how long an action in the future has been in progress for. 2-012- we'll have been married for 2-5 '(ears. Men will have been driving for eight hours b^ the time he arrives here. Grammar Reference
  • 110. Unit 5 Unit 6 Reported speech Tenses, personal and possessive pronouns, time expressions and demonstrative adjectives are all often changed when we use reported speech. 'I'm going to meet '(ou tomorrow night,' said £hris. £hris said he- was going to meet he-r the following evening. When the reporting verb is in the present simple or the present perfect we don’t normally change the tense of the verb in the reported sentence. Neither do we change the tense if we are reporting a past perfect verb or would, could, should and had better. 'I'm the best placer in the world.' Ponaldo sa^s he's the best placer in the world. 'You could do a lot better than this,' said the teacher. The teacher said we could do a lot better than that. In reported questions we make the same tense changes as in reported statements. The word order changes in reported questions and we add if I whether when we report questions that require yes / no answers. 'Where's ^our mother?' asked the police officer. The police officer asked where rri'f mother was. 'Would 'fou like a cup of coffee?' asked the waiter. The waiter asked me if I would like a cup of coffee. Reporting verbs Apart from say and tell there are a number of verbs that can be used to introduce reported statements. These verbs are used with a variety of structures. verb + infinitive with to We offered to help. verb + object + infinitive with to I reminded him to do his homework. verb + gerund Sam suggested going for a pizza. verb + preposition + gerund He's always boasting of being a good footballer. verb + object + preposition + gerund ■She warned us against smoking. verb + that + should-dause He requested that we should pa') for it. Question forms Question words such as what, where, who, etc. are used to make subject and object questions. In object questions the question words are the objects of the question. We use auxiliary verbs between the question word and the subject of the question. Where did Maria go? ‘She went to the shop to buf some milk. In subject questions the question words are the subjects of the questions. We don’t use auxiliary verbs in these questions: Who lives in the old house? Teff Delaware lives there. He's <c>. In indirect questions we use affirmative word order and verb forms after the question words. I'd like to know where Maria went ^esterda'f. Question tags Question tags are used to turn statements into questions. We add negative tags to affirmative statements, and affirmative tags to negative statements. If the statement includes an auxiliary or modal verb, this is repeated in the tag. If there isn’t an auxiliary verb or a modal verb in the statement, we use do or did. You're Professor “Simpson's wife, aren't ^ou? g>rian doesn't like coffee, does he? Tag questions Tag questions are used to respond to a statement. Affirmative tag questions are used with affirmative statements and negative tag questions are used with negative statements. Octopuses are veq intelligent. Are the'f? “Sarah doesn't like fifing. Doesn't she? Unit 7 Advice, obligation and prohibition We often use must when the speaker wants to express their own feelings about the importance or necessity of something. When the obligation is external and comes from other people, we often prefer to use have to. I realty must phone m'j parents tonight. You have to pa<j income ta* when -fou get a job. We use should and ought to to express advice. You should see a doctor about that cough. You ought to take more exercise. Grammar Reference
  • 111. We use must to express obligation or an order. Hard hats must be worn on the building site. We use mustn’t to express prohibition. Visitors mustn't feed the- animals. We use have to to express obligation. Passengers have to wear seat belts. We use need to express necessity. We need to buy some food before we go into the jungle. We use don’t have to and needn’t to express tack of necessity. Cyclists don't have to wear crash helmets in Britain. Speculating Modal verbs are used to talk about the certainty or the possibility of something happening. In the present we use must and can’t to talk about certainty. It must be Tohn. Who else would call on us at this time? It can't be Mary. ‘She's in New York all week. We use might, may and could to talk about possibility. It might be Kathmandu but it could be Lhasa. In the past we use must have and can’t have to talk about certainty. We use might have, may have and could have to talk about possibility. A bird can't have eaten the meat. It might have been a fo* or a dog. Unite Modals in the past We use should have and ought to have + past participle to say what the right thing to do was. Mary really should have told Carnaby that she was going out with Peter. We use might have and could have + past participle to complain that somebody didn’t do the right thing. You could have done the washing up before you left the house. We use needn’t have + past participle to talk about something which happened but wasn’t necessary. I needn't have brought a sleeping bag as there were plenty of blankets. We use didn’t need to + infinitive to talk about something which didn’t happen because it wasn’t necessary. I didn't need to go shopping this morning because Toanna had ordered everything online. Mixed conditionals We use the third conditional to refer to hypothetical situations in the past and the second conditional to refer hypothetical situations in the present or future. If 1had been older, I would have asked her to marry me. If he were a millionaire, he'd build a new hospital for the poor. A mixed conditional refers to both the past and the present. It combines both the third conditional and the second conditional. If we hadn't gone the wrong way, we would be at the party now. If I were American, I would have voted for a different president. Unit 9 Habitual behaviour in the present We use the present simple, often with an adverb of frequency, to talk about habits and routines in the present. However, when we want to comment on someone’s annoying habits in the present we use the present continuous with always. We can also suggest irritation by stressing will when we comment on someone’s habits. Matthew gets up every day at half past seven. He's always slamming the door when he leaves the house. He will speak when we're trying to watch TV. Habitual behaviour in the past We use used to to talk about past states and habits. We also use would to talk about past habits, but not states. We can also suggest irritation by stressing would when we comment on someone’s habits. My granddad used to ride a motorbike to work. When they were children, they would go swimming every summer. She would always keep everyone waiting. Future in the past We use was going to + infinitive without to when we talk about past things which were still in the future at that time. We also use was about to in this way. Ashley was going to leave the house when he noticed the kitchen was on fire. Belinda was about to panic when she remembered what her mother had said. Grammar Reference
  • 112. Was to and was to have We use was to + infinitive without to to talk about the future in the past. We use it when we talk about something that actually happened. Grandpa Toe was to live- in that house for the rest of his life. We use was to have + past participle to talk about something we expected to happen but didn’t. I was to have started a new jo b in Cairo when I heard the terrible news. Unit 10 Passive The passive is formed with the correct form of the verb be + past participle. The passive is used when we don’t want to say, or we can’t say, who performed the action. Oh no! M'j house has been burgled! The train has been delated t>f % minutes. The passive is also used to put the main focus at the beginning of the sentence. If we want to say who carried out the action we introduce the person’s name with the preposition by. The president has been shot dead while on holiday Liverpool were beaten Horsham in the FA (m p last night. Passives with verbs such as know and believe Verbs such as know, believe, think, etc. are often used in the passive form after the subject it. it + passive (present or past) + that It is believed b^ some people that aliens ey-ist. These verbs are also frequently used in the following passive structure. subject + passive (present or past) + to do I to have done The sun was thought to go around the earth. Aliens are thought to have started the human race. Passive verbs with two objects Verbs such as give, offer, send, award, show, etc. often have two objects, a person and a thing. Either of these objects can become the subject of a passive structure. The choice depends on what you want to make the main focus of the sentence. S’obb'j Davro was awarded the Oscar for £est Supporting Actor. Grammar Reference
  • 113. WORDLIST Word Phonetics Translation Unit 1 Against the odds argumentative (a) /,a:gju'mentativ/ big-headed (a) /.big'hedid/ bow (v) /bau/ broad-minded (a) /,bra:d'maindid/ cheerful (a) /'tjia fl/ clamber (v) /'klæmba(r)/ compliant (a) /kam'plaiant/ considerate (a) /kan'sidarat/ costume (n) /'kDstjuim/ courteous (a) /'k3:tias/ dependable (a) /di'pendabl/ deteriorate (v) /di'tiariareit/ determined (a) /di't3:mind/ devotion (n) /di'voujn/ drift (v) /dnft/ earnest (a) /'3:mst/ filthy (a) /'fil0i/ flag (v) /flæg/ flexible (a) /'fleksabl/ furious (a) / ‘fjuarias/ generous (a) /'d 3enaras/ grab (v) /græb/ grumpy (a) /'grAmpi/ haul (v) /ho:l/ hideous (a) /'hidias/ horrified (a) /'hDrifaid/ hot-headed (a) /(hDt'hedid/ ill-mannered (a) /.il'mænad/ inconsiderate (a) /jnkan'sidarat/ inflate (v) /in'fleit/ inhibited (a) /in'hibitid/ insecure (a) /.insi'kjoa(r)/ jovial (a) /'d 3auvial/ level-headed (a) /.leAl'hedid/ line (of a play) (n) /lain/ methodical (a) /ma'0Ddikl/ miserable (a) /'mizrabl/ modest (a) /'mDdist/ naïve (a) /nai'iiv/ narrow-minded (a) /.nærau'maindid/ obstinate (a) /'obstinat/ outgoing (a) /.aut'gauii)/ pour (v) /po:(r)/ presumably (adv) /p ri‘zu:mabli/ pretentious (a) /pri'tenjas/ prompter (n) /'prompta(r)/ relieved (a) /ri'liivd / reserved (a) /ri'z3:vd/ resigned (a) /ri'zaind/ rot (v) /fDt/ self-confident (a) /.selfkonfidant/ shake (v) /Jeik/ slump (v) /skm p/ sob (v) /sob/ sophisticated (a) /sa'fistikeitid/ spontaneous (a) /spon'teinias/ stubborn (a) /'stAban/ superficial (a) /,su:pa'fijl/ thoughtful (a) /'8a:tfl/ thoughtless (a) /'0a:tlas/ tight-fisted (a) /.tait'fistid/ tolerant (a) /'tolarant/ unassuming (a) /,Ana'sju:mir|/ unreliable (a) /.Anri'laiabl/ unsystematic (a) /.Ansista’mætik/ voracious (a) /va'reijas/ WÊÊÊKt.. Word Phonetics Get ready for your exam 1 administer (v) /ad'mmista(r)/ dispense (v) /di'spens/ epidemic (n) /.epidem ik/ harness (n) /'ha:nas/ lead (n) /li:d/ legendary (a) /'led33ndri/ subsidise (v) /'sAbsidaiz/ tend (v) /tend/ unabashed (a) /.Ana'bæjt/ Unit 2 For what it’s worth (un)furnished (a) /'f3:nijt/ amenities (n) /a'mi:natiz/ bargain (n) /'ba:gan/ barn (n) /ba:n/ basement (n) /'beismant/ block (n) /b b k / bolt (v) /bolt/ character (n) /'kaerakta(r)/ conversion (n) /k3n'v3:Jn/ credit (n) /'kredit/ dear (a) /dia(r)/ debt (n) /det/ detached (a) /di'taetjt/ enterprising (a) /'entapraizir)/ exploitation (n) /.ekspbi'teifn/ financial (a) /fai'naenjl/ fortune (n) /'fo:tju:n/ gas central heating (n) /.gaes sentral 'hiitirj/ genuine (a) /'djenjuin/ greed (n) /gri:d/ hard up (a) /,ha:d 'ap/ lease (n) /li:s/ linen (n) /'lim n/ mains (n) /meinz/ open-plan (a) /.aupan'plasn/ ostensibly (adv) /o'stensabli/ overpriced (a) /,auva'praist/ period (a) /'piariad/ precariousness (n) /pri'keariasnas/ precious (a) /'prejas/ priceless (a) /'praislas/ profit (n) /'p ro fit/ prosaically (adv) /pra'zenkli/ rent (n) /rent/ rip off (phrv) /.rip 'of/ rye (n) /raj/ slink (v) /single/ splash out (phrv) /.splaej ‘aut/ stampede (n) /st£em'pi:d/ status (n) /'steitas/ stroke (n) /strauk/ tenant (n) / ‘tenant/ warehouse (n) /'weahaus/ well-off (a) /.wel'Df/ worthless (a) /'W3:0las/ Get ready for your exam 2 benefactor (n) /'bemfækta(r)/ enamel (n) /i'næml/ staggered (a) /'stægad/ Translation W ordlist
  • 114. WORDLIST Word Phonetics Unit 3 From cradle to grave adolescence (n) /,æda'lesans/ adulthood (n) /'ædAlthud/ answer back (phrv) /,a:nsa 'bæk/ bald (a) /bo:ld/ ban (v) /bæn/ bash (v) /bæj/ be born (v) /bi 'bo:n/ be brought up (v) /bi ,bro:t 'Ap/ be buried (v) /bi 'berid/ bob (n) /bob/ bossy (a) /'bDSi/ bring out (phrv) /.brirj 'aut/ brush under the carpet /,brAj Anda öa 'ka:pit/ (idiom) care home (n) /'kea haum/ childhood (n) /'tjaildhod/ combative (a) /'knmbativ/ come down to (phrv) /kAm 'daun ta/ confusing (a) /kan'fjuizii)/ conscientious (a) /.kDnJi'enJss/ cotton wool (n) /,kDtn 'wul/ crew cut (n) /'kru:kAt/ cut down (on sth) (phrv) /,kAt 'daun on/ decisive (a) /di'saisiv/ diligent (a) /'dilid3ant/ disruptive (a) /dis'rAptiv/ do sth up (phrv) /,du: 'Ap/ dump (v) /dAmp/ end up (phrv) /,end 'Ap/' engagement (n) /m'geidjmant/ frank (a) /frægk/ freckles (n) /'freklz/ gain (v) /gern/ get on with (phrv) /.get 'Dn wiö/ get sb down (phrv) /,get 'daun/ graveyard (n) /'greivja:d/ grow up (phrv) /,graü 'Ap/ growl (v) /graul/ grown-up (n) /'graünAp/ hold sth/sb up (phrv) /,haald 'Ap/ inadvertently (adv) /,in3d'v3:t3ntli/ infancy (n) /'infansi/ isolated (a) /'aissleitid/ jet off (phr v) /,d3et 'Df/ kid (n) /kid/ look down on sb (phrv) /,lük 'daon on/ marginalise (v) /'ma:d3in3laiz/ maturely (adv) /ma'tjüali/ middle age (n) /,m idl 'eid3/ moan (v) /maon/ moody (a) /'mu:di/ moustache (n) /ma'sta:J/ OAP (n) /,aü ei 'pi:/ old age (n) /,3öld 'eid3/ own up (to sth)(phrv) /,3on 'Ap/ pale-skinned (a) /.peil'skind/ pass away (phr v) /,pa:s s'wei/ past it (a) / ‘pa:st it/ pension (n) /'penfn/ plump (a) /pUmp/ ponytails (n) /'paoniteilz/ put sb down (phrv) /,put 'daun/' put sth down to (phrv) /,put ‘daun ta/ put up with sth/sb (phrv) /,pot 'Ap wiö/ quick-tempered (a) /,kwik'tempad/ reasonable (a) /'riiznabl/ rebel (v) /n'bel/ receding hairline (n) /ri,si:dii] 'heslain/ retire (v) /ri'taisfr)/ rosy-cheeked (a) /.rauzi'tjirkt/ ...................................................... round-faced (a) /.raund'feist/ .............................................. row (v) Irani .............................................. scruffy (a) /'skrAfi/ .............................................. set sth up (phrv) /.set 'Ap/ .............................................. settle down (phrv) /,setl 'daun/ .............................................. shabby (a) /'Jjebi/ ...................................................... shrewd (a) /Jru:d/ .............................................. storm out (phr v) /,sto:m 'aut/ ...................................................... stuck in a rut (idiom) /,stAk in a 'rAt/ ................................................ toddler (n) /'tDdla(r)/ .............................................. turn into (phrv) /,t3:n'ints/ .............................................. unpredictable (a) /.Anpri'diktabl/ ...................................................... well-dressed (a) /.wel'dresti witty (a) /'witi/ ...................................................... wrinkles (n) /'rirjklz/ ...................................................... youth (n) /ju:6/ Translation Word Phonetics Get ready for your exam 3 ancestry (n) /'aensestri/ chronicle (v) /'kromkl/ diagnose (v) /'daiagnauz/ painstakingly (adv) /'peinsteikiijli/ resolve (n) /ri'ZDlv/ start the ball rolling /,sta:t 6a 'bo:l,raolii)/ (idiom) stumble upon sth/sb /'stAmbl a.prni/ (phrv) swap (v) /swDp/ tap dance (n) /'taep da:ns/ track down (phrv) /.traek 'daun/ unearth (v) /An 3:0/ Unit 4 Man and beast animal rights (n) /,Eeniml 'raits/ antennae (n) /aen'teni:/ antlers (n) /'sntbz/ bark (v) /ba:k/ beak (n) /bi:k/ boar (n) /ba:(r)/ bull (n) /bul/ bunch (n) /bAntf/ buzz (v) /bAZ/ calf(n) /ka:f/ cattleC n) /'kaetl/ chatter (v) /'tfaeta(r)/ chick (n) /tjik/ claw (n) /kb:/ cockerel (n) /'kokaral/ colony (n) /'kolani/ console (n) /'konsaul/ damage (n) /'d®mid3/ dense (a) /dens/ dog collar (n) /'dog ,kob(r)/ evolve (v) /i'vdIv/ ewe (n) /ju:/ exceptionally (adv) /ik'sepjanali/ fang (n) /fer)/ feather (n) /'fe6a(r)/ fin (n) /fin/ flock (n) /flDk/ foal (n) /faol/ further education (n) /.fsiSafr) edju'keijn/ gadget (n) /'gsdsit/ gill (n) /gil/ Translation W ordlist
  • 115. WORDLIST Word Phonetics Translation /hen/ /h3:d/ /h3:d/ /,haind 'leg/ /his/ /huif/ /ho:n/ /in'tjuntivli/ /'nAkl/ /laem/ /'m£eml/ /mein/ /meo(r)/ /mi'au/ /psek/ /pa:m/ /po:/ /'pig 1st/ /pail/ /pro’tekt/ /.put 'da.ua! /raem/ /n 'triiv / /ro:(r)/ /skeilz/ /sku:l/ /skraetj/ /Jel/ /smouk/ /sau/ /skwoik/ /skwiik/ /'station/ /swo:m/ /'sin03saiz/ /teil/ /'tentokl/ /'to:tJa(r)/ /trains'mit/ /tAsk/ /'wtsko(r)/ /'wisl/ /wir)/ /wiS'staend/ Get ready for your exam 4 /o'ses/ /'kAstsdi/ /,li:gl repnzen'teijn/ /'pAniJV /'sentans/ /'Jeltsfr)/ /'JMV Unit 5 In the news /s'kju:z/ /'advent/ /od'ventjo ,stoiri/ /o'ledjidli/ /'aelogori/ /s'piilig/ /asks/ /b sk/ /bsn/ /,bi 'set/ hen (n) herd (n) herd (v) hind leg (n) hiss (v) hoof (n) horn (n) intuitively (adv) knuckle (n) lamb (n) mammal (n) mane (n) mare (n) miaow (v) pack (n) palm (n) paw (n) piglet (n) pile (n) protect (v) put (an animal) down (phr v) ram (n) retrieve (v) roar (v) scales (n) school (n) scratch (v) shell (n) smoke (n) sow (n) squawk (v) squeak (v) stallion (n) swarm (n) synthesise (v) tail (n) tentacle (n) torture (n) transmit (n) tusk (n) whisker (n) whistle (v) wing (n) withstand (v) assess (v) custody (n) legal representation (n) punish (v) sentence (to death) (v) shelter (v) shuttle (v) accuse (v) advent (the advent of) (n) adventure story (n) allegedly (adv) allegory (n) appealing (a) axe (v) back (v) ban (v) be set (v) Word Phonetics bid (v) /bid/ biography (n) /bai'ografi/ blast (n) /bla:st/ blaze (n) /bleiz/ boast (v) /'boast/ boost (v) /buist/ breach (v) /bri:tj/ cash (n) /ksj/ clash (v) /klaej7 collude (v) /ko'luid/ confess (v) /kon'fes/ cop (n) /kDp/ counterpart (n) /'kauntopait/ crime story (n) /'kraim ,stoiri/ cunning (a) /'ka nI / curious (a) /'kjuorios/ dart (v) /da:t/ dedicated (a) /’dedikeitid/ exhilarating (a) /ig'zilsreitiri/ fall (v) /foil/ fantasy (n) /'fasntssi/ fast-moving (a) /,fa:st'mu:vir)/ fierce (a) /fras/ fine (n) /fain/ fluctuate (v) /'fUktJueit/ funny (a) /'fAni/ governing (a) /'gAvanirj/ gripping (a) /'gripirj/ historical story (n) /hi'stDrikl ,stoiri/ hit (v) /hit/ horror story (n) /'hors ,sto:ri/ hover (v) / ‘hDV3{r)/ humorous story (n) /'hjuimarss ,stoiri/ immensely (adv) /i'mensli/ impose (v) /im'pouz/ intricate (a) /'intrikot/ invaded (a) /in'veidid/ lash out (phr v) /.lsej 'aut/ light-hearted (a) /.lait'haitid/ loom (v) /luim / majority (n) /mo'd3Droti/ make off with (phrv) /.meik D f wiS/ manipulative (a) /m o'nipjabtiv/ mass-circulation (a) /,maes s3ikjo'leiJn/ moving (a) /'muivii]/ mystery (n) /'mistri/ novel (n) /'nDvl/ obsession (n) /ob'sejn/ play (n) /plei/ plea (n) /plii/ pledge (v) /pled3/ plot (n) /plot/ poetry (n) /'poootri/ pretend (v) /pri'tend/ privacy (n) /'privosi/ probe (n) /proob/ provoke (v) /pro'vouk/ publicity (n) /pAb'llSOti/ pursue (v) /po'sju:/ quit (v) /kw it/ relentlessly (adv) /ri'lentbsli/ riddle (n) /'ridl/ rise (v) /raiz/ romance (n) /roo'miens/ run (a story)(v) /rAn/ ruthless (a) /'rui01os/ sack (v) /saek/ satirical (a) /so'tirikl/ scary (a) /'skesri/ science-fiction story (n) /.saions'fikjn .stoiri/ Translation W ordlist 115
  • 116. WORDLIST Word Phonetics serious (a) /'sisrias/ sharply (adv) /'fa:pli/ short story (n) /jD:t 'sto:ri/ soap opera (n) / 's s o p ,D prs/ solely (adv) /'saulli/ spark (v) /spa:k/ spring up (phrv) /,s p r ig 'лр / steadily (adv) /'stedili/ sting (v) /stiq/ successive (a) /sak 'sesiv/ surge (n) /S3:d3/ the public eye (in/out /6 э .р л Ь к к 'ail of ~) (idiom) thought-provoking (a) / 'б о .Ч р г э.у э и к щ / top (a) /tDp/ trace (a call) (v) /treis/ twist (in a plot) (n) /tw ist/ wed (v) /w ed/ Get ready for your exam 5 allusion (n) /э'1и:зп/ bestow (v) / b i'sta o / corruption (n) /кэ'глр|п/ embodiment (n) / im 'b D d im s n t/ endow (v) / in 'd a u / expose (v) /ik'spaoz/ fundamental (a) / .fA n d a 'm e n tl/ indomitable (a) / in 'd D m ita b l/ noble (a) /'пэиЫ/ overlook (v) /,эоуэ'1ик/ submission (n) /sab'mijn/ Unit 6 Points of view admit (v) /ad'mit/ assert (v) /s's3:t/ assume (v) /a'sjuim/ at random (idiom) /at 'randam/ audience (n) /‘aidians/ bearsth in mind (idiom) / ,b e a (r ) in 'maind/ Buddhism (n) /'bodizam/ census (n) /'sensas/ challenger (n) /'tjiriind33(r)/ Christianity (n) /.kristi'snati/ church (n) /tfaitf/ comment (v) / 'k D m en t/ connect (with) (v) /ka'nekt/ contestant (n) /kan'testant/ conventional (a) /kan'venjanl/ convince (v) /kan'vins/ convinced (a) /kan'vinst/ crew (n) /kru:/ crucial (a) /'kru:JT/ deception (n) /di'sepjn/ decline (v) /di'klain/ deduce (v) / d i'd ju :s/ deny (v) /di'nai/ discrimination (n) / ,d is k r im i'n e ijn / distressing (a) /di'stresirj/ doubt (have doubts) (n) /daot/ doubt (v) / d aot/ dull (a) /dAl/ episode (n) /'episaud/ fix (results in a show) (v) /fiks/ frame (of a TV / freim / programme) (n) Translation Word Phonetics go along with sb/sth / ,д э и a 'ln tj w id / ( p h r v ) guess (v) /ges/ guilt (n) /gilt/ gurdwara (n) / g3 :'d w a :r a / head-to-head (a) / ,h e d ta 'h e d / Hinduism (n ) 'h in d u irz o m / hoax (n ) /hauks/ identify yourself with / a i'd e n t ifa i j a : , s e lf w i6 / sb/sth (phrv) infer (v) / in 'f3 :(r)/ innocent (a) /'in asan t/ insist (v) /in'sist/ Islam (n) / 'iz la :m / isolation (n) / .a is a 'le ifn / Judaism (n) / 'd 3 u :d e n za m / lawyer (n) /'Ьуэ(г)/ memorise (v) / 'm e m a ra iz / mosque (n) /m Dsk/ non-violent (a) / ,n D n 'v a ia la n t/ on air (idiom) /,Dn 'еэ(г)/ persuade (v) / p a 's w e id / producer (n) / p ra 'd ju :s a (r)/ quiz (v) /k w iz/ ratings (n) /'reitirjz/ realise (v) /'riialaiz/ reject (v) / n 'd 3 ekt/ self-evidently (adv) / .s e lfe v id a n tli/ Sikhism (n) / 's i:k iza m / sponsor (n) / 's p o n s a (r)/ surface (v) /'s3ifis/ suspicious (a) /sa 'spifa s/ synagogue (n) / 'sin a g D g/ target (n) / 'ta :g it/ temple (n) /’te m p i/ undoubtedly (adv) / A n 'd a u tid li/ vehemently (adv) /’v iia m a n tli/ wonder (v) / 'w A n d a (r ) Translation Get ready for your exam 6 alert (v) /s'tet/ data mining (n) /'deits ,mainir)/ drawback (n) /'droibsk/ monitor (v) ,;lmDnit3(r)/ reluctant (a) /ri'Uktant/ retrieval (n) /n'triivl/ soar (v) /so:(r)/ Unit 7 Putting access (n) be to blame (idiom) beckon (v) bleaching (n) bypass (n) cactus (n) carbon dioxide (n) carbon emission (n) carbon footprint (n) charming (a) climate change (n) cloud forest (n) committed (a) consumption (n) cope (v) coral reef(n) deal with sth/sb (phrv) the world to rights /‘tekses/ /,bi: ts 'b leim / / Ъ е к э п / /'blirtJiTj/ / 'b a ip o :s / /'kEektas/ / ,к а :Ь э п d a i'D k s a id / / ,к а :Ь э п i'm ijn / / ,к а :Ь э п 'fu tp r in t/ / 'tja im irj/ / 'k la im s t ,t je in d 3 / / 'k la u d .fD n st/ / k a 'm itid / / k sn 'sA m p J n / / кэир/ / ,к о г э 1 'ri:f/ / 'd i:l w i 6 / W ordlist
  • 117. WORDLIST Word Phonetics Translation Word Phonetics decompose (v) /,di:kam'pauz/ ........................................ ....... supply (n) /sa'plai/ deforestation (n) / di^fbri'steijn/ ............................................... swathe (n) /sweiô/ destructive (a) /di'strAktiv/ ............................................... thermostat (n) / ’93:mastæt/ developing country (n) /di'velapm .kAntri/ ........................................ ....... threat (n) /0ret/ dairy-free (a) /.desri'fri:/ ........................................ ....... thrive on (phrv) /'Graiv Dn/ digger (n) /'diga(r)/ ........................................ ....... trap (v) /træp/ dire (a) /'daia(r)/ ........................................ ....... trigger (v) /'triga(r)/ disgust (n) /dis'gASt/ ........................................ ....... tumble dryer (n) /.tAmbl 'draia(r)/ drought (n) /draot/ ............................................... turbine (n) /'t3:bain/ economic growth (n) /,i:ka,nDmik 'grau0/ ............................................... urgent (a) /'3:d3ant/ endangered species (n) //m,demd33d 'spi:Ji:z/ ........................................ ....... vegan (n) (a) /'viigan/ energy-saving (a) /'enadji.seiviij/ ........................................ ....... vegetarian (n) (a) /,ved3a'tearian/ extinct (a) /ik'stnjkt/ ........................................ ....... vulnerable (a) /'vAlnarabl/ fauna (n) /’fo:na/ ................................................. waste (v) /weist/ fertiliser (n) /'f3:talaiza(r)/ ................................................. whole-grain (a) /'haulgrein/ flora (n) /'flairs/ ........................................ fossil fuel (n) /'fDsl ,fju:al/ ........................................ Translation global warming (n) greedy (a) greenhouse effect (n) greenhouse gases (n) halal (a) heat wave (n) heavy goods vehicle (n) high-fibre (a) hybrid (a) ice cap (n) impressed (a) /.gbubl ’waimir)/ /'griidi/ /'grimhaus i.fekt/ /,gri:nhaos 'gæsiz/ /'hælæl/ /'hiuwerv/ /.hevi 'godz ,vi:akl/ /,hai'faiba(r)/ /'haibrid/ /'aïs kæp/ /im'prest/ industrialised country (n) /in'dAstrialaizd ,kAntri/ interest group (n) /'intrest ,gru:p/ ivy (n) /'aivi/ kiss goodbye to sth /,kis gud'bai ta/ (idiom) kosher (a) /'kauja(r)/ landfill site (n) /'lændfil ,sait/ low-calorie (a) /.bu'kæ bri/ low-carb (a) /,bu'ka:b/ low-sodium (a) /.lau'saudbm/ lumber (v) /'lAmba(r)/ melt (v) /melt/ methane (n) /'mi:0ein/ monument (n) /'mDnjamant/ natural habitat (n) /.nætral hæbitæt/ nuclear power (n) /,nju:klia 'paua(r)/ oak (n) /auk/ on standby (a) /dn 'stændbai/ orchid (n) /'o:kid/ organic (a) /o:'gænik/ packaging (n) /'pækad3irj/ palm (n) /pa:m/ pine (n) /pam/ polyp (n) /'pDlip/ poppy (n) /'popi/ primeval forest (n) /prai,mi:vl ‘forist/ public outcry (n) /.pAblik 'aotkrai/ pump sth out (phrv) /,pAmp 'aut/ recyclable (a) /,ri:’saikbbl/ redistribution (n) /,ri:distri'bju:Jn/ renewable energy (n) /ri,nju:abl 'enad3i/ rev up (phrv) /,rev 'Ap/ rose (n) /rauz/ run-off (n) /'rAnof/ sea level (n) /'si: levl/ secure (v) /si'kjua(r)/ sell-by date (n) /'selbai ,deit/ solar panel (n) /,saub 'pænl/ solar power (n) /.saola 'paua<r)/ specialise (v) /'spefalaiz/ struggle (n) /'strAgi/ sunflower (n) /'sAnflaua(r)/ Get ready for your exam 7 barbarian (n) /bai'bearian/ civilised (a) /'sivalaizd/ contradict (v) /.kDntra'dikt/ cultivated (a) /'kAltiveitid/ dominate (v) /'dDmineit/ elaborate (a) /r'iæbarat/ exhaustive (a) /ig 'zaistiv/ intervention (n) /.inta'venjn/ invariably (adv) /m'veariabli/ lengthy (a) /'legBi/ notion (n) /'naujn/ obesity (n) /ao'biisati/ regulated (a) /'regjaleitid/ toxin (n) /'tDksin/ trace (n) /treis/ wild (a) /waild/ wreck (v) /rek/ Unit 8 Caught in the net address bar (n) /a'dres ,ba:(r)/ application (n) /.æ pli'keijn/ back button (n) /'bæk ,bAtn/ bid (n) /bid/ broadband (n) /'braidbænd/ call sth off (phrv) /,ka:l 'Df/ carry on (phrv) /.kæri 'on/ command (n) /ka'ma:nd/ compulsion (n) /kam'pAlJn/ conflict (v) /kan'flikt/ conflict (n) /'kD nflikt/ decrease (v) /di'kriis/ decrease (n) /'di:kri:s/ desktop (n) /'desktop/ document (n) /'dDkjamant/ drag (v) /dræg/ entrepreneur (n) /,Dntrapra'n3 (r)/ envy (v) /'envi/ export (v) /ik'spait/ export (n) /'ekspait/ faulty (a) /'fa:lti/ gender (n) /'d 3enda(r)/ generation (n) /,d3ena'reijn/ hack (v) /hæk/ hard drive (n) /'ha:d .draiv/ have sb on (phrv) /,hæv 'on/ icon (n) /'aikon/ inundate (v) /'inandeit/ legacy (n) /'legasi/ log off (phr v) /,lDg 'Df/ W ordlist f 117
  • 118. WORDLIST Word log on (phrv) menu (n) milestone (n) minimise (v) non-profit (a) opt out of sth (phrv) outcry (n) parental lock (n) pass sth on (phrv) permit (v) permit (n) petition (n) produce (v) produce (n) profile (n) protest (v) protest (n) put sb off (phrv) record (v) record (n) reference (n) refund (v) refund (n) reputation (n) save (v) scroll (n) sector (n) set off (phrv) show off (phrv) skill (n) software (n) suspect (v) suspect (n) swiftly (adv) take sth on (phrv) three-dimensional (a) thumbnail (n) trace (v) transport (v) transport (n) virtual (a) virus (n) web browser (n) wireless network (n) Phonetics /.log 'Dn/ /'menju:/ /'mailstaun/ /'mimmaiz/ /.non'profit/ /.Dpt 'aut/ /‘aotkrai/ /pa.rentl 'lDk/ /,pa:s 'Dn/ /pa'mit/ /‘p3:mit/ /pa'tijn/ /pra'dju:s/ /'prDdjuis/ /'praufail/ /pra'test/ /'prautest/ /.put 'Df/ /ri'koid/ /'reka:d/ /'refrans/ /ri'fAnd/ /‘ ri:fA n d / /.repju'teijn/ /seiv/ /skraol/ /'sekta(r)/ /.set ‘Df/ /Jau 'Df/ /skil/ /'sDftWea(r)/ /sa'spekt/ /'sAspekt/ /'swiftli/ /.teik 'Dn/ /.Oriidai'menjanl/ /'0Amneil/ /treis/ /tnen'spa:t/ /'trasnspoit/ /'v3:tfual/ /'vairas/ /'web .braoza(r)/ /'waialas ,netw3:k/ Translation Get ready for your exam 8 acquaintance (n) /a'kweintans/ bare your soul (to sb) /.bea jo: 'saul/ (idiom) gossip (v) /'gDsip/ innermost (a) /'inamaost/ Internet service /.intanet 's3:vis provider (n) pra.vaida(r)/ repercussion (n) /.riipa'kAjn/ Unit 9 A step on the ladder academic (a) arduous (a) background (n) barrister (n) bricklayer (n) call off (phrv) chant (v) come along (phrv) compulsory (a) /.ffika'demik/ /'a:djuas/ /'bffikgraund/ /'bsristafr)/ /'brikleia(r)/ /,ko:l 'Df/ /tja m t/ /.kAm a'lDij/ /kam'pAlsari/ Word Phonetics construction (n) /kan'strAkfn/1 core (a) /ko:(r)/ crush (v) /krAjV dedicated to (a) /'dedikeitid ,ta/ degree (n) /di'gri:/ dilemma (n) /di'lema/ director of studies (n) /da.rekta(r) av 'stAdiz/ end your days (idiom) /.end jo: 'deiz/ fade away (phrv) /.feid a'wet/ flexible (a) /'fleksabl/ further education (n) /,f3:5a(r) edju'keijn/ gaze (v) /geiz/ graduate (n) /'gr£ed3uat/ higher education (n) /.haia(r) edju'keijn/ influx (n) /'mfUks/ joiner (n) /'d3oina(r)/ lecturer(n) /'lektfara(r)/ massive (a) /'msesiv/ maternity leave (n) /ma't3:nati ,li:v/ melting pot (n) /’meltir) ,pDt/ minimum wage (n) /.minrmam 'weidy motivate (v) /'mautiveit/ nine to five (idiom) /.nain ta 'farv/ notice (n) /'nautis/ nurse (n) /n3:s/ overtime (n) /'auvataim/ pass sb by (phrv) /,pa:s 'bai/ poverty (n) /'povati/ predominantly (adv) /pn'dDminantli/ promote (v) /pra'maut/ reception class (n) /ri'sepjn ,kla:s/ redundant (a) /ri'dAndant/ repeat (a year in school) (v) /ri'pi:t/ reputation (n) /.repju'teijn/ resent (v) /ri'zent/ resign (v) /ri'zain/ retail (a) /'riiteil/ (get) the sack (n) /'get 6a 'sjek/ sales assistant (n) /'seilz a.sistant/ scholar (n) /'skDla(r)/ shatter (v) /'Jsta(r)/ shift work (n) /'Jiftw3:k/ software developer (n) /'sDftwea di.velapa(r)/ solicitor (n) /sa'lisita(r)/ store manager (n) /'sta: .masnidjafr)/ surgeon (n) /'S3:d3an/ undergraduate (n) /.Anda'grad3uat/ unemployed (a) /.Amm'pbid/ vocational (a) /va'keijanl/ web designer (n) /'web di.zaina(r)/ well-presented (a) /.wel pri'zentid/ Get ready for your exam 9 angst-ridden (a) /'sgst.ridn/ destitute (a) /'destitju:t/ diplomatic (a) /.dipla'm stik/ disguise (v) /dis'gaiz/ euphemism (n) /'ju:famizam/ grubby (a) /'grAbi/ indicator (n) /'mdikeita(r)/ irrelevance (n) /i'retovans/ menial (a) /'mi:nial/ posh (a) /poJ7 privileged (a) /'privalid3d/ reliance (n) /riiaians/ Translation 118 W ordlist
  • 119. WORDLIST Word Phonetics Unit 10 Out of this world altitude (n) /'aeltitjuid/ asteroid (n) /'ffistaroid/ astronaut (n) /'asstranoit/ astronomer (n) /a'strDnamalr)/ atmosphere (n) /'ffitmasfrafr)/ banter (v) /'bsent3(r)/ booster (n) /'bu:st3(r)/ capsule (n) /'kaepsju:l/ capture (v) / ’ksptja tr)/ check over (phrv) /.tjek '3üva(r)/ comet (n) /'kDmit/ confession (n) /ksn'fejn/ constellation (n) /.kDnstsieiJn/ contract (v) /ksn'trcekt/ controversial (a) /,kDntr3'v3:Jl/ cope (v) /ksup/ cosmos (n) /'kDzmos/ crash-land (v) /.kraej'laend/ crater (n) /'kreita(r)/ creep up (phrv) /,kri:p 'Ap/ crew (n) /kru:/ disappear (v) /,dis3'pi3(r)/ dress rehearsal (n) /.dres n'h3:sl/ flee (v) /flii/ flying saucer (n) /.flainj ’sD:s3(r)/ galaxy (n) /'gaebksi/ get at (phrv) /'get sll get away (phrv) /.get s'wei/ get back (phrv) /,get 'baEk/ get behind (phrv) /.get bi'hamd/ get by (phrv) /,get 'bai/ go through (phrv) /,g3ö ‘6ru:/ gravity (n) /'gravsti/ hatch (n) /h s tj/ head out (phrv) /,hed 'aot/ heresy (n) /'herssi/ ignite (v) /ig'nait/ instinctively (adv) /m 'stigktivli/ intact (a) /in 'ts k t/ keep out (phrv) /,ki:p 'aut/ launch (v) /b :n tf/ lever (n) /'li:v3(r)/ man-made (a) /.maen'meid/ manoeuvre (n) /m3'nu:v3(r)/ manuscript (n) /'msenjuskript/ meteor (n) /'m i:tio:(r)/ mission control (n) /,m ijn kan'trsül/ mission (n) /'m ifn / orbit (v) & (n) /'xbit/ planet (n) /'plsenit/ put on (phrv) /,püt 'Dn/ ray gun (n) /'rei ,gAn/ re-enter (v) /,ri:'ent3(r)/ risky (a) /'riski/ rotate (v) /rso'teit/ ruins (n) /'runnz/ satellite (n) /'sstslait/ scepticism (n) /‘skeptisizsm/ simulator (n) /'simjaleitatr)/ slow down (phrv) /,sl3ü 'daun/ solar system (n) /'saub ,sist3m/ space shuttle (n) /'speis jA tl/ space station (n) /'speis ,steijn/ spacecraft (n) /'speiskra:ft/ start up (phr v) /,sta:t 'Ap/ supernova (n) /,su:p3'n3ovs/ take in (phrv) /,teik 'in/ the naked eye (idiom) /03 .neikid 'ai/ Translation tombstone (n) touch down (v) vanish (v) velocity gauge (n) vibration (n) Word /'tuimstsan/ /,tA t| 'daon/ /‘væmj/ /vs'lossti .geidÿ /vai'breijn/ Phonetics Get ready for your exam 10 engage in (phrv) hibernate (v) realism (n) regain (v) spacecraft (n) /m'geidj in/ /'haibsneit/ ./'riolizm. /ri'gein/ /‘speiskra:ft/ Translation W ordlist